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the ribosomal protein rply is required for pectobacterium carotovorum virulence and is induced by zantedeschia elliotiana extract.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain pccs1, a bacterial pathogen causing soft rot disease of zantedeschia elliotiana (colored calla), was investigated for virulence genes induced by the host plant. using a promoter-trap transposon (mariner), we obtained 500 transposon mutants showing kanamycin resistance dependent on extract of z. elliotiana. one of these mutants, pm86, exhibited attenuated virulence on both z. elliotiana and brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis. the growth of pm86 wa ...201728853642
sde5, a putative rna export protein, participates in plant innate immunity through a flagellin-dependent signaling pathway in arabidopsis.in eukaryotes, rna silencing, mediated by small interfering rnas, is an evolutionarily widespread and versatile silencing mechanism that plays an important role in various biological processes. increasing evidences suggest that various components of rna silencing pathway are involved in plant defense machinery against microbial pathogens in arabidopsis thaliana. here, we show genetic and molecular evidence that arabidopsis sde5 is required to generate an effective resistance against the biotroph ...201728851870
wrky70 and its homolog wrky54 negatively modulate the cell wall-associated defenses to necrotrophic pathogens in arabidopsis.previous studies have identified the arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor wrky70 as a node of convergence for salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja)-mediated defense signal pathways and, together with its closest homolog wrky54, as a negative regulator of sa biosynthesis. here, we demonstrate that wrky70 together with wrky54 negatively affect the response of arabidopsis to the necrotrophic pathogens pectobacterium carotovorum and botrytis cinerea, but not to the hemibiotroph pseudomonas ...201728837631
the arabidopsis defensin gene, atpdf1.1, mediates defence against pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum via an iron-withholding defence system.plant defensins (pdfs) are cysteine-rich peptides that have a range of biological functions, including defence against fungal pathogens. however, little is known about their role in defence against bacteria. in this study, we showed that the protein encoded by arabidopsis thaliana plant defensin type 1.1 (atpdf1.1) is a secreted protein that can chelate apoplastic iron. transcripts of atpdf1.1 were induced in both systemic non-infected leaves of arabidopsis thaliana plants and those infected wit ...201728835670
bacterial diseases of bananas and enset: current state of knowledge and integrated approaches toward sustainable management.bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak (mycosphaerella fijiensis) and fusarium wilt (fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense). however, bacteria cause significant impacts on bananas globally and management practices are not always well known or adopted by farmers. bacterial diseases in bananas and enset can be divided into three groups: (1) ...201728785275
analysis of bacterial carbapenem antibiotic production genes reveals a novel β-lactam biosynthesis pathway.carbapenems are β-lactam antibiotics which have an increasing utility in chemotherapy, particularly for nosocomial, multidrug-resistant infections. strain gs101 of the bacterial phytopathogen, erwinia carotovora, makes the simple β-lactam antibiotic, 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid. we have mapped and sequenced the erwinia genes encoding carbapenem production and have cloned these genes into escherichia coli where we have reconstituted, for the first time, functional expression of the β-lactam ...199628777504
plant growth and resistance promoted by streptomyces spp. in tomato.plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) represent an alternative to improve plant growth and yield as well as to act as agents of biocontrol. this study characterized isolates of streptomyces spp. (stm) as pgpr, determined the antagonism of these isolates against pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliensis (pcb), evaluated the ability of stm on promoting growth and modulating the defense-related metabolism of tomato plants, and the potential of stm isolates on reducing soft rot disease in ...201728756346
the sal-pap chloroplast retrograde pathway contributes to plant immunity by regulating glucosinolate pathway and phytohormone signaling.chloroplasts have a crucial role in plant immunity against pathogens. increasing evidence suggests that phytopathogens target chloroplast homeostasis as a pathogenicity mechanism. in order to regulate the performance of chloroplasts under stress conditions, chloroplasts produce retrograde signals to alter nuclear gene expression. many signals for the chloroplast retrograde pathway have been identified, including chlorophyll intermediates, reactive oxygen species, and metabolic retrograde signals ...201728703028
a novel stress response mechanism, triggered by indole, involved in quorum quenching enzyme moml and iron-sulfur cluster in muricauda olearia th120.indole, as a signal molecule, is involved in multiple physiological behavior including biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and virulence. in this study, we demonstrated that indole was involved in iron deficient and h2o2 stress response in muricauda olearia th120. transcriptome analysis showed that totally 206 genes were regulated by exogenous indole. besides, moml-suf gene cluster, consisting of quorum quenching enzyme coding gene moml and iron-sulfur biosynthetic genes suf, were involved ...201728652609
cytr homolog of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum controls air-liquid biofilm formation by regulating multiple genes involved in cellulose production, c-di-gmp signaling, motility, and type iii secretion system in response to nutritional and environmental signals.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum [pcc (formerly erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora)] pc1 causes soft-rot disease in a wide variety of plant species by secreting multiple pathogenicity-related traits. in this study, regulatory mechanism of air-liquid (al) biofilm formation was studied using a cytr homolog gene deletion mutant (δcytr) of pcc pc1. compared to the wild type (pcc pc1), the δcytr mutant produced fragile and significantly (p < 0.001) lower amounts of al biofilm on salt-o ...201728620360
oxygen-dependent globin coupled sensor signaling modulates motility and virulence of the plant pathogen pectobacterium carotovorum.bacterial pathogens utilize numerous signals to identify the presence of their host and coordinate changes in gene expression that allow for infection. within plant pathogens, these signals typically include small molecules and/or proteins from their plant hosts and bacterial quorum sensing molecules to ensure sufficient bacterial cell density for successful infection. in addition, bacteria use environmental signals to identify conditions when the host defenses are weakened and potentially to si ...201728612602
pectin-conjugated silica microcapsules as dual-responsive carriers for increasing the stability and antimicrobial efficacy of kasugamycin.kasugamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic originally isolated from streptomyces kasugaensis, which has been widely used for the management of plant diseases. however, photo-thermal instability and low efficiency limit its application. therefore, it is an urgent task to prevent unwanted loss of kasugamycin and ensure maximum bioactivity at target site. in this work, a novel formulation of kasugamycin that responds to different biological stimuli produced by pests was prepared using silica micro ...201728606541
