Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from midgut of stomoxys calcitrans. | 2003 | 14626227 | |
| desiccation and heat tolerance of enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen which has been isolated at low levels from powdered infant formulas. this study was performed to demonstrate that ent. sakazakii is not particularly thermotolerant, but can adapt to osmotic and dry stress. | 2003 | 14633024 |
| thermal inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant formula. | the presence of low levels of enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant formula have been linked to outbreaks of meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates, particularly those who are premature or immunocompromised. in the current study, the ability of 12 strains of e. sakazakii to survive heating in rehydrated infant formula was determined at 58 degrees c with a submerged coil apparatus. the observed d58-values ranged from 30.5 to 591.9 s, with the strains appearing to fall ... | 2004 | 14717352 |
| treatment of winery effluent with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb)--granular sludges enriched with enterobacter sakazakii. | three upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (uasbs) were evaluated for the treatment of winery wastewater: the first was seeded with granular sludge enriched with enterobacter sakazakii and reached a 90% cod removal within 17 d at hydraulic retention time of 24 h; the second was seeded with brewery granules and achieved 85% cod removal within 50 d, the third was seeded with just sludge and showed the typical problems encountered with conventional sludge seeding and had continuously to be re-seeded. a ... | 2003 | 14719823 |
| enterobacter sakazakii--new foods for thought? | 2004 | 14723984 | |
| occurrence of enterobacter sakazakii in food production environments and households. | enterobacter sakazakii occasionally causes illness in premature babies and neonates. contamination of infant formulae during factory production or bottle preparation is implicated. advice to health-care professionals focuses on bottle preparation, but the effectiveness of prevention depends on the degree of contamination and contamination sites, which are generally unknown. to keep contamination to a minimum in the finished product depends on knowledge of the occurrence of e sakazakii. we used a ... | 2004 | 14723994 |
| the growth profile, thermotolerance and biofilm formation of enterobacter sakazakii grown in infant formula milk. | to study the growth, thermotolerance and biofilm formation of the emergent pathogen enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk (ifm). | 2004 | 15059207 |
| enterobacter sakazakii is a rare cause of neonatal septicemia or meningitis in vlbw infants. | to determine the rates of enterobacter sakazakii (es) infections among very low birth weight infants, culture data from the national institute of child health and human development neonatal research network were reviewed. only one case of es sepsis was identified among 10660 neonates. these data suggest that outside of the epidemic situation, es is very rare in very low birth weight infants. | 2004 | 15192634 |
| a new protocol for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii applied to environmental samples. | enterobacter sakazakii is a motile, peritrichous, gram-negative rod that was previously known as a yellow pigmented enterobacter cloacae. it is documented as a rare cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of life-threatening neonatal meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis. e. sakazakii has been isolated from milk powder-based formulas, and there is thus a need to investigate whether and where e. sakazakii occurs in these manufacturing environments. for this purpose, a simple detection m ... | 2004 | 15222563 |
| enterobacter sakazakii in factories and households. | 2004 | 15288733 | |
| fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of enterobacter sakazakii. | 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-d-glucoside, the fluorogenic substrate of alpha-glucosidase, was used as a selective marker to develop a differential medium for enterobacter sakazakii. this bacterium showed strong fluorogenic characteristics clearly distinguishable from other microorganisms. on the basis of reducing background noise, an optimum basal medium and nitrogen source were selected. incubation conditions were optimized. | 2004 | 15345462 |
| a selective differential medium for enterobacter sakazakii, a preliminary study. | enterobacter sakazakii can cause fatal invasive infection of neonates associated with the presence of this organism in powdered infant milk formula. a new chromogenic medium (druggan-forsythe-iversen agar, dfi) is described for the selective detection of this emergent pathogen. the medium is based on the alpha-glucosidase reaction which is detected using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha,d-glucopyranoside (xalphaglc). ent. sakazakii hydrolyses this substrate to an indigo pigment, producing blue-g ... | 2004 | 15364468 |
| preparation and handling of powdered infant formula: a commentary by the espghan committee on nutrition. | powdered infant formulae are not sterile and may contain pathogenic bacteria. in addition, milk products are excellent media for bacterial proliferation. multiplication of enterobacter sakazakii in prepared formula feeds can cause devastating sepsis, particularly in the first 2 months of life. in approximately 50 published case reports of severe infection, there are high rates of meningitis, brain abscesses and necrotizing enterocolitis, with an overall mortality from 33% to 80%. breast feeding ... | 2004 | 15448416 |
| identification and phylogeny of enterobacter sakazakii relative to enterobacter and citrobacter species. | the phylogenetic relationships of enterobacter sakazakii strains were investigated using 16s ribosomal dna (rdna) and hsp60 sequencing. each analysis distributed e. sakazakii strains among four clusters, indicating substantial taxonomic heterogeneity. the e. sakazakii type strain 16s rdna sequence was 97.8% similar to that of citrobacter koseri but 97.0% similar to that of enterobacter cloacae. | 2004 | 15528745 |
| 16s rrna gene based analysis of enterobacter sakazakii strains from different sources and development of a pcr assay for identification. | e. sakazakii is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen, implicated in food borne diseases causing meningitis or enteritis especially in neonates and infants. cultural standard identification procedures for e. sakazakii include the observation of yellow pigmentation of colonies and a positive glucosidase activity. up to now, only one pcr system based on a single available 16s rrna gene sequence has been published for e. sakazakii identification. however, in our hands a preliminary evaluation ... | 2004 | 15563736 |
| inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by monocaprylin. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen that causes meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and children, with a mortality rate of 14%. epidemiological studies have implicated dried infant formula as the principal source of the pathogen. caprylic acid is a natural eight-carbon fatty acid present in breast milk and bovine milk and is approved as generally recognizable as safe by the u.s. food and drug administration. the objective of this study was to dete ... | 2004 | 15633694 |
| microbiological, epidemiological, and food safety aspects of enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen and has been implicated in foodborne diseases causing meningitis or enteritis, especially in neonates and infants. the u.s foodnet 2002 survey rate of invasive infections with this organism in infants under 1 year of age was 1 per 100,000 infants. severity of the disease is a matter of concern. in a recent study on the occurrence of e. sakazakii in production environments from food (milk powder, chocolate, cereal, potato, and p ... | 2004 | 15633700 |
| rapid, specific detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula using a real-time pcr assay. | enterobacter sakazakii is a rare cause of invasive infection with high mortality rates in neonates. powdered milk-based infant formulas have been associated with the e. sakazakii-related outbreaks in premature or other immunocompromised infants. in this study, an assay was developed for the specific detection of e. sakazakii in infant formula using an application of the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (taqman). a set of primers and probe was designed using the e. sakazakii partial macromolecular s ... | 2005 | 15690804 |
| a simple and rapid cultural method for detection of enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples. | a method was developed to detect and identify enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples. the method is based on selective enrichment at 45+/-0.5 degrees c in lauryl sulfate tryptose broth supplemented with 0.5 m nacl and 10 mg/liter vancomycin (mlst) for 22 to 24 h followed by streaking on tryptone soy agar with bile salts. when exposed to light during incubation at 37 degrees c, e. sakazakii produces yellow colonies within 24 h; identification was confirmed by testing for alpha-glucosidas ... | 2005 | 15690805 |
| enterobacter sakazakii: a coliform of increased concern to infant health. | the first cases of neonatal meningitis believed to have been caused by enterobacter sakazakii were reported in 1961. prompted by several subsequent outbreaks of e. sakazakii infections in neonates and an increasing number of neonates in intensive care units being fed rehydrated powdered infant formula, considered to be a source of the pathogen, public health authorities and researchers are exploring ways to eliminate the bacterium or control its growth in dry infant formula, processing environme ... | 2005 | 16039742 |
| real time pcr using taqman and sybr green for detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen that causes meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and children. powdered milk-based infant formulas have been associated with the e. sakazakii-related outbreaks in premature or other immunocompromised infants. in this study, we developed two real time pcr assays using taqman and sybr green to identify the pathogen after selective enrichment in mlst and bhi. the accuracy of two detections was tested by 35 strains o ... | 2006 | 16081174 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii in a dehydrated powdered infant formula. | a quantity of dehydrated powdered infant formula was prepared to contain enterobacter sakazakii strain 607 at approximately 106 cfu/ml when rehydrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. the survival of the microorganism in the dry formula was followed for 2 years, during which samples periodically were rehydrated and analyzed for viable e. sakazakii. during the initial 5 months of storage at room temperature, viable counts declined approximately 2.4 log cycles. during the subsequent 1 ... | 2005 | 16161690 |
| survival and growth of enterobacter sakazakii in infant rice cereal reconstituted with water, milk, liquid infant formula, or apple juice. | to determine survival and growth characteristics of enterobacter sakazakii in infant rice cereal as affected by type of liquid used for reconstitution and storage temperature after reconstitution. | 2005 | 16162235 |
| continuous hydrogen production from organic waste. | the antibiotic effects of lactic acid bacteria, lactobacillus paracasei, on hydrogen production were investigated using glucose as the substrate for the batch experiments. the effects of lactic acid bacteria on hydrogen fermentation depended on ph and the inhibition of hydrogen-producing bacteria was prevented by keeping the ph over 5.0. then, a continuous hydrogen production experiment was conducted by using bean curd manufacturing waste as an actual organic waste at ph 5.5 at 35 degrees c. the ... | 2005 | 16180421 |
| fortifying fresh human milk with commercial powdered human milk fortifiers does not affect bacterial growth during 6 hours at room temperature. | to evaluate the growth of resident aerobic mesophilic flora and added enterobacter sakazakii in fresh, unfortified human milk; fresh human milk fortified with two commercial powdered fortifiers differing in iron content; and infant formula prepared from powder. | 2005 | 16183356 |
| a top-down proteomics approach for differentiating thermal resistant strains of enterobacter sakazakii. | thermal tolerance has been identified as an important factor relevant to the pathogenicity of enterobacter sakazakii in human neonates. to identify a biomarker specific for this phenotypic trait, intact protein expression profiles of 12 strains of e. sakazakii were obtained using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. proteins were extracted from the bacterial cells, separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and mass analyzed. at the end of the chromatography run, the uncharged masses ... | 2005 | 16196092 |
| pcr and oligonucleotide array for detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii has been implicated in a several form of neonatal meningitis with a high mortality rate. in the present study, the species-specific pcr and oligonucleotide array assays were developed to detect the 16s-23s rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) of e. sakazakii. two pairs of specific pcr primers and 10 oligonucleotide probes were designed by sequencing the its of six strains of e. sakazakii and blast of genbank. the specificity and efficiency of the pcr and oligonucleotide ... | 2006 | 16226871 |
| biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide production, and cell-to-cell signaling in various enterobacter sakazakii strains: aspects promoting environmental persistence. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic pathogen and has been implicated in food-associated cases of meningitis or enteritis, especially in neonates and infants. the organism has been detected in various types of food and in food production units, but so far only powdered infant formula has been linked to outbreaks of disease. survival and persistence in such environments requires the ability to adapt to high osmotic potentials and/or dry conditions. fifty-six e. sakazakii strains ... | 2005 | 16300064 |
