Publications

modeling the temporal architecture of rat sleep-wake behavior.	the fine architecture of sleep-wake behavior shows a distinct dynamic structure with distributions of rat sleep and wake bout durations displaying qualitatively different profiles. wake bout durations follow a power-law relation whereas sleep bout durations are exponentially distributed. we show that a physiologically-based sleep-wake regulatory network model with an underlying deterministic structure governing neuronal interactions can generate realistic rat sleep-wake behavior as assessed by b ...	2011	22255390
role of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus in the network of paradoxical (rem) sleep: an electrophysiological and anatomical study in the rat.	the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (lpgi) is located in the ventrolateral medulla and is known as a sympathoexcitatory area involved in the control of blood pressure. in recent experiments, we showed that the lpgi contains a large number of neurons activated during ps hypersomnia following a selective deprivation. among these neurons, more than two-thirds are gabaergic and more than one fourth send efferent fibers to the wake-active locus coeruleus nucleus. to get more insight into the role ...	2012	22235249
midline thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons display diurnal variation in resting membrane potentials, conductances and firing patterns in vitro.	neurons in the rodent midline thalamic paraventricular nucleus (pvt) receive inputs from brainstem and hypothalamic sites known to participate in sleep-wake and circadian rhythms. to evaluate possible diurnal changes in their excitability we used patch-clamp techniques to record and examine the properties of neurons in anterior pvt (apvt) in coronal rat brain slices prepared at zt 2-6 versus zt 14-18 and recorded at zt 8.4±0.2 (day) versus zt 21.2±0.2 (night), the subjective quiet versus aroused ...	2012	22219029
Quantitative differences among EMG activities of muscles innervated by subpopulations of hypoglossal and upper spinal motoneurons during non-REM sleep - REM sleep transitions: a window on neural processes in the sleeping brain.	In the rat, a species widely used to study the neural mechanisms of sleep and motor control, lingual electromyographic activity (EMG) is minimal during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and then phasic twitches gradually increase after the onset of REM sleep. To better characterize the central neural processes underlying this pattern, we quantified EMG of muscles innervated by distinct subpopulations of hypoglossal motoneurons and nuchal (N) EMG during transitions from non-REM sleep to REM ...	2011	22205596
sleep-related epilepsy in a long-evans hooded rat model of depression.	introduction: neonatal treatment with clomipramine (cli) has been shown to have reliable behavioral and biological changes that mimic major symptomatic and biochemical changes found in depression. this paper further explores a common feature of depression, the comorbidity of seizure activity and depressive behaviors in this mode. methods: rat pups were neonatally treated with 40 mg/kg/day of cli from postnatal da ...	2011	22205358
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 5-pyridazin-3-one phenoxypiperidines as potent, selective histamine H(3) receptor inverse agonists.	Optimization of the R(2) and R(6) positions of (5-{4-[3-(R)-2-methylpyrrolin-1-yl-propoxy]phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one) 2a with constrained phenoxypiperidines led to the identification of 5-[4-(cyclobutyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl]-6-methyl-2H-pyridazin-3-one 8b as a potent, selective histamine H(3) receptor antagonist with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 8b had an excellent safety genotoxocity profile for a CNS-active compound in the Ames and micronucleus tests, also displayed pote ...	2011	22197136
Promotion of Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Activation of Reticular Thalamic Neurons by a Novel MT2 Melatonin Receptor Ligand.	Melatonin activates two brain G-protein coupled receptors, MT(1) and MT(2), whose differential roles in the sleep-wake cycle remain to be defined. The novel MT(2) receptor partial agonist, N-{2-[(3-methoxyphenyl) phenylamino] ethyl} acetamide (UCM765), is here shown to selectively promote non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) in rats and mice. The enhancement of NREMS by UCM765 is nullified by the pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of MT(2) receptors. MT(2), but not MT(1), knock-out mic ...	2011	22171046
[Selective stimulations and lesions of the rat brain nuclei as the models for research of the human sleep pathology mechanisms].	Many complex behavioral phenomena such as sleep can not be explained without multidisciplinary experimental approach, and complementay approaches in the animal models "in vivo" and human studies. Electrophysiological, pharmacological, anatomical and immunohistochemical techniques, and particularly stereotaxically guided local nanovolume microinjection technique, enable us to selectively stimulate and lesion the brain nuclei or their specific neuronal subpopulation, and to reslove the mechanisms ...	2011	22165729
evaluation of periodic limb movements in a putative animal model of restless leg syndrome.	restless leg syndrome (rls) is a major healthcare burden with increasing prevalence. it has been demonstrated that periodic limb movements (plm) can occur as an isolated phenomenon, but they are often associated with this syndrome and are the only symptom of this disorder that can be measured electrophysiologically. the aim of this study was to examine the sleep-wake behavior and the presence of limb movement in a rat model of rls induced by lesioning the a11 dopaminergic nuclei with the neuroto ...	2011	22162115
4,5-Dihydropyridazin-3-one derivatives as histamine H(3) receptor inverse agonists.	H(3)R structure-activity relationships for a new class of 4,5-dihydropyridazin-3-one H(3)R antagonists/inverse agonists are disclosed. Modification of the 4,5-dihydropyridazinone moiety to block in vivo metabolism identified 4,4-dimethyl-6-{4-[3-((R)-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-propoxy]-phenyl}-4,5-dihydro-2H-pyridazin-3-one 22 as a lead candidate demonstrating potent in vivo functional H(3)R antagonism in the rat dipsogenia model and robust wake promoting activity in the rat EEG/EMG model.	2012	22142542
Calcium/calmodulin kinase II in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus modulates the initiation and maintenance of wakefulness.	The pedunculopontine tegmentum nucleus (PPT) is critically involved in the regulation of wakefulness (W) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but our understanding of the mechanisms of this regulation remains incomplete. The present study was designed to determine the role of PPT intracellular calcium/calmodulin kinase (CaMKII) signaling in the regulation of W and sleep. To achieve this aim, three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 nmol) of the CaMKII activation inhibitor, KN-93, were mi ...	2011	22114270
Differences between Physostigmine- and Yohimbine-induced States Are Visualized in Canonical Space Constructed from EEG during Natural Sleep-wake Cycle in Rats.	Although quantitative EEG parameters, such as spectral band powers, are sensitive to centrally acting drugs in dose- and time-related manners, changes of the EEG parameters are redundant. It is desirable to reduce multiple EEG parameters to a few components that can be manageable in a real space as well as be considered as parameters representing drug effects. We calculated factor loadings from normalized values of eight relative band powers (powers of 0.5, 1.0~2.0, 2.5~4.0, 4.5~5.5, 6.0~8.0, 8. ...	2011	22110362
