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polymorphism and peptide-binding specificities of porcine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules.the swine lymphocyte antigen class i (sla i) is a highly polymorphic gene superfamily that plays an important role in swine anti-viral immune responses. however, an understanding of the highly variable sites and peptide-binding specificities of sla i molecule is limited. in this study, a total of 27 sla i alleles were identified from 3 tibetan wild boars and 3 heishan pigs. the phylogenetic relationship between the tibetan wild boar and other breeds was analyzed using bioinformatics methods, and ...201728751109
antibodies to various zoonotic pathogens detected in feral swine (sus scrofa) at abattoirs in texas, usa.the zoonotic risk posed to employees by slaughtering feral swine (sus scrofa) at two abattoirs in texas was assessed by testing feral swine serum samples for exposure to influenza a virus, leptospira, trichinella spiralis, and toxoplasma gondii. blood was collected from a total of 376 feral swine between the two facilities during six separate collection periods in 2015. antibodies to one or more serovars of leptospira were identified in 48.9% of feral swine tested, with bratislava and pomona as ...201728686494
host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals.the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ...201728636590
survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (sus scrofa) from guam, marianna islands, usa.pigs (sus scrofa) were introduced to guam in the 1600's and are now present in high densities throughout the island. wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. the close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent oppo ...201728622856
sus scrofa mir-204 and mir-4331 negatively regulate swine h1n1/2009 influenza a virus replication by targeting viral ha and ns, respectively.the prevalence of swine pandemic h1n1/2009 influenza a virus (siv-h1n1/2009) in pigs has the potential to generate novel reassortant viruses, posing a great threat to human health. cellular micrornas (mirnas) have been proven as promising small molecules for regulating influenza a virus replication by directly targeting viral genomic rna. in this study, we predicted potential sus scrofa (ssc-, swine) mirnas targeting the genomic rna of siv-h1n1/2009 by regrna 2.0, and identified ssc-mir-204 and ...201728368362
influenza a virus infection in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax).serum samples were collected from 385 wild boars between 2010 and 2013 to examine the seroprevalence of influenza a virus (iav) in japan. antibodies against iav were identified using a commercial kit in 13 wild boars (3.4%). to identify the serotypes, positive sera were examined by virus-neutralization test using representative serotypes and strains. three wild boars in yamaguchi and four in tochigi showed the highest antibody titers against the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus and classical swine h1n1 ...201728321029
global mammal parasite database version 2.0.illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one of the most pressing issues facing modern science, and is critical for basic science, the global economy, and human health. extremely important to this effort are data on the disease-causing organisms of wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and fungi). here we present an updated version of the global mammal parasite database, a database of the parasites of wild ungulates (artioda ...201728273333
new polymorphism of the influenza virus resistance mx1 gene in iberian domestic pigs.mx1 (myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, interferon-inducible protein p78) gene has been implicated in the resistance to a wide range of rna viruses including influenza a in several species such as sus scrofa. in the present study a 28-bp deletion in exon 14 of the mx1 gene has been identified in iberian domestic pigs but not in other domestic breeds neither in wild boars. the mutation produces a frameshift giving a protein with 6 amino acid substitutions and the extension of the c-termina ...027774491
serological survey of avian influenza virus infection in non-avian wildlife in xinjiang, china.we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against avian influenza virus (aiv) in gazella subgutturosa, canis lupus, capreolus pygargus, sus scrofa, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, ovis ammon, bos grunniens and pseudois nayaur in xinjiang, china. two hundred forty-six sera collected from 2009 to 2013 were assayed for antibodies against h5, h7 and h9 aivs using hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests and a pan-influenza competitive elisa. across all tested wildlife species, 4.47 % harbored ...201626733295
a serosurvey for selected pathogens in greek european wild boar.serum samples, collected from 94 european wild boar (sus scrofa) during the hunting seasons 2006 -2010 from different regions of greece, were examined in order to estimate the role of these wildlife species as reservoir of pathogens important for livestock and/or public health.201526392908
multiplex serology for common viral infections in feral pigs (sus scrofa) in hawaii between 2007 and 2010.multiplex serology was performed for the detection of total immunoglobulin (ig) and igm antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and swine influenza virus (siv) antigens in feral swine (sus scrofa). serum samples were collected from the islands of oahu (292 pigs) and hawaii (52 pigs) between 2007 and 2010. the highest antibody prevalence was to pcv2 (63%), followed by siv (7.8%) and prrsv (5.8%). antigen-specific igm was de ...201525380357
severity of bovine tuberculosis is associated with co-infection with common pathogens in wild boar.co-infections with parasites or viruses drive tuberculosis dynamics in humans, but little is known about their effects in other non-human hosts. this work aims to investigate the relationship between mycobacterium bovis infection and other pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa), a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in mediterranean ecosystems. for this purpose, it has been assessed whether contacts with common concomitant pathogens are associated with the development of severe btb le ...201425350002
