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prevalence of eimeria species in domestic chickens in anhui province, china.prevalence studies can adequately assist in the design of prophylaxis strategies for disease control. here, the prevalence of eimeria species in chickens was investigated in anhui province, china, from july to september 2016. a total of 171 samples were tested by microscopic examination and molecular methods. the prevalence of coccidiosis in anhui province was found to be 87.75% (150/171). eimeria tenella was the most prevalent species (80.67%, 121/150), and eimeria necatrix, eimeria mitis, eime ...201729114135
experimental toxoplasma gondii and eimeria tenella co-infection in chickens.the widespread apicomplexan parasites toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) and eimeria tenella (e. tenella) are important pathogens with high prevalence in poultry. the aim of our study was the investigation of mutual influences in co-infected chickens, focusing on immune response and course of infection. two separate trials were performed using in total 96 1-day-old chickens, divided into four study groups: group nc (negative control, uninfected), group pc-t (oral or intramuscular infection with t. go ...201728983740
oocyst shedding patterns of three eimeria species in chickens and shedding pattern variation depending on the storage period of eimeria tenella oocysts.various species of eimeria have different prepatent times and predilection sites, but their life cycles in infected poultry are similar. practically speaking, chickens can be continuously exposed to various eimeria species through environmental contamination. furthermore, storage condition of the oocysts influences subsequent challenge infectivity, since coccidian oocysts contain a polysaccharide energy source known as amylopectin that is required for sporulation of oocysts and survival of the s ...201728967300
anticoccidial effects of artemisia annua ethanolic extract: prevention, simultaneous challenge-medication, and treatment.the effect of artemisia annua ethanolic extract (ae) as a potential source of herbal anticoccidial activity was investigated on experimental coccidiosis in chicken. one hundred ninety-two one-day-old chicks were divided in to 8 groups (n = 24) including ae prevention group, ae-treated group, simultaneously challenged ae-medicated group, challenged-untreated group (positive control), unchallenged-untreated group (negative control), salinomycine prevention group, salinomycine-treated group, and si ...201728766151
identification of common immunodominant antigens of eimeria tenella, eimeria acervulina and eimeria maxima by immunoproteomic analysis.clinical chicken coccidiosis is mostly caused by simultaneous infection of several eimeria species, and host immunity against eimeria is species-specific. it is urgent to identify common immunodominant antigen of eimeria for developing multivalent anticoccidial vaccines. in this study, sporozoite proteins of eimeria tenella, eimeria acervulina and eimeria maxima were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de). western bot analysis was performed on the yielded 2de gel using antisera of e. ...201728432276
seasonal prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in desi fowl (gallus gallus domesticus) in and around gannavaram, andhra pradesh.a study was carried out to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in desi fowl in and nearby villages of gannavaram, andhra pradesh for a period of 1 year. screening of 492 samples comprising faecal samples and gastrointestinal tracts from freshly slaughtered desi birds at local poultry shops and samples from post mortem examinations at ntr college of veterinary science, gannavaram revealed 63.21 % of gastrointestinal parasites. faecal samples were examined by floatation technique usi ...201627605762
the mrna expression of amino acid and sugar transporters, aminopeptidase, as well as the di- and tri-peptide transporter pept1 in the intestines of eimeria infected broiler chickens.coccidiosis in chickens is caused by infection of gut epithelial cells with protozoan parasites of the genus eimeria this disease causes losses to the poultry industry since infected birds fail to gain weight as rapidly as non-infected birds and efficiency of feed conversion is compromised. for the present study the effect of eimeria on expression of components of amino acid and sugar uptake mechanisms was determined. broiler chicks were infected with eimeria maxima, which infects the jejunum; e ...201727591271
prevalence of histopathological intestinal lesions and enteric pathogens in dutch commercial broilers with time.intestinal disease has a major impact on the broiler industry due to economic and welfare reasons. intestinal disease might occur due to a large number of reasons varying from well-defined pathogens to non-specific enteritis and complex syndromes. however, knowledge about the nature of intestinal disease and presence of enteric viruses in the dutch broiler industry is largely absent. therefore, a large-scale field study, in which 98 broiler flocks from 86 farms were sampled weekly, was started t ...201727557362
identification of eimeria acervulina conoid antigen using chicken monoclonal antibody.in the poultry industry, eimeria spp. is one of the important pathogens which cause significant economic losses. we have previously generated a chicken monoclonal antibody (mab), 6d-12-g10, with specificity for an antigen located in the apical cytoskeleton of eimeria acervulina and with cross-reactive among apicomplexan parasites, including other eimeria spp., toxoplasma, neospora, and cryptosporidium spp. furthermore, the protein of cryptosporidium parvum recognized by the 6d-12-g10 has been id ...201627384177
cryptic eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern hemisphere.the phylum apicomplexa includes parasites of medical, zoonotic and veterinary significance. understanding the global distribution and genetic diversity of these protozoa is of fundamental importance for efficient, robust and long-lasting methods of control. eimeria spp. cause intestinal coccidiosis in all major livestock animals and are the most important parasites of domestic chickens in terms of both economic impact and animal welfare. despite having significant negative impacts on the efficie ...201627368611
evaluation of ionophore sensitivity of eimeria acervulina and eimeria maxima isolated from the algerian to jijel province poultry farms.the present study represents the first description of ionophore resistance in recovered from commercial algerian (jijel-algeria) broiler farms. microscopy and intervening transcribed sequence 1 pcr (its1 pcr) revealed only 2 eimeria species present in litter from these farms- namely eimeria acervulina and eimeria maxima. a pool of these isolates were evaluated in broiler chickens (cobb 500) for sensitivity to 5 anticoccidial compounds-diclazuril (1ppm), lasalocid (125ppm), monensin (125ppm), nar ...201627270394
activation of epithelial proliferation induced by eimeria acervulina infection in the duodenum may be associated with cholesterol metabolism.cell proliferation in the intestine is commonly occurred during infection and inflammation to replace damaged enterocytes, and cholesterol as an essential constituent of cell membrane, is required for cell proliferation and growth. here we found that coccidium-challenged (cc) chickens showed severe damages in intestinal structure, a significant increase of cell proliferation, and an activation of genes expression involved in the innate immune response. compared to control (con), cc chickens show ...201627050279