influence of the ferric uptake regulator (fur) protein on pathogenicity in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense.iron is an important nutrient for the survival and growth of many organisms. in order to survive, iron uptake from the environment must be strictly regulated and maintained to avoid iron toxicity. the ferric uptake regulator protein (fur) regulates genes involved in iron homeostasis in many bacteria, including phytopathogens. however, to date, the role played by fur in the biology of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (pcb1692), an important pathogen of potatoes, has not yet been stud ...201728545065
signal integration in quorum sensing enables cross-species induction of virulence in pectobacterium wasabiae.bacterial communities can sense their neighbors, regulating group behaviors in response to cell density and environmental changes. the diversity of signaling networks in a single species has been postulated to allow custom responses to different stimuli; however, little is known about how multiple signals are integrated and the implications of this integration in different ecological contexts. in the plant pathogen pectobacterium wasabiae (formerly erwinia carotovora), two signaling networks-the ...201728536283
a novel quorum-quenching n-acylhomoserine lactone acylase from acidovorax sp. strain mr-s7 mediates antibiotic resistance.n-acylhomoserine lactone acylase (ahl acylase) is a well-known enzyme responsible for disrupting cell-cell communication (quorum sensing) in bacteria. here, we isolated and characterized a novel and unique ahl acylase (designated macq) from a multidrug-resistant bacterium, acidovorax sp. strain mr-s7. the purified macq protein heterologously expressed in escherichia coli degraded a wide variety of ahls, ranging from c6 to c14 side chains with or without 3-oxo substitutions. we also observed that ...201728455333
pcr denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis as a useful method to identify of intestinal bacteria flora in haemaphysalis flava ticks.ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, causing a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, the intestinal bacterial flora associated with haemaphysalis flava ticks in different developmental stages were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge). eleven distinct dgge bands were found using pcr-dgge method. sequence ...201728426403
hqia, a novel quorum-quenching enzyme which expands the ahl lactonase family.the screening of a metagenomic library of 250,000 clones generated from a hypersaline soil (spain) allowed us to identify a single positive clone which confers the ability to degrade n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls). the sequencing of the fosmid revealed a 42,318 bp environmental insert characterized by 46 orfs. the subcloning of these orfs demonstrated that a single gene (hqia) allowed ahl degradation. enzymatic analysis using purified hqia and hplc/ms revealed that this protein has lactonase ...201728424524
molecular and biochemical characterization of recombinant cel12b, cel8c, and peh28 overexpressed in escherichia coli and their potential in biofuel production.the high crystallinity of cellulosic biomass myofibrils as well as the complexity of their intermolecular structure is a significant impediment for biofuel production. cloning of celb-, celc-encoded cellulases (cel12b and cel8c) and peh-encoded polygalacturonase (peh28) from pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc) was carried out in our previous study using escherichia coli as a host vector. the current study partially characterizes the enzymes' molecular structures as well as their ...201728413443
genomic characterization of bacteriophage vb_pcap_pp2 infecting pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a new member of a proposed genus in the subfamily autographivirinae.bacteriophage vb_pcap_pp2 (pp2) is a novel virulent phage that infects the plant-pathogenic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. pp2 phage has a 41,841-bp double-stranded dna encoding 47 proteins, and it was identified as a member of the family podoviridae by transmission electron microscopy. nineteen of its open reading frames (orfs) show homology to functional proteins, and 28 orfs have been characterized as hypothetical proteins. pp2 phage is homologous to cronobacter phag ...201728409265
draft genome sequences of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. actinidiae icmp 19971 and icmp 19972, two strains isolated from actinidia chinensis with symptoms of summer canker in south korea.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. actinidiae is the causal agent of summer canker in kiwifruit plants in south korea. we report here the draft genome sequences of two p. carotovorum subsp. actinidiae strains, icmp 19971 and icmp 19972, which were originally isolated from actinidia chinensis with symptoms of summer canker. these genome sequences will aid in the identification of genetic traits associated with their unusual capacity to cause canker and help understanding of the threat these exotic ...201728385839
growth of bacterial phytopathogens in animal manures.animal manures are routinely applied to agricultural lands to improve crop yield, but the possibility to spread bacterial phytopathogens through field fertilization has not been considered yet. we monitored 49 cattle, horse, swine, sheep or chicken manure samples collected in 14 polish voivodeships for the most important plant pathogenic bacteria - ralstonia solanacearum (rsol), xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (xcc), pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), pectobacterium atros ...201728319994
the expanding role of type ii secretion in bacterial pathogenesis and beyond.type ii secretion (t2s) is one means by which gram-negative pathogens secrete proteins into the extracellular milieu and/or host organisms. based upon recent genome sequencing, it is clear that t2s is largely restricted to the proteobacteria, occurring in many, but not all genera in the α-, β-, γ-, and δ- classes. prominent human and/or animal pathogens that express a t2s system(s) include acinetobacter baumannii, burkholderia pseudomallei, chlamydia trachomatis, escherichia coli, klebsiella pne ...201728264910
[suppression of telomerase activity leukemic cells by mutant forms of rhodospirillum rubrum l-asparaginase].the active and stable mutant forms of short chain cytoplasmic l-asparaginase type i of rhodospirillum rubrum (rra): rra+n17, d60k, f61l, rra+n17, a64v, e67k, rra+n17, e149r, v150p, rrae149r, v150p and rrae149r, v150p, f151t were obtained by the method of site-directed mutagenesis. it is established that variants rra-n17, e149r, v150p, f151t and rrаe149r, v150p are capable to reduce an expression htert subunit of telomerase and, hence, activity of telomeres in jurkat cells, but not in cellular ly ...201728251953
drosophila larvae food intake cessation following exposure to erwinia contaminated media requires odor perception, trpa1 channel and evf virulence factor.when exposed to microorganisms, animals use several protective strategies. on one hand, as elegantly exemplified in drosophila melanogaster, the innate immune system recognizes microbial compounds and triggers an antimicrobial response. on the other hand, behaviors preventing an extensive contact with the microbes and thus reducing the risk of infection have been described. however, these reactions ranging from microbes aversion to intestinal transit increase or food intake decrease have been ra ...201728232220