| performance of media for recovering stressed cells of enterobacter sakazakii as determined using spiral plating and ecometric techniques. | a study was done to determine the performance of differential, selective media for supporting resuscitation and colony development by stressed cells of enterobacter sakazakii. cells of four strains of e. sakazakii isolated from powdered infant formula were exposed to five stress conditions: heat (55 degrees c for 5 min), freezing (-20 degrees c for 24 h, thawed, frozen again at -20 degrees c for 2 h, thawed), acidic ph (3.54), alkaline ph (11.25), and desiccation in powdered infant formula (wate ... | 2005 | 16332738 |
| survival and growth of enterobacter sakazakii on fresh-cut fruits and vegetables and in unpasteurized juices as affected by storage temperature. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that has caused illnesses and deaths in infants and elderly immunocompromised adults. outbreaks of e. sakazakii infection have been associated with infant formulas, but the documented presence of this pathogen in a wide variety of ready-to-eat foods, including lettuce and other raw vegetables, makes it important to learn more about its behavior in these environments. we investigated the survival and growth characteristics of e. sakazakii o ... | 2005 | 16355824 |
| a chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients, and environmental sources. | a chromogenic agar, r&f enterobacter sakazakii chromogenic plating medium (espm), was developed for isolating presumptive colonies of e. sakazakii from foods and environmental sources. espm contains two chromogenic substrates (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-d-cellobioside), three sugars (sorbitol, d-arabitol, and adonitol), a ph indicator, and inhibitors (bile salts, vancomycin, and cefsulodin), which all contribute to its selectivity and d ... | 2006 | 16496571 |
| comparison of two chromogenic media and evaluation of two molecular based identification systems for enterobacter sakazakii detection. | enterobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen that has been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis especially in neonates. the current fda detection method includes two enrichment steps, the subculturing of the second enrichment broth on a selective agar (vrbg), a further subculturing of selected grown colonies on tsa and the subsequent biochemical identification of yellow-pigmented colonies by api20e. however, there is a strong nee ... | 2006 | 16504079 |
| enterobacter sakazakii: an emerging pathogen in powdered infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii represents a significant risk to the health of neonates. this bacterium is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is associated with rare but life-threatening cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in premature and full-term infants. infants aged <28 days are considered to be most at risk. feeding with powdered infant formula (pif) has been epidemiologically implicated in several clinical cases. infants should be exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 ... | 2006 | 16511766 |
| casein-derived antimicrobial peptides generated by lactobacillus acidophilus dpc6026. | three peptides produced by a lactobacillus acidophilus dpc6026 fermentation of sodium caseinate and showing antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains enterobacter sakazakii atcc 12868 and escherichia coli dpc5063 were characterized. these peptides were all generated from bovine alpha(s1)-casein and identified as ikhqglpqe, vlnenllr, and sdipnpigsensek. these peptides may have bioprotective applicability and potential use in milk-based formula, which has been linked to e. sakazakii infect ... | 2006 | 16517684 |
| identification of enterobacter sakazakii from closely related species: the use of artificial neural networks in the analysis of biochemical and 16s rdna data. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent pathogen associated with ingestion of infant formula and accurate identification is important in both industrial and clinical settings. bacterial species can be difficult to accurately characterise from complex biochemical datasets and computer algorithms can potentially simplify the process. | 2006 | 16533390 |
| isolation of enterobacter sakazakii from stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae). | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. previously, it was suggested that stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. in our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16s rdna pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in kansas and florida. two stable flies ( ... | 2006 | 16541702 |
| molecular characterization of the alpha-glucosidase activity in enterobacter sakazakii reveals the presence of a putative gene cluster for palatinose metabolism. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic pathogen for premature infants and neonates. although e. sakazakii has been isolated from various types of food, recontaminated dried infant formula has been epidemiologically identified as the major source of infection. amongst others, alpha-glucosidase activity is one of the most important biochemical features, which differentiates e. sakazakii from other species in the family enterobacteriaceae and has therefore been used as a selective ma ... | 2006 | 16563686 |
| cloning and sequencing of the ompa gene of enterobacter sakazakii and development of an ompa-targeted pcr for rapid detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging, infant formula-borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. traditional detection methods take up to 7 days to identify e. sakazakii. the outer membrane protein a gene (ompa), along with its flanking sequences from e. sakazakii (atcc 51329), was cloned in the pgem-t easy vector and sequenced. comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid seq ... | 2006 | 16597955 |
| effects of preculturing conditions on lag time and specific growth rate of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted powdered infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii can be present, although in low levels, in dry powdered infant formulae, and it has been linked to cases of meningitis in neonates, especially those born prematurely. in order to prevent illness, product contamination at manufacture and during preparation, as well as growth after reconstitution, must be minimized by appropriate control measures. in this publication, several determinants of the growth of e. sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula are reported. the followi ... | 2006 | 16597976 |