the molecular characterization and immunity identification of microneme 3 of eimeria acervulina.the gene of eimeria acervulina microneme protein 3 (eamic3) was cloned and characterized. according to the conserved sequence, the 3'- and 5'-ends of eamic3 were amplified by the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race). the full length cdna of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription pcr. the sequence analysis revealed that the opening reading frame (orf) of eamic3 was 2,607 bp and encoded a protein of 868 amino acid ...201627037629
detection of proteins and nucleic acids of newcastle disease virus in eimeria acervulina.ten-day-old specific pathogen free (spf) chickens were inoculated simultaneously with eimeria acervulina and newcastle disease virus (ndv). by employing immunofluorescent staining and in situ hybridization techniques, we detected ndv proteins and nucleic acids in different life stages of e. acervulina. however, no ndv particle was found within e. acervulina by electron microscopy. oocysts from e. acervulina that contained ndv proteins and nucleic acids could elicit antibodies against ndv after r ...199926911597
the molecular characterization and immune protection of microneme 2 of eimeria acervulina.eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) is an intestinal protozoon and few of its antigen genes were researched. in this study, the gene of e. acervulina microneme protein 2 (eamic2) was cloned and characterized. the degenerate primers for the conserved sequence of microneme protein 2 were designed based on eimeria tenella microneme 2 (etmic2) (af111839.1), eimeria maxima microneme 2 (emmic2) (fr718971.1) and e. brunetti microneme 2 (ebmic2) (ab723700.1) to amplify the conserved sequence of microneme ...201626790744
expression and identification of the adf-linker-3-1e gene of eimeria acervulina of chicken.coccidiosis is a widely distributed disease with higher mortality and morbidity, which is caused by several species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus eimeria and recognized as a serious challenge for the poultry industry. this research was conducted to construct the recombinant plasmid pet32a(+)-adf-linker-3-1e of eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) of the chicken and test the bioactivity of the adf-linker-3-1e protein. the adf-linker-3-1e gene of e. acervulina of the chicken was clon ...201626767375
effects of artemisinin in broiler chickens challenged with eimeria acervulina, e. maxima and e. tenella in battery trials.four experiments were conceived in order to test the efficacy of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone derived from artemisia annua, in single experimental infection of broiler chickens with eimeria acervulina (1 × 10(5) oocysts), eimeria maxima (5 × 10(4) oocysts) or eimeria tenella (1 × 10(4) oocysts), and mixed infection with all 3 species (3.2 × 10(4) eimeria spp. oocysts). for each experiment, three different dosages of artemisinin (5, 50 and 500 ppm) were compared with a negative control (u ...201526518641
proteomic analysis of eimeria acervulina sporozoite proteins interaction with duodenal epithelial cells by shotgun lc-ms/ms.although it has been known for many years that eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) initiates infection by invading the duodenal epithelial cells of chicken, the key protein molecules and the mechanisms of the parasite in invading are unknow. in this study, we found that 85 proteins of e. acervulina could bind with the chicken duodenal epithelial cells from eimeria protein database. among them, sixteen were identified only in eimeria spp. correlation with invasion and evasion and 69 proteins were ...201526439303
chimeric dna vaccines encoding eimeria acervulina macrophage migration inhibitory factor (e.mif) induce partial protection against experimental eimeria infection.chimeric dna vaccines co-expressing eimeria acervulina macrophage migration inhibitory factor (e.mif) and chicken il-2 (il-2) or interferon-γ (ifn-γ) were constructed and their efficacies against e. acervulina were evaluated. the open reading frame (orf) of e.mif was cloned from e. acervulina merozoites and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pvax1 with chicken cytokine gene ifn-γ or il-2 to construct the dna vaccines pvax-e.mif-ifn-γ, pvax-e.mif-il-2 and pvax-e.mif. the in vivo tran ...201526204190
induction of protective immunity against eimeria tenella, eimeria necatrix, eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina infections using multivalent epitope dna vaccines.avian coccidiosis is mostly caused by mixed infection of several eimeria species under natural conditions and immunity to avian coccidiosis is largely dependent on t-cell immune response. in this study, 14 t-cell epitope fragments from eight antigens of eimeria tenella (e. tenella), eimeria necatrix (e. necatrix), eimeria maxima (e. maxima) and eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) were ligated with pvax1 producing 14 monovalent dna vaccines, respectively. protective immunity of the monovalent dna ...201525921712
expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in eimeria-challenged broilers.avian coccidiosis is a disease caused by the intestinal protozoa eimeria. the site of invasion and lesions in the intestine is species-specific, for example e. acervulina affects the duodenum, e. maxima the jejunum, and e. tenella the ceca. lesions in the intestinal mucosa cause reduced feed efficiency and body weight gain. the growth reduction may be due to changes in expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the intestine. the objective of this study was to compare the expre ...201525617757
identification and molecular characterization of microneme 5 of eimeria acervulina.in the present study, the microneme 5 gene of eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) (eamic5) was cloned and characterized. specific primers for the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) were designed based on the expressed sequence tag (est, genbank accession no. eh386430.1) to amplify the 3'- and 5'-ends of eamic5. the full length cdna of this gene was obtained by overlapping the sequences of 3'- and 5'-extremities and amplification by reverse transcription pcr. sequence analysis revealed that t ...201425531898
biological characteristics of chinese precocious strain of eimeria acervulina and its immune efficacy against different field strains.in this study, the biologic characteristics of one experimental precocious strain of eimeria acervulina and seven field isolates from different geographic locations in china were compared, and the immune efficacy of two precocious strains against coccidiosis in chickens was assessed to explore their potential use as coccidiosis vaccines. all the different strains were purified by single oocyst separation and their monospecificity was confirmed using e acervulina-specific pcr assays. the average ...201425518429
comparative evaluation of probiotic and salinomycin effects on performance and coccidiosis control in broiler chickens.the annual financial loss to the poultry industry as a result of coccidiosis has been estimated at about us $3 billion. the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of probiotics and salinomycin as feed additives on performance and coccidiosis control in male broilers raised to 42 d of age. the study consisted of 360 cobb male broiler chickens randomly allocated to 4 groups each with 3 replicates. group 1: untreated, unchallenged negative control group (nc); group 2: untre ...201425332136
identification and characterization of a cathepsin-l-like peptidase in eimeria tenella.avian coccidiosis, caused by eimeria spp., is one of the major parasitic diseases in birds. cysteine protease is a major virulence factor in parasitic protozoa, and it may be a suitable chemotherapeutic target and vaccine candidate molecule. a 100 amino acid (aa.) partial sequence of cathepsin l, which is a cysteine protease, was reported by katrib et al. (ac. no. cdj41293) (2012). a 219 aa. sequence was reported by reid et al. (ac. no. afv92863) (2013). however, the open reading frame (orf) was ...201425248513
