Publications

the use of elisas for monitoring exposure of pig herds to brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	abstract: background: swine dysentery (sd), a mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoeal disease of pigs, results from infection of the large intestine with the spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. elisa systems using whole spirochaete cells (wc) and the b. hyodysenteriae outer membrane lipoprotein bhlp29.7 previously have been established as potential diagnostic tools for sd. however, their true value in identifying infected herds remains unclear. the present study aimed to compare the performance of whol ...	2012	22248341
of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes.	in little more than 30 years, lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a prototype of an emerging infection. during this period, there has been an extraordinary accumulation of knowledge on the phylogenetic diversity, molecular biology, genetics and host interactions of b. burgdorferi. in this review, we integrate this large body of information into a cohesive picture of the molecular and ...	2012	22230951
association of kir2ds4 and its variant kir1d with syphilis in a chinese han population.	syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum spirochaete bacterium. the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (kir) gene family encodes cell surface receptors that are found on natural killer (nk) cells and certain t-cell subsets. nk cells are fast-acting effector lymphocytes of innate immunity that respond to infection. the activity of nk cells depends on the dynamic balance of activating and inhibitory signals that are transmitted through resp ...	2011	22128817
phenotypic and genetic diversity among intestinal spirochaetes (genus brachyspira) in free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southern sweden.	brachyspira spp. are anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes that colonize vertebrates. some species cause enteric diseases in pigs, chickens and possibly in humans, whereas others display a commensual relationship with their hosts. the aims were to investigate the prevalence among colonized free-living wild mallards (anas platyrhynchos) of three enteropathogenic brachyspira spp., and to describe the biodiversity of brachyspira spp. isolates. isolates from 150 birds were screened by pcr for 3 pathogen ...	2011	22036527
application of medical and analytical methods in lyme borreliosis monitoring.	lyme borreliosis (lb) is one of the most common tick-borne diseases in the northern hemisphere. it is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi. in its early stages, pathological skin lesions, namely erythema chronicum migrans, appear. the lesions, usually localised at the site of the bite, may become visible from a few weeks up to 3 months after the infection. predominant clinical symptoms of the disease also involve joint malfunctions and neurological or car ...	2011	22015476
biased gene transfer and its implications for the concept of lineage.	in the presence of horizontal gene transfer (hgt), the concepts of lineage and genealogy in the microbial world become more ambiguous because chimeric genomes trace their ancestry from a myriad of sources, both living and extinct.	2011	21943000
the coenzyme a disulphide reductase of borrelia burgdorferi is important for rapid growth throughout the enzootic cycle and essential for infection of the mammalian host.	in a microarray analysis of the rpos regulon in mammalian host-adapted borrelia burgdorferi, bb0728 (cdr) was found to be dually transcribed by the sigma factors σ(70) and rpos. the cdr gene encodes a coenzyme a disulphide reductase (coadr) that reduces coa-disulphides to coa in an nadh-dependent manner. based on the abundance of coa in b. burgdorferi and the biochemistry of the enzyme, coadr has been proposed to play a role in the spirochaete's response to reactive oxygen species. to better und ...	2011	21923763
Evaluation of the preventive capacities of a topically applied azithromycin formulation against Lyme borreliosis in a murine model.	Systemic antibiotic treatment of Lyme borreliosis is effective during the early stages of the infection, while chronic manifestations of the disease may remain refractory and difficult to treat. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of topically applied azithromycin to eliminate the spirochaetal organisms in the skin of the freshly bitten host and thereby prevent Lyme borreliosis.	2011	21921078
characteristic features of intracellular pathogenic leptospira in infected murine macrophages.	leptospira interrogans is a spirochaete responsible for a zoonotic disease known as leptospirosis. leptospires are able to penetrate the abraded skin and mucous membranes and rapidly disseminate to target organs such as the liver, lungs and kidneys. how this pathogen escape from innate immune cells and spread to target organs remains poorly understood. in this paper, the intracellular trafficking undertaken by non-pathogenic leptospira biflexa and pathogenic l.ôçâinterrogans in mouse bone marrow ...	2011	21819516