| effect of high-pressure processing on strains of enterobacter sakazakii. | four strains of enterobacter sakazakii were inoculated into tryptic soy broth and reconstituted powdered infant formula and exposed to high-pressure processing. pressures of 200, 400, and 600 mpa were used for each medium for 1 min. e. sakazakii was reduced by more than 6 log (strains a and b) in both media at 600 mpa. strain b was significantly (p < or = 0.05) more pressure resistant than the other strains, with just more than a 3-log reduction at 600 mpa in both media. the reconstituted infant ... | 2006 | 16629043 |
| characterization of a collection of enterobacter sakazakii isolates from environmental and food sources. | enterobacter sakazakii has emerged as a rare cause of neonatal meningitis, septicemia and enterocolitis. contaminated infant milk formula (imf) has been identified as one infection route. a small number of clinical outbreaks have been epidemiologically linked to imf contaminated post-pasteurization during manufacture and/or mishandled when reconstituted. currently no agreed standardized typing protocol has been developed to trace e. sakazakii. the objectives of this study were to apply biochemic ... | 2006 | 16730386 |
| gamma radiation sensitivity of enterobacter sakazakii in dehydrated powdered infant formula. | the observed enterobacter sakazakii d10-values for tryptic soy broth and dehydrated powdered infant formula were 0.27 +/- 0.05 and 0.76 +/- 0.08 kgy, respectively. a decrease of approximately 3 log in the dehydrated powdered infant formula was obtained by irradiation with 3.0 kgy or rehydration with hot water at 80 degrees c. no recoverable bacteria were found in the powdered infant formula irradiated at 5.0 kgy and stored, either before or after rehydration. a radiation dose of up to 5.0 kgy ha ... | 2006 | 16786869 |
| adhesive properties of enterobacter sakazakii to human epithelial and brain microvascular endothelial cells. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis especially in neonates. however, up to now little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity in e. sakazakii. a necessary state in the successful colonization, establishment and ultimately production of disease by microbial pathogens is the ability to adhere to host surfaces such as mucous membranes, gastric and intestinal epi ... | 2006 | 16800879 |
| enterobacter sakazakii and other bacteria in powdered infant milk formula. | recently there has been considerable concern related to the presence of bacteria, in particular enterobacter sakazakii, in powdered infant formula milk. this paper considers the bacteria in these products at point of sale, with reference to current microbiological testing and the need for good hygienic practice in their subsequent preparation before feeding. the ingestion of raised numbers of e. sakazakii resulting from temperature abuse after reconstitution is highlighted as well as the uncerta ... | 2005 | 16881878 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii on fresh produce as affected by temperature, and effectiveness of sanitizers for its elimination. | a study was done to determine the survival characteristics of enterobacter sakazakii on the surface of apples, cantaloupes, strawberries, lettuce, and tomatoes stored at 4, 12, and 25 degrees c for 8-28 days. populations significantly decreased (p<or=0.05) on all test produce at all storage temperatures. the efficacy of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a peroxyacetic acid-based sanitizer (tsunami 200) treatments (1 and 5 min) in killing the bacterium on apples, tomatoes, and lettuce was determine ... | 2006 | 16891023 |
| [enterobacter sakazakii: an emerging pathogen!]. | e sakazakii is a cause of invasive infection with high death rates in neonates. this report summarizes the investigation of infections associated with the presence of the organism in commercial powdered formula fed to the infant. the organism was detected in either prepared formula, the environment in wich it was prepared, or unopened products. clinicians should be aware of the potential risk for infection from use of nonsterile formula in the neonatal health-care setting. | 2005 | 16922052 |
| the presence of endotoxin in powdered infant formula milk and the influence of endotoxin and enterobacter sakazakii on bacterial translocation in the infant rat. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a heat stable endotoxin that persists during the processing of powdered infant formula milk (ifm). upon ingestion it may increase the permeability of the neonatal intestinal epithelium and consequently bacterial translocation from the gut. to determine the level of endotoxin present in ifm, 75 samples were collected from seven countries (representing 31 brands) and analysed for endotoxin using the kinetic colorimetric limulus amoebocyte lysate (lal) assay. the endotox ... | 2007 | 16943096 |
| attachment of and biofilm formation by enterobacter sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. | enterobacter sakazakii has been reported to form biofilms, but environmental conditions affecting attachment to and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces have not been described. we did a study to determine the effects of temperature and nutrient availability on attachment and biofilm formation by e. sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. five strains grown to stationary phase in tryptic soy broth (tsb), infant formula broth (ifb), or lettuce juice broth (ljb) at 12 and 25 degre ... | 2006 | 16957203 |
| detection of enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant milk formula by cationic-magnetic-bead capture. | enterobacter sakazakii has been associated with life-threatening infections in premature low-birth-weight infants. contaminated infant milk formula (imf) has been implicated in cases of e. sakazakii meningitis. quick and sensitive methods to detect low-level contamination sporadically present in imf preparations would positively contribute towards risk reduction across the infant formula food chain. here we report on the development of a simple method, combining charged separation and growth on ... | 2006 | 16957259 |
| invasive enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. | enterobacter sakazakii kills 40%-80% of infected infants and has been associated with powdered formula. we analyzed 46 cases of invasive infant e. sakazakii infection to define risk factors and guide prevention and treatment. twelve infants had bacteremia, 33 had meningitis, and 1 had a urinary tract infection. compared with infants with isolated bacteremia, infants with meningitis had greater birthweight (2,454 g vs. 850 g, p = 0.002) and gestational age (37 weeks vs. 27.8 weeks, p = 0.02), and ... | 2006 | 16965695 |
| nosocomial spread of qnra-mediated quinolone resistance in enterobacter sakazakii. | 2007 | 17000086 | |
| evaluation of the international organization for standardization-international dairy federation (iso-idf) draft standard method for detection of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant food formulas. | as a result of the growing recognition of enterobacter sakazakii as an emergent pathogen, the international dairy federation (idf) and the international organization for standardization (iso) have standardized a reference method for the detection of e. sakazakii in milk powder products and powdered infant food formulas (iff). the objectives of this study were to assess the applicability of the iso-idf draft standard, and to compare several chromogenic selective media for e. sakazakii [ready-to-u ... | 2006 | 17042181 |