effects of probiotics and application methods on performance and response of broiler chickens to an eimeria challenge.coccidiosis is an inherent risk in the commercial broiler industry and inflicts devastating economic losses to poultry operations. probiotics may provide a potential alternative to the prophylactic use of anticoccidials in commercial production. this study evaluated the effects of probiotic applications (feed and water) on bird performance and resistance to a mixed eimeria infection in commercial broilers. on day of hatch, 1,008 commercial male broilers (cobb 500) were assigned to 1 of 6 treatme ...201425214558
effects of functional oils on coccidiosis and apparent metabolizable energy in broiler chickens.the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a mixture of functional oils (essential, oligo basics agroind. ltda) on performance response of chickens challenged with coccidiosis and the determination of apparent metabolizable energy (ame), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (amen), the coefficients of protein and ether extract digestibility and intestinal morphology of broilers fed with diets containing essential. in exp. 1, a completely randomized design (c ...201425050040
protective efficacy in chickens of recombinant plasmid pet32a(+)-adf-3-1e of eimeria acervulina.this experiment was conducted to study the protective efficacy of recombinant plasmid pet32a(+)-adf-3-1e in coccidian-infected breeding chickens. the 7-day-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups: a recombinant plasmid pet32a(+)-adf-3-1e group, a pet32a(+)-adf group, a pet32a(+)-3-1e group, a control group, and an infection control group. the chickens were immunized intramuscularly with recombinant plasmid dna in a dose of 200 μg, respectively, and a booster vaccination was given at ...201424908433
absorption and deposition of xanthophylls in broilers challenged with three dosages of eimeria acervulina oocysts.1. an experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different doses of oocysts of eimeria acervulina on intestinal absorption and skin deposition of xanthophylls (xas) in broilers. 2. a total of 192 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 groups: an uninfected control group and three groups inoculated with either 1 × 10(2), 1 × 10(4) or 1 × 10(5) sporulated oocysts of e. acervulina by gavaging at 21 d. there were 4 replicate pens (2 male and 2 female) per group. 3. plasma xanthophyll (p ...201424720798
necrotic enteritis in chickens: development of a straightforward disease model system.the interaction between eimeria species and clostridium perfringens was investigated in two different necrotic enteritis (ne) models: 120-day-old broilers were used in two separate experiments consisting of six groups (n=10) each. besides controls, chickens were infected with coccidia on study day (sd) 18 (eimeria maxima and eimeria acervulina (experiment 1) or eimeria tenella and eimeria brunetti (experiment 2) and/or a netb toxin positive c perfringens strain (both experiments: sd 14 or sd 22, ...201424714053
comparison of the anticoccidial effect of granulated extract of artemisia sieberi with monensin in experimental coccidiosis in broiler chickens.coccidiosis is the most important parasitic disease of the poultry production industry. due to increasing resistance to conventional anticoccidial agents, it is necessary to find new anticoccidial compounds. herbal compounds such as those from artemisia species are promising weapons in this regard since preliminary studies have shown its anticoccidial effects. to compare the anticoccidial effect of a granulated extract of artemisia sieberi (geas) versus monensin in experimental broiler coccidios ...201424703975
the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to assess the impact of eimeria infections in broiler chicks.a number of parameters have been used to assess the impact ofcoccidiosis on chickens in clinical settings as well as in experimental studies. however, a rapid way to determine body composition would be useful to evaluate or compare responses to coccidia and could give further insight into the metabolic impact of infection. the current study evaluates the use of dual x-ray absorptiometry (dexa) to determine the impact of coccidiosis on body composition in chicks receiving inoculations with single ...201324689174
immunization with recombinant 3-1e protein in abisco®-300 adjuvant induced protective immunity against eimeria acervulina infection in chickens.immunostimulating complexes (iscoms), a kind of novel antigen presenting system, could enhance immune protection by antigen presentation. abisco®-300 comprising purified saponin, cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline is an effective iscom adjuvant. to evaluate the immune protection of recombinant 3-1e protein against eimeria acervulina infection, chickens were immunized with recombinant 3-1e protein in combination with abisco®-300 or recombinant 3-1e protein alone in this study. the protective im ...201424675417
assessment of probiotics supplementation via feed or water on the growth performance, intestinal morphology and microflora of chickens after experimental infection with eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima and eimeria tenella.in this study, the effect of probiotic supplementation via drinking water or feed on the performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with sporulated oocysts of eimeria acervulina (5 × 10(4)), eimeria maxima and eimeria tenella (2 × 10(4) each one) at 14 days of age was evaluated. two hundred and forty 1-day-old ross 308 male chicks were separated into eight equal groups with three replicates. two of the groups, one infected with mixed eimeria oocysts and the other not, were given a b ...201424601749
sericea lespedeza has no anticoccidial effect when included in the diet of chickens infected with three species of eimeria.anticoccidial effects of sericea lespedeza (sl) included in the diet at different levels were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with sporulated oocysts of either eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima or eimeria tenella. a series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sl upon the ability of the parasites to multiply in the intestine, and the effect on bodyweight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion following infection. chicks infected with a low dose of oocysts (500 ...201424594212
detection of four important eimeria species by multiplex pcr in a single assay.the oocysts of some of the recognized species of chicken coccidiosis are difficult to distinguish morphologically. diagnostic laboratories are increasingly utilizing dna-based technologies for the specific identification of eimeria species. this study reports a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay based on internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) for the simultaneous diagnosis of the eimeria tenella, eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, and eimeria necatrix species, which infect domestic ...201424495953
protecting chickens against coccidiosis in floor pens by administering eimeria oocysts using gel beads or spray vaccination.control of avian coccidiosis is increasingly being achieved by the administration of low doses of eimeria oocysts to newly hatched chicks. the purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of gel beads containing a mixture of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, and eimeria tenella oocysts as a vaccine to protect broilers raised in contact with litter. newly hatched chicks were either sprayed with an aqueous suspension of eimeria oocysts or were allowed to ingest feed containing eimeria oocysts- ...201324283127