molecular characterization of the borrelia burgdorferi in vivo essential protein, pnca.	the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid by nicotinamidase enzymes is a critical step in maintaining nad+ homeostasis and contributes to numerous important biological processes in diverse organisms. in b. burgdorferi, the nicotinamidase enzyme, pnca, is required for spirochete survival throughout the infectious cycle. mammals lack nicotinamidases and therefore pnca may serve as a therapeutic target for lyme disease. contrary to the in vivo importance of pnca, the current annotation for t ...	2011	21778210
a high dietary concentration of inulin is necessary to reduce the incidence of swine dysentery in pigs experimentally challenged with brachyspira hyodysenteriae.	a total of sixty surgically castrated male pigs (large white-á+ù-álandrace) weighing 31-à2 (sd 4-à3)-ákg were used in a randomised block experiment to examine the effect of added dietary inulin (0, 20, 40 and 80-ág/kg) on the occurrence of swine dysentery (sd) and on fermentation characteristics in the large intestine after experimental challenge with the causative spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the pigs were allowed to adapt to the diets for 2 weeks before each pig was challenged orall ...	2011	21736788
novel family of carbohydrate-binding modules revealed by the genome sequence of spirochaeta thermophila dsm 6192.	spirochaeta thermophila is a thermophilic, free-living, and cellulolytic anaerobe. the genome sequence data for this organism have revealed a high density of genes encoding enzymes from more than 30 glycoside hydrolase (gh) families and a noncellulosomal enzyme system for (hemi)cellulose degradation. functional screening of a fosmid library whose inserts were mapped on the s. thermophila genome sequence allowed the functional annotation of numerous gh open reading frames (orfs). seven different ...	2011	21685171
biodiversity and leptospirosis risk: a case of pathogen regulation?	well balanced ecosystems have an essential role in disease regulation, and consequently their correct functioning is increasingly recognised as imperative for maintaining human health. disruptions to ecosystems have been found to increase the risk of several diseases, including hantavirus, lyme disease, ross river virus, malaria and ciguatera fish poisoning. leptospirosis is a globally important emerging zoonosis, caused by spirochaete bacteria, borne by many mammalian hosts, and also transmitte ...	2011	21652151
genetic structure of marine borrelia garinii and population admixture with the terrestrial cycle of lyme borreliosis.	despite the importance of population structure for the epidemiology of pathogenic bacteria, the spatial and ecological heterogeneity of these populations is often poorly characterized. here, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaete borrelia garinii in its marine cycle involving colonial seabirds and different host races of the seabird tick ixodes uriae. multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa) on eight chromosomal and two plasmid loci (os ...	2011	21651685
tp0326, a treponema pallidum β-barrel assembly machinery a (bama) orthologue and rare outer membrane protein.	definitive identification of treponema pallidum rare outer membrane proteins (omps) has long eluded researchers. tp0326, the sole protein in t. pallidum with sequence homology to a gram-negative omp, belongs to the bama family of proteins essential for om biogenesis. structural modelling predicted that five polypeptide transport-associated (potra) domains comprise the n-terminus of tp0326, while the c-terminus forms an 18-stranded amphipathic β-barrel. circular dichroism, heat modifiability by s ...	2011	21488980
evidence that the 36kb plasmid of brachyspira hyodysenteriae contributes to virulence.	swine dysentery (sd) results from infection of the porcine large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. recently the genome of virulent australian b. hyodysenteriae strain wa1 was sequenced, and a 36kilobase (kb) circular plasmid was identified. the plasmid contained 31 genes including six rfb genes that were predicted to be involved with rhamnose biosynthesis, and others associated with glycosylation. in the current study a set of pcrs was developed to a ...	2011	21458173
new insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease.	spirochaetes are prominent in the polymicrobial infections that cause periodontal diseases. periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium, characterized by proinflammatory soft tissue damage and alveolar bone loss. treponema denticola is the most well-understood oral spirochaete, expressing a wealth of virulence factors that mediate tissue penetration and destruction as well as evasion of host immune responses. this review focuses on emerging knowledge of virulence mechan ...	2011	21414084
reconstructing phylogeny from metabolic substrate-product relationships.	many approaches utilize metabolic pathway information to reconstruct the phyletic tree of fully sequenced organisms, but how metabolic networks can add information to original genomic annotations has remained open.	2011	21342557