modulation of fronto-cortical activity by modafinil: a functional imaging and fos study in the rat.	modafinil (mod) is a wake-promoting drug with pro-cognitive properties. despite its increasing use, the neuronal substrates of mod action remain elusive. in particular, animal studies have highlighted a putative role of diencephalic areas as primary neuronal substrate of mod action, with inconsistent evidence of recruitment of fronto-cortical areas despite the established pro-cognitive effects of the drug. moreover, most animal studies have employed doses of mod of limited clinical relevance. we ...	2011	22048464
State-dependent changes in cortical gain control as measured by auditory evoked responses to varying intensity stimuli.	Auditory evoked potential (AEP) components correspond to sequential activation of brain structures within the auditory pathway and reveal neural activity during sensory processing. To investigate state-dependent modulation of stimulus intensity response profiles within different brain structures, we assessed AEP components across both stimulus intensity and state.	2011	22043124
Modafinil treatment prevents REM sleep deprivation-induced brain function impairment by increasing MMP-9 expression.	Previous work showed that sleep deprivation (SD) impairs hippocampal-dependent cognitive function and synaptic plasticity, and a novel wake-promoting agent modafinil prevents SD-induced memory impairment in rat. However, the mechanisms by which modafinil prevented REM-SD-induced impairment of brain function remain poorly understood. In the present study, rats were sleep-deprived by using the modified multiple platform method and brain function was detected. The results showed that modafinil trea ...	2011	22036079
Acute administration of fluoxetine normalizes rapid eye movement sleep abnormality, but not depressive behaviors in olfactory bulbectomized rats.	J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 314-324. ABSTRACT: In humans, depression is associated with altered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, the exact nature of the relationship between depressive behaviors and sleep abnormalities is debated. In this study, bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) was carried out to create a model of depression in rats. The sleep-wake profiles were assayed using a cutting-edge sleep bioassay system, and depressive behaviors were evaluated by open field and forced swimming ...	2012	22035172
social partnering significantly reduced rapid eye movement sleep fragmentation in fear-conditioned, stress-sensitive wistar-kyoto rats.	negative emotionality affects sleep-wake behavior in humans and rodents, and the wistar-kyoto (wky) rat strain is known for its stress-sensitive phenotype. analyzing rapid eye movement sleep (rems) microarchitecture by separating rems into single (sirems; inter-rem episode interval>3 min) and sequential (seqrems; interval≤3 min) episodes, we previously reported that cued fear conditioning (cfc) increased rems fragmentation in wky compared to wistar rats by increasing the number of seqrems episod ...	2011	22015926
differential distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone (mch)- and hypocretin (hcrt)-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the mesopontine cholinergic complex in the rat.	hypocretin (hcrt or orexin) and melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) containing neurons are located in the hypothalamus and are implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and sleep-wake cycle. mch and hcrt are not co-localized within the same neuron, but these neurons project widely throughout the brain, especially to brain regions regulating arousal. recent data indicate that hcrt and mch neurons located medially with respect to the fornix have a differential projectio ...	2011	22015351
Synthesis and evaluation of pyridone-phenoxypropyl-R-2-methylpyrrolidine analogues as histamine H3 receptor antagonists.	6-{4-[3-(R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy]-phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one 6 (Irdabisant; CEP-26401) was recently reported as a potent H(3)R antagonist with excellent drug-like properties and in vivo activity that advanced into clinical evaluation. A series of pyridone analogs of 6 was synthesized and evaluated as H(3)R antagonists. Structure-activity relationships revealed that the 5-pyridone regiomer was optimal for H(3)R affinity. N-Methyl 9b showed excellent H(3)R affinity, acceptable pharmacok ...	2011	22014551
Dynamics of Circadian Thalamocortical Flow of Information during a Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Condition.	It is known that the thalamocortical loop plays a crucial role in the encoding of sensory-discriminative features of painful stimuli. However, only a few studies have addressed the changes in thalamocortical dynamics that may occur after the onset of chronic pain. Our goal was to evaluate how the induction of chronic neuropathic pain affected the flow of information within the thalamocortical loop throughout the brain states of the sleep-wake cycle. To address this issue we recorded local field ...	2011	22007162
estradiol treatment modulates spontaneous sleep and recovery after sleep deprivation in castrated male rats.	exogenous estradiol (e) is used occasionally to treat the side effects associated with androgen-deprivation in men, but its effects on sleep patterns have received little attention. we examined whether e modulates sleep patterns and recovery from sleep loss in castrated male rats. adult male rats were castrated and implanted subcutaneously with silastic tubes containing either oil (cast+oil) or e (cast+e). sham-operated male rats (intact) were implanted with oil-filled tubes. all rats were also ...	2012	22004978
CEP-26401 (Irdabisant), a Potent and Selective Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonist/Inverse Agonist with Cognition-Enhancing and Wake-Promoting Activities.	CEP-26401 [irdabisant; 6-{4-[3-((R)-2-methyl-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-propoxy]-phenyl}-2H-pyridazin-3-one HCl] is a novel, potent histamine H(3) receptor (H(3)R) antagonist/inverse agonist with drug-like properties. High affinity of CEP-26401 for H(3)R was demonstrated in radioligand binding displacement assays in rat brain membranes (K(i) = 2.7 ± 0.3 nM) and recombinant rat and human H(3)R-expressing systems (K(i) = 7.2 ± 0.4 and 2.0 ± 1.0 nM, respectively). CEP-26401 displayed potent antagonist and in ...	2012	22001260
delta oscillations induced by ketamine increase energy levels in sleep-wake related brain regions.	neuronal signaling consumes much of the brain energy, mainly through the restoration of the membrane potential (mp) by atp-consuming ionic pumps. we have reported that, compared with waking, atp levels increase during the initial hours of natural slow-wave sleep, a time with prominent electroencephalogram (eeg) delta oscillations (0.5-4.5 hz). we have hypothesized that there is a delta oscillation-atp increase coupling, since, during delta waves, neurons exhibit a prolonged hyperpolarizing phase ...	2011	21958867
Sleep and wake in rhythmic versus arrhythmic chronotypes of a microphthalmic species of African mole rat (Fukomys mechowii).	The giant Zambian mole rat (Fukomys mechowii) is a subterranean Afrotropical rodent noted for its regressed visual system and unusual patterns of circadian rhythmicity--within this species some individuals exhibit distinct regular circadian patterns of locomotor activity while others have arrhythmic circadian patterns. The current study was aimed at understanding whether differences in circadian chronotypes in this species affect the patterns and proportions of the different phases of the sleep- ...	2011	21952092