genetic variability of resistance to eimeria acervulina and e. tenella in chickens.the genetic variability of 18 sire families of the athens-canadian randombred population infected with coccidiosis was assessed by examining the response variables of weight gain, packed red blood cell volume, mortality and coccidial lesions. a significant gain and pcv depression and high lesion scores for eimeria tenella and e. acervulina were produced in the infected group compared to the noninfected group. significant variation among the sire families was observed for all of the response vari ...198424257728
construction of novel cytokine by fusion of chicken il-2 signal peptide to mature chicken il-15 and comparison of the adjuvant effects by dna immunization against eimeria challenge.a novel fusion cytokine was constructed by replacing signal peptide (sp) of chicken il-15 (chil-15) with sp of chicken il-2 (chil-2). the fusion cytokine (nchil-15) was cloned into the expression vector pcdna3.1(+) to generate pcdna-nchil-15. an animal experiment was carried out to evaluate the adjuvant effects of nchil-15 on dna vaccine pcdna-3-1e against eimeria acervulina challenge. the mrna profiles of chil-2 and chifn-γ in spleen were characterized by means of real-time pcr. the recombinant ...201324139475
elongation factor-1α is a novel protein associated with host cell invasion and a potential protective antigen of cryptosporidium parvum.the phylum apicomplexa comprises obligate intracellular parasites that infect vertebrates. all invasive forms of apicomplexa possess an apical complex, a unique assembly of organelles localized to the anterior end of the cell and involved in host cell invasion. previously, we generated a chicken monoclonal antibody (mab), 6d-12-g10, with specificity for an antigen located in the apical cytoskeleton of eimeria acervulina sporozoites. this antigen was highly conserved among apicomplexan parasites, ...201324085304
anticoccidial effects of a novel triazine nitromezuril in broiler chickens.the anticoccidial efficacy of 2-(3-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2h,4h)-dione (nitromezuril, nzl), a novel triazine compound, was evaluated in three different studies under experimental conditions. the anticoccidial efficacy was chiefly evaluated using the anticoccidial index (aci). the resistance level was determined by calculating aci, percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (poaa), reduction in lesion scores (rls) and relative oocyst production (rop). in the dose deter ...201324054948
immune effects of dietary anethole on eimeria acervulina infection.the effects of anethole on in vitro and in vivo parameters of chicken immunity during experimental avian coccidiosis were evaluated. anethole reduced the viability of invasive eimeria acervulina sporozoites after 2 or 4 h of treatment in vitro by 45 and 42%, respectively, and stimulated 6.0-fold greater chicken spleen cell proliferation compared with controls. broiler chickens continuously fed from hatch with an anethole-supplemented diet and orally challenged with live e. acervulina oocysts sho ...201324046409
differing susceptibilities of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, and eimeria tenella oocysts to desiccation.outbreaks of avian coccidiosis may occur when susceptible chickens are raised on litter containing viable eimeria oocysts. the purpose of this study was to compare the relative sensitivities of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, and eimeria tenella oocysts to dessication. sporulated e. acervulina, e. maxima, or e. tenella oocysts were incorporated into gelatin beads and incubated at 32 c for 0, 1, 2, or 3 days. in vitro oocyst excystation rates were measured for each combination of eimeria spec ...201323617755
macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) of the protozoan parasite eimeria influences the components of the immune system of its host, the chicken.macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) is a soluble factor produced by sensitized t lymphocytes that inhibits the random migration of macrophages. homologues of mif from invertebrates have been identified, making it an interesting molecule from a functional perspective. in the present study, the localization of a parasite mif protein as well as its effect on the host was characterized. western blot analysis shows that eimeria mif (emif) is found during all parasite developmental stages tes ...201323435923
the eimeria transcript db: an integrated resource for annotated transcripts of protozoan parasites of the genus eimeria.parasites of the genus eimeria infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including chickens. we have recently reported a comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima and eimeria tenella, integrating orestes data produced by our group and publicly available expressed sequence tags (ests). all cdna reads have been assembled, and the reconstructed transcripts have been submitted to a comprehensive functional annotation pipeline. additional studies included ortholo ...201323411718
biosafety of the plasmid pcdna3-1e of eimeria acervulina in chicken.to evaluate the biosafety of the plasmid pcdna3-1e of eimeria acervulina in chicken, two-week-old chickens were injected intramuscularly with the plasmid pcdna3-1e at dose of 50 μg/chicken. at the 15 days post-injection, the tissue samples were collected, the total dna was extracted, and the 3-1e gene was amplified by pcr. genomic dna was first purified away from free plasmid using gel electrophoresis, and then assayed for integrated plasmid using pcr amplification of the 3-1e gene. simultaneous ...201323247194
a modeller's perspective on infection dynamics within and between hosts.the goal of this case-series was to increase our understanding of some complex within and between-host infection dynamics through the creation of mathematical and computational models that are able to capture the existing host and/or parasite heterogeneity. this goal was reached through a series of research projects (regarding experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) in mice, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle, eimeria acervulina infection in chicken and h ...201223121091
identification and characterization of a cdna clone-encoding antigen of eimeria acervulina.eimeria spp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a major disease affecting the poultry industry. so far, only a few antigen genes of e. acervulina have been reported. in this study, a clone, named as csz-jn2, was identified from a cdna expression library prepared from e. acervulina sporozoite stage with the ability to stimulate the chicken immune response. the sequence analysis showed that the open reading fragment (orf) of csz-jn2 was 153 bp in size and encoded a predicted protein of 50 am ...201223036233
identification and molecular characterization of a novel antigen of eimeria acervulina.eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) is one of the seven species of eimeria infected in chicken. until now, only a few antigen genes of e. acervulina have been reported. in this study, a cdna expression library of e. acervulina sporozoites was constructed in a eukaryotic expression vector, pvax1.0. subsequently, the library was divided into pools and inoculated into chickens to observe the ability of the antigens to induce humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response. the positive poo ...201222995676
evaluation of novel adjuvant eimeria profilin complex on intestinal host immune responses against live e. acervulina challenge infection.the effects against avian coccidiosis of two novel adjuvants, quil a/cholesterol/dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide/carbopol (qcdc) and qcdc/bay r1005 (r)/cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (cpg) oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg odn [t]) (qcdcrt) emulsified with profilin, a conserved eimeria recombinant protein, were determined in broiler chickens. chickens were subcutaneously immunized with isotonic saline (control group), profilin (p), profilin emulsified with qcdc (p-q), or profilin with qcdcrt (p-qr) ...201222856201