typhlocolitis associated with spirochaetes in duck flocks.	the aetiology of increased mortality observed in two breeder duck flocks (flock a consisting of 3500 laying ducks and flock b comprising 4300 laying ducks) during the first egg-laying season was studied. in flocks a and b, 773 ducks and 715 ducks (18.4% and 16.6%) died within a 24-week and a 20-week period, respectively. death was preceded by clinical signs including movement difficulties, lack of appetite and depression lasting for 1 to 2 days. diarrhoea was not observed. on gross pathological ...	2011	21331945
complete genome sequence of spirochaeta smaragdinae type strain (sebr 4228).	spirochaeta smaragdinae magot et al. 1998 belongs to the family spirochaetaceae. the species is gram-negative, motile, obligately halophilic and strictly anaerobic and is of interest because it is able to ferment numerous polysaccharides. s. smaragdinae is the only species of the family spirochaetaceae known to reduce thiosulfate or element sulfur to sulfide. this is the first complete genome sequence in the family spirochaetaceae. the 4,653,970 bp long genome with its 4,363 protein-coding and 5 ...	2010	21304743
methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase, a critical enzyme for bacterial metabolism.	the importance of methylthioadenosine/s-adenosylhomocysteine (mta/sah) nucleosidase in bacteria has started to be appreciated only in the past decade. a comprehensive analysis of its various roles here demonstrates that it is an integral component of the activated methyl cycle, which recycles adenine and methionine through s-adenosylmethionine (sam)-mediated methylation reactions, and also produces the universal quorum-sensing signal, autoinducer-2 (ai-2). sam is also essential for synthesis of ...	2010	21166890
multilocus sequence analysis of borrelia bissettii strains from north america reveals a new borrelia species, borrelia kurtenbachii.	using multilocus sequence analyses (mlsa), we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of spirochaete strains from north america previously assigned to the genospecies borrelia bissettii. we amplified internal fragments of 8 housekeeping genes (clpa, clpx, nifs, pepx, pyrg, recg, rplb, and uvra) located on the main linear chromosome by polymerase chain reaction. phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of the 8 loci showed that the b. bissettii clade consisted of 4 closely related clust ...	2010	21157575
nervous system lyme disease.	lyme disease, the multi-system infection caused by the tick-borne spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, can involve the nervous system, most commonly causing, alone or in combination, lymphocytic meningitis or abnormalities of cranial or peripheral nerves, the latter most typically presenting as a painful radicular syndrome. diagnosis is based on appropriately used, standard serological tests; in instances where the central nervous system is involved, cerebrospinal fluid assessment for organism-spec ...	2010	21127770
the effect of low temperature on the spirochetes of relapsing fever; the viability of four strains of spirochetes stored at -48 degrees centigrade.		1945	21065380
exposure to norepinephrine enhances brachyspira pilosicoli growth, attraction to mucin and attachment to caco-2 cells.	brachyspira pilosicoli is an anaerobic intestinal spirochaete that colonizes the large intestine of a variety of species of birds and mammals, including human beings. colonization may result in a mild colitis and diarrhoea in a condition known as 'intestinal spirochaetosis'. the catecholamine norepinephrine (ne), which is known to influence the behaviour of many bacterial species, may be present in the colon. the purpose of the current study was to determine whether exposure of b. pilosicoli to ...	2010	21051488
characterization of a novel family of fibronectin-binding proteins with m23 peptidase domains from treponema denticola.	interactions with fibronectin are important in the virulence strategies of a range of disease-related bacteria. the periodontitis-associated oral spirochaete treponema denticola expresses at least two fibronectin-binding proteins, designated msp (major surface protein) and oppa (oligopeptide-binding protein homologue). to identify other t. denticola outer membrane fibronectin-binding proteins, the amino acid sequence of the treponema pallidum fibronectin-binding protein tp0155 was used to survey ...	2010	21040511
the problem of reinoculation of human beings with spirochaeta pallida; a review of the literature.		1946	21018654
the structure of spirochaeta novyi as revealed by the electron microscope.		1945	21011725
the effect of low temperature on the spirochetes of relapsing fever; the structure and motility of spirochaeta novyi.		1945	21005567
the effect of low temperature on the spirochetes of relapsing fever.		1945	21005566
isolation of virulent treponema pallidum from human aorta thirty-two hours after death from cardiovascular syphilis.		1946	20996102