synthesis and evaluation of pyridazinone-phenethylamine derivatives as selective and orally bioavailable histamine h3 receptor antagonists with robust wake-promoting activity.	a series of pyridazinone-phenethylamine derivatives with moderate to low nanomolar affinity for rat and human h(3)r are described. these analogs exhibited excellent selectivity and metabolic stability, with acceptable rat pharmacokinetic properties. in vivo, 7 and 11 demonstrated potent h(3)r functional antagonism in the rat dipsogenia model and robust wake-promoting activity in the rat electroencephalogram/electromyography (eeg/emg) model.	2011	21944855
Ingestion analgesia occurs when a bad taste turns good.	During ingestion of water, chocolate, sucrose, and saccharin, pain-related behaviors are suppressed. This ingestion analgesic effect is reversed when the hedonic valence of a food is switched from "good" to "bad" as occurs during conditioned taste aversion. Here, we tested the converse hedonic shift to determine if ingestion analgesia occurs when 0.3 M NaCl is made palatable by inducing a sodium appetite. In Experiment 1, sham- and sodium-depleted rats were tested for paw withdrawal and lick lat ...	2011	21928874
cellular and network mechanisms of genetically-determined absence seizures.	the absence epilepsies are characterized by recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness associated with generalized spike-and-wave discharges, with an abrupt onset and offset, in the thalamocortical system. in the absence of detailed neurophysiological studies in humans, many of the concepts regarding the pathophysiological basis of absence seizures are based on studies in animal models. each of these models has its particular strengths and limitations, and the validity of findings from these mo ...	2007	21909233
ischemic stroke selectively inhibits rem sleep of rats.	sleep disorders are important risk factors for stroke; conversely, stroke patients suffer from sleep disturbances including disruptions of non-rapid eye movement (nrem) and rapid eye movement (rem) sleep and a decrease in total sleep. this study was performed to characterize the effect of stroke on sleep architecture of rats using continuous electroencephalography (eeg) and activity monitoring. rats were implanted with transmitters which enabled continuous real time recording of eeg, electromyog ...	2011	21906592
Assessment of network States: local hemodynamics.	Neural activity utilizes energy resources and requires replenishment of metabolites through vascular dilation. During wake, cortical neurons usually have depolarized membrane potentials and exhibit frequent spontaneous action potentials, requiring an increased metabolic delivery to activated tissue and causing blood vessels to dilate. Quiet sleep (QS) is characterized by alternating membrane potential between a depolarized and hyperpolarized state. The hyperpolarized state has a lower membrane p ...	2011	21906020
Circadian regulation of sleep-wake behaviour in nocturnal rats requires multiple signals from suprachiasmatic nucleus.	The dynamics of sleep and wake are strongly linked to the circadian clock. Many models have accurately predicted behaviour resulting from dynamic interactions between these two systems without specifying physiological substrates for these interactions. By contrast, recent experimental work has identified much of the relevant physiology for circadian and sleep-wake regulation, but interaction dynamics are difficult to study experimentally. To bridge these approaches, we developed a neuronal popul ...	2011	21893532
automated sleep scoring in rats and mice using the naive bayes classifier.	we describe a new simple matlab-based method for automated scoring of rat and mouse sleep using the naive bayes classifier. this method is highly sensitive resulting in overall auto-rater agreement of 93%, comparable to an inter-rater agreement between two human scorers (92%), with high sensitivity and specificity values for wake (94% and 96%), nrem sleep (94% and 97%) and rem sleep (89% and 97%) states. in addition to baseline sleep-wake conditions, the performance of the naive bayes classifier ...	2011	21884727
Circadian integration of sleep-wake and feeding requires NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus.	Sleep and feeding rhythms are highly coordinated across the circadian cycle, but the brain sites responsible for this coordination are unknown. We examined the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in this process by injecting the targeted toxin, NPY-saporin (NPY-SAP), into the arcuate nucleus (Arc). NPY-SAP-lesioned rats were initially hyperphagic, became obese, exhibited sustained disruption of circadian feeding patterns, and had abnormal ...	2011	21880863
Buprenorphine disrupts sleep and decreases adenosine concentrations in sleep-regulating brain regions of Sprague Dawley rat.	Buprenorphine, a partial µ-opioid receptor agonist and ?-opioid receptor antagonist, is an effective analgesic. The effects of buprenorphine on sleep have not been well characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that an antinociceptive dose of buprenorphine decreases sleep and decreases adenosine concentrations in regions of the basal forebrain and pontine brainstem that regulate sleep.	2011	21857500
Evoked electrical and cerebral vascular responses during sleep and following sleep deprivation.	Neuronal activity elicits vascular dilation, delivering additional blood and metabolites to the activated region. With increasing neural activity, vessels stretch and may become less compliant. Most functional imaging studies assume that limits to vascular expansion are not normally reached except under pathological conditions, with the possibility that metabolism could outpace supply. However, we previously demonstrated that evoked hemodynamic responses were larger during quiet sleep when compa ...	2011	21854966
electrophysiological correlates of sleep homeostasis in freely behaving rats.	the electrical activity of the brain does not only reflect the current level of arousal, ongoing behavior, or involvement in a specific task but is also influenced by what kind of activity, and how much sleep and waking occurred before. the best marker of sleep-wake history is the electroencephalogram (eeg) spectral power in slow frequencies (slow-wave activity, 0.5-4 hz, swa) during sleep, which is high after extended wakefulness and low after consolidated sleep. while sleep homeostasis has bee ...	2011	21854953
maternal stress induces adult reduced rem sleep and melatonin level.	objectives: we have previously reported that neonatal maternal deprivation (md) resulted in a decrease of total sleep and an increase of orexin a in adult rats. now, we characterized features of sleep, activity, and melatonin levels in rats neonatally treated with md and control (mc) procedures. design: adult male sprague dawley rats were treated with either md or mc procedures for ten days starting at postnatal day 4. at three months of age, sleep was recorded for 48 hours in one set of md and ...	2011	21805687
norepinephrine infusion into nucleus basalis elicits microarousal in desflurane-anesthetized rats.	background:: the nucleus basalis of meynert of the basal forebrain has been implicated in the regulation of the state of consciousness across normal sleep-wake cycles. its role in the modulation of general anesthesia was investigated. methods:: rats were chronically implanted with bilateral infusion cannulae in the nucleus basalis of meynert and epidural electrodes to record the electroencephalogram in frontal and visual cortices. animals were anesthetized with desflurane at a concentration requ ...	2011	21804378
