Publications

loa-loa microfilaremia in the nigerian population.	in about half of 1026 nigerians infected with loa loa, the microfilaria levels were low, less than 8% had more than 1000 microfilariae in 50 cumm blood. the length range of 445 microfilariae obtained from 39 infected people was 156.8 to 308.7 micron with a mean of 236.4 micron, or microgram; smaller than in the kumba strain of cameroon. the persistence of a rather high number of microfilariae in the peripheral blood of four patients till 22 hours was discussed in relation to the importance of ma ...	1977	268074
ultrastructure of tricornia muhezae n. g., n. sp. (microspora, thelohaniidae), a parasite of mansonia africana (diptera: culicidae) from tanzania.	collections of mansonia africana mosquito larvae were made at one site in n.e. tanzania in 1985 and 1987 and from two additional sites, both within about 2 mi of the original one in 1987. an octosporous microsporidian, present at all three sites, was found in both years infecting from 7 to 22% of larvae. spores (stained in giemsa) measured 3.0 microns +/- 0.25 microns x 2.25 microns +/- 0.26 microns. ultrastructurally, spores were seen to have an anterior rim surrounding a depressed area where t ...	1992	1348541
isolation of rift valley fever virus from mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) collected during an outbreak in domestic animals in kenya.	during an outbreak of rift valley fever (rvf) in livestock near lake naivasha, rift valley province, kenya, 61,347 mosquitoes (1,287 pools) collected in co2-baited light traps yielded seven viral isolates. five isolates of rvf virus were recovered from 18,831 culex zombaensis theobald and one from 14,439 mansonia africana (theobald). one isolate of a bunyamwera group virus was recovered from 1,175 aedes quasiunivittatus (theobald).	1991	1676073
experimental hut trials of bednets impregnated with synthetic pyrethroid or organophosphate insecticide for mosquito control in the gambia.	1. nylon bednets impregnated with different insecticides were evaluated in 1988 against wild adult mosquito populations, mostly mansonia africana (theobald) and anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato, entering experimental verandah-trap huts in the gambia. each bednet had six 10 x 10 cm holes made in the walls to simulate torn conditions and permit female mosquitoes to enter and feed on sleepers. 2. individual net treatments, determined by gas chromatography of net samples from before and after 12 w ...	1991	1685337
investigations into yellow fever virus and other arboviruses in the northern regions of kenya.	previous studies having shown an appreciable level of yellow fever immunity to exist in northern kenya, further epidemiological and serological surveys were carried out there in 1968 in an attempt to define more clearly the distribution of yellow fever and to locate possible vector and reservoir hosts of the disease; these surveys also provided information on a number of other arboviruses.altogether 436 sera from 5 areas in northern kenya were screened by haemagglutination-inhibition tests with ...	1970	4393661
the development of loa loa (guyot) in mansonia africana (theobald).		1972	4402532
laboratory vector studies on six mosquito and one tick species with chikungunya virus.	the tick ornithodoros savignyi and the mosquitoes culex horridus, culex quinquefasciatus, aedes fulgens, ae. furcifer and mansonia africana were tested for infection rates and ability to transmit chikungunya virus. o. savignyi and cx quinquefasciatus did not become infected and cx quinquefasciatus failed to transmit the virus between vervet monkeys, cercopithecus aethiops. only one of 17 cx horridus feeding on a blood-virus mixture became infected which included infection of the salivary glands. ...	1981	6115488
tumour induction by viruses isolated from mansonia africana.	a group of viruses originally isolated from different pools of mansonia africana induced 'tumours' in swiss albino mice when injected intraperitoneally, intracerebrally and intravenously. tumours which developed in close proximity to points of initial inoculation were round, single or bilobular and usually appeared to adhere to underlying structures. extracts of the tumours yielded similar tumours in freshly inoculated animals. clarified extracts caused cytopathogenicity in cell cultures and agg ...	1981	6126109
mosquito production and species succession from an area of irrigated rice fields in the gambia, west africa.	the succession of mosquito species and their abundance was observed through one cycle of dry-season irrigated rice cultivation near bansang in the gambia. the study covered a 21-week period, february-june 1975. mosquitoes were sampled using a single suction trap located in a dry field beside the rice fields. few mosquitoes were present before irrigation began. anopheles gambiae s.1., a. rufipes and culex neavei reached peak numbers 4 weeks after full-scale irrigation began and then declined in a ...	1983	6142963
impact of deltamethrin-impregnated bednets on biting rates of mosquitoes in zaire.	in a rural area of zaire, the whole population of a village was protected by deltamethrin-impregnated mosquitoes bednets. a similar village was observed as a control. biting rates for mosquitoes were recorded in both villages. the principal man-biting species were mansonia africana, mansonia uniformis, and aedes aegypti. in the village protected by the impregnated mosquito bednets, the number of mansonia bites was reduced 96% indoors and at a lesser rate outdoors. biting rates of ae. aegypti dro ...	1995	7595444
[the culicidian fauna and its nuisance in kinshasha (zaire)].	a public health study to inventory bloodsucking mosquitoes was conducted in kinshasa and its regions. 20 culicidian species were represented by 7 anopheles, 6 culex, 5 aedes and 2 mansonia. in general, the number of bites/man/night (b/m/n) was in average 141.5 of cx. quinquefasciatus, 60.1 of cx. antennatus, 21.1 of m. africana, 16.3 of an. gambiae and 7.7 of m. uniformis. the nuisance is different from region to other. culex quinquefasciatus is the most abundant and aggressive species in the ur ...	1993	8504267