serological evidence for influenza virus infection in korean wild boars.serum samples from 1,011 wild boars hunted in 2012 were collected for serological surveillance for 4 subtypes (pandemic a (h1n1) 2009 and classical h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2) of swine influenza virus (siv). samples from 12 of the boars were identified as positive for siv (pandemic a (h1n1) 2009, n=9; classical h1n1, n=2; and h1n2, n=1) by a hemagglutination inhibition test (hi test) and a nucleoprotein (np)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (np-elisa). although the overall seroprevalence of siv ...201425298239
genomic analysis of influenza a virus from captive wild boars in brazil reveals a human-like h1n2 influenza virus.influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. in brazil, h1n1, h3n2 and 2009 pandemic h1n1 a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza a viruses (iav) circulate in domestic swine herds. wild boars are also susceptible to iav infection but in brazil until this moment there are no reports of iav infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. herein the occurrence of iav in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. ...201424238665
epidemiological survey of swine influenza a virus in the wild boar population of two italian provinces.an epidemiological survey was carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of the role of wild boars in the epidemiology of the influenza virus.201324224815
prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed european wild boar.the aim of this study was to estimate in farmed european wild boars the prevalence of and risk factors associated with a range of common porcine viral and bacterial infections, namely, porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv), coronavirus causing transmissible gastroenteritis (tgev), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), m ...201222516920
[serological detection of emerging viral infections in wild boars from different hunting regions of southern germany].wild boars represent a possible virus reservoir for notifiable diseases of farm animals, including aujeszky's disease (ad) and classical swine fever (csf). monitoring of the epidemiological situation in the wild boar population is especially relevant in countries that are officially free from these diseases. apart from oie-notifiable diseases, other viral agents that are widely distributed and play a significant role in farm animals, such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viru ...201222331288
contemporary epidemiology of north american lineage triple reassortant influenza a viruses in pigs.the 2009 pandemic h1n1 infection in humans has been one of the greatest concerns for public health in recent years. however, influenza in pigs is a zoonotic viral disease well-known to virologists for almost one century with the classical h1n1 subtype the only responsible agent for swine influenza in the united states for many decades. swine influenza was first recognized clinically in pigs in the midwestern u.s. in 1918 and since that time it has remained important to the swine industry through ...201222266673
complicated secondary pneumonia after swine-origin influenza a virus infection in an immunocompetent patient.the pandemic of the swine-origin influenza a virus (s-oiv) in 2009 demonstrated severe viral pneumonia followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). although ards would be caused by the influenza virus pneumonia itself, it has remained unclear whether other respiratory viral or bacterial infections coexist with s-oiv pneumonia. we report an immunocompetent patient with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and herpes simplex virus (hsv) pneumonia secondary to s-oiv infec ...201222251837
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
clinical characteristics of 2009 pandemic influenza a (h1n1) infection in children and the performance of rapid antigen test.in autumn 2009, the swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) virus spread throughout south korea. the aims of this study were to determine the clinical characteristics of children infected by the 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus, and to compare the rapid antigen and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tests.201122232622
evaluation of three commercially available influenza a type-specific blocking-elisa assays for seroepidemiological studies of influenza a virus infection in pigs.the reverse zoonotic transmission of the pandemic h1n1 2009 virus to swine necessitates enhanced surveillance of swine for influenza virus infection. using a well characterized panel of naturally infected swine sera we evaluate and optimize the performance of three commercially available competitive elisa assays, idexx® influenza a ab test, idexx® ai multis-screen ab test and idvet id screen® influenza a antibody competition elisa kit for detecting influenza type a reactive antibodies in swine. ...201222219314
Study of influenza A virus in wild boars living in a major duck wintering site.Wild birds, which are reservoirs of influenza viruses, are believed to be the original source of new influenza viruses-including highly pathogenic ones-that can be transmitted to domestic animals as well as humans and represent a potential epizootic and/or pandemic threat. Despite increasing knowledge on influenza A virus dynamics in wild birds, the viral circulation in wild boars remains largely unknown. This is of particular interest since pigs can be infected with both human and avian viruses ...201122197763
vaccination of influenza a virus decreases transmission rates in pigs.abstract: limited information is available on the transmission and spread of influenza virus in pig populations with differing immune statuses. in this study we assessed differences in transmission patterns and quantified the spread of a triple reassortant h1n1 influenza virus in naive and vaccinated pig populations by estimating the reproduction ratio (r) of infection (i.e. the number of secondary infections caused by an infectious individual) using a deterministic susceptible-infectious-recove ...201122185601
A scoring system for predicting results of influenza rapid test in children: A possible model facing overwhelming pandemic infection.BACKGROUND: The pandemic novel influenza H1N1 (swine) influenza A virus (H1N1v) infection has caused large-scale community infection in Taiwan. Anxiety developed in the general public and physicians faced a huge challenge in many aspects. We conducted this prospective study to develop a scoring system based on the clinical manifestations for predicting the results of influenza rapid testing, as a surrogate of influenza rapid testing, to lower the anxiety and decrease the burden for the test. MET ...201122177368
infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells by influenza virus: differential susceptibility to infection by porcine and avian viruses.swine are important hosts for influenza a viruses playing a crucial role in the epidemiology and interspecies transmission of these viruses. respiratory epithelial cells are the primary target cells for influenza viruses.201122174804
swine to human transmission of reassortants of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and endemic swine influenza viruses: abstract.to gain insight into the possible origin of a new reassortant influenza a virus between pandemic (h1n1) 2009 and endemic swine viruses that has jumped the species barrier and caused a few infections among humans in indiana and pennsylvania recently, we analyzed all full genome sequences related to this virus and report its evolutionary history, but failed to determine how the virus had emerged simultaneously in two geographically distinct areas.201122158699
novel anti-viral characteristics of nanosized copper(i) iodide particles showing inactivation activity against 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus.we investigated the anti-viral activity of nanosized copper(i) iodide (cui) particles having an average size of 160 nm. cui particles showed aqueous stability and generated hydroxyl radicals, which were probably derived from monovalent copper (cu(+)). we confirmed that cui particles showed anti-viral activity against an influenza virus a of swine origin (pandemic (h1n1) 2009) on plaque titration assay. virus titer decreased in a dose-dependent manner upon incubation with cui particles, with the ...201122156433
efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids.currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. the objective of this study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as a method of surveillance based on pcr testing. approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), influenza a virus (iav), and torq ...201122154249
[Genetical features of influenza virus A (H1N1) strain that caused the 2009 pandemic].Genetical features of the A(H1N1) influenza virus strain that caused the 2009 pandemic are analyzed in the review. Mutations typical for this strain, unique and similar to influenza viruses of swine, avian and seasonal types, and phenotypic (pathologic) features associated with them, that are experimentally confirmed, are described. A possibility of reassortation of avian and swine influenza viruses and possible epidemiologic consequences are discussed.201122145362
Limited Human-to-Human Transmission of Novel Influenza A (H3N2) Virus - Iowa, November 2011.On November 20, 2011, CDC confirmed three cases of swine-origin triple reassortant influenza A (H3N2) (S-OtrH3N2) virus infection in children in two counties in Iowa. None of the children were hospitalized, and each has recovered from a mild episode of febrile respiratory illness. All three were in contact with one another, and none had a known recent exposure to swine. No additional human infections with this virus have been detected in Iowa, and no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmis ...201122129996
Severe influenza A (H1N1): the course of imaging findings.An outbreak of respiratory illness caused by a novel swine-origin influenza virus (influenza A/H1N1 2009) that began in Mexico was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in June 2009. The pandemic affected many countries, including Israel.201122097226
[analysis of clinical manifestations of hospitalized children infected with seasonal influenza a virus and 2009 novel influenza a (h1n1) virus in beijing].the novel influenza a (h1n1) virus firstly detected in april 2009 in mexico rapidly spread to many countries including the united states and canada where humans were infected with the h1n1 virus and deaths were reported. the pandemic virus strain had never been detected in specimen of human beings and swine. it was so highly contagious and widely spread that threatened life of humans globally. this study aimed to analyze clinical data of hospitalized children patients with 2009 novel h1n1 influe ...201122088186
the 2009 influenza pandemic: promising lessons for antiviral therapy for future outbreaks.the influenza a virus is the main circulating influenza virus in the human population. it can cause disease also in birds and other mammals and is responsible for annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. the most known and deadly pandemic was the "spanish flu" (influenza type a/h1n1), which struck the human population between 1918 and 1919, with probably the heaviest toll ever recorded in terms of human lives. the most recent flu pandemic, caused in 2009 by the swine-origin reassortant virus ( ...201122087838
Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990-2010.Swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been recognized as important pathogens for pigs and occasional human infections with swine origin influenza viruses (SOIV) have been reported. Between1990 and 2010, a total of twenty seven human cases of SOIV infections have been identified in the United States. Six viruses isolated from1990 to 1995 were recognized as classical SOIV (cSOIV) A(H1N1). After 1998, twenty-one SOIV recovered from human cases were characterized as triple reassortant (tr_SOIV) inherit ...201222078166
Reassortment Networks and the evolution of pandemic H1N1 swine-origin influenza.Prior research developed Reassortment Networks to reconstruct the evolution of segmented viruses under both reassortment and mutation. We report their application to the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 virus (S-OIV). A database of all influenza A viruses, for which complete genome sequences were available in Genbank by October 2009, was created and dynamic programming was used to compute distances between all corresponding segments. A reassortment network was created to obtain the minimum cost evolut ...201222076498
novel swine influenza a/h1n1 and the phase six pandemic.the family orthomyxoviridae consists of influenza a virus which is negative sense single stranded virus. the genome of the virus is segmented and possesses a peculiar trait of genetic reassortment. the influenza virus on its envelop consists of the antigenic glycoprotein like haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the changes in those glycoprotein components due to antigenic shift and antigenic drift leads to the development of new strain of influenza a viruses. now the novel swine influenz ...201022049835