identification of pyridazin-3-one derivatives as potent, selective histamine h(3) receptor inverse agonists with robust wake activity.	h(3)r structure-activity relationships on a novel class of pyridazin-3-one h(3)r antagonists/inverse agonists are disclosed. modifications of the pyridazinone core, central phenyl ring and linker led to the identification of molecules with excellent target potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties. compounds 13 and 21 displayed potent functional h(3)r antagonism in vivo in the rat dipsogenia model and demonstrated robust wake activity in the rat eeg/emg model.	2011	21782432
administration of urb597, oleoylethanolamide or palmitoylethanolamide increases waking and dopamine in rats.	oleoylethanolamide (oea) and palmitoylethanolamide (pea) are amides of fatty acids and ethanolamine named n-acylethanolamines or acylethanolamides. the hydrolysis of oea and pea is catalyzed by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (faah). a number of faah inhibitors that increase the levels of oea and pea in the brain have been developed, including urb597. in the present report, we examined whether urb597, oea or pea injected into wake-related brain areas, such as lateral hypothalamus (lh) or dorsal r ...	2011	21779318
inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis by sleep deprivation is independent of circadian disruption and melatonin suppression.	procedures that restrict or fragment sleep can inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rodents, although the underlying mechanism is unknown. we showed that rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep deprivation (rsd) by the platform-over-water method inhibits hippocampal cell proliferation in adrenalectomized rats with low-dose corticosterone clamp. this procedure also greatly disrupts daily behavioral rhythms. given recent evidence for circadian clock regulation of cell proliferation, we asked wh ...	2011	21771640
ghrelin postsynaptically depolarizes dorsal raphe neurons in rats in vitro.	ghrelin promotes growth hormone (gh) secretion and feeding. recent studies further showed that ghrelin displayed a defending effect against the depressive-like symptoms and affected sleep in animals and humans. serotonergic system is considered to be implicated in feeding, depression and other mood disorders, and sleep. the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) utilizes serotonin (5-ht) as its major neurotransmitter and expresses gh secretagogue receptors (ghs-rs). therefore, the present study was carried ...	2011	21763741
enac structure and function in the wake of a resolved structure of a family member.	our understanding of epithelial na(+) channel (enac) structure and function has been profoundly impacted by the resolved structure of the homologous acid sensing ion channel 1 (asic1). the structure of the extracellular and pore regions provide insight into channel assembly, processing, and the ability of these channels to sense the external environment. the absence of intracellular structures precludes insight into important interactions with intracellular factors that regulate trafficking and ...	2011	21753073
the kca3.1 blocker tram-34 reduces infarction and neurological deficit in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion stroke.	microglia and brain infiltrating macrophages significantly contribute to the secondary inflammatory damage in the wake of ischemic stroke. here, we investigated whether inhibition of kca3.1 (ikca1/kcnn4), a calcium-activated k(+) channel that is involved in microglia and macrophage activation and expression of which increases on microglia in the infarcted area, has beneficial effects in a rat model of ischemic stroke. using an hplc/ms assay, we first confirmed that our small molecule kca3.1 bloc ...	2011	21750563
association between the activation of mch and orexin immunorective neurons and rem sleep architecture during rem rebound after a three day long rem deprivation.	rapid eye movement (rem) sleep rebound following rem deprivation using the platform-on-water method is characterized by increased time spent in rem sleep and activation of melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) expressing neurons. orexinergic neurons discharge reciprocally to mch-ergic neurons across the sleep-wake cycle. however, the relation between rem architecture and the aforementioned neuropeptides remained unclear. mch-ergic neurons can be divided into two subpopulations regarding their coca ...	2011	21740944
opposite effects of cortisol on consolidation of temporal sequence memory during waking and sleep.	memory functions involve three stages: encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. modulating effects of glucocorticoids (gcs) have been consistently observed for declarative memory with gcs enhancing encoding and impairing retrieval, but surprisingly, little is known on how gcs affect memory consolidation. studies in rats suggest a beneficial effect of gcs that were administered during postlearning wake periods, whereas in humans, cortisol impaired memory consolidation when administered during post ...	2011	21736452
chronic exposure to toluene changes the sleep-wake pattern and brain monoamine content in rats.	toluene, found in glues and cleaners, is among the inhalants most commonly abused by workers and young drug addicts. in this study, we examined the changes in sleep patterns and monoamine content induced by chronic toluene exposure. rats were chronically exposed to toluene vapors beginning at 30 days of age for a duration of 30 days. experiment i was performed in a control group (n=10) and a chronic toluene exposure group (n=10). rats were implanted with bipolar stainless steel electrodes for el ...	2011	21731073
estradiol suppresses recovery of rem sleep following sleep deprivation in ovariectomized female rats.	sleep complaints such as insufficient sleep and insomnia are twice as prevalent in women. symptoms of sleep disruption are often coincident with changes in the gonadal hormone profile across a women's lifespan. data from a number of different species, including humans, non-human primates and rodents strongly implicate a role for gonadal hormones in the modulation of sleep. in female rats, increased levels of circulating estradiol increase wakefulness and reduce sleep in the dark phase. in this s ...	2011	21722658
diltiazem potentiates pentobarbital-induced hypnosis via 5-ht(1a) and 5-ht(2a/2c) receptors: role for dorsal raphe nucleus.	it has been reported that the sedative component of pentobarbital is mediated by gaba receptors in an endogenous sleep pathway and the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlpo)-tuberomammillary nucleus (tmn) or vlpo-dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) neural circuit is important in the sedative response to pentobarbital. our previous findings indicated that the vlpo-tmn neuronal circuit may play crucial part in the augmentative effect of diltiazem on pentobarbital sleep and the serotonergic system may be involv ...	2011	21689675
sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and gaba in rat pontine reticular formation.	the oral part of the pontine reticular formation (pno) is a component of the ascending reticular activating system and plays a role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. the pno receives glutamatergic and gabaergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and gabaergic signaling within the pno alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. no previous studies have simultaneously measured ...	2011	21679185
