Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| esterases in folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae). characterization of enzymes among parthenogenic strains. | esterase enzymes from four strains of folsomia candida were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. up to 12 bands of enzymatic activity were present in each strain. esterase bands were classified as choline esterases or as one of two groups of carboxyl esterases, based on mobility, on substrate specificity and on activity remaining after inhibition by class-specific chemicals. one strain-specific choline esterase was discovered which resisted the effects of many organophosphate i ... | 1986 | 2423291 |
| experimental models for the study of chronoimmunomodulation (rhythms of the springtail folsomia candida, collembola: isotomidae). | a third-generation cephalosporine, cefodizime, was tested in two experiments on the springtail, folsomia candida, used as a model of infradian rhythmicity. any effect on ecdysis (molt), oviposition and oviproduction was sought for 6, 20 or 60 ng of cefodizime administered with brewer's yeast every other day, as compared to controls given only the yeast. results indicate that a 20-ng dose of cefodizime on alternate days may shorten an infradian period (of molt) in the springtail. | 1988 | 3416674 |
| chronobiologic view of molt and longevity of folsomia candida (collembola) at different ambient temperatures. | a reanalysis of data published earlier indicates that the springtail, folsomia candida, kept in continuous darkness, lengthens its intermolt interval (stadia) with age. at an environmental temperature of 21 degrees or 26 degrees c, the early stadia show an about-half-weekly or circasemiseptan interval and later stadia an about-weekly or circaseptan intermolt interval. at 15 degrees c, early stadia are about circaseptan, lengthening to nearly circadiseptan with aging. our own studies of folsomia ... | 1987 | 3601962 |
| life span of springtail on 12-hr shifts at varying intervals of 12-hr alternation in ambient temperature. | the effect of shifts at different intervals of a regimen of quasioptimal and nonoptimal ambient temperatures alternating at 12-hr intervals was tested on the springtail, folsomia candida. life span data demonstrate that shifts of the temperature regimen can be optimized to prolong life rather than to shorten it or to leave it unaffected. optimal shift intervals are 7 days apart, in keeping with the results on effects of shifts of a regimen of alternating light and darkness in a giant alga, aceta ... | 1987 | 3601963 |
| [intracellular microorganisms in the ovary of the isotomide collembole folsomia candida]. | 1972 | 4117172 | |
| persistence of biological activity of seven insecticides in soil assayed with folsomia candida. | 1973 | 4732610 | |
| toxicity of twenty-nine insecticides to folsomia candida: laboratory studies. | 1972 | 5085780 | |
| sublethal sensitivity index as an ecotoxicity parameter measuring energy allocation under toxicant stress: application to cadmium in soil arthropods. | toxic substances may affect the life history of a species in a variety of ways. different species maintain different priorities in coping with the physiological consequences of toxicant-induced stress. this is expressed by changes in energy allocation to different life-history characteristics which may have great consequences for the response at the population level. in this study the terrestrial invertebrates platynothrus peltifer (oribatida), orchesella cincta, folsomia candida (collembola), a ... | 1995 | 7498055 |
| influence of cadmium on life-history characteristics of folsomia candida (willem) in an artificial soil substrate. | to understand the consequences of soil pollution on higher levels of biological organization, the chain of effects of cadmium on several interrelated responses was studied in a chronic toxicity experiment using the collembolan species folsomia candida (willem) in an artificial soil. the individual parameters survival, growth, and number of offspring were determined after different time intervals up to 9 weeks. the accumulation of cadmium in springtails and the population increase during the expe ... | 1993 | 7504616 |
| does a heterogeneous distribution of food or pesticide affect the outcome of toxicity tests with collembola? | the reproduction of two closely related soil microarthropods, folsomia candida willem and folsomia fimetaria l. (insecta: collembola), was tested under the influence of the insecticide dimethoate. dimethoate had an adverse effect on the survival of adults and their reproduction in concentrations of about the recommended field dose, with f. fimetaria being more sensitive than f. candida. the experimental conditions were altered to evaluate the realism in the basic single species/single chemical r ... | 1995 | 7539370 |
| assessment of disturbance on soil ecosystems. | given the complexity of ecosystems, the high degree of interactions among species, and the numerous responses of systems to disturbance, it is unlikely that simple assays developed for other systems would adequately serve to monitor soil systems. apart from the questionable applicability of non-soil techniques, protocols to monitor soil biota in a standardized manner have not been developed. to monitor soils, a five-phase plan is proposed. the plan involves: (1) a thorough survey of the systems ... | 1993 | 8346651 |
| effect of two commercial formulations of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (dipel 8l and dipel 8af) on the collembolan species folsomia candida in a soil microcosm study. | 1995 | 8563213 | |