odor-mediated host preferences of west african mosquitoes, with particular reference to malaria vectors.	the role of odors in mosquito host preferences was studied in a village near ouagadougou, burkina faso. two odor-baited entry-traps were put beside one another and a choice of host odor-laden air was blown out of them. odors of a human and a calf (of similar mass) were drawn from two tents in which each was separately concealed. allowances were made for trap position, differences in human-subject attractiveness, co2 levels, and trap contamination with alternative host odors. choices for the huma ...	1998	9452293
the incrimination of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti as the vector of dirofilaria repens in nigeria.	six local species of culicides were identified as the common mosquitoes in zaria, out of 15 species captured using various adult and larval collection methods. these common culicides are culex pipiens fatigans, anopheles gambiae grp., mansonia africana, culex pipiens pipiens, aedes (stegomyia) aegypti and aedes vittatus. they were each fed directly on a local dog naturally infected with dirofilaria repens to evaluate their refractoriness/susceptibility to dirofilarial infection. in a number of d ...	2000	10996744
evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses.	partial e1 envelope glycoprotein gene sequences and complete structural polyprotein sequences were used to compare divergence and construct phylogenetic trees for the genus alphavirus. tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the old or the new world, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution. the time frame for alphavirus diversification could not be estimated because maximum-likelihood analyses indic ...	2001	11581380
an outbreak of rift valley fever in northeastern kenya, 1997-98.	in december 1997, 170 hemorrhagic fever-associated deaths were reported in garissa district, kenya. laboratory testing identified evidence of acute rift valley fever virus (rvfv). of the 171 persons enrolled in a cross-sectional study, 31(18%) were anti-rvfv immunoglobulin (ig) m positive. an age-adjusted igm antibody prevalence of 14% was estimated for the district. we estimate approximately 27,500 infections occurred in garissa district, making this the largest recorded outbreak of rvfv in eas ...	2002	11897064
amplification of the sylvatic cycle of dengue virus type 2, senegal, 1999-2000: entomologic findings and epidemiologic considerations.	after 8 years of silence, dengue virus serotype 2 (denv-2) reemerged in southeastern senegal in 1999. sixty-four denv-2 strains were isolated in 1999 and 9 strains in 2000 from mosquitoes captured in the forest gallery and surrounding villages. isolates were obtained from previously described vectors, aedes furcifer, ae. taylori, ae. luteocephalus, and--for the first time in senegal--from ae. aegypti and ae. vittatus. a retrospective analysis of sylvatic denv-2 outbreaks in senegal during the la ...	2003	12643833
first report of the oriental mosquito aedes albopictus on the west african island of bioko, equatorial guinea.	the invasive oriental mosquito aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) was detected on bioko island for the first time in november 2001. it was found to be well established breeding in artificial containers at planta, near malabo, the capital of equatorial guinea. associated species of mosquito larvae were aedes aegypti (l.), ae. africanus (theobald), culex near decens theobald, cx. duttoni theobald, cx. quinquefasciatus say, cx. tigripes de grandpré & de charmoy, eretmapodites ...	2003	12941021
in vitro host-cell susceptibility to usutu virus.	we investigated the susceptibility to usutu virus (flavivirus) of 13 permanent cell lines, 3 primary cell cultures, and chicken embryos. vero, pk-15, and goose embryo fibroblast cells developed cytopathic effects; however, viral multiplication was detected in all mammalian cell types by immunohistochemical tests. chicken embryo fibroblast cells and chicken embryos were resistant.	2005	15752450
sampling mosquitoes with cdc light trap in rice field and plantation communities in ogun state, nigeria.	mosquito species were sampled to determine the mosquito composition and abundance in rice field and plantation communities in ogun state nigeria. mosquitoes were caught once weekly from four selected houses in each of the two communities by means of cdc light traps. a total of 47,501 mosquitoes representing fifteen species were caught in the two communities of which the rice field community accounted for 63.8% of the total catch. mansonia africana constituted the most important biting mosquito i ...	2005	16941935
preliminary field testing of a long-lasting insecticide-treated hammock against anopheles gambiae and mansonia spp. (diptera: culicidae) in west africa.	the efficacy of an experimental long-lasting insecticide-treated hammock (llih) with a long-lasting treated net used as a blanket and made of the same fabric (polyethylene) was tested in a concrete block experimental hut, against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.l. and the arbovirus vectors and nuisance mosquitoes mansonia africana (theobald) and mansonia uniformis (theobald). the llih was treated with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. it was evaluated concurrently with ignited mosqui ...	2007	17695020
blood-feeding patterns of culex quinquefasciatus and other culicines and implications for disease transmission in mwea rice scheme, kenya.	studies were conducted in mwea rice scheme, kenya during the period april 2005 and january 2007 to determine the host-feeding pattern of culicine mosquitoes. mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors and tested for human, bovine, goat, and donkey blood meals by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. a total of 1,714 blood-engorged samples comprising culex quinquefasciatus say (96.1%), culex annulioris theobald (1.8%), culex poicilipes theobald (0.9%), aedes cuminsi theobald (1.0%), aedes tay ...	2008	18297310
morphometric studies on culex quinquefasciatus and mansonia africana (diptera: culicidae) in abeokuta, south-western nigeria.	some of the important mosquito species are generally sympatric in terms of their geographical distributions, and are difficult to identify based solely on examination of adult females using the available morphological keys. in this study, adult mosquitoes were collected indoors in abeokuta in south-western nigeria between august 2005 and july 2006 using center for disease control light traps. the objective was to investigate possible morphological differences in populations of culex quinquefasci ...	2008	18846788