[advances in the study of histaminergic systems and sleep-wake regulation].	histaminergic neurons solely originate from the tuberomammillary nucleus (tmn) in the posterior hypothalamus and send widespread projections to the whole brain. experiments in rats show that histamine release in the central nervous system is positively correlated with wakefulness and the histamine released is 4 times higher during wake episodes than during sleep episodes. endogeneous prostaglandin e2 and orexin activate histaminergic neurons in the tmn to release histamine and promote wakefulnes ...	2011	21626776
gene expression and protein distribution of orexins and orexin receptors in rat retina.	orexins, composed of orexin a and orexin b, are identified as endogenous ligands of two orphan g-protein-coupled receptors: orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors (ox(1)r and ox(2)r). orexins are implicated in regulating wake/sleep states, feeding behaviors, etc. using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactive (rt-pcr) analysis and immunofluorescence double labeling, we investigated the distributions of orexin a, orexin b, ox(1)r and ox(2)r in rat retina. rt-pcr analysis revealed the presence of ...	2011	21621592
the histamine h3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant.	the third histamine receptor was discovered in 1983 by a traditional pharmacological approach, consisting of assessing the inhibitory effect of histamine on its own release from depolarized rat brain slices. the same in vitro test was used to design, in 1987, the first highly selective and potent h3-autoreceptor ligands, the antagonist thioperamide and the agonist (r)alphamethylhistamine which enhances and inhibits, respectively, the activity of histaminergic neurons in brain. the use of these r ...	2011	21615387
c-fos expression in neurons projecting from the preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray in relation to sleep states.	the ventrolateral division of the periaqueductal gray (vlpag) and the adjacent deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus have been implicated in the control of sleep. the preoptic hypothalamus, which contains populations of sleep-active neurons, is an important source of afferents to the vlpag. the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (lh) contains populations of wake-active neurons and also projects strongly to the vlpag. we examined nonrem and rem sleep-dependent expression of c-fos protein in preopti ...	2011	21601616
melatonin receptor agonists: new options for insomnia and depression treatment.	the circadian nature of melatonin (mlt) secretion, coupled with the localization of mlt receptors to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, has led to numerous studies of the role of mlt in modulation of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms in humans. although much more needs to be understood about the various functions exerted by mlt and its mechanisms of action, three therapeutic agents (ramelteon, prolonged-release mlt, and agomelatine) are already in use, and mlt receptor agonists are now appear ...	2010	21554566
differential effects of nmda antagonists on high frequency and gamma eeg oscillations in a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.	neuroanatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural abnormalities following timed prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate (mam) treatment in rats model changes observed in post-mortem schizophrenic brains. in particular, mam treatment on gestational day 17 (e17) preferentially disrupts limbic-cortical circuits, and is a promising animal model of schizophrenia. the hypersensitivity of this model to the nmda receptor antagonist-induced hyperactivity has been proposed to mimic the increase in sensit ...	2011	21521646
one hundred years of migraine research: major clinical and scientific observations from 1910 to 2010.	(headache 2011;51:752-778) pain research, and headache research in particular, during the 20th century, has generated an enormous volume of literature promulgating theories, questions, and temporary answers. this narrative review describes the most important events in the history of migraine research between 1910 and 2010. based on the standard textbooks of headache: wolff's headache (1948 and 1963) and the headaches (1993, 2000, and 2006) topics were selected for a historical review. most notab ...	2011	21521208
angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) activity and expression in rat central nervous system after sleep deprivation.	abstract proteases are essential either for the release of neuropeptides from active or inactive proteins or for their inactivation. neuropeptides have a fundamental role in sleep-wake cycle regulation and their actions are also likely to be regulated by proteolytic processing. using fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates, specific protease inhibitors and real-time pcr we demonstrate changes in angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) expression and proteolytic activity in the central ne ...	2011	21495912
deep sleep and parietal cortex gene expression changes are related to cognitive deficits with age.	age-related cognitive deficits negatively affect quality of life and can presage serious neurodegenerative disorders. despite sleep disruption's well-recognized negative influence on cognition, and its prevalence with age, surprisingly few studies have tested sleep's relationship to cognitive aging.	2011	21483696
promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist.	abstract: orexins/hypocretins are key neuropeptides responsible for regulating central arousal and reward circuits. two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (ox(1)r) and orexin 2 receptor (ox(2)r) with partially overlapping nervous system distributions. genetic studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could be therapeutic for insomnia and other disorders with disruptions of sleep and wake. suvorexant (mk-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of o ...	2011	21473737
[sleep changes during degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra induced by inhibitor of proteasomes lactacystin in rats].	a decrease in activity of ubiquitin proteasome system results in accumulation of toxic forms of protein and cell degeneration, including dopamine (da)-ergic neurons in the substantia nigra; these neurons are remarkable for their low proteolytic activity of proteosomes that makes them more vulnerable, especially when subjected to the neurotoxin action or parkinson's disease (pd). the goal of the present study is to develop a model on the basis of inhibition of proteasome activity of nigral cell d ...	2010	21473106
serotonin control of sleep-wake behavior.	based on electrophysiological, neurochemical, genetic and neuropharmacological approaches, it is currently accepted that serotonin (5-ht) functions predominantly to promote wakefulness (w) and to inhibit rem (rapid eye movement) sleep (rems). yet, under certain circumstances the neurotransmitter contributes to the increase in sleep propensity. most of the serotonergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, amygdala, basal forebrain (bfb), thalamus, preoptic and hypothalamic areas, raphe nuclei, loc ...	2011	21459634
odor fear conditioning modifies piriform cortex local field potentials both during conditioning and during post-conditioning sleep.	sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation. sleep structure (rem/slow wave activity [sws]) can be modified after learning, and in some cortical circuits, sleep is associated with replay of the learned experience. while the majority of this work has focused on neocortical and hippocampal circuits, the olfactory system may offer unique advantages as a model system for exploring sleep and memory, given the short, non-thalamic pathway from nose to primary olfactory (piriform cortex), and rap ...	2011	21448432