| the biochemical differentiation of enterobacter sakazakii genotypes. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent pathogen that has been associated with neonatal infections through contaminated powdered infant milk formula. the species was defined by farmer et al. (1980) who described 15 biogroups according to the biochemical characterization of 57 strains. this present study compares genotypes (dna cluster groups based on partial 16s rdna sequence analysis) with the biochemical traits for 189 e. sakazakii strains. | 2006 | 17067387 |
| cloning and characterization of enterobacter sakazakii pigment genes and in situ spectroscopic analysis of the pigment. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that is characterized by formation of yellow-pigmented colonies. because of the lack of basic knowledge about enterobacter sakazakii genetics, the bac approach and the heterologous expression of the pigment in escherichia coli were used to elucidate the molecular structure of the genes responsible for pigment production in enterobacter sakazakii strain es5. sequencing and annotation of a 33.025 bp fragment revealed seven or ... | 2006 | 17069626 |
| comparison of media for the isolation of enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is associated with neonatal infections and is occasionally present at low levels (<1 cfu/g) in powdered infant formula milk (ifm). it has been previously reported that some e. sakazakii strains do not grow in standard media for enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria; therefore, a reliable method is needed for recovery of the organism. three e. sakazakii enrichment broths-enterobacteriaceae enrichment broth (ee), e. sakazakii selective broth (essb), and modified lauryl su ... | 2007 | 17071794 |
| a robotic dna purification protocol and real-time pcr for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formulae. | enterobacter sakazakii is the causative agent of rare but severe food-borne infections associated with meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in infants. rehydrated powdered infant formulae have been implicated as the source of infection in several outbreaks and sporadic cases. in this work, a real time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr assay incorporating an internal amplification control (iac) was developed for the specific detection of e. sakazakii in foods. performance of ... | 2006 | 17166252 |
| effectiveness of disinfectants in killing enterobacter sakazakii in suspension, dried on the surface of stainless steel, and in a biofilm. | the effectiveness of 13 disinfectants used in hospitals, day-care centers, and food service kitchens in killing enterobacter sakazakii in suspension, dried on the surface of stainless steel, and in biofilm was determined. e. sakazakii exhibited various levels of resistance to the disinfectants, depending on the composition of the disinfectants, amount and type of organic matrix surrounding cells, and exposure time. populations of planktonic cells suspended in water (7.22 to 7.40 log cfu/ml) decr ... | 2007 | 17172461 |
| a study of the gamma hypothesis: predictive modelling of the growth and inhibition of enterobacter sakazakii. | although the temperature growth profile of the opportunistic pathogen enterobacter sakazakii is known, few other environmental factors affecting growth have been analysed. using a model based on the gamma hypothesis--that antimicrobial factors in mixtures exert independent effects--a range of weak acids (lactic, acetic, propionic, citric, sorbic and benzoic), ph, salt and temperature and some of their combinations were examined. the weak acids examined inhibited principally with the acid-form of ... | 2007 | 17196279 |
| enterobacter sakazakii bacteriophages can prevent bacterial growth in reconstituted infant formula. | reconstituted infant formula has been implicated in outbreaks of enterobacter sakazakii infections, causing high mortality and serious sequelae. current prevention methods appear to be insufficient to ensure that such foods are free of e. sakazakii. in this study, the usefulness of bacteriophages for biocontrol of e. sakazakii was investigated. of a total of six new e. sakazakii phages isolated from sewage and uv irradiated cultures, two were selected for further study by electron microscopy, dn ... | 2007 | 17196280 |
| characterization of the gene encoding the 16s rrna of enterobacter sakazakii and development of a species-specific pcr method. | the gene encoding the 16s rrna of enterobacter (e.) sakazakii (atcc 29544, plus four strains isolated from powdered infant formula) was studied, and the sequence compared with those of other enterobacteriaceae in aspects of genetic variability. sequence differences between e. sakazakii and other enterobacteriaceae within the hypervariable regions v1, v2, and v3, respectively, were used to develop two pcr methods for e. sakazakii. pcr1 employed a primer pair located in v1/v2, while pcr2 utilized ... | 2007 | 17289198 |
| [neonatal sepsis due to enterobacter sakazakii]. | 2007 | 17306113 | |
| application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterise and trace the prevalence of enterobacter sakazakii in an infant formula processing facility. | enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) contamination of powdered infant formula (pif) and its processing environment was monitored between april 2005 and march 2006. the purpose of the monitoring programme was to locate points of contamination, investigate clonal persistence, and identify possible dissemination routes along the processing chain. a total of 80 e. sakazakii isolates were recovered from the manufacturing facility. the overall frequency of isolation of e. sakazakii in intermediate an ... | 2007 | 17307267 |
| postsurgical osteomyelitis caused by enterobacter sakazakii in a healthy young man. | enterobacter sakazakii, a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, is a rare cause of invasive infections (meningitis, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis) with high death rates (40-80%), primarily in newborns. in contrast to the high number of cases in newborns, infants and children, there are only a few reported cases of e. sakazakii infections in adults, generally in subjects with pre-existing conditions such as neoplasms, and just one osteomyelitis of the foot. we report a confirmed case of postsur ... | 2007 | 17309858 |
| enterobacter sakazakii in food and beverages (other than infant formula and milk powder). | the ubiqitous microorganism enterobacter sakazakii is a rare contaminant of infant formula and may cause severe systemic infection in neonates. so far, other food is not known to cause e. sakazakii-infections. the scarce information about the ecology of e. sakazakii and the uncertainty concerning the source of infection in children and adults warrant a summary of the current knowledge about the presence of this opportunistic microorganism in food other than infant formula. this review systematiz ... | 2007 | 17331606 |
