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case report of salmonella gallinarum urinary tract infection in a renal allograft recipient.urinary tract infections (utis) caused by nontyphoidal salmonella in a renal allograft recipient are a rare occurrence. although there is some existing literature on salmonella typhi bacteriuria and non-typhoidal bacteriuria, none of the cases has been reported in a renal transplant patient. this case report describes a rare instance in which group d salmonella was isolated from a renal allograft recipient's urine culture and the patient was successfully treated with antibiotics.201728838447
characterization of salmonella gallinarum isolates from backyard poultry by polymerase chain reaction detection of invasion (inva) and salmonella plasmid virulence (spvc) genes.the aim was to characterize salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum isolated from backyard poultry by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detection of virulence genes invasion (inva) and salmonella plasmid virulence c (spvc).201728831228
intracellular delivery of ha1 subunit antigen through attenuated salmonella gallinarum act as a bivalent vaccine against fowl typhoid and low pathogenic h5n3 virus.introduction of novel inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines against different strains of prevailing and emerging low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses is not an economically viable option for poultry. engineering attenuated salmonella gallinarum (s. gallinarum) vaccine delivering h5 lpai antigens can be employed as a bivalent vaccine against fowl typhoid and lpai viruses, while still offering economic viability and sero-surveillance capacity. in this study, we developed a jol1814 bivalent va ...201728784184
seven new lignan glycosides from the branches of alangium kurzii craib var. laxifolium.seven new lignan glycosides (1-3, 8-10, and 14) and 17 known compounds were isolated from the branches of alangium kurzii craib var. laxifolium. their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism (cd) and x-ray analysis. the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus ci1011, streptococcus suis ci1608, salmonella gallinarum ci0912, enterococcus faecalis ci1304, aeromonas hydrophila ci1008, escherichia coli ci1 ...201728733150
genetic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum based on characterization and evolution of crispr sequence.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (s. pullorum) is the cause of pullorum disease, characterized by white diarrhea, which leads to high mortality in poultry. in this study, we aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 655 s. pullorum strains from 1962 to 2015 in china, europe, and south america. a sequence typing scheme based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr) was used to reveal the genetic relationships among these strains in this study. ove ...201728619172
development of a multiplex qpcr in real time for quantification and differential diagnosis of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum.currently there are 2659 salmonella serovars. the host-specific biovars salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum cause systemic infections in food-producing and wild birds. fast diagnosis is crucial to control the dissemination in avian environments. the present work describes the development of a multiplex qpcr in real time using a low-cost dna dye (sybr green) to identify and quantify these biovars. primers were chosen based on genomic regions of difference (rod) and optimized to control ...201728589774
improved antimicrobial activity of pediococcus acidilactici against salmonella gallinarum by uv mutagenesis and genome shuffling.pediococcus acidilactici is a widely used probiotic, and salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. in this study, we improved the antimicrobial activity of p. acidilactici against sg using uv mutation and genome shuffling (gs). to improve antimicrobial activity against sg, uv mutagenesis was performed against wild-type p. acidilactici (wt), and five mutants showed improved antimicrobial activity. to further improve antimicrobial activity, gs w ...201728470335
rapid electrochemical quantification of salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum based on glucose oxidase and antibody-modified silica nanoparticles.in this article, a facile and sensitive electrochemical method for quantification of salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum (s. pullorum and s. gallinarum) was established by monitoring glucose consumption with a personal glucose meter (pgm). antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (igg-mnps) were used to capture and enrich s. pullorum and s. gallinarum, and igg-mnps-s. pullorum and igg-mnps-s. gallinarum complexes were magnetically separated from a sample using a permanent magnet. ...201728429065
safety, protective immunity, and diva capability of a rough mutant salmonella pullorum vaccine candidate in broilers.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum (salmonella pullorum) is highly adapted to chickens causing an acute systemic disease that results in high mortality. vaccination represents one approach for promoting animal health, food safety and reducing environmental persistence in salmonella control. an important consideration is that salmonella vaccination in poultry should not interfere with the salmonellosis monitoring program. this is the basis of the diva (differen ...201728424675
protective effects of bacillus subtilis against salmonella infection in the microbiome of hy-line brown layers.this study investigated the effects of bacillus subtilis csl2 administration before salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of hy-line brown (hlb) laying hens.201728423869
characterization of salmonella gallinarum from an outbreak in raigarh, chhattisgarh.the present investigation was conducted to isolate and characterize salmonella gallinarum from an outbreak of fowl typhoid in layer birds.201728344395
further investigations on the epidemiology of fowl typhoid in brazil.salmonella gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a disease responsible for economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ft has been considered under control in brazil; nevertheless, since 2012 it has frequently been identified in poultry farming of several brazilian states. the present study was aimed at assessing: (i) the pathogenicity of a sg strain recently isolated from an ft outbreak affecting chickens of both white and brown layers; (ii) the transmission of sg through eggs and ha ...201728277779
a bioprocessed polysaccharide from lentinus edodes mycelia cultures with turmeric protects chicks from a lethal challenge of salmonella gallinarum.our previous studies demonstrated that a bioprocessed polysaccharide (bpp) isolated from lentinus edodes mushroom mycelia cultures supplemented with black rice bran can protect mice against salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and reduce the mortality from salmonella typhimurium infection through upregulated t-helper 1 immunity. here, we report that a bpp from l. edodes mushroom mycelia liquid cultures supplemented with turmeric (referred to as bpp-turmeric) alters chicken macrophag ...201728221973
effects of bacillus subtilis csl2 on the composition and functional diversity of the faecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged with salmonella gallinarum.the chicken gastrointestinal tract contains a diverse microbiota whose composition and structure play important roles in gut functionality. in this study, microbial shifts resulting from feed supplementation with bacillus subtilis csl2 were evaluated in broilers challenged and unchallenged with salmonella gallinarum. to analyse bacterial community composition and functionality, 454 gs-flx pyrosequencing of 16s rrna gene amplicons was performed.201728070331