status epilepticus induces increasing neuronal excitability and hypersynchrony as revealed by optical imaging.	in the wake of acquired brain insults such as status epilepticus (se), time-dependent neuronal network alterations may occur resulting in cortical hyperexcitability and enhanced synchrony merging into chronic epilepsy. to better understand the underlying processes, we performed electrophysiological and optical imaging studies on combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices. these were prepared from rats 1, 4 and 8 weeks after electrically-induced se. non-invasive imaging using intrinsic optical ...	2011	21440625
biphasic effects of baicalin, an active constituent of scutellaria baicalensis georgi, in the spontaneous sleep-wake regulation.	baicalin is an active compound originating from the root of scutellaria baicalensis georgi, which has been used for anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria, anti-hypertension, anti-allergy and sedation since ancient china, though the neuronal mechanisms involved in the sedative effect is still unclear. baicalin possesses the ability to decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor (nf)-?b activity. furthermore, baicalin has demonstrated an anxiolytic-like effect via activatio ...	2011	21419210
role of ghrh in sleep and growth impairments induced by upper airway obstruction in rats.	upper airway obstruction (uao) can lead to abnormal growth hormone homeostasis and growth retardation by unclear mechanisms. we explored the effect of uao on hypothalamic growth hormone releasing hormone (ghrh), which has a role in both sleep and growth hormone regulation. the tracheae of 22-day-old rats were narrowed; uao and sham-operated animals were sacrificed 16 days post-surgery. to stimulate slow wave sleep and growth hormone secretion, rats were treated with ritanserin (5-ht2 receptor an ...	2011	21406516
the role of adenosine in the regulation of sleep.	this paper presents an overview of the current knowledge about the role of adenosine in the sleep-wake regulation with a focus on adenosine in the central nervous system, regulation of adenosine levels, adenosine receptors, and manipulations of the adenosine system by the use of pharmacological and molecular biological tools. the endogenous somnogen prostaglandin (pg) d(2) increases the extracellular level of adenosine under the subarachnoid space of the basal forebrain and promotes physiologica ...	2011	21401496
sleep-waking discharge profiles of median preoptic and surrounding neurons in mice.	the median preoptic nucleus (mnpo), part of the anteroventral third ventricular region, plays a key role in body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. recently, a cluster of neurons showing sleep-related c-fos immunoreactivity was found in the rat mnpo, and a subsequent electrophysiological study found that nearly 76% of rat mnpo neurons exhibit increased discharge during sleep. in a recent single unit recording study in mice, we found that sleep-active neurons are not localized in an ...	2011	21396987
infusion of modafinil into anterior hypothalamus or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus at different time-points enhances waking and blocks the expression of recovery sleep in rats after sleep deprivation.	clinical studies have indicated that the primary pharmacological activity of modafinil (mod) is inducing wakefulness; however, the brain targets that underlie its wake-promoting activity have not been described. in the present study, we show that mod injected into sleep-wake related brain areas promoted alertness. if administered (10, 20, or 30 ++g/1 ++l) into either anterior hypothalamus (ah) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (pptg) at 08:00, 12:00 or 16:00 h, mod enhanced wakefulness where ...	2011	21385582
central nervous system sites of the sleep promoting effects of eszopiclone in rats.	we examined the effects of eszopiclone (esz), a gaba-a receptor agonist in current clinical use as a hypnotic medication, on the activity of subcortical wake- and sleep-active neuronal populations in the rat brain. sleep-wake states were quantified after i.p. injections of esz (3 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle administered early in the dark phase, when rats are spontaneously awake. rats were euthanized 2 h post-injection and brain tissue was processed for c-fos protein immunoreactivity (ir) and for ne ...	2011	21382446
increased non-rapid eye movement sleep by cocaine withdrawal: possible involvement of a2a receptors.	this study attempted to clarify whether cocaine withdrawal altered sleep architecture and the role of adenosine receptors in this process. cocaine (20 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously once per day for 7 days to rat implanted with sleep/wake recording electrode. polygraphic signs of undisturbed sleep/wake activities were recorded for 24 h before cocaine administration (basal recording as control); withdrawal-day 1 (after 1 day of repeated cocaine administration), withdrawal-day 8 (after 8 d ...	2011	21380812
diaphragm long-term facilitation following acute intermittent hypoxia during wakefulness and sleep.	acute intermittent hypoxia (aih) elicits a form of respiratory plasticity known as long-term facilitation (ltf). here, we tested four hypotheses in unanesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats using radiotelemetry for eeg and diaphragm electromyography (dia emg) activity: 1) aih induces ltf in dia emg activity; 2) diaphragm ltf (dia ltf) is more robust during sleep vs. wakefulness; 3) aih (or repetitive aih) disrupts natural sleep-wake architecture; and 4) preconditioning with daily aih (daih) f ...	2011	21372099
effect of withania somnifera on sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats: possible gabaergic mechanism.	sleep deprivation disrupts significantly sleep pattern and cause poor quality of sleep. the aim the present study was to explore role of withania somniferra root extract in sleep-disturbed rats. male wistar rats (n=5-6/group) were sleep deprived for 24 h using grid suspended over water method. withania somniferra extract (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 30 min before actual recording (eeg and emg) recording and electrophysiological recordings are further classified as- sleep ...	2008	21369449
metabolic fingerprint of ischaemic cardioprotection: importance of the malate-aspartate shuttle.	the convergence of cardioprotective intracellular signalling pathways to modulate mitochondrial function as an end-target of cytoprotective stimuli is well described. however, our understanding of whether the complementary changes in mitochondrial energy metabolism are secondary responses or inherent mechanisms of ischaemic cardioprotection remains incomplete. in the heart, the malate-aspartate shuttle (mas) constitutes the primary metabolic pathway for transfer of reducing equivalents from the ...	2011	21349875
ghrelin in mental health, sleep, memory.	ghrelin acts as a neuropeptide. it participates in sleep-wake regulation. after systemic ghrelin treatment nonrem sleep is promoted in male humans and mice. this effect is influenced by gender, time of administration and depression. ghrelin does not modulate sleep in healthy women and during the early morning in male subjects. in depressed women rem sleep is diminished after ghrelin. in elderly men and depressed men sleep promotion by ghrelin was preserved. in rats after central ghrelin feeding ...	2011	21349316