| toxicity of dimethoate to some soil animal species in different soil types. | toxicity of dimethoate (insecticide) to an earthworm (aporrectodea caliginosa tuberculata), a collembola (folsomia candida), and an enchytraeid worm (enchytraeus crypticus/variatus) was studied in three different soil types (artificial soil, clayey soil, and humus sandy soil). parameters measured were survival and biomass change of the earthworms and survival and reproduction of the collembolas and enchytraeids. the degradation of dimethoate was analyzed too. toxic effects were observed at the c ... | 1996 | 8723749 |
| safety testing of tebufenozide, a new molt-inducing insecticide, for effects on nontarget forest soil invertebrates. | tebufenozide, a new molt-inducing insecticide that mimics the action of ecdysone, is being considered for use to control defoliating lepidoptera in forests in canada. soil microcosms, employing substrates and species from the ecosystems in which spraying is likely to occur, were used to evaluate the effects of this compound on soil invertebrates. the forest earthworm (dendrobaena octaedra savigny) and four species of collembola (folsomia candida willem, f. nivalis (packard), onychiurus parvicorn ... | 1996 | 8744924 |
| effects of ph on the toxicity of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc to folsomia candida willem, 1902 (collembola) in a standard laboratory test system. | ec50s for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc were determined for juvenile production of folsomia candida at ph6.0, 5.0 and 4.5 in a standard laboratory test system. in contrast to most previous studies where metal toxicity was increased at low phs, in our experiments there was no clear relationship between soil acidity and ec50-reproduction in this species. the ec50-reproduction values (microgram g-1) for cadmium and zinc were similar at all three phs (ph6.0: cd 590, zn 900; ph5.0: cd 780, zn 600; p ... | 1996 | 8976058 |
| the influence of soil moisture content on the bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium for folsomia candida willem (collembola: isotomidae). | for collembola living in the upper soil and litter layers, soil moisture is a primary factor for survival. in addition, a shortage or surplus of moisture might interact with other stress factors, such as persistent pollutants. the aim of this study therefore was to investigate the response of the collembolan species folsomia candida to cadmium at different soil moisture contents. tests were performed in an artificial soil substrate at soil moisture levels of 25, 35, 45, and 55%, corresponding wi ... | 1997 | 9126429 |
| ecological effects assessment of industrial sludge for microarthropods and decomposition in a spruce plantation. | effects of dried, granulated industrial sludge-containing residues of organic pesticides and precursors were assessed for microarthropod fauna and the decomposition of a spruce forest floor. the investigation was highly realistic, using large plots of about 1/2 ha, and the application was done with professional equipment. the ecological effects of the sludge were compared with the ecological effects of an inorganic fertilizer. decreases in abundance of the microarthropods ranged from 20 to 80% o ... | 1997 | 9126433 |
| effects of temperature on the relative toxicities of cd, cu, pb, and zn to folsomia candida (collembola). | ec50s for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined for juvenile production of folsomia candida willem, 1902, at 25, 20, and 15 degrees c in a standard laboratory test system. juvenile production of f. candida was too low at 25 degrees c for reliable ec50-reproduction values to be determined. the ec50-reproduction values (micrograms g-1) for cadmium, copper, and zinc were similar at both 20 and 15 degrees c (20 degrees c: cd, 590; cu, 700; zn, 900; 15 degrees c: cd, 540; cu, 640; zn, 590). ... | 1997 | 9262952 |
| influence of temperature on the regulation and toxicity of zinc in folsomia candida (collembola). | to generate reproducible and reliable results, most protocols for standardized toxicity tests prescribe strict limits for test conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. in the field, however, variability of climate can influence the functioning of organisms and induce changes in sensitivity. to evaluate the influence of temperature on the ecotoxicity of zinc, the springtail folsomia candida was exposed to zinc-contaminated soil at different temperatures. in one experiment, the toxici ... | 1997 | 9378087 |
| intergeneric transfer of conjugative and mobilizable plasmids harbored by escherichia coli in the gut of the soil microarthropod folsomia candida (collembola). | the gut of the soil microarthropod folsomia candida provides a habitat for a high density of bacterial cells (t. thimm, a. hoffmann, h. borkott, j. c. munch, and c. c. tebbe, appl. environ. microbiol. 64:2660-2669, 1998). we investigated whether these gut bacteria act as recipients for plasmids from escherichia coli. filter mating with e. coli donor cells and collected feces of f. candida revealed that the broad-host-range conjugative plasmid prp4-luc (prp4 with a luciferase marker gene) transfe ... | 1998 | 9647844 |
| the gut of the soil microarthropod folsomia candida (collembola) is a frequently changeable but selective habitat and a vector for microorganisms. | interaction potentials between soil microarthropods and microorganisms were investigated with folsomia candida (insecta, collembola) in microcosm laboratory experiments. microscopic analysis revealed that the volumes of the simple, rod-shaped guts of adult specimens varied with their feeding activity, from 0.7 to 11.2 nl. a dense layer of bacterial cells, associated with the peritrophic membrane, was detected in the midgut by scanning electron microscopy. depending on the molting stage, which oc ... | 1998 | 9647845 |