guanosine 5'-monophosphate-chelated calcium and iron feed additives maintains egg production and prevents salmonella gallinarum in experimentally infected layers.we evaluated the effects of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (gmp) -chelated calcium and iron (cafe-gmp) on the health and egg quality in layers experimentally infected with salmonella gallinarum. in this study, cafe-gmp feed additives was fed with commercial layer feed to layer over four weeks and all were inoculated with salmonella gallinarum. body weight, mortality, clinical symptoms, and poultry production including feed intake, egg production, egg loss, and feed conversion rate were observed and ...201728057911
fowl typhoid in laying hens cause hepatic oxidative stress.the aim of this study was to analyses nitric oxide, antioxidant status, and oxidative profile in the liver of laying hens naturally infected by salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum (s. gallinarum). the nitrite/nitrate (nox), reactive oxygen species (ros), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars), catalase (cat), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) activities were measured in liver samples, as well the biomarkers of ...201728027943
high resolution melting (hrm) analysis as a new tool for rapid identification of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars pullorum and gallinarum represent the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis, which result in high mortality and morbidity throughout the world. it is difficult and laborious to discriminate these diseases based on biochemical or phenotypic methods. herein, we report the development of a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) pcr-high resolution melt (pcr-hrm) assay for the detection and discrimination of both s pullorum and s gallinaru ...201627837117
salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum: addressing fundamental questions in bacteriology sixty years on from the 9r vaccine.sixty years on from smith's seminal work on fowl typhoid vaccines, there is renewed interest in experimental avian salmonellosis and in particular the use of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum as a tool to understand key features of bacterial evolution and host adaptation. in this short review we outline some of the recent advances in avian salmonellosis research that have coupled both the power of whole genome analysis and new tools to understand the host response to existing experimental i ...201727791403
genome-wide association studies of immune, disease and production traits in indigenous chicken ecotypes.the majority of chickens in sub-saharan africa are indigenous ecotypes, well adapted to the local environment and raised in scavenging production systems. although they are generally resilient to disease challenge, routine vaccination and biosecurity measures are rarely applied and infectious diseases remain a major cause of mortality and reduced productivity. management and genetic improvement programmes are hampered by lack of routine data recording. selective breeding based on genomic technol ...201627687164
inactivation of salmonella on eggshells by chlorine dioxide gas.microbiological contamination of eggs should be prevented in the poultry industry, as poultry is one of the major reservoirs of human salmonella. clo2 gas has been reported to be an effective disinfectant in various industry fields, particularly the food industry. the aims of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas on two strains of salmonella inoculated onto eggshells under various experimental conditions including concentrations, contact time, humidity, and ...201627499670
protective efficacy and immune responses by homologous prime-booster immunizations of a novel inactivated salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) ghost vaccine candidate was recently constructed. in this study, we evaluated various prime-boost vaccination strategies using the candidate strain to optimize immunity and protection efficacy against fowl typhoid.201627489805
evaluation of protective immune response against fowl typhoid in chickens vaccinated with the attenuated strain salmonella gallinarum δcobsδcbia.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid in chickens, a septicemic infection which results in high mortality rates. this disease causes high economic impact to the poultry industry worldwide because of the mortality or elimination of positive flocks to control bacterial dissemination. live vaccines are used in the fields, however the characterization of immune mechanisms important for protection are being studied to improve the efficacy of vaccination sch ...201627473999
safety and protective efficacy of a spic and crp deletion mutant of salmonella gallinarum as a live attenuated vaccine for fowl typhoid.with an aim to develop a safe, immunogenic fowl typhoid (ft) vaccine, the safety and efficacy of 1009δspicδcrp, a spic and crp deletion mutant of salmonella gallinarum, were evaluated in chickens. three-day-old chickens were intramuscularly immunized with 1009δspicδcrp (1×10(7)cfu) and boosted 7days later (at 10-days old) with the same dose and via the same route (vaccinated group). the vaccinated group showed no clinical symptoms and no differences in body weight compared to the unvaccinated co ...201627473974
experimental infection of chickens by a flagellated motile strain of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a septicaemic disease which can result in high mortality in poultry flocks. the absence of flagella in sg is thought to favour systemic invasion, since bacterial recognition via toll-like receptor (tlr)-5 does not take place during the early stages of ft. in the present study, chicks susceptible to ft were inoculated with a wild type sg (sg) or its flagellated motile derivative (sg fla(+)). in ...201627387725
hepatic cholinesterase of laying hens naturally infected by salmonella gallinarum (fowl typhoid).salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that may cause foodborne gastroenteritis in humans and animals consisting of over 2000 serovars. the serovar salmonella gallinarum is an important worldwide pathogen of poultry. however, little is known on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of salmonella in chickens. the aim of this study was to evaluate cholinesterase and myeloperoxidase activities in hepatic tissue of laying hens naturally infected by s. gallinarum. twenty positive liver samples f ...201627377431
anaemia, serum iron concentrations and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in laying hens infected naturally by salmonella gallinarum.the aim of this study was to evaluate anaemia, serum iron concentrations and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ala-d) activity in laying hens infected naturally by salmonella gallinarum and having severe hepatic lesions. liver and serum samples were collected from 27 laying hens (20 infected and seven uninfected). the δ-ala-d activity, haematocrit and serum iron concentrations were evaluated. there were significant decreases in δ-ala-d activity, haematocrit and serum iron concentrations (p <0.01) i ...201627262503