necrotizing bronchiolitis in influenza a of swine origin (h1n1). 201122045749
clinical presentations of pandemic 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus infection in hospitalized thai children.a novel influenza a (h1n1) virus of swine origin caused human infection and acute respiratory illness in mexico during the spring of 2009. after that, the virus spread globally, resulting in the influenza pandemic.201122043762
improved method for the isolation and sub-typing of avian influenza viruses from oropharyngeal samples of ducks.waterfowl are the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (aivs), from which the virus can spread to other species including humans, poultry, and swine. for the surveillance of aiv in their natural reservoir, most laboratories initially screen the samples using real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction because of its high speed and sensitivity. thereafter, virus isolation is used to isolate viruses from positive samples. although many studies point to the need of testing bo ...201122017043
emergence of a new swine h3n2 and pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza a virus reassortant in two canadian animal populations, mink and swine.a swine h3n2 (swh3n2) and pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (ph1n1) influenza a virus reassortant (swh3n2/ph1n1) was detected in canadian swine at the end of 2010. simultaneously, a similar virus was also detected in canadian mink based on partial viral genome sequencing. the origin of the new swh3n2/ph1n1 viral genes was related to the north american swh3n2 triple-reassortant cluster iv (for hemagglutinin [ha] and neuraminidase [na] genes) and to ph1n1 for all the other genes (m, np, ns, pb1, pb2, and pa). ...201122012020
swine flu--an epidemiological review. 200922010480
the first identified case of pandemic h1n1 influenza in pigs in australia.a 300-sow farrow-to-finish herd in new south wales was infected with influenza pandemic (h1n1) 2009 (h1n1/09) virus in july 2009 and became the first recorded case of influenza in pigs in australia. the outbreak resulted from human-to-pig transmission. clinical signs in affected pigs were mild compared with overseas reports of 'classical' swine influenza virus and included coughing and decreased appetite in a small proportion of non-lactating breeding stock, weaners, growers and finishers. a dia ...201122008120
poct test for swine flu. 201122000851
Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the H1N1 pandemic amongst healthcare providers, and preparedness in a multispeciality teaching hospital in north India.To assess the preparedness of a multispeciality teaching hospital in India in tackling the swine flu pandemic.201122000753
genetic characterization of h1n2 influenza a virus isolated from sick pigs in southern china in 2010.in china h3n2 and h1n1 swine influenza viruses have been circulating for many years. in january 2010, before swine were infected with foot and mouth disease in guangdong, some pigs have shown flu-like symptoms: cough, sneeze, runny nose and fever. we collected the nasopharyngeal swab of all sick pigs as much as possible. one subtype h1n2 influenza viruses were isolated from the pig population. the complete genome of one isolate, designated a/swine/guangdong/1/2010(h1n2), was sequenced and compar ...201121995516
Emergence of mammalian species-infectious and -pathogenic avian influenza H6N5 virus with no evidence of adaptation.The migratory waterfowl of the world are considered to be the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Of the 16 hemagglutinin subtypes of avian influenza viruses, the H6 subtype is commonly perpetuated in its natural hosts and is of concern due to its potential to be a precursor of highly pathogenic influenza viruses by reassortment. During routine influenza surveillance, we isolated an unconventional H6N5 subtype of avian influenza virus. Experimental infection of mice revealed that this isol ...201121994462
reassortant h9n2 influenza viruses containing h5n1-like pb1 genes isolated from black-billed magpies in southern china.h9n2 influenza a viruses have become endemic in different types of terrestrial poultry and wild birds in asia, and are occasionally transmitted to humans and pigs. to evaluate the role of black-billed magpies (pica pica) in the evolution of influenza a virus, we conducted two epidemic surveys on avian influenza viruses in wild black-billed magpies in guangxi, china in 2005 and characterized three isolated black-billed magpie h9n2 viruses (bbm viruses). phylogenetic analysis indicated that three ...201121980538
Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of swine influenza H9N2 subtype virus A/swine/HeBei/012/2008/(H9N2).The H9N2 subtype influenza virus (IV) is a remarkable member of the influenza A viruses because it can infect not only chickens, ducks and pigs, but also humans. Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. To further understand the genetic characteristics and evolution, we investigated the source and molecular characteristic ...201121978155
[the proliferation of h1n1 subtype influenza viruses in a549 and beas-2b cells].analyze the proliferation of different host h1n1 subtype influenza viruses in a549 and beas-2b cells.201121977593
Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1).Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can support gas exchange in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but its role has remained controversial. ECMO was used to treat patients with ARDS during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic.201121976615
critically ill patients with h1n1 influenza a undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.the most common cause of death due to the h1n1 subtype of influenza a virus (swine flu) in the 2009 to 2010 epidemic was severe acute respiratory failure that persisted despite advanced mechanical ventilation strategies. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) was used as a salvage therapy for patients refractory to traditional treatment. at legacy emanuel hospital, portland, oregon, the epidemic resulted in a critical care staffing crisis. among the 15 patients with h1n1 influenza a treated ...201121965390
interaction of porcine conventional dendritic cells with swine influenza virus.swine influenza virus (swiv) causes sub-acute or acute respiratory infections on swine farms and pigs can act as "mixing vessels" for new influenza strains. knowledge of the immune response of swiv in its natural host, pigs, is very limited. dendritic cells (dcs) mediate the induction of immunity to pathogens, but their interaction with swiv has not been fully characterized. thus, porcine bone marrow derived dcs (pobmdcs) were exposed to a circulating strain of h3n2 swiv in vitro. infection of p ...201121962444