mosquito larval habitats and public health implications in abeokuta, ogun state, nigeria.	the larval habitats of mosquitoes were investigated in abeokuta, nigeria in order to determine the breeding sites of the existing mosquito fauna and its possible public health implications on the residents of the city. the habitats were sampled between august 2005 and july 2006 using plastic dippers and a pipette. the habitats were grouped as ground pools/ponds, gutters/open drains, tyres, domestic containers and treeholes/ leaf axils. ten species of mosquitoes were encountered in the five habit ...	2008	18846789
parasitism of kenyan mosquito larvae (diptera: culicidae) by romanomermis culicivorax (nematoda: mermithidae).	the ability of romanomermis culicivorax to infect, develop, and emerge from kenyan mosquito hosts was evaluated in the laboratory. host species tested were aedes aegypti, ae. dentatus, ae. hirsutus, anopheles arabiensis, an. coustani, an. funestus, an. gambiae, an. pharoensis, culex duttoni, cu. ethiopicus, cu. poicilipes, cu. quinquefasciatus, cu. tigripes, cu. univittatus, coquillettidia metallica, mansonia africana, ma. uniformis, mimomyia splendens, mi. uniformis, toxorhyncites brevipalpis, ...	1988	19290190
isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of culex flavivirus (flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in uganda.	the genus flavivirus, which contains approximately 70 single-stranded, positive-sense rna viruses, represents a unique model for studying the evolution of vector-borne disease, as it includes viruses that are mosquito-borne, tick-borne or have no known vector. both theoretical work and field studies suggest the existence of a large number of undiscovered flaviviruses. recently, the first isolation of cell fusing agent virus (cfav) was reported from a natural mosquito population in puerto rico, a ...	2009	19656970
development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans.	disease transmitting mosquitoes locate humans and other blood hosts by identifying their characteristic odor profiles. using their olfactory organs, the mosquitoes detect compounds present in human breath, sweat and skins, and use these as cues to locate and obtain blood from the humans. these odor compounds can be synthesized in vitro, then formulated to mimic humans. while some synthetic mosquito lures already exist, evidence supporting their utility is limited to laboratory settings, where lo ...	2010	20126628
role of culex and anopheles mosquito species as potential vectors of rift valley fever virus in sudan outbreak, 2007.	rift valley fever (rvf) is an acute febrile arthropod-borne viral disease of man and animals caused by a member of the phlebovirus genus, one of the five genera in the family bunyaviridae. rvf virus (rvfv) is transmitted between animals and human by mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the culex, anopheles and aedes genera.	2010	20222979
population dynamics of indoor sampled mosquitoes and their implication in disease transmission in abeokuta, south-western nigeria.	a longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the species composition, seasonal abundance, parity and feeding preference of indoor sampled mosquitoes in abeokuta, south-western nigeria.	2010	20231771
detection of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in mosquitoes in the yucatan peninsula of mexico in 2008.	a total of 191,244 mosquitoes from 24 species were collected in the yucatan peninsula of mexico from january to december 2008, and tested for the presence of cytopathic virus by virus isolation in vero cells. eighteen virus isolates were obtained, all of which were orthobunyaviruses. these were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nucleotide sequencing as cache valley virus (n=17) and south river virus (n=1). a subset (n=20,124) of culex quinquefasciatus col ...	2010	20370430
rift valley fever virus epidemic in kenya, 2006/2007: the entomologic investigations.	in december 2006, rift valley fever (rvf) was diagnosed in humans in garissa hospital, kenya and an outbreak reported affecting 11 districts. entomologic surveillance was performed in four districts to determine the epidemic/epizootic vectors of rvf virus (rvfv). approximately 297,000 mosquitoes were collected, 164,626 identified to species, 72,058 sorted into 3,003 pools and tested for rvfv by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. seventy-seven pools representing 10 species tested po ...	2010	20682903
screening mosquito house entry points as a potential method for integrated control of endophagic filariasis, arbovirus and malaria vectors.	partial mosquito-proofing of houses with screens and ceilings has the potential to reduce indoor densities of malaria mosquitoes. we wish to measure whether it will also reduce indoor densities of vectors of neglected tropical diseases.	2010	20689815
culicidae diversity, malaria transmission and insecticide resistance alleles in malaria vectors in ouidah-kpomasse-tori district from benin (west africa): a pre-intervention study.	abstract:	2010	20819214
does moonlight influence the biting behaviour of anopheles funestus?	the possible effect of moonlight on the biting behaviour of mosquitoes in southern mozambique, in particular that of anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae), a primary vector of malaria, was investigated by comparing catches indoors and outdoors using cdc light traps and 'furvela' tent traps, respectively, for 35 consecutive nights, from 9 september to 15 october 2008. collections were separated into three 4-hourly samples each night. a total of 17 591 mosquitoes belonging to nine species were c ...	2010	21073491
productivity of malaria vectors from different habitat types in the western kenya highlands.	mosquito larval source management (lsm) could be a valuable additional tool for integrated malaria vector control especially in areas with focal transmission like the highlands of western kenya if it were not for the need to target all potential habitats at frequent intervals. the ability to determine the productivity of malaria vectors from identified habitats might be used to target lsm only at productive ones.	2011	21559301
Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses.	There has been an explosion in the discovery of 'insect-specific' flaviviruses and/or their related sequences in natural mosquito populations. Herein we review all 'insect-specific' flaviviral sequences currently available and conduct phylogenetic analyses of both the 'insect-specific' flaviviruses and available sequences of the entire genus Flavivirus. We show that there is no statistical support for virus-mosquito co-divergence, suggesting that the 'insect-specific' flaviviruses may have under ...	2011	22012464
novel flaviviruses detected in different species of mosquitoes in spain.	abstract we report the characterization of three novel flaviviruses isolated in spain. marisma mosquito virus, a novel mosquito borne virus, was isolated from ochlerotatus caspius mosquitoes; spanish ochlerotatus flavivirus and spanish culex flavivirus, two novel insect flaviviruses, were isolated from oc. caspius and culex pipiens, respectively. during this investigation, we designed a sensitive rt-nested polymerase chain reaction method that amplifies a 1019bp fragment of the flavivirus ns5 ...	2011	22022811
molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus.	phylogenetic relationships were examined for 198 rift valley fever virus isolates and 5 derived strains obtained from various sources in saudi arabia and 16 countries in africa during a 67-year period (1944-2010). a maximum-likelihood tree prepared with sequence data for a 490-nt section of the gn glycoprotein gene showed that 95 unique sequences sorted into 15 lineages. a 2010 isolate from a patient in south africa potentially exposed to co-infection with live animal vaccine and wild virus was ...	2011	22172568
ability of selected kenyan mosquito (diptera: culicidae) species to transmit west nile virus under laboratory conditions.	west nile virus (wnv) is currently active in kenya as evidenced by the detection of antibodies in birds bled as part of an avian influenza surveillance program in 2009. although wnv has been isolated from several mosquito species in kenya, no studies have ever been conducted to determine which of these species are competent vectors of this virus. therefore, we allowed kenyan mosquitoes to feed on 2- or 3-d-old chickens that had been infected with a lineage one strain of wnv 24-48 h earlier. thes ...	2011	22238879
mansonia africana and mansonia uniformis are vectors in the transmission of wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in ghana.	recent data from ghana indicates that after seven rounds of annual mass drug administration (mda) there is still sustained transmission albeit at low levels in certain areas where anopheles melas, an. gambiae s.s., mansonia and culex species are the main biting mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are the known vectors in ghana and a recent report indicated that an. melas could transmit at low level microfilaraemia. however, because an. melas is not found everywhere there was the ...	2012	22564488
trapping of rift valley fever (rvf) vectors using light emitting diode (led) cdc traps in two arboviral disease hot spots in kenya.	mosquitoes' response to artificial lights including color has been exploited in trap designs for improved sampling of mosquito vectors. earlier studies suggest that mosquitoes are attracted to specific wavelengths of light and thus the need to refine techniques to increase mosquito captures following the development of super-bright light-emitting diodes (leds) which emit narrow wavelengths of light or very specific colors. therefore, we investigated if leds can be effective substitutes for incan ...	2012	22608087
vector competence of culex neavei (diptera: culicidae) for usutu virus.	usutu virus (usuv), a flavivirus belonging to the japanese encephalitis serocomplex, was isolated for the first time from a culex neavei mosquito in 1959 in south africa. despite multiple isolations of usuv from cx. neavei in africa, its vector competence remains unproven. therefore, we infected cx. neavei orally with the usuv reference strain and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect virus in bodies, legs, wings, and saliva of mo ...	0	22665607
detection of a new insect flavivirus and isolation of aedes flavivirus in northern italy.	during recent years, numerous novel 'insect flaviviruses' have been discovered in natural mosquito populations. in a previous study we described the presence of flavivirus dna sequences integrated in aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito) populations from northern italy in 2007.	2012	23043958
sheep skin odor improves trap captures of mosquito vectors of rift valley fever.	in recent years, the east african region has seen an increase in arboviral diseases transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. effective surveillance to monitor and reduce incidence of these infections requires the use of appropriate vector sampling tools. here, trapped skin volatiles on fur from sheep, a known preferred host of mosquito vectors of rift valley fever virus (rvfv), were used with a standard cdc light trap to improve catches of mosquito vectors. we tested the standard cdc light trap ...	2012	23133687
identification of wolbachia strains in mosquito disease vectors.	wolbachia bacteria are common endosymbionts of insects, and some strains are known to protect their hosts against rna viruses and other parasites. this has led to the suggestion that releasing wolbachia-infected mosquitoes could prevent the transmission of arboviruses and other human parasites. we have identified wolbachia in kenyan populations of the yellow fever vector aedes bromeliae and its relative aedes metallicus, and in mansonia uniformis and mansonia africana, which are vectors of lymph ...	2012	23185484
netting barriers to prevent mosquito entry into houses in southern mozambique: a pilot study.	one of the best ways to control the transmission of malaria is by breaking the vector-human link, either by reducing the effective population size of mosquitoes or avoiding infective bites. reducing house entry rates in endophagic vectors by obstructing openings is one simple way of achieving this. mosquito netting has previously been shown to have this effect. more recently different materials that could also be used have come onto the market. therefore, a pilot study was conducted to investiga ...	2013	23497325
mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance at selected sites in diverse ecological zones of kenya; 2007 - 2012.	increased frequency of arbovirus outbreaks in east africa necessitated the determination of distribution of risk by entomologic arbovirus surveillance. a systematic vector surveillance programme spanning 5 years and covering 11 sites representing seven of the eight provinces in kenya and located in diverse ecological zones was carried out.	2013	23663381
population dynamics and spatial structure of human-biting mosquitoes, inside and outside of houses, in the chockwe irrigation scheme, southern mozambique.	focal control of malaria vectors, a potentially cost-effective alternative to conventional control, requires a spatio-temporal understanding of the mosquitoes. trapping of african malaria vectors has generally been limited to inside houses making distribution estimates dependent on the location of dwellings. the development of tent-traps to sample outdoor biting mosquitoes has enabled more independent estimates. here we describe both temporal and spatial variation in mosquito movements in an irr ...	2013	23733293
re-emergence of rift valley fever virus in barkedji (senegal, west africa) in 2002-2003: identification of new vectors and epidemiological implications.	the rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a threat that must not be neglected, as the consequences of rvfv are dramatic, both for human and animal health. this virus is a zoonotic virus that already has demonstrated a real capacity for re-emerging after long periods of silence, as observed in barkedji (senegal, west africa) in 2002. in this article we present the 2nd emergence in barkedji after the 1st manifestation in 1993, and for the 1st time the circulation of rvfv during 2 consecutive years amo ...	2012	23833896
evidence of man-vector contact in torn long-lasting insecticide-treated nets.	studies indicate that physical damage to long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) occurs at a surprisingly rapid rate following net distribution. to what extent does such damage affect the impact of llins? can vectors pass a compromised llin barrier to bite? do more resistant vectors enter the insecticide-treated nets (itns) through holes?	2013	23941585
impact of housing condition on indoor-biting and indoor-resting anopheles arabiensis density in a highland area, central ethiopia.	exposure of individuals to malaria infection may depend on their housing conditions as houses serve as biting and resting places of vectors. this study describes the association of housing conditions with densities of indoor-biting and indoor-resting anopheles arabiensis in hobe, dirama and wurib villages of a highland area in central ethiopia.	2013	24191901
socio-economic impact of rift valley fever to pastoralists and agro pastoralists in arusha, manyara and morogoro regions in tanzania.	rift valley fever (rvf) is a viral notifiable zoonotic disease primarily of domestic ruminants that causes significant socio-economic impacts. using the 2006-07 outbreak cases, this study aimed to establish the socio-economic impact of rvf and assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of livestock keepers towards controlling rvf in selected areas of tanzania. data were collected in arusha, manyara and morogoro regions using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with ke ...	2013	24255846
novel virus discovery and genome reconstruction from field rna samples reveals highly divergent viruses in dipteran hosts.	we investigated whether small rna (srna) sequenced from field-collected mosquitoes and chironomids (diptera) can be used as a proxy signature of viral prevalence within a range of species and viral groups, using srnas sequenced from wild-caught specimens, to inform total rna deep sequencing of samples of particular interest. using this strategy, we sequenced from adult anopheles maculipennis s.l. mosquitoes the apparently nearly complete genome of one previously undescribed virus related to chro ...	2013	24260463
impact of land-use on malaria transmission in the plateau region, southeastern benin.	the goal of the study is to investigate if local agricultural practices have an impact on malaria transmission in four villages located in the same geographical area within a radius of 15 kilometers. among the villages, one (itassoumba) is characterized by the presence of a large market garden and fishpond basins, the three others (itakpako, djohounkollé and ko-koumolou) are characterized by traditional food-producing agriculture.	2013	24330734
full-genome characterisation of orungo, lebombo and changuinola viruses provides evidence for co-evolution of orbiviruses with their arthropod vectors.	the complete genomes of orungo virus (oruv), lebombo virus (lebv) and changuinola virus (cglv) were sequenced, confirming that they each encode 11 distinct proteins (vp1-vp7 and ns1-ns4). phylogenetic analyses of cell-attachment protein 'outer-capsid protein 1' (oc1), show that orbiviruses fall into three large groups, identified as: vp2(oc1), in which oc1 is the 2nd largest protein, including the culicoides transmitted orbiviruses; vp3(oc1), which includes the mosquito transmitted orbiviruses; ...	2014	24475112
impact of operational effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) on malaria transmission in pyrethroid-resistant areas.	a dynamic study on the transmission of malaria was conducted in two areas (r⁺ area: low resistance area; r⁺⁺⁺ area: high resistance area) in the department of plateau in south eastern benin, where the population is protected by long lasting insecticidal nets (llins). the aim of this study was to determine if the resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides has an impact on their behavior and on the effectiveness of llins in the reduction of malaria transmission.	2013	24499508
zika virus in gabon (central africa)--2007: a new threat from aedes albopictus?	chikungunya and dengue viruses emerged in gabon in 2007, with large outbreaks primarily affecting the capital libreville and several northern towns. both viruses subsequently spread to the south-east of the country, with new outbreaks occurring in 2010. the mosquito species aedes albopictus, that was known as a secondary vector for both viruses, recently invaded the country and was the primary vector involved in the gabonese outbreaks. we conducted a retrospective study of human sera and mosquit ...	2014	24516683
usutu virus.		2013	24659950