chemical constituents from campylotropis hirtella.a phytochemical investigation on the roots of campylotropis hirtella afforded nine new isoflavones (3-9, 12, 15), two new isoflavans (10 and 11), one new coumestan (1), and three new prenylated benzoic acid derivatives (2, 13, 14), together with twenty-four known compounds. their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis and circular dichroism data. the isolated compounds were also evaluated for their antibacterial activities against enterococcus faecalis, salmonella gallinarum, stre ...201627220079
molecular identification of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum by a duplex pcr assay.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (s gallinarum) and biovar pullorum (s pullorum) are 2 poultry pathogens that cause major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. control of both diseases mainly relies on the adoption of biosecurity programs, and success is dependent on accurate and fast detection. based on this concept, we developed a duplex pcr assay, targeting 2 chromosomal sequences, which allowed us to precisely identify and differentiate s ...201627216724
evaluation of protective efficacy of a novel inactivated salmonella pullorum ghost vaccine against virulent challenge in chickens.salmonella gallinarum biovar pullorum is the causative agent of pullorum disease in poultry, an acute systemic disease that results in a high mortality rate in young chickens. vaccines have been considered in many developing countries where levels of infection are high and eradication is not a realistic option. an attenuated strain combined with protein e-mediated cell lysis was used to generate a safety enhanced salmonella pullorum ghost vaccine. immune responses and protection induced by ghost ...201627090623
probiotics in salmonella-challenged hy-line brown layers.a total of 192 hy-line brown 40-week-old salmonella-free layers were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments in a 5-wk experiment to test the efficacy of probiotics on egg production and quality, excreta and intestinal microbiota of laying birds challenged with salmonella gallinarum. dietary treatment comprised of (1) nc: ; basal diet, negative control, (2) pc: ; basal diet + oral s. gallinarum administration, positive control, (3) t1: ; basal diet + 0.1% bacillus subtilis rx7 1 × 10(9) cfu/g ...201627053626
prevalence and characterization of multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum and gallinarum from chicken.salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated salmonella serovars was assessed.201627051187
prevalence and epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum from poultry in some parts of haryana, india.the present study was investigated to ascertain the epidemiological status of fowl typhoid (ft) in broilers in some parts of haryana during january 2011 to december 2013.201527047033
draft genome sequence of a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum bv. gallinarum isolate associated with fowl typhoid outbreaks in brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum bv. gallinarum strains are bird pathogens causing fowl typhoid (ft). isolate br_rs12 was obtained from a poultry flock with ft in 2014. the sequencing of this genome will enable to track the origin of the recent outbreaks in brazil.201626950322
ectonucleotidases and adenosine deaminase activity in laying hens naturally infected by salmonella gallinarum and their effects on the pathogenesis of the disease.salmonella gallinarum is the etiologic agent of fowl typhoid that affects chickens and turkeys causing egg production drops, infertility, lower hatchability, high mortality, and as a consequence severe economic losses to the poultry industry. the alterations in ntpdase and adenosine deaminase (ada) activities have been demonstrated in several inflammatory conditions; however, there are no data in the literature associated with this infection. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activ ...201626911648
loop-mediated isothermal amplification of the sefa gene for rapid detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in chickens.salmonella spp. pose a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2600 serovars having been reported to date. salmonella serovars are usually identified by slide agglutination tests, which are labor intensive and time consuming. in an attempt to develop a more rapid screening method for the major poultry salmonella serovars, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay, which directly detected the sefa gene, a fimbrial operon gene existing in several specific se ...201626840841
interaction of a live attenuated salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate with chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a gram-negative intracellular host-adapted pathogen that causes fowl typhoid. attenuated strains of sg are proven and widely used vaccine candidates because of advantages like induction of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. in the present study, we investigated the interaction of chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (chbm-dcs) with an attenuated sg (jol1355) strain that secretes a heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein prev ...201626813292
a live salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate secreting an adjuvant protein confers enhanced safety and protection against fowl typhoid.live attenuated vaccines are used for effective protection against fowl typhoid (ft) in domestic poultry. in this study, a lon/cpxr/asd deletion mutant of salmonella gallinarum expressing the b subunit of a heat labile toxin (ltb) from escherichia coli, a known adjuvant, was cloned in a recombinant p15a ori plasmid, jol1355, and evaluated as a vaccine candidate in chickens. the plasmid was shown to be stable inside the attenuated salmonella gallinarum cell after three successive generations. mor ...201526629629
evaluation of salmonella gallinarum ghost formulated with montanide™ isa 70 vg adjuvant as a vaccine against fowl typhoid.escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) protein is a potent adjuvant. salmonella gallinarum ghosts carrying ltb (s. gallinarum-ltb ghosts) were genetically constructed using a plasmid, pjhl187-ltb, designed for the co-expression of the ltb and e lysis proteins. this study evaluates the immunopotentiating effects of montanide™ isa 70 vg on s. gallinarum-ltb ghost vaccination against fowl typhoid. five-week-old layer chickens were injected intramuscularly with sterile pbs (non-imm ...201526599088
influence of heat-labile serum components in the presence of ompa on the outer membrane of salmonella gallinarum.salmonella gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid. being a gram-negative bacteria, its outer membrane proteins (omp) can be regulated by different microenvironments. s. gallinarum was cultured under the following conditions: nutrient broth (nb), nb supplemented with serum from specific pathogen-free birds (nbs) and nb with serum incubated at 56 °c prior to incubation with the bacteria (nbsd); omp were subsequently extracted. several changes were observed in the apparent expression of ...201626597854
a nonenzymatic optical immunoassay strategy for detection of salmonella infection based on blue silica nanoparticles.a novel nonenzymatic optical immunoassay strategy was for the first time designed and utilized for sensitive detection of antibody to salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum (s. pullorum and s. gallinarum) in serum. the optical immunoassay strategy was based on blue silica nanoparticles (blue-sinps) and magnetic beads (mb). to construct such an optical immunoassay system, the blue-sinps were first synthesized by inverse microemulsion method, characterized by sem, zeta potential and ftir. t ...201526526916