avian-type receptor-binding ability can increase influenza virus pathogenicity in macaques.the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was caused by novel h1n1 viruses that emerged in early 2009. an asp-to-gly change at position 222 of the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin (ha) correlates with more-severe infections in humans. the amino acid at position 222 of ha contributes to receptor-binding specificity with asp (typically found in human influenza viruses) and gly (typically found in avian and classic h1n1 swine influenza viruses), conferring binding to human- and avian-t ...201121937653
representations of swine flu: perspectives from a malaysian pig farm.novel influenza viruses are seen, internationally, as posing considerable health challenges, but public responses to such viruses are often rooted in cultural representations of disease and risk. however, little research has been conducted in locations associated with the origin of a pandemic. we examined representations and risk perceptions associated with swine flu amongst 120 malaysian pig farmers. thirty-seven per cent of respondents felt at particular risk of infection, two-thirds were some ...201121936262
confirmed swine-origin influenza a(h1n1) viral pneumonia: computed tomographic findings in the immunocompetent and the immunocompromised.this study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the computed ltomographic (ct) appearance of cases of swine-origin influenza a(h1n1) viral infection (s-oiv) in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients confirmed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and to determine whether the timing of ct relative to the onset of symptoms affected the overall imaging appearance.201121926856
the dba.2 mouse is susceptible to disease following infection with a broad, but limited, range of influenza a and b viruses.we assessed the relative susceptibilities to disease of the dba.2 and c57bl/6 mouse models upon infection with a range of influenza a and b viruses. dba.2 mice were more susceptible to disease upon inoculation with human h1n1 influenza a virus strains, several swine influenza viruses, and influenza b viruses but were not overtly susceptible to infection with human seasonal h3n2 strains. hemagglutination inhibition and immunoglobulin isotype profiling indicated that dba.2 and c57bl/6 mice generat ...201121917963
a pre-pandemic outbreak of triple-reassortant swine influenza virus infection among university students, south dakota, 2008.after identifying a student with triple-reassortant swine influenza virus (siv) infection and pig exposure at a livestock event, we investigated whether others were infected and if human-to-human transmission occurred.201121917888
post-pandemic seroprevalence of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 infection (swine flu) among children <18 years in germany.we determined antibodies to the pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 virus in children to assess: the incidence of (h1n1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season in germany, the proportion of subclinical infections and to compare titers in vaccinated and infected children.201121915270
single-step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of the 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus pandemic in thai swine populations.a recently emerged h1n1 influenza a virus (pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1)) with a swine influenza virus (siv) genetic background spread globally from human-to-human causing the first influenza virus pandemic of the 21st century. in a short period, reverse zoonotic cases in pigs followed by a widespread of the virus in the pig population were documented. the implementation of effective control strategies, rapid diagnosis, and differentiation of such virus from endemically circulating siv in the various sw ...201121908367
development of diva (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines utilizing heterologous na and ns1 protein strategies for the control of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza in turkeys.since 2003, triple reassortant (tr) swine h3n2 influenza viruses containing gene segments from human, avian, and swine origins have been detected in the u.s. turkey populations. the initial outbreak that occurred involved birds that were vaccinated with the currently available h3 swine- and avian-origin influenza vaccines. antigenically, all turkey swine-lineage tr h3n2 isolates are closely related to each other but show little or no antigenic cross-reactivity with the avian origin or swine orig ...201121907751
distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza a virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs.pigs are considered susceptible to influenza a virus infections from different host origins because earlier studies have shown that they have receptors for both avian (sialic acid-alpha-2,3-terminal saccharides (sa-alpha-2,3)) and swine/human (sa-alpha-2,6) influenza viruses in the upper respiratory tract. furthermore, experimental and natural infections in pigs have been reported with influenza a virus from avian and human sources.201121902821
swine-origin influenza a (h3n2) virus infection in two children--indiana and pennsylvania, july-august 2011.influenza a viruses are endemic in many animal species, including humans, swine, and wild birds, and sporadic cases of transmission of influenza a viruses between humans and animals do occur, including human infections with avian-origin influenza a viruses (i.e., h5n1 and h7n7) and swine-origin influenza a viruses (i.e., h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2). genetic analysis can distinguish animal origin influenza viruses from the seasonal human influenza viruses that circulate widely and cause annual epidemic ...201121900876
2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus causes disease and upregulation of genes related to inflammatory and immune responses, cell death, and lipid metabolism in pigs.there exists limited information about whether adaptation is needed for cross-species transmission of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1). here, we compare the pathogenesis of two ph1n1 viruses, one derived from a human patient (a/ca/04/09 [ca09]) and the other from swine (a/swine/alberta/25/2009 [alb09]), with that of the 1918-like classical swine influenza virus (a/swine/iowa/1930 [ia30]) in the pig model. both ph1n1 isolates induced clinical symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, dec ...201121900171