gel-bead delivery of eimeria oocysts protects chickens against coccidiosis.vaccines composed of either virulent or attenuated eimeria spp. oocysts have been developed as an alternative to medication of feed with ionophore drugs or synthetic chemicals. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of gel-beads containing a mixture of eimeria acervulina, eimeria maxima, and eimeria tenella oocysts as a vaccine against coccidiosis. newly hatched chicks (gallus gallus domesticus) were either sprayed with an aqueous suspension of eimeria oocysts or were allowed to inges ...201222856186
induction of cellular immune response by dna vaccine coexpressing e. acervulina 3-1e gene and mature chil-15 gene.we previously reported that the chimeric dna vaccine pcdna-3-1e-linker-mchil-15, fused through linking eimeria acervulina 3-1e encoding gene and mature chicken il-15 (mchil-15) gene with four flexible amino acid spgs, could significantly offer protection against homologous challenge. in the present study, the induction of cellular immune response induced by the chimeric dna vaccine pcdna-3-1e-linker-mchil-15 was investigated. spleen lymphocyte subpopulations were characterized by flow cytometric ...201222754694
improved resistance to eimeria acervulina infection in chickens due to dietary supplementation with garlic metabolites.the effects of a compound including the secondary metabolites of garlic, propyl thiosulphinate (pts) and propyl thiosulphinate oxide (ptso), on the in vitro and in vivo parameters of chicken gut immunity during experimental eimeria acervulina infection were evaluated. in in vitro assays, the compound comprised of ptso (67 %) and pts (33 %) dose-dependently killed invasive e. acervulina sporozoites and stimulated higher spleen cell proliferation. broiler chickens continuously fed from hatch with ...201322717023
effects of novel vaccine/adjuvant complexes on the protective immunity against eimeria acervulina and transcriptome profiles.summary. this study investigated the ability of two novel adjuvant formulations, qcdc (quil a/cholesterol/dda/ carbopol) and qcdcr (qcdc/bay r1005), in combination with a recombinant profilin vaccine, to modulate host protective immunity and to alter gene expression during experimental avian coccidiosis. vaccination with profilin plus qcdcr significantly reduced the severity of intestinal lesions and increased mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in infected chickens compared with immunizati ...201222545534
adaptive response to eimeria acervulina in rearing hens is affected by suboptimal incubation temperature and heat exposure in later life.this study aimed to investigate whether suboptimal incubation (si) temperature in weeks 1 and 3 of layer embryo incubation affects their development and post-hatch adaptive capacity during infectious challenges, by using eimeria as a model infection under normal and immediately after more challenging environmental conditions of 72 h heat exposure. eggs (n = 160 per treatment) were incubated at optimal (oi = 37.8°c continuously) or suboptimal eggshell temperature (36.7°c, 37.8°c and 38.9°c in wee ...201222436161
induction of protective immunity against eimeria tenella, eimeria maxima, and eimeria acervulina infections using dendritic cell-derived exosomes.this study describes a novel immunization strategy against avian coccidiosis using exosomes derived from eimeria parasite antigen (ag)-loaded dendritic cells (dcs). chicken intestinal dcs were isolated and pulsed in vitro with a mixture of sporozoite-extracted ags from eimeria tenella, e. maxima, and e. acervulina, and the cell-derived exosomes were isolated. chickens were nonimmunized or immunized intramuscularly with exosomes and subsequently noninfected or coinfected with e. tenella, e. maxim ...201222354026
effects of dietary tannic acid and vaccination on the course of coccidiosis in experimentally challenged broiler chicken.an experiment was carried out to assess the influence of tannic acid (ta) on integrity of the intestine in broiler chicks vaccinated against coccidiosis and challenged with the disease. in a 2 × 2 factorial design, the trial had five groups of 10 chickens each, including positive (group 2) and negative (group 1) controls. the chickens were kept on wood shavings and fed a commercial maize and soybean-based starter-grower diet. from day 1, groups 3 and 5 received ta (10 g kg(-1)) in their diet. on ...201222277628
pathogenicity of eimeria praecox alone or associated with eimeria acervulina in experimentally infected broiler chickens.eimeria praecox and eimeria acervulina are two species of coccidia parasites infecting chickens, which develop in the duodenum. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of e. praecox and to study interactions of this coccidium with e. acervulina. the results showed that the pathogenicity of e. praecox was related to the infective dose, and that its impact on individual weight and weight gain was significant from the lowest administered dose: 5000 oocysts per bird. no morbidity ...201122226152
multi-epitope recombinant vaccine induces immunoprotection against mixed infection of eimeria spp.immunity to eimeria is species-specific, and chickens with immunity to one species of eimeria remain susceptible to other eimeria species. this presents a major challenge in the development of effective vaccines against multiple eimeria species. in this study, we cloned the antigenic epitope of a tachyzoite surface protein gene of eimeria tenella, a tachyzoite surface protein gene of eimeria acervulina and the gametocyte protein gene of eimeria maxima, and constructed prokaryotic and eukaryotic ...201122200955
comparative microarray analysis of intestinal lymphocytes following eimeria acervulina, e. maxima, or e. tenella infection in the chicken.relative expression levels of immune- and non-immune-related mrnas in chicken intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes experimentally infected with eimeria acervulina, e. maxima, or e. tenella were measured using a 10k cdna microarray. based on a cutoff of >2.0-fold differential expression compared with uninfected controls, relatively equal numbers of transcripts were altered by the three eimeria infections at 1, 2, and 3 days post-primary infection. by contrast, e. tenella elicited the greatest n ...201122140460
Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.The present paper reports the prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan to determine the occurrence of different species of Eimeria in the area and to assess their correlation with the environmental conditions including temperature, humidity and rainfall. The study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2010. Examination of chicken guts revealed 43.89% (n?=?3,283/7,480) prevalence of coccidiosis. The highest prevalence (27.04%) was recorded of ...201222102015
Evaluating the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde and Echinacea purpurea plant extract in broilers against Eimeria acervulina.Coccidiostats could be phased out as feed additives before 1 January 2013 for public health and food safety reasons, and, as a replacement, bioactive compounds found in plants are currently being investigated since they are more likely to be found acceptable by consumers. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and Echinacea purpurea plant extract (EP) as additives by analyzing the performance traits, oocyst excretion and intestinal lesions following experimental ...201121996002