| temperature-time relationship in collembolan response to chemical exposure. | effects of temperature on chemical toxicity to a collembolan, folsomia candida, in relation to time were studied in this experiment. field soil was used as a test substrate. collembolans were incubated at three different temperatures (+13, +16, and +19 degrees c) and in two different dimethoate concentrations (1 and 3 mg/kg), clean soil serving as the control. four destructive samplings were done at 2-week intervals. dimethoate degradation was also analyzed. dimethoate 1 mg/kg had a slight effec ... | 1999 | 10090812 |
| water vapor absorption in arthropods by accumulation of myoinositol and glucose | hydrophilic soil arthropods have been thought to respond to soil desiccation exclusively by migrating to deeper soil layers. numerous studies have shown that their survival below 90 percent relative humidity dry weight, is limited to hours. however, little attention has been paid to physiological adaptations to more realistic desiccation regimes, such as at the permanent wilting point of plants (98.9 percent relative humidity). a water vapor absorption mechanism is described that allows a common ... | 1999 | 10489369 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rdna of the cytoplasmic bacterium wolbachia from the novel host folsomia candida (hexapoda, collembola) and its implications for wolbachial taxonomy. | wolbachia pipientis are intracellular, transovarially inherited alpha-proteobacteria in invertebrates. four major wolbachia groups exist: a, b (contained in divergent arthropods), c and d (harbored by nematoda). by means of transmission electron microscopy, we observed wolbachia-like bacteria in a primitive insect, folsomia candida (hexapoda, collembola, isotomidae). 16s rdna analysis proved them to constitute a novel lineage, henceforth named group e, in the wolbachial phylogenetic tree. it sha ... | 1999 | 10556723 |
| environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks, ahtn and hhcb. ii. effect assessment and risk characterisation. | reports of the polycyclic musks ahtn and hhcb in surface water and fish, primarily in europe, have prompted studies of their environmental effects. these effects then are used, along with the predicted environmental concentrations in a risk assessment according to the approach developed under european union regulation 793/93, in line with the technical guidance document for risk assessment of new and existing chemicals. in 72-h studies with algae (pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), noecs were 0.3 ... | 1999 | 10630704 |
| coupled biological oscillators in a cave insect. | insects that live in the interior of caves show the basic internal temporal organization of coupled oscillators. an analysis is made of the coupled moulting and oviposition cycles of folsomia candida, a cave-dwelling collembolan, with regard to their oscillatory nature, their phase dependent responses to external perturbations, the effect of coupling on these responses, and conjecture about the link of these cycles with circadian clocks in other organisms. | 2000 | 11013112 |
| a battery of toxicity tests as indicators of decontamination in composting oily waste. | heterogeneous oily waste from an old dumping site was composted in three windrows constructed from different proportions of waste, sewage sludge, and bark. the objectives of this pilot study were to examine the usefulness of composting as a treatment method for this particular waste and to study decontamination in the composting process by using a battery of toxicity tests. five samples from the windrow having intermediate oil concentrations were tested with toxicity tests based on microbes (pse ... | 2000 | 11023694 |
| continuous monitoring of folsomia candida (insecta: collembola) in a metal exposure test. | current recommended ecotoxicological tests with the parthenogenetic springtail folsomia candida using standard oecd soil do not allow for continuous monitoring during the exposure period. effects of chemicals cannot be determined until the end of the experiment (typically after 4 weeks), since the animals stay below the soil surface. in this study, f. candida were maintained on a plaster of paris/graphite substrate for 7 weeks and were supplied with an aqueous suspension of yeast contaminated wi ... | 2001 | 11222037 |
| impact of metal pools and soil properties on metal accumulation in folsomia candida (collembola). | soil-dwelling organisms are exposed to metals in different ways. evidence exists for predominant pore water uptake of metals by soft-bodied oligochaete species. in the present research, uptake kinetics of metals and the metalloid as by the semi-soft-bodied springtail folsomia candida were studied, for which uptake via the pore water is less obvious. springtails were exposed in 16 field soils and in metal-spiked artificial organization for economic cooperation and development (paris, france) soil ... | 2001 | 11345445 |
| leaf surfaces and the bioavailability of pesticide residues. | laboratory bioassays were carried out to determine the toxicity to folsomia candida willem (collembola: isotomidae) of residues of a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, and an organophosphorus insecticide, dimethoate, on different leaf surfaces. the test leaves included a range of species and leaves of different ages. dose-response relationships were estimated for f candida walking over the various treated leaf substrates. probit analysis was used to estimate the means and standard deviations ... | 2001 | 11374156 |