Crystal structure of swine major histocompatibility complex class I SLA-1 0401 and identification of 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza A H1N1 virus cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptides.The presentation of viral epitopes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) is crucial for swine immunity. To illustrate the structural basis of swine CTL epitope presentation, the first SLA crystal structures, SLA-1 0401, complexed with peptides derived from either 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV(NW9); NSDTVGWSW) or Ebola virus (Ebola(AY9); ATAAATEAY) were determined in this study. The overall peptide-SLA-1 0401 structures res ...201121900158
[NP gene of pandemic H1N1 virus attenuates virulence of mouse-adapted human influenza virus].The authors studied a possible role of the caspase cleavage motif located in the nucleoprotein (NP) of pandemic influenza virus H1N1 in the regulation of viral virulence properties. A reverse genetics method was used to obtain chimeric seasonal-like mouse-adapted influenza virus hvA/PE/8/34 (H1N10) carrying either the NP gene of wild type pandemic virus with incomplete caspase motif ETGC or mutated pandemic NP with natural caspase cleavage site of human type ETDG. The wild-type NP gene of the pa ...201121899063
[High-yield reassortant virus containing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of pandemic influenza A/Moscowl/01/2009 (H1N1) virus].The crossing of influenza A/Moscow/01/2009 (H1N1) virus and reassortant strain X31 (H3N2) containing the genes of internal and non-structural proteins of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain gave rise to reassortant virus ReM8. The reassortant contained hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of pandemic 2009 influenza virus and 6 genes of high-yield A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain. The reassortant ReM8 produced higher yields in the embryonated chicken eggs than the parent pandemic virus, a ...201121899062
tissue tropism of swine influenza viruses and reassortants in ex vivo cultures of the human respiratory tract and conjunctiva.the 2009 pandemic influenza h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus was generated by reassortment of swine influenza viruses of different lineages. this was the first influenza pandemic to emerge in over 4 decades and the first to occur after the realization that influenza pandemics arise from influenza viruses of animals. in order to understand the biological determinants of pandemic emergence, it is relevant to compare the tropism of different lineages of swine influenza viruses and reassortants derived from the ...201121880750
h5n1 whole-virus vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies in humans which are protective in a mouse passive transfer model.vero cell culture-derived whole-virus h5n1 vaccines have been extensively tested in clinical trials and consistently demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic; however, clinical efficacy is difficult to evaluate in the absence of wide-spread human disease. a lethal mouse model has been utilized which allows investigation of the protective efficacy of active vaccination or passive transfer of vaccine induced sera following lethal h5n1 challenge.201121876771
guillain-barré syndrome and h1n1 (2009) pandemic influenza vaccination using an as03 adjuvanted vaccine in the united kingdom: self-controlled case series.in 1976 a swine influenza vaccine was associated with an increased risk of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). although subsequent studies did not find an increased risk of gbs following seasonal influenza vaccine, there was concern that the monovalent h1n1 vaccines developed against the swine influenza pandemic of 2009 might increase the risk of gbs. in the uk a split-virion as03 oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine (pandemrix™) was predominantly used. to determine whether the risk of gbs increased after ...201121875631
Use of plethysmography in assessing the efficacy of antivirals in a mouse model of pandemic influenza A virus.The recently emerged swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) caused a pandemic outbreak in 2009 with higher risk of severe disease among children and pregnant women in their third trimester (Van Kerkhove et al., 2011), and is continuing to be important seasonal IAV strain. Mice are commonly used in antiviral studies as models of influenza disease, which utilize morbidity and mortality to assess the efficacy of a test compound. Here, we investigated the utility of unrestrained plethysomography ...201121867731
pandemic novel 2009 h1n1 influenza: what have we learned?in march 2009, cases of influenza-like illness in mexico caused by a novel h1n1 virus containing genes from swine, avian, and human influenza strains were reported. within several weeks, 2009 h1n1 disseminated rapidly and was the predominant influenza strain globally. on june 11, 2009, the world health organization declared that criteria for an influenza pandemic had been met. concern that this pandemic would rival the 1918 pandemic was high. fortunately, that was not the case. influenza-related ...201121858744
Phylodynamics and molecular evolution of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes in Taiwan between 1979 and 2009.Many studies concentrate on variation in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) because of its significance in host immune response, the evolution of this virus is even more complex when other genome segments are considered. Recently, it was found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in immunity against influenza and most CTL epitopes of human influenza viruses were remarkably conserved. The NP gene has evolved independently in human and avian hosts after 1918 flu pandemic and ...201121858124
pandemic influenza a (h1n1): knowledge among senior health workers at a secondary health care institution in southwest, nigeria.this study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge of influenza a (h1n1) infection among health care workers in a secondary health care facility in osogbo, southwest nigeria.201121857846