the structure of spirochaeta novyi as revealed by the electron microscope.		1946	20987023
therapeutic action of different penicillins on spirochaeta recurrentis infections in mice.		1946	20984765
genome sequence of the polysaccharide-degrading, thermophilic anaerobe spirochaeta thermophila dsm 6192.	spirochaeta thermophila is a thermophilic, free-living anaerobe that is able to degrade various α- and β-linked sugar polymers, including cellulose. we report here the complete genome sequence of s. thermophila dsm 6192, which is the first genome sequence of a thermophilic, free-living member of the spirochaetes phylum. the genome data reveal a high density of genes encoding enzymes from more than 30 glycoside hydrolase families, a noncellulosomal enzyme system for (hemi)cellulose degradation, a ...	2010	20935097
a new spirochæta found in human blood.		1913	20901607
the comparative neuropathology of trypanosome and spirochæte infections, with a résumé of our knowledge of human trypanosomiasis.		1911	20899792
specimen of spirochæta pallida prepared with indian ink, with demonstration of method.		1910	20898660
a case of intra-uterine death of the fœtus occurring in six consecutive pregnancies, with observations upon the importance of the examination of the fœtal tissues for the presence of the spirochæta pallida.		1908	20897567
demonstration of the variations of the spirochæta pallida, etc. (epidiascope and microscope).		1907	20897090
a case of rat-bite fever in england: recovery of the spirochaete from the blood.		1924	20771458
observations on spirochaeta eurygyrata, as found in human faeces.		1916	20768165
spirochaeta pallida: methods of examination and detection, especially by means of the dark ground illumination.		1909	20764459
on the spirochaeta pallida and its variations.		1906	20762660
host migration impacts on the phylogeography of lyme borreliosis spirochaete species in europe.	the geographic patterns of transmission opportunities of vector-borne zoonoses are determined by a complex interplay between the migration patterns of the host and the vector. here we examine the impact of host migration on the spread of a tick-borne zoonotic disease, using lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaetal species in europe. we demonstrate that the migration of the lb species is dependent on and limited by the migration of their respective hosts. we note that populations of borrelia spp. assoc ...	2011	20722696
seroprevalence of borrelia igg antibodies among young swedish children in relation to reported tick bites, symptoms and previous treatment for lyme borreliosis: a population-based survey.	lyme borreliosis (lb) is the most common tickborne infection in sweden and the seroprevalence of borrelia immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies varies between 2% and 26%. the seroprevalence in young swedish children is unknown and the relation to clinical data has not been previously studied.	2010	20702388
leptospira: a spirochaete with a hybrid outer membrane.	summary leptospira is a genus of spirochaetes that includes organisms with a variety of lifestyles ranging from aquatic saprophytes to invasive pathogens. adaptation to a wide variety of environmental conditions has required leptospires to acquire a large genome and a complex outer membrane with features that are unique among bacteria. the most abundant surface-exposed outer membrane proteins are lipoproteins that are integrated into the lipid bilayer by amino-terminal fatty acids. in contrast t ...	2010	20598085
crystal structure and functional characterization of an immunomodulatory salivary cystatin from the soft tick ornithodoros moubata.	the saliva of blood-feeding parasites is a rich source of peptidase inhibitors that help to overcome the host's defence during host-parasite interactions. using proteomic analysis, the cystatin omc2 was demonstrated in the saliva of the soft tick ornithodoros moubata, an important disease vector transmitting african swine fever virus and the spirochaete borrelia duttoni. a structural, biochemical and biological characterization of this peptidase inhibitor was undertaken in the present study. rec ...	2010	20545626
ticks and lyme borreliosis in an alpine area in northeast italy.	a 2-year study was conducted in a mountainous area of northeast italy to evaluate the occurrence and distribution of ticks, as well as to assess the prevalence of the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. all ticks collected were ixodes ricinus l. (parasitiformes: ixodidae). in general, most nymphs and adult ticks were collected from april to july. tick density was highly variable among sites; however, two areas with different infestation levels were recognized. prevalences of b. burgdorf ...	2010	20534008
the role of the spirochaete in the wassermann reaction.		1939	20475495
filtration experiments with spirochaeta schaudinnii.		1934	20475245
the cultivation of spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae and the production of a therapeutic anti-spirochaetal serum.		1919	20474680
spirochaetosis of mice due to spirochaeta muris n.sp. in the blood.		1906	20474291