bacterial expression, correct membrane targeting and functional folding of the hiv-1 membrane protein vpu using a periplasmic signal peptide.viral protein u (vpu) is a type-iii integral membrane protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (hiv- 1). it is expressed in infected host cells and plays several roles in viral progeny escape from infected cells, including down-regulation of cd4 receptors. but key structure/function questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which the vpu protein contributes to hiv-1 pathogenesis. here we describe expression of vpu in bacteria, its purification and characterization. we report the succ ...201728225803
essential oils: sources of antimicrobials and food preservatives.aromatic and medicinal plants produce essential oils in the form of secondary metabolites. these essential oils can be used in diverse applications in food, perfume, and cosmetic industries. the use of essential oils as antimicrobials and food preservative agents is of concern because of several reported side effects of synthetic oils. essential oils have the potential to be used as a food preservative for cereals, grains, pulses, fruits, and vegetables. in this review, we briefly describe the r ...201628138324
essential oils: sources of antimicrobials and food preservatives.aromatic and medicinal plants produce essential oils in the form of secondary metabolites. these essential oils can be used in diverse applications in food, perfume, and cosmetic industries. the use of essential oils as antimicrobials and food preservative agents is of concern because of several reported side effects of synthetic oils. essential oils have the potential to be used as a food preservative for cereals, grains, pulses, fruits, and vegetables. in this review, we briefly describe the r ...201628138324
the role of strigolactones and their potential cross-talk under hostile ecological conditions in plants.the changing environment always questions the survival mechanism of life on earth. the plant being special in the sense of their sessile habit need to face many of these environmental fluctuations as they have a lesser escape option. to counter these adverse conditions, plants have developed efficient sensing, signaling, and response mechanism. among them the role of phytohormones in the management of hostile ecological situations is remarkable. the strigolactone, a newly emerged plant hormone h ...201628119634
the role of strigolactones and their potential cross-talk under hostile ecological conditions in plants.the changing environment always questions the survival mechanism of life on earth. the plant being special in the sense of their sessile habit need to face many of these environmental fluctuations as they have a lesser escape option. to counter these adverse conditions, plants have developed efficient sensing, signaling, and response mechanism. among them the role of phytohormones in the management of hostile ecological situations is remarkable. the strigolactone, a newly emerged plant hormone h ...201628119634
native and foreign proteins secreted by the cupriavidus metallidurans type ii system and an alternative mechanism.the type ii secretion system (t2ss), which transports selected periplasmic proteins across the outer membrane, has rarely been studied in nonpathogens or in organisms classified as betaproteobacteria. therefore, we studied cupriavidus metallidurans (cme), a facultative chemilithoautotroph. gel analysis of extracellular proteins revealed no remarkable differences between wild type and t2ss mutants. however, enzyme assays revealed that native extracellular alkaline phosphatase is a t2ss substrate, ...201728119513
computer aided identification of a hevein-like antimicrobial peptide of bell pepper leaves for biotechnological use.antimicrobial peptides from plants present mechanisms of action that are different from those of conventional defense agents. they are under-explored but have a potential as commercial antimicrobials. bell pepper leaves ('magali r') are discarded after harvesting the fruit and are sources of bioactive peptides. this work reports the isolation by peptidomics tools, and the identification and partially characterization by computational tools of an antimicrobial peptide from bell pepper leaves, and ...201628105928
short oligogalacturonides induce pathogen resistance-associated gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana.oligogalacturonides (ogs) are important components of damage-associated molecular pattern (damp) signaling and influence growth regulation in plants. recent studies have focused on the impact of long ogs (degree of polymerization (dp) from 10-15), demonstrating the induction of plant defense signaling resulting in enhanced defenses to necrotrophic pathogens. to clarify the role of trimers (trimeric ogs, dp3) in damp signaling and their impact on plant growth regulation, we performed a transcript ...201728103793
bacillus volatiles adversely affect the physiology and ultra-structure of ralstonia solanacearum and induce systemic resistance in tobacco against bacterial wilt.volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced by various bacteria have significant potential to enhance plant growth and to control phytopathogens. six of the most effective antagonistic bacillus spp. were used in this study against ralstonia solanacearum (rsc) tbbs1, the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in tobacco. bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 and bacillus artrophaeus lssc22 had the strongest inhibitory effect against rsc. thirteen vocs produced by fzb42 and 10 by lssc22 were identified ...201728091587
expanding the repertoire of carbapenem-hydrolyzing metallo-ß-lactamases by functional metagenomic analysis of soil microbiota.carbapenemases are bacterial enzymes that hydrolyze carbapenems, a group of last-resort β-lactam antibiotics used for treatment of severe bacterial infections. they belong to three β-lactamase classes based amino acid sequence (a, b, and d). the aim of this study was to elucidate occurrence, diversity and functionality of carbapenemase-encoding genes in soil microbiota by functional metagenomics. ten plasmid libraries were generated by cloning metagenomic dna from agricultural (n = 6) and grassl ...201628082950
development of a sensitive and specific polyclonal antibody for serological detection of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.the quarantine bacterium clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (cms) causes bacterial ring rot (brr) in potato but is difficult to detect, hampering the diagnosis of this disease. elisa immunoassays have not been widely used to detect cms because commercially available anti-cms antibodies detect mainly eps-producing bacteria and can fail to detect strains that do not produce eps. in the current study, we developed a new type of polyclonal antibody that specifically detects clavibacter mic ...201728068400
peroxidase-generated apoplastic ros impair cuticle integrity and contribute to damp-elicited defenses.cuticular defects trigger a battery of reactions including enhanced reactive oxygen species (ros) production and resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. however, the source of ros generated by such impaired cuticles has remained elusive. here, we report the characterization of arabidopsis thaliana ohy1 mutant, a peroxidase 57 (per57) - overexpressing line that demonstrates enhanced defense responses that result both from increased accumulation of ros and permeability of the leaf cuticle. the ohy1 ...201628066496