effects of necrotic enteritis challenge on intestinal micro-architecture and mucin profile.1. this study investigated the effect of eimeria spp./clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis and traditional antibiotic preventatives on intestinal micro-architecture and mucin profile. 2. a total of 600 cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to the following three groups: (i) unchallenged, (ii) challenged, and (iii) zinc bacitracin/monensin (znb/monensin) (n = 25 chickens/pen, 8 pens/group). the challenged and znb/monensin chickens were individually inoculated with eimeria ...201121919578
montanideôäó ims 1313 n vg pr nanoparticle adjuvant enhances antigen-specific immune responses to profilin following mucosal vaccination against eimeria acervulina.this study investigated protection against eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) following vaccination of chickens with an eimeria recombinant profilin in conjunction with different adjuvants, or by changing the route of administration of the adjuvants. day-old broilers were immunized twice with profilin emulsified in montanideôäó ims 1313 n vg pr adjuvant (oral, nasal, or ocular routes), montanideôäó isa 71 vg adjuvant (subcutaneous route), or freund's adjuvant (subcutaneous route) and orally chal ...201121700391
analysis of global transcriptional responses of chicken following primary and secondary eimeria acervulina infections.characterization of host transcriptional responses during coccidia infections can provide new clues for the development of alternative disease control strategies against these complex protozoan pathogens.201121645291
mucosal immunity against eimeria acervulina infection in broiler chickens following oral immunization with profilin in montanide™ adjuvants.the present study was conducted to compare aqueous nanoparticle-based montanide™ ims 1313 n vg pr (ims 1313) and oil-based isa 71 vg (isa71) adjuvants in combination with an eimeria subunit protein vaccine on protection against avian coccidiosis. male broiler chicks were vaccinated twice with an eimeria recombinant profilin protein alone or in conjunction with ims 1313 or isa 71 prior to infection with live, sporulated eimeria acervulina oocysts. for comparison, chickens were immunized with a co ...201121627964
prevalence and risk factors for subclinical coccidiosis in broiler chicken farms in mazandaran province, iran.coccidiosis is a disease of almost universal importance in poultry production. the subclinical form of coccidiosis has most significant economic impact due to impaired growth rate and feed conversion. some factors such as: age, size of flock, season, etc., may effect on severity of this disease. in this study, the relationships between some major risk factors and prevalence of subclinical coccidiosis were investigated. this study was done in 120 broiler farms in five different cities of mazandar ...201121626064
prokaryotic expression and identification of 3-1e gene of merozoite surface antigen of eimeria acervulina.eimeria acervulina was isolated from chicken at hebei province, china. the gene of merozoite surface antigen 3-1e was amplified and cloned into pet28a(+) vector and then transformed into escherichia coli bl21 strain. results showed that 3-1e fusion protein band of about 22 kda was identified by sds-page. western blot analysis indicated that the recombinant protein specifically reacted with e. acervulina polyclonal antibody.201121499749
effect of corn distillers dried grains with solubles and eimeria acervulina infection on growth performance and the intestinal microbiota of young chicks.chicks were used to determine whether dietary corn distillers dried grains with solubles (ddgs) may prevent or ameliorate eimeria acervulina (ea) infection. the experiment had a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of 3 diets (inclusion of 0, 10, or 20% ddgs) × 2 challenge treatments: inoculation with distilled water or with 10(6) sporulated ea oocysts. each treatment was replicated with 8 pens of 5 chicks each. experimental diets were fed from 7 to 21 d of age. inoculation ...201121489939
zinc supplementation against eimeria acervulina-induced oxidative damage in broiler chickens.this study was undertaken to determine the dietary supplements of zn containing diet on the antioxidant status in chickens experimentally infected with eimeria acervulina. the antioxidant status was monitored via determination of mda concentrations and erythrocyte sod and cat activities, as well as vitamin e, vitamin c, cu, and zn in liver, muscle, and serum. the results showed increased mda (p < .05), cat (p < .001), and decreased sod (p < .001) in the infected birds. significant changes in cu ...201121461390
diagnosis of eimeria species using traditional and molecular methods in field studies.the objective of this study was to identify and characterize species of eimeria in broiler chickens using traditional morphological and pathological plus molecular (dna amplification) diagnostic methodologies. using a combination of those techniques it was possible to identify the presence of multiple circulating species in the flock as well as higher frequencies for some of them, especially eimeria praecox and eimeria maxima, which were identified in 100% of the flocks. the frequencies of the o ...201021167646
cross-reactivity of anti-eimeria tenella antibody fragments on merozoites and sporozoites of different chicken eimeria species.eimeria tenella-specific antibodies were examined for the cross-reactivity on the sporozoites and merozoites of e. tenella, eimeria maxima, eimeria acervulina and eimeria brunetti in an indirect fluorescence antibody test. two of nine antibodies showed cross-reactivity with sporozoites of e. maxima, e. acervulina and e. brunetti; however, the localization of specific fluorescence differed between species. no antibody binding was observed on merozoites. the suitability of these antibodies to alte ...201021107860
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of eimeria from turkeys and gamebirds: implications for evolutionary relationships in galliform birds.in order to determine the evolutionary relationships among eimeria species that parasitize birds of the galliformes, the 18s rdna gene and a portion of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox-1) were amplified from eimeria species isolated from turkeys, chukars, and pheasants. the phylogenetic analysis of these sequences suggests that species infecting chickens are polyphyletic and, therefore, do not all share a direct common ancestor. both the 18s rdna and the cox-1 sequences indicate that eimeri ...201020950106
plasmodium gallinaceum and subsequent eimeria acervulina infections in chickens are not synergistic.twenty-three years age, the first and only report of synergism between malarial and coccidial infections in chickens was published. in view of the potential commercial importance of this possible parasitic interaction in some parts of the world, and the lack of further supporting publications, this disease complex has now been reconsidered. an experiment on plasmodium gallinaceum and eimeria acervulina revealed no interaction of any kind between these species and a re-examination, with statistic ...198520821868
epidemiological studies of coccidiosis in the domesticated fowl (gallus gallus): iv. reciprocity between the immune status of floor-reared chickens and their excretion of oocysts.chickens reared in floorpens for 20 weeks and naturally infected with eimeria acervulina, e. tenella, e brunetti and e. maxima suffered outbreaks of coccidiosis, subsequently developing immunity to disease caused by each species. thereafter, fluctuations in immunity occurred, assessed by oocyst production following challenge, which did not produce clinical signs. these fluctuations where characterized by reciprocity between immunity to each species and the excretion of oocysts of the respective ...199520821864