laboratory and field evaluation of the impact of washings on the effectiveness of lifenet®, olyset® and permanet® 2.0 in two areas, where there is a high level of resistance of anopheles gambiae to pyrethroids, benin, west africa.	an investigation carried out in benin has shown that, in some areas close to rivers where density of mosquitoes is high, long-lasting, insecticidal bed nets (llins) are permanently used. in such areas, llins are washed every month. based on this situation, the 20-wash minimum efficacy advised by the manufacturers would be inadequate. the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of lifenet®, olyset® and permanet® 2.0 washed several times against anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s ...	2014	24884502
mosquito cell lines: history, isolation, availability and application to assess the threat of arboviral transmission in the united kingdom.	mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for transmission of human and animal pathogens. understanding the relationship between pathogen and vector is vital in developing strategies to predict and prevent transmission. cell lines derived from appropriate mosquito hosts provide a relatively simple tool for investigating the interaction between the host and viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. this review provides a brief overview of the development of mosquito cell lines, methods of isolation, their ...	2014	25141888
characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from brazil: potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses.	in the past decade, there has been an upsurge in the number of newly described insect-specific flaviviruses isolated pan-globally. we recently described the isolation of a novel flavivirus (tentatively designated 'nhumirim virus'; nhuv) that represents an example of a unique subset of apparently insect-specific viruses that phylogenetically affiliate with dual-host mosquito-borne flaviviruses despite appearing to be limited to replication in mosquito cells. we characterized the in vitro growth p ...	2014	25146007
micro-encapsulated pirimiphos-methyl shows high insecticidal efficacy and long residual activity against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in central côte d'ivoire.	the wide-scale implementation of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying (irs) has contributed to a considerable decrease of malaria morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa over the last decade. due to increasing resistance in anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (ddt) and pyrethroids, alternative insecticide formulations for irs with long-lasting residual activity are required to sustain the gains obtained in most malaria-endemic countr ...	2014	25152326
field evaluation of natural human odours and the biogent-synthetic lure in trapping aedes aegypti, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses in kenya.	methods currently used in sampling adult aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses are limited for effective surveillance of the vector and accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter - epidemic periods. here, we document the use of natural human skin odours in baited traps to improve sampling of adult ae. aegypti in two different endemic areas of chikungunya and dengue in kenya - kilifi and busia counties. the chemistry of the vol ...	2014	25246030
recent outbreaks of rift valley fever in east africa and the middle east.	rift valley fever (rvf) is an important neglected, emerging, mosquito-borne disease with severe negative impact on human and animal health. mosquitoes in the aedes genus have been considered as the reservoir, as well as vectors, since their transovarially infected eggs withstand desiccation and larvae hatch when in contact with water. however, different mosquito species serve as epizootic/epidemic vectors of rvf, creating a complex epidemiologic pattern in east africa. the recent rvf outbreaks i ...	2014	25340047
complete genome sequences of two middelburg viruses isolated from arthropods in the central african republic.	arboviral diseases are a major threat to human and animal health today. analysis of whole-genome sequences of decades-old arboviral strains may bring new insights into the viral evolution that might have facilitated outbreaks. here, we report the whole-genome sequences of two middelburg viruses isolated several decades ago in the central african republic.	2014	25342688
incrimination of aedes (stegomyia) hensilli farner as an epidemic vector of chikungunya virus on yap island, federated states of micronesia, 2013.	two species of aedes (stegomyia) were collected in response to the first chikungunya virus (chikv) outbreak on yap island: the native species ae. hensilli farner and the introduced species ae. aegypti (l.). fourteen chikv-positive mosquito pools were detected. six pools were composed of female ae. hensilli, six pools were composed of female ae. aegypti, one pool was composed of male ae. hensilli, and one pool contained female specimens identified as ae. (stg.) spp. infection rates were not signi ...	2014	25404070
impact of climate and mosquito vector abundance on sylvatic arbovirus circulation dynamics in senegal.	sylvatic arboviruses have been isolated in senegal over the last 50 years. the ecological drivers of the pattern and frequency of virus infection in these species are largely unknown. we used time series analysis and bayesian hierarchical count modeling on a long-term arbovirus dataset to test associations between mosquito abundance, weather variables, and the frequency of isolation of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika viruses. we found little correlation between mosquito abundance and ...	2014	25404071
transmission patterns of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles gambiae in benin.	to better control malaria, the clear and urgent need is for improved data to inform decision makers, but in several african countries, there is a lack of baseline data on vectors and variation in the intensity of malaria transmission. this has resulted in the implementation of vector control efforts that ignore variation in vector behaviour and intensity of transmission, an approach that is most often not cost-effective. this study presents a detailed entomological description of mosquito distri ...	2014	25412948