rna-seq profiling reveals defense responses in a tolerant potato cultivar to stem infection by pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. brasiliense.pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense is a member of the soft rot enterobacteriaceae (sre) family that causes tuber soft rot and blackleg diseases of stems in potato plants. currently, there are no effective chemical strategies for the control of members of the sre. thus, an understanding of the inducible defense responses in stems of potato plants is important, particularly during colonization of the vascular system. here, time-course rna-sequencing analysis was used to compare expresse ...201628066465
crispr-cas defense system and potential prophages in cyanobacteria associated with the coral black band disease.understanding how pathogens maintain their virulence is critical to developing tools to mitigate disease in animal populations. we sequenced and assembled the first draft genome of roseofilum reptotaenium ao1, the dominant cyanobacterium underlying pathogenicity of the virulent coral black band disease (bbd), and analyzed parts of the bbd-associated geitlerinema sp. bbd_1991 genome in silico. both cyanobacteria are equipped with an adaptive, heritable clustered regularly interspaced short palind ...201628066391
biochemical characterization, thermal stability, and partial sequence of a novel exo-polygalacturonase from the thermophilic fungus rhizomucor pusillus a13.36 obtained by submerged cultivation.this work reports the production of an exo-polygalacturonase (exo-pg) by rhizomucor pusillus a13.36 in submerged cultivation (smc) in a shaker at 45°c for 96 h. a single pectinase was found and purified in order to analyze its thermal stability, by salt precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the pectinase has an estimated mw of approximately 43.5-47 kda and optimum ph of 4.0 but is stable in ph ranging from 3.5 to 9.5 and has an optimum temperature of 61°c. it presents thermal ...201628025649
a halotolerant bacterium bacillus licheniformis hsw-16 augments induced systemic tolerance to salt stress in wheat plant (triticum aestivum).certain plant growth promoting bacteria can protect associated plants from harmful effects of salinity. we report the isolation and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) deaminase bacterium bacillus licheniformis hsw-16 capable of ameliorating salt (nacl) stress in wheat plants. the bacterium was isolated from the water of sambhar salt lake, rajasthan, india. the presence of acc deaminase activity was confirmed by enzyme assay and analysis of acds gene, a structural gen ...201628018415
a somatic pirna pathway in the drosophila fat body ensures metabolic homeostasis and normal lifespan.in gonadal tissues, the piwi-interacting (pirna) pathway preserves genomic integrity by employing 23-29 nucleotide (nt) small rnas complexed with argonaute proteins to suppress parasitic mobile sequences of dna called transposable elements (tes). although recent evidence suggests that the pirna pathway may be present in select somatic cells outside the gonads, the role of a non-gonadal somatic pirna pathway is not well characterized. here we report a functional somatic pirna pathway in the adult ...201628000665
quorum sensing and the use of quorum quenchers as natural biocides to inhibit sulfate-reducing bacteria.sulfate-reducing bacteria (srb) are one of the main protagonist groups of biocorrosion in the seawater environment. given their principal role in biocorrosion, it remains a crucial task to develop strategies to reduce the abundance of srbs. conventional approaches include the use of biocides and antibiotics, which can impose health, safety, and environmental concerns. this review examines an alternative approach to this problem. this is achieved by reviewing the role of quorum sensing (qs) in sr ...201627983678
draft genome of a south african strain of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense.the draft genome of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (pcb) which causes blackleg of potato was submitted to the ncbi and released with reference number nz_lgrf00000000.1. the estimated genome size based on the draft genome assembly is 4,820,279bp from 33 contigs ranging in length from 444 to 1,660,019 nucleotides. the genome annotation showed 4250 putative genes, 4114 cds and 43 pseudo-genes. three complete rrna gene species were detected: nine 5s, one 16s and one 23s. other partial ...201627939377
draft genome of a south african strain of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense.the draft genome of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (pcb) which causes blackleg of potato was submitted to the ncbi and released with reference number nz_lgrf00000000.1. the estimated genome size based on the draft genome assembly is 4,820,279bp from 33 contigs ranging in length from 444 to 1,660,019 nucleotides. the genome annotation showed 4250 putative genes, 4114 cds and 43 pseudo-genes. three complete rrna gene species were detected: nine 5s, one 16s and one 23s. other partial ...201627939377
oxygen and bis(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate binding control oligomerization state equilibria of diguanylate cyclase-containing globin coupled sensors.bacteria sense their environment to alter phenotypes, including biofilm formation, to survive changing conditions. heme proteins play important roles in sensing the bacterial gaseous environment and controlling the switch between motile and sessile (biofilm) states. globin coupled sensors (gcs), a family of heme proteins consisting of a globin domain linked by a central domain to an output domain, are often found with diguanylate cyclase output domains that synthesize c-di-gmp, a major regulator ...201627933792
hydrogen cyanide in the rhizosphere: not suppressing plant pathogens, but rather regulating availability of phosphate.plant growth promoting rhizobacteria produce chemical compounds with different benefits for the plant. among them, hcn is recognized as a biocontrol agent, based on its ascribed toxicity against plant pathogens. based on several past studies questioning the validity of this hypothesis, we have re-addressed the issue by designing a new set of in vitro experiments, to test if hcn-producing rhizobacteria could inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. the level of hcn produced by the rhizobacteria in v ...201627917154
ompf of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum pcc3 is required for carocin d sensitivity.carocin d is a bacteriocin produced by pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum pcc21. carocin d inhibits the growth of p carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and closely related strains. pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a causative bacterium for soft rot disease and leads to severe economic losses. bacteriocins recognize and interact with a specific membrane protein of target bacteria as a receptor. to identify the receptor responsible for carocin d recognition, mutants that unde ...201627915254
attenuation of quorum sensing regulated virulence of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum through an ahl lactonase produced by lysinibacillus sp. gs50.quorum sensing (qs) is a mechanism in which gram negative bacterial pathogens sense their population density through acyl homoserine lactones (ahls) and regulate the expression of virulence factors. enzymatic degradation of ahls by lactonases, known as quorum quenching (qq), is thus a potential strategy for attenuating qs regulated bacterial infections. we characterised the qq activity of soil isolate lysinibacillus sp. gs50 and explored its potential for controlling bacterial soft rot of crop p ...201627911925