effect of eimeria acervulina infection history on the immune response and transmission in broilers.heterogeneity in exposure to eimeria spp. of chickens in a flock will result in differences between individual birds in oocyst output and acquired immunity, which subsequently affects transmission of the parasite in the population. the aim of this study was to quantify effects of previous infection of broilers with eimeria acervulina on immune responses, oocyst output and transmission. a transmission experiment was carried out with pair-wise housed broilers, that differed in infection history. t ...201020800971
montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant enhances antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to profilin subunit antigen vaccination and promotes protection against eimeria acervulina and eimeria tenella.the present study was conducted to investigate the immunoenhancing effects of montanide™ isa 71 vg adjuvant on profilin subunit antigen vaccination. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with a purified eimeria acervulina recombinant profilin protein, either alone or mixed with isa 71 vg, and host immune responses were evaluated. after secondary immunization, antigen-specific antibody and t-cell responses were higher in the group which received profilin plus isa 71 vg compared with the ...201120728439
immune response of broiler chickens fed different levels of arginine and vitamin e to a coccidiosis vaccine and eimeria challenge.one-day-old broiler chicks (n = 300) were orally vaccinated (coccivac-b) and divided into 6 groups to evaluate arg at 3 levels of supplementation, 0, 0.3, or 0.6% [normal level (narg), medium level (marg), or high level (harg), respectively], and 2 levels of vitamin e (ve), 40 or 80 iu/kg of feed (ve40 or ve80, respectively), in a factorial experiment. birds were reared in floor pens with fresh pine shavings and provided a corn-soybean-based diet and water ad libitum. at d 14, all chickens were ...201020709971
vaccination of chickens with dna vaccine encoding eimeria acervulina 3-1e and chicken il-15 offers protection against homologous challenge.eimeria acervulina 3-1e antigen gene and mature chicken interleukin 15 (mchil-15) gene were cloned into expression vector pcdna3.1(+) in different forms, produced dna vaccine pcdna3.1-3-1e, and pcdna3.1-3-1e-linker-mchil-15 co-expressing e. acervulina 3-1e gene and mchil-15 gene, respectively. the expression of objective gene in vitro was detected by indirect fluorescent antibody technique and immunohistochemistry. the two dna vaccines were administered by intramuscular leg injection. an animal ...201120688059
changes of cytokines and igg antibody in chickens vaccinated with dna vaccines encoding eimeria acervulina lactate dehydrogenase.the aim of this study was to investigate the changes of cytokines and specific serum igg in chickens following vaccination with dna vaccines encoding either eimeria acervulina (e. acervulina) lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) antigen or ldh and chicken il-2 or ifn-γ. two-week-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups. experimental group of chickens were immunized with dna vaccines while control group of chickens were injected with pvax1 plasmid alone or sterile water. all immunizations were ...201020650568
the effects of a novel adjuvant complex/eimeria profilin vaccine on the intestinal host immune response against live e. acervulina challenge infection.the effects of a novel adjuvant composed of quil a, cholesterol, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, and carbopol (qcdc) on protective immunity against avian coccidiosis following immunization with an eimeria recombinant protein were determined. broiler chickens were subcutaneously immunized with isotonic saline (control), eimeria recombinant profilin alone, or profilin emulsified with qcdc at 1 and 7 days post-hatch, and orally challenged with live eimeria acervulina at 7 days following the ...201020637765
construction of dna vaccines encoding eimeria acervulina csz-2 with chicken il-2 and ifn-γ and their efficacy against poultry coccidiosis.the study describes vaccination experiments with highly immunogenic sporozoite e. acervulina csz-2 co-administered with chicken il-2 (chil-2) and interferon-γ (chifn-γ) to determine their efficacies against homologue challenge. the entire coding sequence of csz2, chil-2 and chifn-γ were cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pvax1, constructing dna vaccines pvax1-csz2, pvax1-chil-2, pvax1-chifn-γ, pvax1-csz2-chil-2 and pvax1-csz2-chifn-γ. the expression of target genes in vivo was detected by ...201120627271
observations on the gross pathology of eimeria praecox infections in chickens.challenge infections with 10(3), 5 x 10(4), 10(5), or 5 x 10(5) sporulated eimeria praecox oocysts caused moderate but significant weight gain reduction at all infective doses. substantial reduction in plasma carotenoids and moderate but significant increases in plasma no2(-) + no3- were observed only at the two higher doses when measured at day 6 postchallenge (pc). daily monitoring of chickens after challenge with 5 x 10(4) oocysts revealed an inflammatory response in the duodenum and jejunum ...201020608527
molecular prevalence and preponderance of eimeria spp. among chickens in tamil nadu, india.coccidosis is one of the most commonly prevalent and economically important parasitic diseases of poultry worldwide. chicken coccidia are protozoan parasites of the genus eimeria. this study aimed at analysing the molecular prevalence of seven species of eimeria infecting chickens in tamil nadu, india. tissue samples (caecum, rectum and upper and mid intestines) collected from chickens exhibiting symptoms of coccidiosis were used for dna extraction, followed by amplification of the internal tran ...201020607286
the dna-induced protective immunity with chicken interferon gamma against poultry coccidiosis.the immunogenicity of eimeria acervulina csz-2 and chicken interferon gamma was observed against eimeria tenella challenge. the chickens were randomly divided into six groups of 24 chicks each. three groups of chickens were injected with dna vaccines pvax1-csz2, pvax1-chifn-gamma and pvax1-csz2-chifn-gamma two times (at days 14 and 21) at a dose of 100 microg intramuscularly. three other groups were kept as control and injected with te buffer (10 mm tris-hcl ph 7.6 and 1 mm edta). one week follo ...201020574837
efficacy of dna vaccines carrying eimeria acervulina lactate dehydrogenase antigen gene against coccidiosis.the efficacies of dna vaccines encoding either eimeria acervulina lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) antigen or a combination of ldh antigen and chicken il-2 or ifn-gamma were evaluated against chicken coccidiosis. three vaccine plasmids pvax-ldh, pvax-ldh-ifn-gamma and pvax-ldh-il-2 were constructed using the eukaryotic expression vector pvax1. expressions of proteins encoded by plasmids dna in vivo were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and western blot assay. avera ...201020566413
metam sodium reduces viability and infectivity of eimeria oocysts.metam sodium (ms, sodium n-methyldithiocarbamate) is a widely used soil pesticide. fumigation or chemical sterilization of poultry litter containing infectious oocysts could be an effective strategy to block the transmission of avian coccidia. in the current study, the effect of ms on the viability and infectivity of ocysts was investigated. the development of isolated, unsporulated oocysts of both eimeria tenella and eimeria maxima was inhibited, in a dose-related manner (ic(50) 8 to 14 microg/ ...201020557209
immunoenhancing effects of montanide isa oil-based adjuvants on recombinant coccidia antigen vaccination against eimeria acervulina infection.the current study was conducted to investigate the immunoenhancing effects of montanide adjuvants on protein subunit vaccination against avian coccidiosis. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with a purified eimeria acervulina recombinant profilin protein, either alone or mixed with one of four adjuvants (isa 70 vg, isa 71 vg, isa 201 vg or isa 206 vg), and body weight gains, fecal oocyst shedding, and humoral and innate immune responses were evaluated following oral challenge infecti ...201020541870