[antimicrobial effect on some zoonotic bacteria, of the cell-free fermentation fluid and purified peptide fraction of the entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus budapestensis].many multi-resistant patogens appear continuously resulting in a permanent need for the development of novel antibiotics. a large number of antibiotics introduced in clinical and veterinary practices are not effective. antibacterial peptides with unusual mode of action may represent a promising option against multi-resistant pathogens. the entomopathogenic xenorhabdus budapestensis bacteria produce several different antimicrobial peptides compounds such as bicornutin-a and fabclavin.201526498898
first draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum strain vtccbaa614, isolated from chicken in india.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid (ft), which results in huge economic losses to poultry farmers in india. we report the draft genome sequence of salmonella biovar gallinarum strain vtccbaa614, isolated from a chicken in an ft affected broiler flock.201526494667
utilization of a modified phage e protein lysis system accounts for increased biomass in salmonella gallinarum ghosts.a major limiting issue of bacterial ghost technology involves the stable maintenance of phix174 lysis gene e expression. unwanted leaky expression of gene e in the absence of induction temperature results in reduced biomass production of host bacterium, consequently leading to the lower yield of bacterial ghost. to mitigate the leaky expression status of lysis gene e, we utilized a novel e-lysis system in which gene e is located between sense λpr promoter with a ci857 regulator and antisense par ...201526473678
eric-pcr genotyping of field isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum.salmonella gallinarum (sg) and salmonella pullorum (sp) have been classified as biovars belonging to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. genetic diversity among isolates of the same biovar can be detected by dna fingerprinting techniques which are useful in epidemiological investigations. in this study, we applied the pcr amplification of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences (eric-pcr) to analyse 45 strains of sg and sp, most of which were isolated from d ...201526365161
a live oral fowl typhoid vaccine with reversible o-antigen production.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid, recognized worldwide as an economically important disease. the current vaccine, 9r, lacks a complete o antigen, which is a salmonella virulence factor, and, in addition, has a number of other less well characterized chromosomal mutations. for optimal efficacy, 9r is administered by injection. in an effort to develop a vaccine suitable for oral administration, we constructed salmonella gallinarum strains with a reversible o-antigen pheno ...201526292534
understanding the poultry trade network in kenya: implications for regional disease prevention and control.infectious diseases in poultry can spread quickly and lead to huge economic losses. in the past decade, on multiple continents, the accelerated spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) virus, often through informal trade networks, has led to the death and culling of hundreds of millions of poultry. endemic poultry diseases like newcastle disease and fowl typhoid can also be devastating in many parts of the world. understanding trade networks in unregulated systems can inform policy d ...201526002998
evaluation of the salmonella enterica serovar pullorum pathogenicity island 2 mutant as a candidate live attenuated oral vaccine.salmonella enterica serovar pullorum (s. pullorum) is a highly adapted pathogen that causes pullorum disease (pd), an important systemic disease of poultry that causes severe economic losses in developing countries. in the interests of developing a safe and immunogenic oral vaccine, the efficacy of a salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2)-deleted mutant of s. pullorum (s06004δspi2) was evaluated in chickens. s06004δspi2 was severely less virulent than the parental wild-type strain s06004 as de ...201525924763
type 1 fimbriae are important factors limiting the dissemination and colonization of mice by salmonella enteritidis and contribute to the induction of intestinal inflammation during salmonella invasion.we have recently shown that salmonella gallinarum type 1 fimbriae with endogenous mannose-resistant (mr) variant of the fimh protein increase systemic dissemination of s. gallinarum and colonization of internal organs in comparison to the s. gallinarum fimh knockout strain or the mutant expressing mannose-sensitive (ms) fimh variant from s. enteritidis. elaborating from these studies, we proposed that ms variants of fimh are advantageous in gastrointestinal infections, in contrast to mr fimh var ...201525914682
protection against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum, and salmonella enteritidis infection in layer chickens conferred by a live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strain.in the present study, we investigated the protection conferred by a live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) strain against salmonella typhimurium, salmonella gallinarum (sg), and salmonella enteritidis (se) infection in layer chickens. birds were orally primed with the attenuated st strain at 7 days of age and then boosted at 4 weeks post prime immunization (ppi). sequential monitoring of plasma igg and mucosal secretory iga (siga) levels revealed that inoculation with st in ...201525713506
the role of rpos, hmp, and ssrab in salmonella enterica gallinarum and evaluation of a triple-deletion mutant as a live vaccine candidate in lohmann layer chickens.salmonella enterica gallinarum (sg) causes fowl typhoid (ft), a septicemic disease in avian species. we constructed deletion mutants lacking the stress sigma factor rpos, the nitric oxide (no)-detoxifying flavohemoglobin hmp, and the ssra/ssrb regulator to confirm the functions of these factors in sg. all gene products were fully functional in wild-type (wt) sg whereas mutants harboring single mutations or a combination of rpos, hmp, and ssrab mutations showed hypersusceptibility to h2o2, loss o ...201525549217
fowl typhoid (salmonella gallinarum) outbreak in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).a fowl typhoid (ft) outbreak is reported in a flock of 400 japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) at 91 days of age. of these, 222 died suddenly, and necropsy revealed swollen liver and spleen with off-white to yellowish granules and reddish small intestine mucosa. histopathology showed severe multifocal necrosis of liver and spleen (5/5), pulmonary congestion with macrophage infiltration in air capillaries (5/5), discrete interstitial nephritis (2/2), superficial necrosis of the intestinal ...201425518448
identification and characterization of regions of difference between the salmonella gallinarum biovar gallinarum and the salmonella gallinarum biovar pullorum genomes.salmonella gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a severe septicaemic disease that affects birds of all ages, whereas s. pullorum causes pullorum disease, a systemic disorder affecting primarily young birds. a proportion of birds with pullorum disease become carriers and are thereby able to transmit s. pullorum vertically. although these two pathogens cause distinct diseases, they are otherwise phenotypically and genetically similar. therefore, the small variations that lead to the ...201525497350