current knowledge and perspectives of paenibacillus: a review.isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. many paenibacillus species can promote crop growth directly via biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), and release of siderophores that enable iron acquisition. they can also offer protection against insect herbivores and phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, ...201627905924
evidence-based validation of quorum quenching from lysinibacillus sphaericus and geobacillus sp. in bioremediation of oil sludge.many studies on quorum quenching focus on the discovery and characterization of novel acyl-homoserine lactonases (ahl-lactonases) because these enzymes could be used in the control of diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria. the effects of quorum quenching are also remarkable in the performance of bacterial consortia in applications such as bioremediation. in the current work, we demonstrated the presence of a potential novel ahl-lactonase-encoding locus (bsph_3377) from lysinibacillus sphaeri ...201727905820
plant phenolic volatiles inhibit quorum sensing in pectobacteria and reduce their virulence by potential binding to expi and expr proteins.quorum sensing (qs) is a population density-dependent regulatory system in bacteria that couples gene expression to cell density through accumulation of diffusible signaling molecules. pectobacteria are causal agents of soft rot disease in a range of economically important crops. they rely on qs to coordinate their main virulence factor, production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (pcwdes). plants have evolved an array of antimicrobial compounds to anticipate and cope with pathogens, of whic ...201627905512
a dna-based real-time pcr assay for robust growth quantification of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae on arabidopsis thaliana.the interaction of pseudomonas syringae with arabidopsis is one of the most commonly used systems to study various bacterial-host interrelationships. currently, most studies are based on the growth quantification of the pathogen to characterize resistance or virulence targets. however, the standard available method for determining bacterial proliferation in planta is laborious and has several limitations.201627895701
mir-34 modulates innate immunity and ecdysone signaling in drosophila.micrornas are endogenous small regulatory rnas that modulate myriad biological processes by repressing target gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. here we show that the conserved mirna mir-34 regulates innate immunity and ecdysone signaling in drosophila. mir-34 over-expression activates antibacterial innate immunity signaling both in cultured cells and in vivo, and flies over-expressing mir-34 display improved survival and pathogen clearance upon gram-negative bacterial infection; whe ...201627893816
genome-wide analyses of chitin synthases identify horizontal gene transfers towards bacteria and allow a robust and unifying classification into fungi.chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth after cellulose, is found in probably all fungi, many animals (mainly invertebrates), several protists and a few algae, playing an essential role in the development of many of them. this polysaccharide is produced by type 2 glycosyltransferases, called chitin synthases (chs). there are several contradictory classifications of chs isoenzymes and, as regards their evolutionary history, their origin and diversity is still a matter of debate.201627881071
actin is an evolutionarily-conserved damage-associated molecular pattern that signals tissue injury in drosophila melanogaster.damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) are molecules released by dead cells that trigger sterile inflammation and, in vertebrates, adaptive immunity. actin is a damp detected in mammals by the receptor, dngr-1, expressed by dendritic cells (dcs). dngr-1 is phosphorylated by src-family kinases and recruits the tyrosine kinase syk to promote dc cross-presentation of dead cell-associated antigens. here we report that actin is also a damp in invertebrates that lack dcs and adaptive immunity. a ...201627871362
current applications and different approaches for microbial l-asparaginase production.l-asparaginase (ec 3.5.1.1) is an enzyme that catalysis mainly the asparagine hydrolysis in l-aspartic acid and ammonium. this enzyme is presented in different organisms, such as microorganisms, vegetal, and some animals, including certain rodent's serum, but not unveiled in humans. it can be used as important chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas (particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and hodgkin's lymphoma), and has been ...201627866936
identification and characterization of two new 5-keto-4-deoxy-d-glucarate dehydratases/decarboxylases.hexuronic acids such as d-galacturonic acid and d-glucuronic acid can be utilized via different pathways within the metabolism of microorganisms. one representative, the oxidative pathway, generates α-keto-glutarate as the direct link entering towards the citric acid cycle. the penultimate enzyme, keto-deoxy glucarate dehydratase/decarboxylase, catalyses the dehydration and decarboxylation of keto-deoxy glucarate to α-keto-glutarate semialdehyde. this enzymatic reaction can be tracked continuous ...201627855668
the rna-binding protein csra plays a central role in positively regulating virulence factors in erwinia amylovora.the gacs/gaca two-component system (also called grrs/grra) is a global regulatory system which is highly conserved among gamma-proteobacteria. this system positively regulates non-coding small regulatory rna csrb, which in turn binds to the rna-binding protein csra. however, how gacs/gaca-csr system regulates virulence traits in e. amylovora remains unknown. results from mutant characterization showed that the csrb mutant was hypermotile, produced higher amount of exopolysaccharide amylovoran, a ...201627845410
l-asparaginase production in the pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain jhs-71 isolated from jooshan hot-spring.l-asparaginase has lots of medical and industrial applications. ever since l-asparaginase anti-tumor activity was first demonstrated, its production using microbial systems has attracted considerable attention owing to their cost-effective and eco-friendly nature. the aim of this study is to obtain l-asparaginase producing bacteria and determining the enzyme activity. samples were picked up from jooshan hot springs located in the sirch, kerman. the l-asparaginase producing bacteria were screened ...201627844015
dcia is an ancestral replicative helicase operator essential for bacterial replication initiation.delivery of the replicative helicase onto dna is an essential step in the initiation of replication. in bacteria, dnac (in escherichia coli) and dnai (in bacillus subtilis) are representative of the two known mechanisms that assist the replicative helicase at this stage. here, we establish that these two strategies cannot be regarded as prototypical of the bacterial domain since dnac and dnai (dna[ci]) are present in only a few bacterial phyla. we show that dna[ci] was domesticated at least seve ...201627830752
recombinant l-asparaginase 1 from saccharomyces cerevisiae: an allosteric enzyme with antineoplastic activity.l-asparaginase (l-asnase) (ec 3.5.1.1) is an important enzyme for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. currently, the enzyme is obtained from bacteria, escherichia coli and erwinia chrysanthemi. the bacterial enzymes family is subdivided in type i and type ii; nevertheless, only type ii have been employed in therapeutic proceedings. however, bacterial enzymes are susceptible to induce immune responses, leading to a high incidence of adverse effects compromising the effectiveness of th ...201627824095