microbial dynamics in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) bioreactor granules in response to short-term changes in substrate feed.	the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) reactor is a microcosm for the methanogenic degradation of organic matter in anaerobic environments, and depends on the auto-formation of dense 3d biofilms of 1-3 mm in diameter, referred to as granular sludge (biogranules). past research has shown that uasb and other methanogenic reactors are extremely stable functionally, but the underlying basis of the functional stability is not well understood. in this study, microbial dynamics in the communities r ...	2010	20430810
two regulatory elements required for enhancing ospa expression in borrelia burgdorferi grown in vitro but repressing its expression during mammalian infection.	during cycling between the tick vector and a mammal, the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi must coordinate expression of outer-surface proteins (osps) a and b to quickly respond to environmental changes. the pathogen abundantly produces ospa/b in the tick, but represses their expression during mammalian infection. this paper reports a regulatory structure, consisting of two sequences flanking the ospab promoter, that is required for enhancing ospa expression in b. burgdorferi grown i ...	2010	20395273
[coexisting of borreliosis, depression and psoriasis--case report].	lyme disease is a multisystem infectious disease with a wide variety of symptoms involving the skin as well as the nervous system. lyme disease is caused by spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by ixodes ticks in endemic regions. a case of 45 year old woman suffering from borreliosis, psoriasis and depression is presented in the paper. in the study a standardized screening list was applied to evaluate the psychiatric health state--classification of psychic disorders (dsm-iv) and hamilton ...	2010	20369726
loss of virulence of treponema pallidum during processing of dried blood serum.		1947	20344588
isolation of an unidentified spirochete from hen's eggs after inoculation with liver tissue from hens.		1947	20341597
[not available].		1947	20296900
[not available].		1946	20293718
agglutination studies of the smaller oral treponemes, borrelia vincenti and cultured strains of treponema pallidum.		1947	20292512
a new blood spirochaete in the grivet monkey; ceropithecus aethiops.		1947	20291370
a note on two blood parasites of cattle (spirochaeta theileri and bartonella bovis) recorded for the first time in australia.		1946	20290808
preservation of borrelia vincenti and cultured strains of treponema pallidum by the lyophil process.		1947	20285099
the relative importance of the renal and hepatic lesions in experimental leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica.		1946	20283070
silver impregnation of spirochetes in tissue sections; description of a new technic.		1946	20282141
the problem of identification of oral spirochetes and description of a precipitin test for their serological differentiation.		1946	20280884
[on the possibility of the transmission by lice of the spirochetes of tick recurrent fever spirochaeta uzbekistanica (sp. sogdianum)].		1945	20280628
[on isolation of cultures of spirochaeta pallida from syphilitic patients].		1946	20279621
prolonged storage of human pathogenic protozoa with conservation of virulence; observations on the storage of helminths and leptospiras.		1947	20279331
agglutination of leptospirae.		1947	20278699
acquired resistance of treponema pallidum to penicillin.		1946	20277710
[viability of leptospira on food materials].		1946	20277166
[liberation of leptospira strains from spontaneous agglutination].		1946	20277165
[purification of leptospira strains in vivo].		1946	20277164
[not available].		1947	20270431
[not available].		1947	20270430
[not available].		1947	20270417
[not available].		1947	20270416
[not available].		1947	20268209
bacteriologic investigations of the oral spirochetal flora in ulcerative stomatitis (vincent's infection).		1947	20260856
[not available].		1947	20253536
[not available].		1947	20253525
[not available].		1947	20253294
the minimal infectious inoculum of s. pallida in rabbits, and its rate of multiplication in vivo.		1947	20249674
polymorphism in treponema recurrentis and spirochaeta vincenti.		1947	20249283
a new quick method for staining treponema pallidum.		1947	20244557
henry, the spirochaete, and the ladies.		1947	20243250
two novel salp15-like immunosuppressant genes from salivary glands of ixodes persulcatus schulze tick.	salp15, a 15-kda tick salivary gland protein, is known for several suppressive activities against host immunity and critical functions for the transmission of lyme borrelia in ixodes scapularis and ixodes ricinus, the major vectors found in north america and western europe. salp15 inhibits the activation of cluster of differentiation (cd)4(+)t-cells through the repression of t-cell receptor (tcr)-triggered calcium fluxes and interleukin (il)-2 production. furthermore, salp15 adheres to the spiro ...	2010	20201978