identification of isolated salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum biotype pullorum and gallinarum by pcr-rflp.salmonella spp. is the major bacterial pathogen in poultry and is responsible for significant economic losses of the poultry industry in many parts of the world. among salmonella spp., salmonella gallinarum and salmonella. pullorum are the most common causative agents of chicken salmonellosis resulting in high mortality and morbidity.201425485068
soluble plantain nonstarch polysaccharides, although increasing caecal load, reduce systemic invasion of salmonella gallinarum in the chicken.soluble plantain (musa paradisiaca) nonstarch polysaccharides (nsps) have previously been shown to prevent pathogenic interaction with the intestinal epithelium. here, we examined whether plantain nsp could prevent the invasion of the intestinal mucosa by salmonella enterica gallinarum, a causative agent of fowl typhoid. in vitro assays using b1oxi cells were performed with monolayers pretreated with/without plantain nsp, before inoculation with salm. gallinarum 287/91. chicks were fed from hatc ...201525483316
effect of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage on performance, egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens.1. bacteriophages (bp) have gained increasing attention as a treatment of bacterial infection for animals. however, the data pertaining to dietary application of bp for laying hens have been limited. 2. this study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary bp on laying performance, egg quality and caecal bacterial populations in laying hens. 3. the dietary bp used in this experiment was a mixture of individual bp targeting salmonella gallinarum, salmonella pullorum, salmonella typhimurium, salmo ...201525471539
a novel approach for the generation of salmonella gallinarum ghosts and evaluation of their vaccine potential using a prime-booster immunization strategy.a novel, regulatory e-lysis cassette was used in this study to avoid the untimely expression of lysis gene e and to achieve stable and improved production of salmonella gallinarum (sg) ghosts. a prime-booster immunization strategy using these ghosts was subsequently utilized with the aim of inducing a robust immune response for the prevention of acute fowl typhoid infection. in the first animal experiment, a total of 54 chickens were equally divided into three groups (n=18): group a (non-immuniz ...201425454861
comparative evaluation of safety and efficacy of a live salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate secreting an adjuvant protein with sg9r in chickens.we previously reported jol916, a live attenuated salmonella gallinarum (sg), as a vaccine candidate for protection from fowl typhoid (ft). in the present study, we evaluated jol1355, an sg that secretes heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein, for safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy against ft. in a single intramuscular inoculation, live attenuated sg (jol916) and commercial live attenuated sg9r immunized groups showed gross lesions and bacterial persistence up to 21 days post-immu ...201425239101
deciphering why salmonella gallinarum is less invasive in vitro than salmonella enteritidis.salmonella gallinarum and salmonella enteritidis are genetically closely related however associated with different pathologies. several studies have suggested that s. gallinarum is less invasive in vitro than s. enteritidis. in this study we confirm that the s. gallinarum strains tested were much less invasive than the s. enteritidis strains tested in cells of avian or human origin. in addition, the s. gallinarum t3ss-1-dependent ability to invade host cells was delayed by two to three hours com ...201425175996
evaluation of protective efficacy of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum vaccine strains against fowl typhoid in chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum is the etiological agent of fowl typhoid, which constitutes a considerable economic problem for poultry growers in developing countries. the vaccination of chickens seems to be the most effective strategy to control the disease in those areas. we constructed s. gallinarum strains with a deletion of the global regulatory gene fur and evaluated their virulence and protective efficacy in rhode island red chicks and brown leghorn layers. the fur deletion mutant ...201424990908
γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides from the seeds of prinsepia utilis.γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (prinsepicyanosides a-e) were isolated alongside 11 known compounds from seeds of prinsepia utilis royle. their structures were determined by detailed analysis of nmr and ms spectroscopic data. the relative configuration of prinsepicyanoside c was established by cu-kα x-ray crystallography. prinsepicyanoside a, osmaronin, and 4-(hydroxylmethyl)-5h-furan-2-one exhibited borderline antibacterial activity against salmonella gallinarum, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio ...201424952469
presence of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in commercial laying hens diagnosed with fowl typhoid disease in colombia.a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in colombia in 2006. from 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial layers farms in the states of cundinamarca, santander, bolivar, and san andres, were positive for salmonella enterica. salmonella was isolated from liver and spleen (71.42%), pools of organs (liver, spleen, and ovarian follicles; 25.71%), and drag swabs (2.85%). serotype was assigned using single nucleotide polymorphisms or dna microa ...201424758131
generation of a safe salmonella gallinarum vaccine candidate that secretes an adjuvant protein with immunogenicity and protective efficacy against fowl typhoid.we constructed a live, attenuated salmonella gallinarum (sg) that secretes heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein (ltb), and evaluated this strain as a new vaccine candidate by assessing its safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy against fowl typhoid. an asd(+) p15a ori low-copy plasmid containing eltb encoding ltb was transformed into a δlonδcpxrδasd sg (jol967) to construct the candidate, jol1355. in experiments 1 and 2, birds were orally immunized with jol1355 at 4 weeks of age, wh ...201424689430
polyamines are essential for virulence in salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum despite evolutionary decay of polyamine biosynthesis genes.serovars of salmonella enterica exhibit different host-specificities where some have broad host-ranges and others, like s. gallinarum and s. typhi, are host-specific for poultry and humans, respectively. with the recent availability of whole genome sequences it has been reported that host-specificity coincides with accumulation of pseudogenes, indicating adaptation of host-restricted serovars to their narrow niches. polyamines are small cationic amines and in salmonella they can be synthesized t ...201424602405
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum strain fcav198, a brazilian chicken pathogen.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum is a bird-restricted pathogen which causes pullorum disease. the strain fcav198 was isolated from a pool of chicken ovaries in brazil, and its genome may be helpful for studies involving molecular mechanisms related to pathogenesis and other related applications.201424558231