chikungunya virus-vector interactions.	chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever, a severe, debilitating disease that often produces chronic arthralgia. since 2004, chikv has emerged in africa, indian ocean islands, asia, europe, and the americas, causing millions of human infections. central to understanding chikv emergence is knowledge of the natural ecology of transmission and vector infection dynamics. this review presents current understanding of chikv infection dynamics in mosquito v ...	2014	25421891
statistical modeling of the abundance of vectors of west african rift valley fever in barkédji, senegal.	rift valley fever is an emerging mosquito-borne disease that represents a threat to human and animal health. the exophilic and exophagic behavior of the two main vector in west africa (aedes vexans and culex poicilipes), adverse events post-vaccination, and lack of treatment, render ineffective the disease control. therefore it is essential to develop an information system that facilitates decision-making and the implementation of adaptation strategies. in east africa, rvf outbreaks are linked w ...	2014	25437856
insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization.	there has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) discovered in the last decade. historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. this viewpoint has changed in recent years because some isfs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. additionally, comparative studies between isfs and medically important flaviviruses can ...	2015	25866904
distribution and diversity of the vectors of rift valley fever along the livestock movement routes in the northeastern and coastal regions of kenya.	knowledge of vector ecology is important in understanding the transmission dynamics of vector borne disease. in this study, we determined the distribution and diversity of mosquitoes along the major nomadic livestock movement routes (lmr) in the traditional pastoral ecozone of northeastern kenya. we focused on the vectors of rift valley fever virus (rvfv) with the aim of understanding their ecology and how they can potentially influence the circulation of rvfv.	2015	26018134
a field study in benin to investigate the role of mosquitoes and other flying insects in the ecology of mycobacterium ulcerans.	buruli ulcer, the third mycobacterial disease after tuberculosis and leprosy, is caused by the environmental mycobacterium m. ulcerans. there is at present no clear understanding of the exact mode(s) of transmission of m. ulcerans. populations affected by buruli ulcer are those living close to humid and swampy zones. the disease is associated with the creation or the extension of swampy areas, such as construction of dams or lakes for the development of agriculture. currently, it is supposed tha ...	2015	26196901
unraveling host-vector-arbovirus interactions by two-gene high resolution melting mosquito bloodmeal analysis in a kenyan wildlife-livestock interface.	the blood-feeding patterns of mosquitoes are directly linked to the spread of pathogens that they transmit. efficient identification of arthropod vector bloodmeal hosts can identify the diversity of vertebrate species potentially involved in disease transmission cycles. while molecular bloodmeal analyses rely on sequencing of cytochrome b (cyt b) or cytochrome oxidase 1 gene pcr products, recently developed bloodmeal host identification based on high resolution melting (hrm) analyses of cyt b pc ...	2015	26230507
mercadeo virus: a novel mosquito-specific flavivirus from panama.	viruses in the genus flavivirus (family flaviviridae) include many arthropod-borne viruses of public health and veterinary importance. however, during the past two decades an explosion of novel insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs), some closely related to vertebrate pathogens, have been discovered. although many flavivirus pathogens of vertebrates have been isolated from naturally infected mosquitoes in panama, isfs have not previously been reported from the country. this report describes the iso ...	2015	26304915
comparison of methods for xenomonitoring in vectors of lymphatic filariasis in northeastern tanzania.	monitoring wuchereria bancrofti infection in mosquitoes (xenomonitoring) can play an important role in determining when lymphatic filariasis has been eliminated, or in focusing control efforts. as mosquito infection rates can be low, a method for collecting large numbers of mosquitoes is necessary. gravid traps collected large numbers of culex quinquefasciatus in tanzania, and a collection method that targets mosquitoes that have already fed could result in increased sensitivity in detecting w. ...	2015	26350454
impact of insecticide resistance on the effectiveness of pyrethroid-based malaria vectors control tools in benin: decreased toxicity and repellent effect.	since the first evidence of pyrethroids resistance in 1999 in benin, mutations have rapidly increased in mosquitoes and it is now difficult to design a study including a control area where malaria vectors are fully susceptible. few studies have assessed the after effect of resistance on the success of pyrethroid based prevention methods in mosquito populations. we therefore assessed the impact of resistance on the effectiveness of pyrethroids based indoor residual spraying (irs) in semi-field co ...	2015	26674643
high prevalence of west nile virus in domestic birds and detection in 2 new mosquito species in madagascar.	west nile virus is an arthropod-borne zoonosis transmitted by a large number of mosquito species, and birds play a key role as reservoir of the virus. its distribution is largely widespread over africa, asia, the americas and europe. since 1978, it has frequently been reported in madagascar. studies described a high seroprevalence level of the virus in humans in different areas of the island and a human fatal case of wnv infection was reported in 2011. despite these reports, the epidemiology of ...	2016	26807720
vector competence of aedes vexans (meigen), culex poicilipes (theobald) and cx. quinquefasciatus say from senegal for west and east african lineages of rift valley fever virus.	rift valley fever virus (rvfv; phlebovirus, bunyaviridae) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen. in senegal, rvfv was first isolated in 1974 from aedes dalzieli (theobald) and thereafter from ae. fowleri (de charmoy), ae. ochraceus theobald, ae. vexans (meigen), culex poicilipes (theobald), mansonia africana (theobald) and ma. uniformis (theobald). however, the vector competence of these local species has never been demonstrated making hypothetical the transmission cycle proposed for west afric ...	2016	26897521