the influence of autonomic interventions on the sleep-wake-related changes in gastric myoelectrical activity in rats.	significant changes in autonomic activity occur at sleep-wake transitions and constitute an ideal setting for investigating the modulatory role of the autonomic nervous system on gastric myoelectrical activity (gma).	2011	21342364
functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals different neural substrates for the effects of orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor antagonists.	orexins are neuro-modulatory peptides involved in the control of diverse physiological functions through interaction with two receptors, orexin-1 (ox1r) and orexin-2 (ox2r). recent evidence in pre-clinical models points toward a putative dichotomic role of the two receptors, with ox2r predominantly involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and arousal, and the ox1r being more specifically involved in reward processing and motivated behaviour. however, the specific neural substrates unde ...	2011	21307957
characterization of pharmacological and wake-promoting properties of the dopaminergic stimulant sydnocarb in rats.	sydnocarb is a psychomotor stimulant structurally similar to d-amphetamine (d-amph) and is used in russia for the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. the nature of sydnocarb-induced facilitation of dopamine (da) neurotransmission [da release versus da transporter (dat) inhibition] is not clear. the present study characterized the pharmacological actions and behavioral effects of intraperitoneal sydnocarb in male sprague-dawley rats. where relevant, comparisons were made wit ...	2011	21300706
neuromedin u(2) receptor signaling mediates alteration of sleep-wake architecture in rats.	growing evidence indicates that neuromedin u (nmu) neuropeptide system plays an integral role in mediating the stress response through the corticotrophin-releasing factor (crf) pathways. stress is often associated with alteration in sleep-wake architecture both in human and laboratory animals. here, we investigated whether activation of the nmu2 receptor, a major high affinity receptor for nmu predominantly expressed in the brain, affects sleep behavior in rats. effects of single (acute) intrace ...	2011	21296417
evidence for cellular injury in the midbrain of rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve.	complex behavioural disabilities, as well as pain, characterise neuropathic pain conditions for which clinical treatment is sought. in rats, chronic constriction injury (cci) of the sciatic nerve evokes, allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as three distinct patterns of disability, characterised by changes in social and sleep-wake behaviours: (i) pain & disability; (ii) pain & transient disability and (iii) pain alone. importantly, the degree of allodynia and hyperalgesia is identical for each of ...	2011	21291996
nitric oxide production in the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area and its influences on the modulation of perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area neurons.	the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (pf-lha) is a major wake-promoting structure. it predominantly contains neurons that are active during behavioral and cortical activation. pf-lha stimulation produces arousal and pf-lha lesions produce somnolence. nitric oxide (no) is a gaseous neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the regulation of multiple pathological and physiological processes including the regulation of sleep. no levels are higher in the cortex and in the basal forebrain (b ...	2011	21277356
a new automated method for rat sleep deprivation with minimal confounding effects on corticosterone and locomotor activity.	the function of sleep in physiology, behaviour and cognition has become a primary focus of neuroscience. its study inevitably includes experimental sleep deprivation designs. however, concerns exist regarding confounds like stress, increased locomotor activity levels, and decreased motivation to perform operant tasks induced by the methods employed. we here propose a novel procedure for sleep deprivation in rats and evaluate how it affects sleep, corticosterone concentration profiles, locomotor ...	2011	21262261
effects on sleep and dopamine levels of microdialysis perfusion of cannabidiol into the lateral hypothalamus of rats.	the major non-psychoactive component of cannabis sativa, cannabidiol (cbd), displays a plethora of actions including wakefulness. in the present study, we addressed whether perfusing cbd via microdialysis into lateral hypothalamus (lh) during the lights-on period would modify the sleep-wake cycle of rats as well as the contents of dopamine (da) collected from nucleus accumbens (acbc). additionally, we tested whether perfusion of cbd into lh would block the sleep rebound after a sleep deprivation ...	2011	21262236
l-dopa activates histaminergic neurons.	l-dopa is the most effective treatment of early and advanced stages of parkinson's disease (pd), but its chronic use leads to loss of efficiency and dyskinesia. this is delayed by lower dosage at early stages, made possible by additional treatment with histamine antagonists. we present here evidence that histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus (tmn) neurons, involved in the control of wakefulness, are excited under l-dopa (ec50 15 μm), express dopa decarboxylase and show dopamine immunoreactivity. ...	2011	21242252
dynamics of sleep-wake cyclicity at night across the human lifespan.	studies in adult mammals (rats, cats, mice, and humans) have revealed a surprising regularity in the duration of sleep and wake bouts. in particular, wake bout durations exhibit a power-law distribution whereas sleep bout durations exhibit an exponential distribution. moreover, in rodents, sleep bouts exhibit an exponential distribution at all ages examined, whereas wake bout durations exhibit exponential distributions early in ontogeny with a clear power-law emerging only at the older ages. thu ...	2010	21212828
methods for neural ensemble recordings	electrical activity is essential for neuronal communication. over the years, in vivo multielectrode recordings have revealed that the electrical activities of individual neurons are not independent of each other. instead, neurons tend to fire in a coordinated way within a given neural network. when measured as the electroencephalogram (eeg) or local field potential (lfp) signals, this neural coordination results in complex oscillatory activity patterns, which reflect synchronous synaptic potenti ...	2008	21204450
cortical evoked responses associated with arousal from sleep.	to determine if low-level intermittent auditory stimuli have the potential to disrupt sleep during 24-h recordings, we assessed arousal occurrence to varying stimulus intensities. additionally, if stimulus-generated evoked response potential (erp) components provide a metric of underlying cortical state, then a particular erp structure may precede an arousal.	2011	21203374
[the method of monitoring sleep state and respiratory rhythm in freely moving rats].	to devise a new method for testing the animal model of sleep apnea syndrome (sas).	2004	21192433
rat hypocretin/orexin neurons are maintained in a depolarized state by trpc channels.	in a previous study we proposed that the depolarized state of the wake-promoting hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) neurons was independent of synaptic inputs as it persisted in tetrodotoxin and low calcium/high magnesium solutions. here we show first that these cells are hyperpolarized when external sodium is lowered, suggesting that non-selective cation channels (nsccs) could be involved. as canonical transient receptor channels (trpcs) are known to form nsccs, we looked for trpcs subunits using sin ...	2010	21179559