| identification of proteins involved in osmotic stress response in enterobacter sakazakii by proteomics. | enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic food-borne pathogen, causing rare but significant illness especially in neonates. it has been proposed that the organism is relatively resistant to osmotic and dry stress compared to other species of the enterobacteriaceae group. to understand the mechanisms involved in osmotic stress response, 2-de protein analysis coupled to maldi-tof ms was employed to investigate changes in the protein profiles of e. sakazakii cells in response to two dif ... | 2007 | 17380534 |
| enterobacter sakazakii an emerging bacterial pathogen with implications for infant health. | enterobacter sakazakii (e. sakazakii) is an opportunistic pathogen and the aetiological agent in rare but life-threatening cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in infants. among infants, those at greatest risk are neonates (<28 days), particularly those born prematurely or of low birth weight (<2500 g). consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (pif) has been epidemiologically linked with cases of infection. contamination can occur during the manufacturing process ... | 2007 | 17404564 |
| [antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered formula for infant and young children]. | to study the antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered formula for infant and young children in chinese market. | 2007 | 17424852 |
| comparison of the phenotyping methods id 32e and vitek 2 compact gn with 16s rrna gene sequencing for the identification of enterobacter sakazakii. | a total of 34 isolates (28 enterobacter sakazakii and 6 enterobacteriaceae) from infant formulae, milk powder, and the production environment of milk powder factories were identified using id 32e and vitek 2 compact gn systems (biomérieux, france). the id 32e version 3.0 and vitek 2 compact gn version 01.01b correctly identified 100% (28) of the enterobacter sakazakii isolates tested, whereas the previous software version 2.0 for id 32e showed only 71.4% correct results. none of the non-e. sakaz ... | 2007 | 17428936 |
| the taxonomy of enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and cronobacter genomospecies 1. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis and brain abscess/lesions. when the species was defined in 1980, 15 biogroups were described and it was suggested that these could represent multiple species. in this study the taxonomic relationship of strains described as e. sakazakii was further investigated. | 2007 | 17439656 |
| differentiation of enterobacter sakazakii from closely related enterobacter and citrobacter species using fatty acid profiles. | capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (gc-fid) was used to determine the cellular fatty acid (cfa) profiles of 134 enterobacter sakazakii strains, and these were compared to the cfa profiles of other closely related enterobacter and citrobacter species. for gc-fid analysis, whole cell fatty acid methyl esters (fames) from cells cultured on brain heart infusion (bhi) agar at 37 degrees c for 24 h were obtained by saponification, methylation, and extraction into hexane/methy ... | 2007 | 17472390 |
| characterization of the zinc-containing metalloprotease encoded by zpx and development of a species-specific detection method for enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii causes a severe form of neonatal meningitis that occurs as sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. the disease has been epidemiologically associated with consumption of reconstituted, dried infant formulas. very little information is available regarding pathogenicity of the organism and production of virulence factors. clinical and environmental strains were screened for production of factors which have activity against chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells in tissue culture. pol ... | 2007 | 17483271 |
| application of a novel hydrophilic infrared-transparent membrane to the differentiation between microcolonies of enterobacter sakazakii and klebsiella pneumoniae. | a proof-of-concept study is reported for the differentiation between microcolonies of enterobacter sakazakii and klebsiella pneumoniae by means of a novel sample preparation for infrared (ir) analysis. a disposable, ir-transparent, microporous (0.2-microm pores), hydrophobic, polyethylene (pe) membrane (51 microm thick) was plasma treated under an oxygen atmosphere and used to (i) filter (or print microarrays of) dilute aqueous foodborne bacterial suspensions and (ii) subsequently grow bacterial ... | 2007 | 17536686 |
| isolation and identification of enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formulas. | enterobacter sakazakii is a pathogen of increasing medical concern, due to it being implicated in cases of meningitis, sepis, and necrotizing enterocolitis associated with the consumption of contaminated infant milk formula. at present, the method adopted by the mexican food industry for the isolation and identification of e. sakazakii is based on the methodology of the united states food and drug administration (fda). however, this procedure is laborious and requires 7 days to obtain a confirma ... | 2007 | 17600483 |
| survival and growth of enterobacter sakazakii in infant cereal as affected by composition, reconstitution liquid, and storage temperature. | invasive infections caused by enterobacter sakazakii have occurred predominantly in low-birth-weight neonates and infants younger than 2 months of age. however, infections have also occurred in healthy infants up to 8 months of age and in immunocompromised children up to 4 years of age. the ability of e. sakazakii to survive and grow in infant cereals as affected by composition of the cereal, composition of the reconstitution liquid, and temperature is unknown. a study was done to determine the ... | 2007 | 17612071 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii in infant cereal as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. | enterobacter sakazakii infections in preterm neonates and infants have been epidemiologically associated with consumption of reconstituted powdered infant formula. the bacterium has been isolated from grain, infant cereals, and cereal factory environments. a study was done to determine the survival characteristics of e. sakazakii initially at populations of 0.31 and 5.03 logcfu/g of infant rice cereal (a(w) 0.30, 0.45-0.46, and 0.68-0.69). cereal was stored at 4, 21, and 30 degrees c and populat ... | 2007 | 17613375 |
| vector competence of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae), for enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen causing meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. it has been suggested that stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans l., are a vector/reservoir of this pathogen. in this study, we assessed a) vector competence of adult stable flies (sf) for e. sakazakii, b) effect of e. sakazakii on sf development, and c) survival of e. sakazakii during sf development and colonization of the digestive tract of newly-eme ... | 2007 | 17633434 |