an immunoproteomic approach for characterization of the outer membrane proteins of salmonella gallinarum.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is an important pathogen that causes fowl typhoid in chickens. in order to investigate sg outer membrane proteins (omps) as potential vaccine candidate proteins, we established a proteomic map and database of antigenic sg-omps. a total of 174 spots were detected by 2de. twenty-two antigen-reactive spots were identified as nine specific proteins using pmf. ompa was the most abundant protein among all of the identified omps, and it exhibited seven protei ...201424420792
generation of a safety enhanced salmonella gallinarum ghost using antibiotic resistance free plasmid and its potential as an effective inactivated vaccine candidate against fowl typhoid.a safety enhanced salmonella gallinarum (sg) ghost was constructed using an antibiotic resistance gene free plasmid and evaluated its potential as fowl typhoid (ft) vaccine candidate. the antibiotic resistance free pya3342 plasmid possesses aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase gene which is complimentary to the deletion of the chromosomal asd gene in the bacterial host. this plasmid was incorporated with a ghost cassette containing the bacteriophage phix174 lysis gene e, designated as pjhl101. t ...201424406393
virulence determinants of salmonella gallinarum biovar pullorum identified by pcr signature-tagged mutagenesis and the spic mutant as a candidate live attenuated vaccine.salmonella gallinarum biovar pullorum (s. gallinarum biovar pullorum) is the causative agent of pullorum disease (pd) in chickens which results in considerable economic losses to the poultry industries in developing countries. pcr-signature tagged mutagenesis was used to identify virulence determinants of s. gallinarum biovar pullorum and novel attenuated live vaccine candidates for use against this disease. a library of 1800 signature-tagged s. gallinarum biovar pullorum mutants was constructed ...201424355532
prevalence, characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella gallinarum isolated from eggs produced in conventional or organic farms in south korea.to determine the prevalence of salmonella serotype enteritidis in eggs in south korea, we conducted a microbiological survey of commercially available eggs produced in conventional or organic farms during the period from 2010 to 2012. the contents of 7,000 raw shell eggs (6,000 of conventional and 1,000 of organic origin) were examined to evaluate the extent and type of salmonella enteritidis contamination. a total of 26 salmonellae (7.4% of all pooled samples) were isolated from 350 homogenized ...201324046429
requirement for cobalamin by salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, pullorum, gallinarum and enteritidis during infection in chickens.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium synthesizes cobalamin (vitamin b12) only during anaerobiosis. two percent of the s. typhimurium genome is devoted to the synthesis and uptake of vitamin b12 and to b12-dependent reactions. to understand the requirement for cobalamin synthesis better, we constructed mutants of salmonella serovars enteritidis and pullorum that are double-defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (δcobsδcbia). we compared the virulence of these mutants to that of their respective w ...201124031771
the contribution of genes required for anaerobic respiration to the virulence of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum for chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is an intracellular pathogen of chickens. to survive, to invade and to multiply in the intestinal tract and intracellularly it depends on its ability to produce energy in anaerobic conditions. the fumarate reductase (frdabcd), dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)-trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) reductase (dmsabc), and nitrate reductase (narghij) operons in salmonella typhimurium (stm) encode enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration to the electron acceptors fumara ...200924031452
a defective mutant of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum in cobalamin biosynthesis is avirulent in chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a fowl typhoid agent in chickens and is a severe disease with worldwide economic impact as its mortality may reach up to 80%. it is one of a small group of serovars that typically produces typhoid-like infections in a narrow range of host species and which therefore represents a good model for human typhoid. the survival mechanisms are not considered to be virulent mechanisms but are essential for the life of the bacterium. mutants of salmonella gal ...200924031393
molecular differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar pullorum and salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum.s. pullorum (sp) and s. gallinarum (sg) are very similar. they are the agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and the two diseases are responsible for economic losses in poultry production. although sp and sg are difficult to be differentiated in routine laboratory procedures, the ability to metabolize ornithine is a biochemical test that may be used to achieve this aim. while sp is able to decarboxylate this amino acid, sg is not. however, the isolation of strains showing at ...200924031341
salmonella gallinarum field isolates from laying hens are related to the vaccine strain sg9r.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype gallinarum can cause severe systemic disease in chickens and a live salmonella gallinarum 9r vaccine (sg9r) has been used widely to control disease. using whole-genome sequencing we found point mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase (acee) and/or lipopolysaccharide 1,2-glucosyltransferase (rfaj) genes that likely explain the attenuation of the sg9r vaccine strain. molecular typing using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable ...201323994381
therapeutic effects of bacteriophages against salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens.in this study the isolation and characterization of three bacteriophages (st4, l13, and sg3) infecting salmonella gallinarum were carried out. they were further tested for their in vivo efficacy in phage therapy. all three phages belong to the siphoviridae family with isometric heads and non-contractile tails. they have a broad host range among serovars of salmonella enterica. the burst sizes were observed to be 1670, 80, and 28 for st4, l13, and sg3, respectively. the in vivo efficacy of the ph ...201323801253
passive maternal exposure to environmental microbes selectively modulates the innate defences of chicken egg white by increasing some of its antibacterial activities.egg defence against bacterial contamination relies on immunoglobulins (igy) concentrated in the yolk and antimicrobial peptides/proteins predominantly localized in the egg white (ew). hens contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms export specific igys to the egg (adaptative immunity). no evidence of such regulation has been reported for the antimicrobial peptides/proteins (innate immunity) which are preventively secreted by the hen oviduct and are active against a large range of microbes. we i ...201323758641
outbreaks of salmonellosis in three different poultry farms of kerala, india.avian salmonellosis is an important disease causing serious impediment to the development of poultry industry especially in developing countries of asia and africa. since no "effective" immunoprophylactic measures are available for the disease till date, strict biosecurity is the only alternative to preclude the disease. for formulating the control measures, an understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, proper diagnosis and identification of the causative agent is quintessential. this rep ...201323730565