functional screening of mammalian mechanosensitive genes using drosophila rnai library- smarcd3/bap60 is a mechanosensitive pro-inflammatory gene.disturbed blood flow (d-flow) induces atherosclerosis by altering the expression of mechanosensitive genes in the arterial endothelium. previously, we identified >580 mechanosensitive genes in the mouse arterial endothelium, but their role in endothelial inflammation is incompletely understood. from this set, we obtained 84 drosophila rnai lines that silences the target gene under the control of upstream activation sequence (uas) promoter. these lines were crossed with c564-gal4 flies expressing ...201627819340
new weapons to fight old enemies: novel strategies for the (bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry.biofilms are microbial communities characterized by their adhesion to solid surfaces and the production of a matrix of exopolymeric substances, consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, dna and lipids, which surround the microorganisms lending structural integrity and a unique biochemical profile to the biofilm. biofilm formation enhances the ability of the producer/s to persist in a given environment. pathogenic and spoilage bacterial species capable of forming biofilms are a significant problem ...201627803696
penicitroamide, an antimicrobial metabolite with high carbonylization from the endophytic fungus penicillium sp. (no. 24).penicitroamide (1), a new metabolite with a new framework, was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the pdb (potato dextrose broth) medium of penicillium sp. (no. 24). the endophytic fungus penicillium sp. (no. 24) was obtained from the healthy leaves of tapiscia sinensis oliv. the structure of penicitroamide (1) features a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane core unit with a high degree of carbonylization (four carbonyl groups and one enol group). the chemical structure of penicitroamide (1) was elucida ...201627801845
novel conopeptides of largely unexplored indo pacific conus sp.cone snails are predatory creatures using venom as a weapon for prey capture and defense. since this venom is neurotoxic, the venom gland is considered as an enormous collection of pharmacologically interesting compounds having a broad spectrum of targets. as such, cone snail peptides represent an interesting treasure for drug development. here, we report five novel peptides isolated from the venom of conus longurionis, conus asiaticus and conus australis. lo6/7a and lo6/7b were retrieved from c ...201627801785
evolutionary switches between two serine codon sets are driven by selection.serine is the only amino acid that is encoded by two disjoint codon sets so that a tandem substitution of two nucleotides is required to switch between the two sets. previously published evidence suggests that, for the most evolutionarily conserved serines, the codon set switch occurs by simultaneous substitution of two nucleotides. here we report a genome-wide reconstruction of the evolution of serine codons in triplets of closely related species from diverse prokaryotes and eukaryotes. the res ...201627799560
structure of the bacterial plant-ferredoxin receptor fusa.iron is a limiting nutrient in bacterial infection putting it at the centre of an evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. gram-negative bacteria utilize tonb-dependent outer membrane receptors to obtain iron during infection. these receptors acquire iron either in concert with soluble iron-scavenging siderophores or through direct interaction and extraction from host proteins. characterization of these receptors provides invaluable insight into pathogenesis. however, only a subset of v ...201627796364
the drosophila cd36 homologue croquemort is required to maintain immune and gut homeostasis during development and aging.phagocytosis is an ancient mechanism central to both tissue homeostasis and immune defense. both the identity of the receptors that mediate bacterial phagocytosis and the nature of the interactions between phagocytosis and other defense mechanisms remain elusive. here, we report that croquemort (crq), a drosophila member of the cd36 family of scavenger receptors, is required for microbial phagocytosis and efficient bacterial clearance. flies mutant for crq are susceptible to environmental microb ...201627780230
an apple fruit fermentation (aff) treatment improves the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community and growth of strawberry (fragaria × ananassa duch 'benihoppe') seedlings.plant growth can be promoted by the application of apple fruit fermentation (aff), despite unclear of the underlying mechanisms, the effects involved in aff on rhizosphere microorganisms have been hypothesized. we investigated the consequences of applying aff alone or in combination with bacillus licheniformis to strawberry tissue culture seedlings in vitro, the analyses of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and 16s rdna were performed to determine aff effects on rhizosphere. moreove ...201627755580
chilli anthracnose: the epidemiology and management.indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. the flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. besides being a vital ingredient of of indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in indian economy. chilli also ha ...201627746765
pectocin m1 (pcam1) inhibits escherichia coli cell growth and peptidoglycan biosynthesis through periplasmic expression.colicins are bacterial toxins produced by some escherichia coli strains. they exhibit either enzymatic or pore-forming activity towards a very limited number of bacterial species, due to the high specificity of their reception and translocation systems. yet, we succeeded in making the colicin m homologue from pectobacterium carotovorum, pectocin m1 (pcam1), capable of inhibiting e. coli cell growth by bypassing these reception and translocation steps. this goal was achieved through periplasmic e ...201627740593
chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of tagetes minuta (asteraceae) against selected plant pathogenic bacteria.the objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils (eos) of tagetes minuta against three phytopathogenic bacteria pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis. the essential oils were extracted using steam distillation method in a modified clevenger-type apparatus while antibacterial activity of the eos was evaluated by disc diffusion method. gas chromatograph ...201627721831
members of wrky group iii transcription factors are important in tylcv defense signaling pathway in tomato (solanum lycopersicum).transmitted by the whitefly bemisia tabaci, tomato yellow leaf curly virus (tylcv) has posed serious threats to plant growth and development. plant innate immune systems against various threats involve wrky group iii transcription factors (tfs). this group participates as a major component of biological processes in plants.201627717312
identification of unanticipated and novel n-acyl l-homoserine lactones (ahls) using a sensitive non-targeted lc-ms/ms method.n-acyl l-homoserine lactones (ahls) constitute a predominant class of quorum-sensing signaling molecules used by gram-negative bacteria. here, we report a sensitive and non-targeted hplc-ms/ms method based on parallel reaction monitoring (prm) to identify and quantitate known, unanticipated, and novel ahls in microbial samples. using a hybrid quadrupole-high resolution mass analyzer, this method integrates ms scans and all-ion fragmentation ms/ms scans to allow simultaneous detection of ahl pare ...201627706219