| genetic characterization of thermal tolerance in enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates. here we characterized the thermal tolerance of e. sakazakii isolates obtained from powdered infant formula and other food products in japan. isolates were categorized into three classes according to their thermal tolerance, and differential gene expression analysis showed that the heat-resistant clones expressed a higher level of infb (which encodes a translation initiation facto ... | 2007 | 17641469 |
| enterobacter sakazakii bacteraemia with multiple splenic abscesses in a 75-year-old woman: a case report. | enterobacter sakazakii is an uncommon bacterium that is known to cause severe neonatal infection and is rare among adults. we present a peculiar case of e. sakazakii bacteraemia with multiple splenic abscesses in a 75-year-old institutionalised woman, who was successfully treated with 6 weeks of imipenem and percutaneous drainage of the abscesses. | 2007 | 17646217 |
| [a brief review of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula]. | 2007 | 17658003 | |
| purification and characterization of enterobacter sakazakii enterotoxin. | enterobacter sakazakii has recently been recognized as an often fatal neonatal pathogen that rarely infects adults. although not much is known about factors involved in its pathogenicity, the organism has been reported to produce enterotoxin. currently, no information is available in the literature about the production and characterization of the enterotoxin. this report is the first attempt regarding purification and biochemical characterization of the enterotoxin produced from e. sakazakii. th ... | 2007 | 17668035 |
| survival of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula as affected by composition, water activity, and temperature. | a study was done to determine survival characteristics of enterobacter sakazakii in four milk-based and two soybean-based powdered infant formulas. a 10-strain mixture of e. sakazakii was inoculated into the six infant formulas at water activity (aw) 0.25 to 0.30, 0.31 to 0.33, and 0.43 to 0.50 to give low (0.80 log cfu/g) and high (4.66 to 4.86 log cfu/g) populations. at an initial population of 0.80 log cfu/g, e. sakazakii was detected by enrichment in six of six, four of six, and one of six f ... | 2007 | 17685328 |
| comparison of three chromogenic media and evaluation of two molecular-based identification systems for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii from environmental samples from infant formulae factories. | enterobacter sakazakii is an occasional contaminant of powdered infant formula that can cause rare but severe foodborne infections in infants. to determine optimal methods for the detection and identification of e. sakazakii, 38 naturally contaminated samples from infant formulae factories were analyzed by two pcr-based methods and by a method (ts 22964/rm 210) developed by the international organization for standardization and the international dairy federation (iso-idf) using three different c ... | 2007 | 17685342 |
| genotypic characterization of enterobacter sakazakii isolates by pfge, box-pcr and sequencing of the flic gene. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging food-borne pathogen that can cause rare but severe forms of neonatal meningitis, bacteraemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. a rapid typing method at the strain level is needed to determine the monoclonality or polyclonality of the isolates during outbreaks. | 2008 | 17850301 |
| identification of "cronobacter" spp. (enterobacter sakazakii). | a taxonomic reclassification of the neonatal pathogen enterobacter sakazakii to consist of five species within a new genus, "cronobacter," has recently been proposed. the correct identification of these organisms is important to clinicians. therefore, using 312 enterobacteriaceae, including 210 "cronobacter" strains, the reliabilities of biochemical and genetic confirmation tests were investigated. all "cronobacter" isolates were positive using dnag and glua pcr protocols, and all expressed alph ... | 2007 | 17881547 |
| growth of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula as affected by composition and temperature. | the ability of enterobacter sakazakii to cause infections in infants, coupled with its documented presence in some lots of commercially manufactured powdered infant formula, raises a concern about the potential for its growth in reconstituted formula, with consequent increased safety risk. a study was done to determine these characteristics in four commercial milk-based powdered infant formulas and two soy-based formulas reconstituted with water and inoculated with a 10-strain mixture of e. saka ... | 2007 | 17900088 |
| inhibition of growth of enterobacter sakazakii in reconstituted infant formula by the lactoperoxidase system. | neonatal bacteremia and meningitis caused by the opportunistic pathogen enterobacter sakazakii have been associated with the consumption of reconstituted powdered infant formula. lactoperoxidase (lpo), present in mammalian milk, is known to inhibit the growth of enteric pathogens. we undertook a study to determine if the lactoperoxidase system (lpos) will inhibit the growth of e. sakazakii in a milk-based powdered infant formula reconstituted with water. initially at 0.04 cfu/ml, e. sakazakii gr ... | 2007 | 17900089 |
| dry stress and survival time of enterobacter sakazakii and other enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered infant formula. | powdered infant formula is not a sterile product, and opportunistic pathogens could multiply in the reconstituted product, resulting in neonatal infections. in this study, the generation of sublethally injured enterobacteriaceae during desiccation and their persistence in dehydrated powdered infant formula was assessed during a 2.5-year period. the study included 27 strains of enterobacter sakazakii, enterobacter cloacae, salmonella enteritidis, citrobacter koseri, citrobacter freundii, escheric ... | 2007 | 17900090 |
| enterobacter sakazakii invades brain capillary endothelial cells, persists in human macrophages influencing cytokine secretion and induces severe brain pathology in the neonatal rat. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen associated with contaminated powdered infant formula and a rare cause of gram-negative sepsis that can develop into meningitis and brain abscess formation in neonates. bacterial pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. in this study, the host inflammatory response was evaluated following intracranial inoculation of ent. sakazakii into infant rats. infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils composed multiple inflammatory foci and contained pha ... | 2007 | 17906151 |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of enterobacter sakazakii strains from an outbreak resulting in fatalities in a neonatal intensive care unit in france. | in 1994, an outbreak of enterobacter sakazakii infections occurred in a neonatal intensive care unit in france from 5 may to 11 july. during the outbreak, 13 neonates were infected with e. sakazakii, resulting in 3 deaths. in addition, four symptomless neonates were colonized by e. sakazakii. the strains were subjected to 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and phenotyped for a range of enzyme activities. e. sakazakii was isolated from various anato ... | 2007 | 17928419 |