morphologic changes in the intestine of broiler breeder pullets fed diets naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins with or without coccidial challenge.the effects of feeding diets containing grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins on intestinal histology were studied in chickens raised to 10 wk of age in the absence or presence of coccidial challenge. experimental diets included the following: controls, diets containing grains naturally contaminated with fusarium mycotoxins, and diets containing contaminated grains + 0.2% polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent. contaminated diets contained up to 3.8 microg/g deoxynivalenol (d ...201020408401
eimeria acervulina: the influence of inoculation dose on transmission between broiler chickens.the course and clinical appearance of an eimeria species infection in chicken flocks depend on the response of an individual bird to infection and on population-dynamics of the infection in the flock. differences in ingested numbers of oocysts may affect oocyst load in the flock and the subsequent infectious dose for not yet infected birds. to study the link between numbers of oocysts excreted by infected birds and transmission of eimeria acervulina, experiments were carried out with 42 pairs of ...201020146923
a recombinant dna vaccine encoding eimeria acervulina csz-2 induces immunity against experimental e. tenella infection.the study describes vaccination experiments with highly immunogenic sporozoite eimeria acervulina csz-2 to determine its efficacy against e. tenella challenge. chickens were randomly divided into six groups. the chickens in the vaccinated groups were vaccinated with pvax1-csz2, pvax1-il-2 and pvax1-csz2-il-2 twice 'at days 14 and 21' with dose rate of 100microg intramuscularly. at 28 days of age, all chickens except the non-vaccinated non-challenged control group were inoculated orally with 5x10 ...201020144508
quantification of eimeria acervulina in faeces of broilers: comparison of mcmaster oocyst counts from 24h faecal collections and single droppings to real-time pcr from cloacal swabs.coccidiosis is an economically important disease in chickens, caused by infection with eimeria species parasites. diagnosis of coccidiosis is frequently based on oocyst enumeration in pooled faecal samples or litter. in studies on infection dynamics and for monitoring in the field, samples from individual chickens may be more appropriate as these support the determination of infection status of individual birds and more accurately reflect oocyst output at time of sampling. faecal samples from in ...201020083358
[salinomycin and semduramicin in different concentrations on the broilers eimeriosis control].this study aimed to investigate the association of salinomycin and semduramicin, in different doses, against controlled mixed infection of eimeria acervulina, e. maxima and e. tenella in broiler chickens. eight hundred birds were divided into 5 groups (t1: not medicated feed; t2: 30 ppm of salinomycin and 12.5 ppm of semduramicin; t3: 30 ppm of salinomycin and 15 ppm of semduramicin; t4: 40 ppm of salinomycin and 12,5 ppm of semduramicin and t5: 40 ppm of salinomycin and 15 ppm of semduramicin) ...200920040210
sequence diversity of internal transcribed spacer-1 (its-1) region of eimeria infecting chicken and its relevance in species identification from indian field samples.conventional method of species identification in eimeria employs phenotypic characters of the oocysts and the site of infection in the chicken intestine, which are subjective analyses. pcr-based identification of eimeria spp. is known to be specific and sensitive. we used internal transcribed spacer 1 (its-1)-based nested pcr to follow the distribution of eimeria spp. in the field, which may be of significant value in the management of coccidiosis in chickens. in the present study, intestinal sa ...201020012096
cross immunity of dna vaccine pvax1-csz2-il-2 to eimeria tenella, e. necatrix and e. maxima.the study describes cross protection experiments with chimeric dna vaccine pvax1-csz2-il-2 to determine its efficacy against four important eimeria species. seven-day-old chickens were randomly divided into nine groups; group 1 negative control, groups 2, 3, 4, 5 positive controls; and groups 6, 7, 8 and 9 experimental groups. on days 7 and 14, groups 1-5 were injected with te buffer, and groups 6-9 with the vaccine. at 21 days of age, all chickens were inoculated with 5 x 10(4) sporulated oocys ...201019944687
comparison of global transcriptional responses to primary and secondary eimeria acervulina infections in chickens.in the current study, we compared chicken gene transcriptional profiles following primary and secondary infections with eimeria acervulina using a 9.6k avian intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte cdna microarray (aviela). gene ontology analysis showed that primary infection significantly modulated the levels of mrnas for genes involved in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates as well as those for innate immune-related genes. by contrast, secondary infection increased the levels of transcrip ...201019941894
pathogenesis of eimeria praecox in chickens: virulence of field strains compared with laboratory strains of e. praecox and eimeria acervulina.the pathogenesis in chickens of the apicomplexan eimeria praecox was compared with that of eimeria acervulina, using intestinal lesions, mucosal integrity, body weight gain (bwg) and the feed conversion ratio (fcr) as criteria. characteristics of each species were described by combinations of polymerase chain reaction assays and classic parasitological signs. there were considerable overlaps in lengths, breadths, shape indices and volumes of the oocysts of each species. both species caused stati ...200919937523
coccidian merozoite transcriptome analysis from eimeria maxima in comparison to eimeria tenella and eimeria acervulina.with the eimeria spp. populations that infect chickens used as a model for coccidian biology, we aimed to survey the transcriptome of eimeria maxima and contrast it to the 2 other eimeria spp. for which transcriptome data are available, i.e., eimeria tenella and eimeria acervulina . the asexual intracellular development stage, the merozoite, was specifically examined, and we used expressed sequence tag (est) analysis to provide experimental evidence of transcription and a framework for understan ...201019799488
immunoproteomic analysis of the second-generation merozoite proteins of eimeria tenella.whole proteins of the second-generation merozoite of eimeria tenella were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) and western blot using the chicken sera infected artificially with e. tenella. approximately 640 spots were detected on proteome map of the second-generation merozoite stained by coomassie brilliant blue g-250 and 85 spots were recognized on western blot map as antigens. forty four spots of the antigens were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tim ...200919581052
conservation of proteins involved in oocyst wall formation in eimeria maxima, eimeria tenella and eimeria acervulina.vaccination with proteins from gametocytes of eimeria maxima protects chickens, via transfer of maternal antibodies, against infection with several species of eimeria. antibodies to e. maxima gametocyte proteins recognise proteins in the wall forming bodies of macrogametocytes and oocyst walls of e. maxima, eimeria tenella and eimeria acervulina. homologous genes for two major gametocyte proteins - gam56 and gam82 - were found in e. maxima, e. tenella and e. acervulina. alignment of the predicte ...200919477178
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