protein domain architectures provide a fast, efficient and scalable alternative to sequence-based methods for comparative functional genomics.a functional comparative genome analysis is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying bacterial evolution and adaptation. detection of functional orthologs using standard global sequence similarity methods faces several problems; the need for defining arbitrary acceptance thresholds for similarity and alignment length, lateral gene acquisition and the high computational cost for finding bi-directional best matches at a large scale. we investigated the use of protein domain architectures ...201627703668
pectins, endopolygalacturonases, and bioenergy.the precise disassembly of the extracellular matrix of some plant species used as feedstocks for bioenergy production continues to be a major barrier to reach reasonable cost effective bioethanol production. one solution has been the use of pretreatments, which can be effective, but increase even more the cost of processing and also lead to loss of cell wall materials that could otherwise be used in industry. although pectins are known to account for a relatively low proportion of walls of grass ...201627703463
bio-degumming technology of jute bast by pectobacterium sp. dce-01.among industrial fiber crops, jute is ranked second to cotton in terms of yield and planting area worldwide. the traditional water retting and chemical semi-degumming methods restrict the development of the jute industry. jute fiber can be extracted from jute bast through mechanical rolling (preprocessing), culture of bacteria, soaking fermentation (liquor ratio = 10, inoculum size = 1 %, temperature = 35 °c, and time = 15 h), inactivation, washing, and drying. pectobacterium sp. dce-01 secretes ...201627699704
quantitative proteomics reveals the defense response of wheat against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is considered one of the most aggressive diseases to wheat production. in this study, we used an itraq-based approach for the quantitative proteomic comparison of the incompatible pst race cyr23 in infected and non-infected leaves of the wheat cultivar suwon11. a total of 3,475 unique proteins were identified from three key stages of interaction (12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation) and control groups. quantitative analysis sh ...201627678307
characterization of pectobacterium carotovorum proteins differentially expressed during infection of zantedeschia elliotiana in vivo and in vitro which are essential for virulence.the identification of phytopathogen proteins that are differentially expressed during the course of the establishment of an infection is important to better understand the infection process. in vitro approaches, using plant extracts added to culture medium, have been used to identify such proteins, but the biological relevance of these findings for in planta infection are often uncertain until confirmed by in vivo studies. here, we compared the proteins of pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotov ...201627671364
marine microbiological enzymes: studies with multiple strategies and prospects.marine microorganisms produce a series of promising enzymes that have been widely used or are potentially valuable for our daily life. both classic and newly developed biochemistry technologies have been broadly used to study marine and terrestrial microbiological enzymes. in this brief review, we provide a research update and prospects regarding regulatory mechanisms and related strategies of acyl-homoserine lactones (ahl) lactonase, which is an important but largely unexplored enzyme. we also ...201627669268
global analysis of type three secretion system and quorum sensing inhibition of pseudomonas savastanoi by polyphenols extracts from vegetable residues.protection of plants against bacterial diseases still mainly relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which in europe correspond essentially to copper-based compounds. however, recently plant diseases control is oriented towards a rational use of molecules and extracts, generally with natural origin, with lower intrinsic toxicity and a reduced negative environmental impact. in this work, polyphenolic extracts from vegetable no food/feed residues of typical mediterranean crops, as olea europaea, ...201627668874
data from computational analysis of the peptide linkers in the mocr bacterial transcriptional regulators.detailed data from statistical analyses of the structural properties of the inter-domain linker peptides of the bacterial regulators of the family mocr are herein reported. mocr regulators are a recently discovered subfamily of bacterial regulators possessing an n-terminal domain, 60 residue long on average, folded as the winged-helix-turn-helix architecture responsible for dna recognition and binding, and a large c-terminal domain (350 residue on average) that belongs to the fold type-i pyridox ...201627668276
methanol contamination in traditionally fermented alcoholic beverages: the microbial dimension.incidence of methanol contamination of traditionally fermented beverages is increasing globally resulting in the death of several persons. the source of methanol contamination has not been clearly established in most countries. while there were speculations that unscrupulous vendors might have deliberately spiked the beverages with methanol, it is more likely that the methanol might have been produced by contaminating microbes during traditional ethanol fermentation, which is often inoculated sp ...201627652180
signal integration by the iκb protein pickle shapes drosophila innate host defense.pattern recognition receptors are activated following infection and trigger transcriptional programs important for host defense. tight regulation of nf-κb activation is critical to avoid detrimental and misbalanced responses. we describe pickle, a drosophila nuclear iκb that integrates signaling inputs from both the imd and toll pathways by skewing the transcriptional output of the nf-κb dimer repertoire. pickle interacts with the nf-κb protein relish and the histone deacetylase dhdac1, selectiv ...201627631699
globin domain interactions control heme pocket conformation and oligomerization of globin coupled sensors.globin coupled sensors (gcs) are o2-sensing proteins used by bacteria to monitor the surrounding gaseous environment. to investigate the biphasic o2 dissociation kinetics observed for full-length gcs proteins, isolated globin domains from pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum (pccglobin), and bordetella pertussis (bpeglobin), have been characterized. pccglobin is found to be dimeric, while bpeglobin is monomeric, indicating key differences in the globin domain dimer interface. through char ...201627614715
prodigiosin - a multifaceted escherichia coli antimicrobial agent.despite a considerable interest in prodigiosin, the mechanism of its antibacterial activity is still poorly understood. in this work, escherichia coli cells were treated with prodigiosin to determine its antimicrobial effect on bacterial physiology. the effect of prodigiosin was concentration dependent. in prodigiosin treated cells above mic value no significant dna damage or cytoplasmic membrane disintegration was observed. the outer membrane, however, becomes leaky. cells had severely decrease ...201627612193
in vitro antimicrobial bioassays, dpph radical scavenging activity, and ftir spectroscopy analysis of heliotropium bacciferum.the present study deals with the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and functional group analysis of heliotropium bacciferum extracts. disc diffusion susceptibility method was followed for antimicrobial assessment. noteworthy antimicrobial activities were recorded by various plant extracts against antibiotic resistant microorganisms. plant flower extracts antioxidant activity was investigated against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (517 nm). plant extracts displ ...201627597961