immunoprophylactic effects of administering honeybee (apis melifera) venom spray against salmonella gallinarum in broiler chicks.antibiotics continue to be used as growth promoters in the poultry industry. honeybee (apis melifera) venom (hbv) possesses a number of beneficial biological activities, particularly for regulating the immune system. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunoprophylactic effects of hbv against salmonella gallinarum in broiler chicks as an initial step towards developing eco-friendly alternatives to reduce antibiotic use. hbv was administered using a spray technique. hbv improved bod ...201323719751
comparison of 3 culture methods and pcr assays for salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum detection in poultry feed.to detect salmonella gallinarum or salmonella pullorum in artificially contaminated poultry feed, 9 culture combinations were compared, including 3 preenrichment/enrichment methods (tryptic soy broth plus ferrous sulfate/tetrathionate hajna, tryptic soy broth plus ferrous sulfate/selenite cystine broth, and salmosyst) in combination with 3 selective agars (xylose lysine desoxicholate agar added with tergitol 4, ef-18, and önöz), respectively. additionally, a single pcr technique was applied comb ...201323687146
safety and efficacy of a metabolic drift live attenuated salmonella gallinarum vaccine against fowl typhoid.fowl typhoid (ft), a systemic disease that results in septicemia in poultry, is caused by salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg). mortality and morbidity rates from ft can reach up to 80%. attenuated live salmonella vaccine candidates have received considerable attention because they confer solid immunity, and they can produce systemic and mucosal immunity in the gut when administered orally. in the present study, five metabolic drift (md) mutants with a single-(designated ...201323678726
a flagellated motile salmonella gallinarum mutant (sg fla+) elicits a pro-inflammatory response from avian epithelial cells and macrophages and is less virulent to chickens.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (sg) is a non-flagellated bacterium which causes fowl typhoid, a systemic disease associated with high mortality in birds. it has been suggested that the absence of flagella in sg is advantageous in the early stages of systemic infection through absence of tlr-5 activation. in order to investigate this hypothesis in more detail a flagellated and motile sg mutant (sg fla(+)) was constructed. the presence of flagella incr ...201323664623
oral immunization with an attenuated salmonella gallinarum mutant as a fowl typhoid vaccine with a live adjuvant strain secreting the b subunit of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.the salmonella gallinarum (sg) lon/cpxr deletion mutant jol916 was developed as a live vaccine candidate for fowl typhoid (ft), and a sg mutant secreting an escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb), designated jol1229, was recently constructed as an adjuvant strain for oral vaccination against ft. in this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective properties of the sg mutant jol916 and the ltb adjuvant strain jol1229 in order to establish a prime and boost immunization ...201323647814
genomic comparison between salmonella gallinarum and pullorum: differential pseudogene formation under common host restriction.salmonella serovars enteritidis and gallinarum are closely related, but their host ranges are very different: the former is host-promiscuous and the latter can infect poultry only. comparison of their genomic sequences reveals that gallinarum has undergone much more extensive degradation than enteritidis. this phenomenon has also been observed in other host restricted salmonella serovars, such as typhi and paratyphi a. the serovar gallinarum can be further split into two biovars: gallinarum and ...201323555032
polymerase chain reaction assay based on rata gene allows differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum.salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum are classified as biovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. these salmonellae are the causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. when serovar gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to ...201323512922
serologic, parasitic, and bacteriologic assessment of captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae) in brazil.captive cracids (aves: galliformes: cracidae), including endangered species, were studied (n = 130) for the assessment of health status, including aburria jacutinga (black-fronted piping-guan, n = 42), crax blumenbachii (red-knobbed curassow, n = 54), craxfasciolata (bare-faced curassow, n = 28), and penelope obscura (dusky-legged guan, n = 6). the exposure to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), salmonella pullorum (sp), salmonella gallinarum (sg), avian paramyxovirus-1 (apm ...201323505700
the type vi secretion system encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 19 is required for salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum survival within infected macrophages.salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality that causes major economic losses in poultry production. we have reported that s. gallinarum harbors a type vi secretion system (t6ss) encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 19 (spi-19) that is required for efficient colonization of chicks. in the present study, we aimed to characterize the spi-19 t6ss functionality and to investigate the mechanisms behind t ...201323357385
safety and protective efficacy of live attenuated salmonella gallinarum mutants in rhode island red chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, an important systemic disease of poultry with economic consequences in developing nations. a live attenuated orally applied s. gallinarum vaccine could provide a low cost method for controlling this disease. we constructed s. gallinarum strains in which the expression of the crp, rfc and rfah genes, important for virulence of salmonella typhimurium in mice, were under the control of an arabinose-regulated promoter. we ...201323261043
a comparative study of culture methods and pcr assay for salmonella detection in poultry drinking water.the present work compared 2 culture methods and pcr assays for motile and nonmotile salmonella detection using artificially contaminated poultry drinking water. the specificity was 1 for all methods studied. the accuracy and sensitivity were 1 for all motile strains, whereas these parameters were between 0 and 0.7 for nonmotile salmonella strains. the positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 1 for all motile salmonella strains in the 3 methods used. nonmotile salmonella strai ...201323243252
the effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro.the use of glyphosate modifies the environment which stresses the living microorganisms. the aim of the present study was to determine the real impact of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. the presented results evidence that the highly pathogenic bacteria as salmonella entritidis, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum are highly resistant to glyphosate. however, most of beneficial bac ...201323224412