spirochaeta perfilievii sp. nov., an oxygen-tolerant, sulfide-oxidizing, sulfur- and thiosulfate-reducing spirochaete isolated from a saline spring.	a novel strain of fermenting, aerotolerant, chemo-organoheterotrophic spirochaete designated p(t) was isolated from a sulfur 'thiodendron' mat in a saline spring at the staraya russa resort (novgorod region, russia). cells of strain p(t) exhibited a helical shape. the spirochaete required sulfide in the growth medium and was able to oxidize it non-enzymically to elemental sulfur via the interaction of h(2)o(2) with sulfide and deposit it in the periplasmic space. growth occurred at 4-32 °c (opti ...	2011	20173011
a bacterial elongation factor g homologue exclusively functions in ribosome recycling in the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi.	translation elongation factor g (ef-g) in bacteria plays two distinct roles in different phases of the translation system. ef-g catalyses the translocation of trnas on the ribosome in the elongation step, as well as the dissociation of the post-termination state ribosome into two subunits in the recycling step. in contrast to this conventional view, it has very recently been demonstrated that the dual functions of bacterial ef-g are distributed over two different ef-g paralogues in human mitocho ...	2010	20132446
what is the percentage of pathogenic borreliae in spirochaetal findings of mosquito larvae?	in this study, larvae (1,179 ex.) of mosquito genera culex were examined for the presence of spirochaetes by dark field microscopy (dfm) at the locality of blansko (czech republic) in of 2004-2008. dfm spirochaete positive samples (25.4 %) were investigated by nested pcr; only 4 samples were positive for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which is 0.3 % of the total examined samples. we can conclude that only a low percentage of pathogenic borreliae are presented in mosquito larvae ...	2009	20047261
a comparative analysis of molecular markers for the detection and identification of borrelia spirochaetes in ixodes ricinus.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, carried by ixodes ticks, is one of the most significant human pathogens, causing lyme disease. as there is no standardized pcr method for detection and identification of spirochaete dna, we carried out a comparative analysis using a set of complementary primers for three regions in the genomic dna of these bacteria (genes fla and rrs and the non-coding rrs-rrla region). dna extracted from 579 ixodes ricinus ticks was subjected to nested pcr. dna of the examined s ...	2010	20007765
treponema denticola biofilm-induced expression of a bacteriophage, toxin-antitoxin systems and transposases.	treponema denticola is an oral spirochaete that has been strongly associated with chronic periodontitis. the bacterium exists as part of a dense biofilm (subgingival dental plaque) accreted to the tooth. to determine t. denticola gene products important for persistence as a biofilm we developed a continuous-culture biofilm model and conducted a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of biofilm and planktonic cells. a total of 126 genes were differentially expressed with a fold change of 1.5 or grea ...	2010	20007650
the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever in its climatological relationship to a possible insect carrier.	a short while ago a special sub-committee of the british medical association [1] sat to inquire into the problem of rheumatic heart disease in children, and suggested, among other conclusions, that the material for any accurate world map of the incidence of rheumatism was probably not available. my objects in presenting this paper are:-(1) to provide data for this map.(2) to show that the geographical distribution of rheumatic fever coincides with that of the common rat flea, ceratophyllus fasci ...	1928	19986438
a new spirochaeta found in human blood.		1913	19977210
the comparative neuropathology of trypanosome and spirochaete infections, with a résumé of our knowledge of human trypanosomiasis.		1911	19975395
specimen of spirochaeta pallida prepared with indian ink, with demonstration of method.		1910	19974263
a case of intra-uterine death of the foetus occurring in six consecutive pregnancies, with observations upon the importance of the examination of the foetal tissues for the presence of the spirochaeta pallida.		1908	19973170
the distribution of treponema pallidum, schaudinn (spirochaeta pallida), in the tissues in congenital syphilis.		1906	19971740
evaluation of recombinant brachyspira pilosicoli oligopeptide-binding proteins as vaccine candidates in a mouse model of intestinal spirochaetosis.	the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of humans, and various species of animals and birds, in which it may induce a mild colitis and diarrhoea. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the use of putative oligopeptide-binding proteins of b. pilosicoli as vaccine components. a partial genome sequence of b. pilosicoli porcine strain 95/1000 was subjected to bioinformatics analysis, and six genes predicted to encode oligopeptide-binding protei ...	2010	19959628