| role of bacterial ompa and host cytoskeleton in the invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells by enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen in neonates and infants. interactions of e. sakazakii with intestinal epithelium could be vital in the pathogenesis of enteric infections and in its systemic dissemination. the present study investigated the interaction of e. sakazakii with human intestinal epithelial (int407) cells and the role of bacterial outer membrane protein a (ompa) and host cytoskeleton in these interactions. e. sakazakii invaded int407 cells with moderate efficiency. an omp ... | 2007 | 17957161 |
| pressure inactivation kinetics of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula milk. | survival curves of enterobacter sakazakii inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure were obtained at four pressure levels (250, 300, 350, and 400 mpa), at temperatures below 30 degrees c, in buffered peptone water (bpw; 0.3%, wt/vol) and infant formula milk (ifm; 16%, wt/vol). a linear model and four nonlinear models (weibull, log-logistic, modified gompertz, and baranyi) were fitted to the data, and the performances of the models were compared. the linear regression model for the survival curves ... | 2007 | 17969609 |
| a comparative study between overlay method and selective-differential media for recovery of stressed enterobacter sakazakii cells from infant formula. | this study compares the performance of different selective-differential media with the overlay method for recovery of stressed cells of enterobacter sakazakii from infant formula milk (ifm). five different selective-differential media were used in this study: ok medium, violet red bile agar (vrba), druggan-forsythe-iversen agar (dfi), enterobacteriaceae enrichment (ee) agar, and fecal coliform agar (fca). tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.1% sodium pyruvate (tsap) was used as a control. the o ... | 2008 | 17993373 |
| inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii in infant milk formula by gamma irradiation: determination of d10-value. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that has caused several cases of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants and has been associated with infant formulas. five strains of e. sakazakii were inoculated individually into brain heart infusion broth and rehydrated or dehydrated infant milk formula and exposed to ionizing radiation. e. sakazakii strains in brain heart infusion broth and rehydrated infant milk formula (rimf) were exposed to irradiation dose of up to 1 k ... | 2007 | 17995805 |
| rapid detection of enterobacter sakazakii using taqman real-time pcr assay. | enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging food pathogen, which induces severe meningitis and sepsis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. the disease is generally associated with the ingestion of contaminated infant formula. in this study, we describe the development of a real-time pcr protocol to identify e. sakazakii using a taqman probe, predicated on the nucleotide sequence data of the 16s rrna gene obtained from a variety of pathogens. to detect e. sakazakii, four primer sets and ... | 2007 | 18050957 |
| thermal resistance and inactivation of enterobacter sakazakii isolates during rehydration of powdered infant formula. | enterobacter sakazakii may be related to outbreaks of meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, mainly in neonates. to reduce the risk of e. sakazakii in baby foods, thermal characteristics for korean e. sakazakii isolates were determined at 52, 56, and 60 degrees c in saline solution, rehydrated powdered infant formula, and dried baby food. in saline solution, their d-values were 12-16, 3-5, and 0.9-1 min for each temperature. d-values increased to 16-20, 4-5, and 2-4 min in rehydr ... | 2007 | 18051770 |
| enterobacter sakazakii invasion in human intestinal caco-2 cells requires the host cell cytoskeleton and is enhanced by disruption of tight junction. | enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes systemic bacteremia and meningitis with high mortality, and powdered infant formula is a frequent source of this bacterium. however, the mechanisms that this organism uses to invade and translocate through the intestinal barrier are unknown. using caco-2 epithelial cells, we were able to demonstrate penetration of e. sakazakii and to determine invasion-associated properties. we found that e. sakazakii entry and invasion were depende ... | 2008 | 18070906 |
| effects of a human milk-derived human milk fortifier on the antibacterial actions of human milk. | to compare the effects of a human breastmilk-derived fortifier on the antibacterial activity of milk obtained from lactating mothers delivering prematurely with the effects of a powdered fortifier on the same milk. | 2007 | 18081457 |
| development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for the molecular subtyping of enterobacter sakazakii. | the genomic content of enterobacter sakazakii strain atcc baa-894 was analyzed for variable-number tandem repeats (vntrs). in this study we report the development of a multiple-locus vntr analysis (mlva) strategy for the subtyping of e. sakazakii. the method is based on a genescan analysis of four vntr loci labeled with multiple fluorescent dyes. this approach was applied to a collection of 112 isolates representing all 16 of the currently defined e. sakazakii biogroups. mlva successfully discri ... | 2008 | 18083860 |
| enterobacter sakazakii in infants: novel phenomenon in india. | e. sakazakii has been implicated in necrotizing enterocolitis, bloodstream and central nervous system infections, with mortality rates of 40-80%. two cases of e. sakazakii infections; one preterm very low birth weight neonate with meningitis and a two month infant with bacteraemia, are described for the first time in india. the first baby succumbed to the infection while the other responded to appropriate therapy. powdered infant milk formulae have been implicated in causing neonatal infections ... | 2007 | 18087097 |
| prevalence and genetic diversity of enterobacter sakazakii in ingredients of infant foods. | various food samples in korea were examined for the presence of enterobacter sakazakii. dried shrimp had the highest contamination rate among the examined dried fish products. e. sakazakii isolates were confirmed using an api 20e kit and a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the rdna operons. the isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using xbai to elucidate the genetic diversity of the organisms. ten pulsotypes were identified using pfge and 22 types were identi ... | 2008 | 18177966 |