attenuated salmonella gallinarum secreting an escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit protein as an adjuvant for oral vaccination against fowl typhoid.in our previous study, we constructed a vaccine candidate (jol916) for fowl typhoid (ft). a live adjuvant salmonella gallinarum (sg) strain was generated in the present study to facilitate efficacious oral vaccination with this vaccine. the escherichia coli eltb gene secreting heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit (ltb) was cloned into an asd(+) plasmid pjhl65. this was transformed into a δlon δcpxr δasd sg strain and the resulting strain was designated jol1229. secretion of ltb from jol1229 was con ...201223083937
health assessment of captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) in brazil.ninety-five (95) captive tinamids (aves, tinamiformes) of species crypturellus obsoletus (brown tinamou), crypturellus parvirostris (small-billed tinamou), crypturellus tataupa (tataupa tinamou), crypturellus undulatus (undulated tinamou), rhynchotus rufescens (red-winged tinamou), and tinamus solitarius (solitary tinamou) were evaluated for diseases of mandatory control in the brazilian poultry health program (pnsa). antibodies were detected by serum agglutination test (sat) in 4 birds for myco ...201223082518
the long view: salmonella--the last forty years.as a part of the 40th anniversary celebrations of avian pathology we review the last four decades of salmonella research which has led to major progress in our understanding of the bacteriology and infection biology of the organism through the huge advances in molecular biology and immunology that have accompanied technical advances in biology generally. in many countries combinations of improvements in management, sometimes under legislative pressure and supported by a number of basic biologica ...201223025669
bacteria isolations from broiler and layer chicks in zambia.chick mortality (cm) is one of the major constraints to the expansion of the poultry industry in zambia. of the 2,829 avian disease cases submitted to the national diagnostic laboratory based at the central veterinary research institute in lusaka between 1995 and 2007, 34.39% (973/2,829) were from cm cases. the disease accounted for 40.2% (218,787/544,903) mortality in the affected flocks with 89.6% (196,112/218,787) of the affected birds dying within seven days. major bacteria species involved ...201222988514
comparative proteome and transcriptome analyses of wild-type and live vaccine strains of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in chickens and is of economic importance to the chicken industry. a serovar gallinarum live vaccine strain 9r (sg 9r) has been used to control fowl typhoid in many areas where the disease is endemic. because the attenuation mechanism of sg 9r was not defined, there has been continued concern about reversion to virulence. in this study, we examined the molecular characteristics, which might provide better insight into attenuation of sg 9 ...201222944630
cpg oligonucleotides and recombinant interferon-γ in combination improve protection in chickens to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis challenge as an adjuvant component, but have no effect in reducing salmonella carriage in infected chickens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is the most common cause of human salmonellosis in many developed nations. it is frequently associated with both poultry meat and eggs. in the present study we have determined whether cpg oligonucleotides that stimulate the immune system via toll like-receptors 15 and 21 in the chicken can be used as immunomodulatory agents to break carriage of s. enteritidis in in vitro and in vivo infection models. we also investigated its use as a component in an adjuva ...201222845324
differential identification of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum and the biovar gallinarum live vaccine strain 9r.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in chickens and has been of economic importance to the chicken industry in many countries. the biovar gallinarum live vaccine strain 9r (sg 9r) has been used to control fowl typhoid in many areas where the disease is endemic. therefore, a definitive diagnosis of this disease may require differentiation of wild-type field isolates of biovar gallinarum from the live vaccine strain sg 9r. here, we report the development of ...201222728122
construction of a salmonella gallinarum ghost as a novel inactivated vaccine candidate and its protective efficacy against fowl typhoid in chickens.in order to develop a novel, safe and immunogenic fowl typhoid (ft) vaccine candidate, a salmonella gallinarum ghost with controlled expression of the bacteriophage phix174 lysis gene e was constructed using pmmp99 plasmid in this study. the formation of the salmonella gallinarum ghost with tunnel formation and loss of cytoplasmic contents was observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. no viable cells were detectable 24 h after the induction of gene e expressi ...201222620989
distribution of salmonella serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enteritidis from poultry in zimbabwe.a study was carried out to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of salmonella serovars from chickens from large-scale commercial (lsc), small-scale commercial (ssc), and rural free-range (rfr) farms of zimbabwe. pooled cloacal swabs were collected for culture and isolation of salmonella spp. a chi-square test was used to assess distribution differences of salmonellas among the farming sectors. approximately 10% (283/2833) of the swabs were positive for salmonella ...201222515540
pathomorphological, immunohistochemical and bacteriological findings in budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) naturally infected with s. gallinarum.the present study describes the pathological and bacteriological findings and diagnosis by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods in budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) naturally infected with salmonella gallinarum obtained from three commercial budgerigar rearing farms. the course of the disease in young budgerigars was peracute or acute, whereas in adult budgerigars the disease was acute or chronic. clinically, yellow-white diarrhoea was observed in the young budgerigars with the ac ...201222515538
early immune dynamics following infection with salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, infantis, pullorum and gallinarum: cytokine and chemokine gene expression profile and cellular changes of chicken cecal tonsils.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica infection remains a serious problem in a wide range of animals and in man. poultry-derived food is the main source of human infection with the non-host-adapted serovars while fowl typhoid and pullorum disease are important diseases of poultry. we have assessed cecal colonization and immune responses of newly hatched and older chickens to salmonella serotypes enteritidis, infantis, gallinarum and pullorum. s. enteritidis and s. infantis colonized the ceca m ...201222512820
immune dynamics following infection of avian macrophages and epithelial cells with typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonella enterica serovars; bacterial invasion and persistence, nitric oxide and oxygen production, differential host gene expression, nf-κb signalling and cell cytotoxicity.poultry-derived food is a common source of infection of human with the non-host-adapted salmonellae while fowl typhoid and pullorum disease are serious diseases in poultry. development of novel immune-based control strategies against salmonella infection necessitates a better understanding of the host-pathogen interactions at the cellular level. intestinal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against enteric infections and the role of macrophages is crucial in salmonella infection and ...201222475571
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