antiviral activity of the mek-inhibitor u0126 against pandemic h1n1v and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vitro and in vivo.the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic swine influenza a virus is a good example of how this viral infection can impact health systems around the world in a very short time. the continuous zoonotic circulation and reassortment potential of influenza a viruses (iav) in nature represents an enormous public health threat to humans. beside vaccination antivirals are needed to efficiently control spreading of the disease. in the present work we investigated whether the mek inhibitor u0126, targeting ...201121854809
Outbreak of swine influenza in Argentina reveals a non-contemporary human H3N2 virus highly transmissible among pigs.Sporadic outbreaks of human H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine populations have been reported in Asia, Europe and North America since 1970. In South America, serological surveys in pigs indicate that IAVs of the H3 and H1 subtypes are currently in circulation; however, neither virus isolation nor characterization has been reported. In November 2008, an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs consistent with swine influenza virus (SIV) infection was detected in Argentina. The curren ...201121849519
novel reassortment of eurasian avian-like and pandemic/2009 influenza viruses in swine: infectious potential for humans.pigs are considered to be intermediate hosts and "mixing vessels," facilitating the genesis of pandemic influenza viruses, as demonstrated by the emergence of the 2009 h1n1 pandemic (pdm/09) virus. the prevalence and repeated introduction of the pdm/09 virus into pigs raises the possibility of generating novel swine influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. to address this, an active influenza surveillance program was conducted with slaughtered pigs in abattoirs in southern china. o ...201121849442
return of inactivated whole-virus vaccine for superior efficacy.the swine, influenza, h1n1 outbreak in 2009 highlighted the inadequacy of the currently used antibody-based vaccine strategies as a preventive measure for combating influenza pandemics. the ultimate goal for successful control of newly arising influenza outbreaks is to design a single-shot vaccine that will provide long-lasting immunity against all strains of influenza a virus. a large amount of data from animal studies has indicated that the cross-reactive cytotoxic t (tc) cell response against ...201121844883
hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance confers respiratory-droplet transmissibility of the pandemic h1n1 influenza virus in ferrets.a novel reassortant derived from north american triple-reassortant (trsw) and eurasian swine (easw) influenza viruses acquired sustained human-to-human transmissibility and caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. to identify molecular determinants that allowed efficient transmission of the pandemic h1n1 virus among humans, we evaluated the direct-contact and respiratory-droplet transmissibility in ferrets of representative swine influenza viruses of different lineages obtained through a 13-y surveil ...201121825167
detecting transmission and reassortment events for influenza a viruses with genotype profile method.abstract: evolutionary events of transmission and reassortment for influenza a viruses were traditionally detected by phylogenetic analysis for influenza viruses' eight gene segments. because the phylogenetic analysis can be complex, we developed genotype profile method which packaged the phylogenetic algorithms to analyze combination patterns of gene segments and integrated epidemiology knowledge. with the method, the analysis of reassortment and transmission becomes a simple and reliable proce ...201121824442
characterization of influenza a outbreaks in minnesota swine herds and measures taken to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission.influenza a virus infections commonly cause respiratory disease in swine and can be transmitted between people and pigs, with potentially novel strains introduced into herds and spilling back into the human population. the goals of this study were to characterize influenza infections in minnesota pigs and assess biosecurity measures used by swine workers. veterinarians submitting influenza-positive swine samples to the university of minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory between october 2007 ...201121824375
a/h1n1/pdm09 virus: dynamics of infection in pigs and people. 201121821686
Transcription analysis on response of swine lung to H1N1 swine influenza virus.ABSTRACT:201121819625
the 2009 pandemic a/wenshan/01/2009 h1n1 induces apoptotic cell death in human airway epithelial cells.in 2009, a novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza virus emerged in mexico and quickly spread to other countries, including china. this 2009 pandemic h1n1 can cause human respiratory disease, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. here, we studied the infection and pathogenesis of a new 2009 pandemic strain, a/wenshan/01/2009 h1n1, in china in human airway epithelial cell lines compared with contemporary seasonal h1n1 influenza virus. our results showed that viral infection by the a/wenshan h ...201121816972
follow-up after acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by influenza a (h1n1) virus infection.there are no reports on the long-term follow-up of patients with swine-origin influenza a virus infection that progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome.201121808854
putative amino acid determinants of the emergence of the 2009 influenza a (h1n1) virus in the human population.the emergence of the unique h1n1 influenza a virus in 2009 resulted in a pandemic that has spread to over 200 countries. the constellation of molecular factors leading to the emergence of this strain is still unclear. using a computational approach, we identified molecular determinants that may discriminate the hemagglutinin protein of the 2009 human pandemic h1n1 (ph1n1) strain from that of other h1n1 strains. as expected, positions discriminating the ph1n1 from seasonal human strains were loca ...201121808039
an equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) vectored h1 vaccine protects against challenge with swine-origin influenza virus h1n1.in 2009, a novel swine-origin h1n1 influenza a virus (s-oiv), antigenically and genetically divergent from seasonal h1n1, caused a flu pandemic in humans. development of an effective vaccine to limit transmission of s-oiv in animal reservoir hosts and from reservoir hosts to humans and animals is necessary. in the present study, we constructed and evaluated a vectored vaccine expressing the h1 hemagglutinin of a recent s-oiv isolate using equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) as the delivery vehicle. exp ...201121803510