tail-pinch stress and rem sleep deprivation differentially affect sensorimotor gating function in modafinil-treated rats.	prepulse inhibition (ppi) is a phenomenon in which a mild stimulus attenuates a cross-modality startle response to later intense stimulation. ppi is thought to index the central inhibitory mechanism through which behavioural responses are filtered. the present study compared the effects of two stress paradigms on the acoustic startle response (asr) and on ppi in a rat model. the tail-pinch (tp) method produces an acute and immediate stressful condition, whereas rapid eye movement (rem) sleep dep ...	2010	21167213
activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the pedunculopontine tegmental cells is involved in the maintenance of sleep in rats.	considerable evidence suggests that receptor-mediated excitation and inhibition of brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental (ppt) neurons are critically involved in the regulation of sleep-wake states. however, the molecular mechanisms operating within the ppt-controlling sleep-wake states remain relatively unknown. this study was designed to examine sleep-wake state-associated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2) transduction changes in the ppt of freely moving rats. the results o ...	2011	21166678
effects of isoflurane anesthesia on post-anesthetic sleep-wake architectures in rats.	the sleep homeostatic response significantly affects the state of anesthesia. in addition, sleep recovery may occur during anesthesia, either via a natural sleep-like process to occur or via a direct restorative effect. little is known about the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on sleep homeostasis. we investigated whether 1) isoflurane anesthesia could provide a sleep-like process, and 2) the depth of anesthesia could differently affect the post-anesthesia sleep response. nine rats were treated ...	2010	21165327
sex differences in heart rate variability during sleep following prenatal nicotine exposure in rat pups.	the influence of both prenatal nicotine exposure (pne; 6 mg/kg/day) and sex on heart rate (hr) regulation during sleep versus wakefulness was evaluated in 13, 16 and 26 day old rat pups. pups were chronically instrumented at least 24 h before testing. on postnatal day 13 (p13), pne males spent significantly more time in nrem sleep and demonstrated a greater drop in hr when transitioning from quiet wake to sleep compared to age and sex matched controls (-14±5 bpm versus -1±3 bpm, respectively). h ...	2010	21163307
spike avalanches exhibit universal dynamics across the sleep-wake cycle.	scale-invariant neuronal avalanches have been observed in cell cultures and slices as well as anesthetized and awake brains, suggesting that the brain operates near criticality, i.e. within a narrow margin between avalanche propagation and extinction. in theory, criticality provides many desirable features for the behaving brain, optimizing computational capabilities, information transmission, sensitivity to sensory stimuli and size of memory repertoires. however, a thorough characterization of ...	2010	21152422
endogenous rhythm of absence epilepsy: relationship with general motor activity and sleep-wake states.	the rhythms of spontaneously occurring seizures (spike-wave discharges, swd) and motor activity, as well as the relationship between swd and sleep-wake states were investigated in the wag/rij rat model of absence epilepsy. in order to establish whether swd are controlled by external (zeitgebers) or by endogenous factors such as circadian influences or the state of vigilance, the study was performed in entrained and constant dim light conditions. eeg and motor activity were recorded in the 12:12 ...	2010	21146957
in a rat model of night work, activity during the normal resting phase produces desynchrony in the hypothalamus.	internal synchrony among external cycles and internal oscillators allows adaptation of physiology to cyclic demands for homeostasis. night work and shift work lead to a disrupted phase relationship between external time cues and internal rhythms, also losing internal coherence among oscillations. this process results in internal desynchrony (id) in which behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic variables cycle out of phase. it is still not clear whether id originates at a peripheral or at a central l ...	2010	21135158
hypocretin-1 (orexin a) prevents the effects of hypoxia/hypercapnia and enhances the gabaergic pathway from the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus.	hypocretins (orexins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that play a crucial role in regulating sleep/wake states and autonomic functions including parasympathetic cardiac activity. we have recently demonstrated stimulation of the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (lpgi), the nucleus which is thought to play a role in rapid eye movement (rem) sleep control, activates an inhibitory pathway to preganglionic cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (na). in this study we test the hypothesis that ...	2010	21134420
single administration of metyrapone modifies sleep-wake patterns in the rat.	metyrapone is a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor largely used to study glucocorticoid involvement in stress and memory processes. metyrapone also acts as a stressor and therefore might modify sleep/wake patterns. however, its effects on rat sleep are unknown. we equipped 8 rats for telemetric assessment of eeg and emg. they received first a saline injection and 2days later a 150mg/kg metyrapone injection. metyrapone provoked immediately a waking effect together with a 3-h decrease in slow-wave ...	2010	21114995
a comparative analysis shows morphofunctional differences between the rat and mouse melanin-concentrating hormone systems.	sub-populations of neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) are characterized by distinct projection patterns, birthdates and cart/nk3 expression in rat. evidence for such sub-populations has not been reported in other species. however, given that genetically engineered mouse lines are now commonly used as experimental models, a better characterization of the anatomy and morphofunctionnal organization of mch system in this species is then necessary. combining multiple immunohistoche ...	2010	21103352
motor unit recruitment in human genioglossus muscle in response to hypercapnia.	single motor unit recordings of the genioglossus (gg) muscle indicate that gg motor units have a variety of discharge patterns, including units that have higher discharge rates during inspiration (inspiratory phasic and inspiratory tonic), or expiration (expiratory phasic and expiratory tonic), or do not modify their rate with respiration (tonic). previous studies have shown that an increase in gg muscle activity is a consequence of increased activity in inspiratory units. however, there are dif ...	2010	21102995
rats hippocampal field potentials feature extraction of wake and sleep stages in euclidean space.	this paper presents a new methodology of feature extraction of sleep and wake stages of a freely behaving rat based on continuous wavelet transform (cwt). the automatic separation of those stages is very useful for experiments related to learning and memory consolidation since recent scientific evidence indicates that sleep is strongly involved with offline reprocessing of acquired information during waking. our approach transforms hippocampal local field potentials (lfp) in data vectors that de ...	2010	21097284