modelling hotspots of the two dominant rift valley fever vectors (aedes vexans and culex poicilipes) in barkédji, sénégal.	climatic and environmental variables were used successfully by using models to predict rift valley fever (rvf) virus outbreaks in east africa. however, these models are not replicable in the west african context due to a likely difference of the dynamic of the virus emergence. for these reasons specific models mainly oriented to the risk mapping have been developed. hence, the areas of high vector pressure or virus activity are commonly predicted. however, the factors impacting their occurrence ...	2016	26922792
physicochemical characteristics of larval habitat waters of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in qom province, central iran.	mosquitoes lay eggs in a wide range of habitats with different physicochemical parameters. ecological data, including physicochemical factors of oviposition sites, play an important role in integrated vector management. those data help the managers to make the best decision in controlling the aquatic stages of vectors especially using source reduction.	2015	27047973
scoping review of the zika virus literature.	the global primary literature on zika virus (zikv) (n = 233 studies and reports, up to march 1, 2016) has been compiled using a scoping review methodology to systematically identify and characterise the literature underpinning this broad topic using methods that are documented, updateable and reproducible. our results indicate that more than half the primary literature on zikv has been published since 2011. the articles mainly covered three topic categories: epidemiology of zikv (surveillance an ...	2016	27244249
composition and genetic diversity of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) on islands and mainland shores of kenya's lakes victoria and baringo.	the lake baringo and lake victoria regions of kenya are associated with high seroprevalence of mosquito-transmitted arboviruses. however, molecular identification of potential mosquito vector species, including morphologically identified ones, remains scarce. to estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of mosquito vectors on the mainland shores and adjacent inhabited islands in these regions, we collected and morphologically identified adult and immature mosquitoes and obtained the co ...	2016	27402888
a crossover study to evaluate the diversion of malaria vectors in a community with incomplete coverage of spatial repellents in the kilombero valley, tanzania.	malaria elimination is unlikely to occur if vector control efforts focus entirely on transmission occurring indoors without addressing vectors that bite outdoors and outside sleeping hours. additional control tools such as spatial repellents may provide the personal protection required to fill this gap. however, since repellents do not kill mosquitoes it is unclear if vectors will be diverted from households that use spatial repellents to those that do not.	2016	27527601
rapid and high throughput molecular identification of diverse mosquito species by high resolution melting analysis.	mosquitoes are a diverse group of invertebrates, with members that are among the most important vectors of diseases. the correct identification of mosquitoes is paramount to the control of the diseases that they transmit. however, morphological techniques depend on the quality of the specimen and often unavailable taxonomic expertise, which may still not be able to distinguish mosquitoes among species complexes (sibling and cryptic species). high resolution melting (hrm) analyses, a closed-tube, ...	2016	27703667
rift valley fever virus circulating among ruminants, mosquitoes and humans in the central african republic.	rift valley fever virus (rvfv) causes a viral zoonosis, with discontinuous epizootics and sporadic epidemics, essentially in east africa. infection with this virus causes severe illness and abortion in sheep, goats, and cattle as well as other domestic animals. humans can also be exposed through close contact with infectious tissues or by bites from infected mosquitoes, primarily of the aedes and culex genuses. although the cycle of rvfv infection in savannah regions is well documented, its dist ...	2016	27760144
genetic characterization of spondweni and zika viruses and susceptibility of geographically distinct strains of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) to spondweni virus.	zika virus (zikv) has extended its known geographic distribution to the new world and is now responsible for severe clinical complications in a subset of patients. while substantial genetic and vector susceptibility data exist for zikv, less is known for the closest related flavivirus, spondweni virus (sponv). both zikv and sponv have been known to circulate in africa since the mid-1900s, but neither has been genetically characterized by gene and compared in parallel. furthermore, the susceptibi ...	2016	27783682
review of west nile virus circulation and outbreak risk in madagascar: entomological and ornithological perspectives.	west nile fever (wnf) is a zoonotic disease, occurring nearly globally. in madagascar, west nile virus (wnv) was first detected in 1978 from wild birds and the virus is currently distributed across the island, but no epidemic or epizootic period has been recorded. one fatal human case of wnv infection was reported in 2011, suggesting a "tip of the iceberg" phenomenon of a possible wnf epidemic/epizootic on the island. the main objective of this literature-based survey is to review patterns of wn ...	2016	27849515
ecological niche modelling of rift valley fever virus vectors in baringo, kenya.	rift valley fever (rvf) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease that has an impact on human health and animal productivity. here, we explore the use of vector presence modelling to predict the distribution of rvf vector species under climate change scenario to demonstrate the potential for geographic spread of rift valley fever virus (rvfv).	2016	27863533