a computational-experimental approach identifies mutations that enhance surface expression of an oseltamivir-resistant influenza neuraminidase.the his274[formula: see text]tyr (h274y) oseltamivir (tamiflu) resistance mutation causes a substantial decrease in the total levels of surface-expressed neuraminidase protein and activity in early isolates of human seasonal h1n1 influenza, and in the swine-origin pandemic h1n1. in seasonal h1n1, h274y only became widespread after the occurrence of secondary mutations that counteracted this decrease. h274y is currently rare in pandemic h1n1, and it remains unclear whether secondary mutations exi ...201121799795
reassortment events among swine influenza a viruses in china: implications for the origin of the 2009 influenza pandemic.that pigs may play a pivotal role in the emergence of pandemic influenza was indicated by the recent h1n1/2009 human pandemic, likely being caused by a reassortant between viruses of the american triple-reassortant (tr) and eurasian avian-like (ea) swine influenza lineages. as china has the largest human and pig populations in the world and is the only place where both tr and ea viruses have been reported to co-circulate, china is potentially the source of the h1n1/2009 pandemic virus. to examin ...201121795347
who takes precautionary action in the face of the new h1n1 influenza? prediction of who collects a free hand sanitizer using a health behavior model.in order to fight the spread of the novel h1n1 influenza, health authorities worldwide called for a change in hygiene behavior. within a longitudinal study, we examined who collected a free bottle of hand sanitizer towards the end of the first swine flu pandemic wave in december 2009.201121789224
community knowledge, risk perception, and preparedness for the 2009 influenza a/h1n1 pandemic.: to examine public knowledge, perceptions, and preparedness for the 2009 influenza a/h1n1 pandemic.201121788781
[aprotinin-induced inhibition of pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1) reproduction].infectivity of pandemic influenza virus a(h1n1) infectivity is shown to be activated through proteolytic cleavage of hemagglutinin ha0 --> ha1 + ha2 during virus propagation in the human intestinal cell line caco-2 and chicken embryonated eggs. injection of aprotinin, a natural serine protease inhibitor, into the liquid culture or allantoic cavity of chicken embryos inhibited the proteolysis of the viral ha0 and suppressed the proteolytic activation of the synthesized virus and its multicycle re ...201121786623
[etiotropic therapy of influenza: lessons from the last pandemic].analysis of the experience gained during the last pandemic of 'swine' influenza a (h1n1) sw1 is presented with reference to clinical studies and etiotropic therapy. the mechanism of development of severe pneumonia as a result of mutations at the binding site of hemagglutinin receptor enhancing a2'-3'-sialoside specificity and pneumotropism of the virus is described. the data on the efficiency of ingavirin, a new russian antiviral for the treatment of influenza, are reported.201121786595
sensitivity of oral fluids for detecting influenza a virus in populations of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs.please cite this paper as: romagosa et al. (2011) sensitivity of oral fluids for detecting influenza a virus in populations of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs. influenza and other respiratory viruses. background/objective we evaluated the sensitivity of pcr on oral fluids in detecting influenza virus in vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs. methods three-week-old influenza-free pigs were divided into three groups: (i) control, non-vaccinated, (ii) vaccinated with a commercial, heterologous va ...201121777397
a novel monoclonal antibody effective against lethal challenge with swine-lineage and 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza viruses in mice.the ha protein of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 viruses (h1n1pdm) is antigenically closely related to the ha of classical north american swine h1n1 influenza viruses (ch1n1). since 1998, through mutation and reassortment of ha genes from human h3n2 and h1n1 influenza viruses, swine influenza strains are undergoing substantial antigenic drift and shift. in this report we describe the development of a novel monoclonal antibody (s-oiv-3b2) that shows high hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and neutralizatio ...201121774955
evolutionary dynamics of influenza a nucleoprotein (np) lineages revealed by large-scale sequence analyses.influenza a viral nucleoprotein (np) plays a critical role in virus replication and host adaptation, however, the underlying molecular evolutionary dynamics of np lineages are less well-understood. in this study, large-scale analyses of 5094 np nucleotide sequences revealed eight distinct evolutionary lineages, including three host-specific lineages (human, classical swine and equine), two cross-host lineages (eurasian avian-like swine and swine-origin human pandemic h1n1 2009) and three geograp ...201121763464
response to the 2009 pandemic: effect on influenza control in wealthy and poor countries.the declaration by the world health organization (who) that appearance of a swine-origin novel influenza virus in 2009 represented a pandemic was based on previously adopted guidelines and the new international health regulations. severity of the pandemic was not part of the definition used, but it was stated to be less than severe at the time of declaration. it was necessary, when there was still uncertainty about the overall impact of the pandemic, for vaccine production to begin to have timel ...201121763381
a monoclonal antibody-based elisa for differential diagnosis of 2009 pandemic h1n1. 201121761586
during the summer 2009 outbreak of "swine flu" in scotland what respiratory pathogens were diagnosed as h1n1/2009?abstract:201121752259
cardiac conduction system affection in a case of swine flu.we present a case of swine flu presenting as bilateral pneumonia with involvement of cardiac conduction system in the form of increased pr interval and sinus bradycardia during the initial course of disease process. to the best of our knowledge, affection of conducting system in a case of swine flu has not been reported in the literature so far.201121751667
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