making healthier or killing enemies? bacterial volatile-elicited plant immunity plays major role upon protection of arabidopsis than the direct pathogen inhibition.bacterial volatiles protect plants either by directly inhibiting a pathogenic fungus or by improving the defense capabilities of plants. the effect of bacterial volatiles on fungal growth was dose-dependent. a low dosage did not have a noticeable effect on botrytis cinerea growth and development, but was sufficient to elicit induced resistance in arabidopsis thaliana. bacterial volatiles displayed negative effects on biofilm formation on a polystyrene surface and in in planta leaf colonization o ...201627574539
a family of csαβ defensins and defensin-like peptides from the migratory locust, locusta migratoria, and their expression dynamics during mycosis and nosemosis.insect defensins are effector components of the innate defense system. during infection, these peptides may play a role in the control of pathogens by providing protective antimicrobial barriers between epithelial cells and the hemocoel. the cdnas encoding four defensins of the migratory locust, locusta migratoria, designated lmdef 1, 3-5, were identified for the first time by transcriptome-targeted analysis. three of the members of this csαβ defensin family, lmdef 1, 3, and 5, were detected in ...201627556587
identification of bacterial contaminants in polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis in amatole district of the eastern cape province, south africa, using rapid 16s rrna technique.polyherbal medicines are used for the treatment of many diseases in many african and asian communities. with the increasing use of these remedies, several investigations have shown that they are associated with a broad variety of residues and contaminants. this study investigates the presence of bacteria in the polyherbal medicines used for the treatment of tuberculosis (tb) in the eastern cape province of south africa.201627549141
biochemical characterization and immobilization of erwinia carotovoral-asparaginase in a microplate for high-throughput biosensing of l-asparagine.l-asparaginases (l-asnase, e.c. 3.5.1.1) catalyze the conversion of l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. in the present work, a new form of l-asnase from a strain of erwinia carotovora (ecal-asnase) was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli as a soluble protein and characterized. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a single-step procedure comprising ion-exchange chromatography. the properties of the recombinant enzyme were investigated employing kinetic analysis and molecular model ...201627542748
rhizobacterial characterization for quality control of eucalyptus biogrowth promoter products.plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains from special formulations have been used to optimize eucalyptus cutting production. to undertake quality control for the formulated products, the rhizobacterial strains should be characterized to assess their purity and authentication. in the present study, we characterized nine strains of rhizobacteria, including three bacillus subtilis (s1, s2 and 3918), two pseudomonas sp. (mf4 and fl2), p. putida (mf2), p. fulva (ca), frateuria aurantia (r1), and ...201627528088
two novel antimicrobial defensins from rice identified by gene coexpression network analyses.defensins form an antimicrobial peptides (amp) family, and have been widely studied in various plants because of their considerable inhibitory functions. however, their roles in rice (oryza sativa l.) have not been characterized, even though rice is one of the most important staple crops that is susceptible to damaging infections. additionally, a previous study identified 598 rice genes encoding cysteine-rich peptides, suggesting there are several uncharacterized amps in rice. we performed in si ...201627527801
immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin.it is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. a primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebra ...201627518203
immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin.it is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. a primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebra ...201627518203
assessment of pfs25 expressed from multiple soluble expression platforms for use as transmission-blocking vaccine candidates.transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) have become a focus of strategies to control and eventually eliminate malaria as they target the entry of sexual stage into the anopheles stephensi mosquito thereby preventing transmission, an essential component of the parasite life cycle. such vaccines are envisioned as complements to vaccines that target human infection, such as rts,s as well as drug treatment, and vector control strategies. a number of conserved proteins, including pfs25, have been ident ...201627515826
genome-wide identification of potato long intergenic noncoding rnas responsive to pectobacterium carotovorum subspecies brasiliense infection.long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) represent a class of rna molecules that are implicated in regulation of gene expression in both mammals and plants. while much progress has been made in determining the biological functions of lncrnas in mammals, the functional roles of lncrnas in plants are still poorly understood. specifically, the roles of long intergenic nocoding rnas (lincrnas) in plant defence responses are yet to be fully explored.201627515663
role of cyclic nucleotide gated channels in stress management in plants.tolerance of plants to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses such as pathogen and herbivore attack, drought, salinity, cold and nutritional limitations is ensued by complex multimodule signaling pathways. the outcome of this complex signaling pathways results in adaptive responses by restoring the cellular homeostasis and thus promoting survival. functions of many plant cation transporter and channel protein families such as glutamate receptor homologs (glrs), cyclic nucleotide-gated ion chann ...201627499681
comparative evaluation of the genomes of three common drosophila-associated bacteria.drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to explore the molecular exchanges that occur between an animal intestine and associated microbes. previous studies in drosophila uncovered a sophisticated web of host responses to intestinal bacteria. the outcomes of these responses define critical events in the host, such as the establishment of immune responses, access to nutrients, and the rate of larval development. despite our steady march towards illuminating the host machinery that responds t ...201627493201
the secreted protease prta controls cell growth, biofilm formation and pathogenicity in xylella fastidiosa.pierce's disease (pd) is a deadly disease of grapevines caused by the gram-negative bacterium xylella fastidiosa. though disease symptoms were formerly attributed to bacteria blocking the plant xylem, this hypothesis is at best overly simplistic. recently, we used a proteomic approach to characterize the secretome of x. fastidiosa, both in vitro and in planta, and identified lesa as one of the pathogenicity factors of x. fastidiosa in grapevines that leads to leaf scorching and chlorosis. herein ...201627492542
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