| the use of acute and chronic bioassays to determine the ecological risk and bioremediation efficiency of oil-polluted soils. | to compare the effectiveness of acute and chronic bioassays for the ecological risk assessment of polluted soils, soil samples from a site with an historical mineral oil contamination (< 50-3,300 mg oil/kg dry soil) at the petroleum harbour in amsterdam, the netherlands, were screened for ecological effects using acute and chronic bioassays. a two-step 0.001 m ca(no3)2 extraction at a final solution-to-soil ratio of 1:1 was used to prepare extracts for the acute bioassays. acute bioassays (< or ... | 2001 | 11434283 |
| enhanced drought tolerance of a soil-dwelling springtail by pre-acclimation to a mild drought stress. | the springtail folsomia candida has a highly permeable cuticle, but is able to survive several weeks at 98.2%rh. this corresponds to a water potential deficit of about 17bars between the environment and the normal osmotic pressure of the body fluids of this animal. recent studies have shown a water vapour absorption mechanism by accumulation of sugars and polyols (sp) in f. candida, which explains how this species can survive dehydrating conditions. in the present study, adult f. candida were pr ... | 2001 | 11472765 |
| modeling zinc toxicity for terrestrial invertebrates. | acute and chronic ecotoxicity tests with zinc were performed with the earthworm eisenia fetida, the potworm enchytraeus albidus, and the springtail folsomia candida. to assess the influence of the soil type on zinc toxicity for these soil invertebrates, these tests were carried out in a standard artificial soil, a sandy and a loamy field soil. based on the results of this experimental work and data taken from literature, models were developed relating the ecotoxicity of zinc to the most importan ... | 2001 | 11521815 |
| cadmium toxicity for terrestrial invertebrates: taking soil parameters affecting bioavailability into account. | acute and chronic ecotoxicity tests with cadmium were conducted with the earthworm eisenia fetida, the potworm enchytraeus albidus and the springtail folsomia candida. to assess the influence of the soil type on cadmium bioavailability, these tests were carried out in a standard artificial soil, in a sandy and a loamy field soil. it was not possible to evaluate the influence of soil parameters on the bioavailability on the basis of the experiments that were conducted in only three different soil ... | 2001 | 11556119 |
| ecotoxicity of zinc in spiked artificial soils versus contaminated field soils. | metal bioavailability is influenced by soil characteristics and aging period. in the present study, both factors were modeled by comparing metal bioavailability in spiked artificial soil and historically contaminated field soils. the chronic toxicity of zinc to folsomia candida in spiked artificial soils could be predicted with a model based on ph, cation exchange capacity, and total zinc concentration. however, this model could not adequately predict chronic zinc toxicity in contaminated field ... | 2001 | 11718345 |
| toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and nonylphenol in sludge-amended soil. | the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land brings several chemicals to the soil ecosystem. linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (las) and nonylphenol (np) are frequently found in sludge at relatively high concentrations. the toxic effects of las and np to two soil invertebrates (folsomia candida and enchytraeus albidus) and five different microbial processes (aerobic respiration, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ch4 production, and anaerobic co2 production) were investigated in slu ... | 2001 | 11764153 |
| evaluation of the application of pig slurry to an experimental crop using agronomic and ecotoxicological approaches. | the agronomic and ecotoxicological effects of the application of pig (sus scrofa) slurry during a maize (zea mays l.) crop cycle under conditions of forced irrigation were evaluated. the 0.2-ha experimental area, of typical xerofluvent soil and of known vulnerability to nitrate (no3-) contamination, was divided into 12 plots and provided with water measurement instruments (tdr-probes, vertical tensiometers, and ceramic candles). samples of soil, water, soil organisms, and the crop were subjected ... | 2001 | 11790028 |
| the effect of lindane on terrestrial invertebrates. | acute and chronic ecotoxicity tests with lindane were carried out using the soil invertebrates eisenia fetida, enchytraeus albidus, and folsomia candida. to assess the influence of soil type on the bioavailability, these tests were carried out in a standard artificial oecd soil and in sandy and loamy field soil. for each species, differences in lindane toxicity were observed for the three soil types. these differences were, however, not related to the organic matter content. the relative differe ... | 2002 | 11815813 |
| ecotoxicity of nickel to eisenia fetida, enchytraeus albidus and folsomia candida. | despite growing concern about the potential adverse effects of elevated nickel concentrations in the environment, only a few toxicity data are available for terrestrial invertebrates. therefore, chronic toxicity of nickel was assessed for eisenia fetida, enchytraeus albidus and folsomia candida, the three invertebrates for which standard test protocols are available. the 21 d ec50 for the cocoon production of e. fetida was 362 (241-508) mg ni/kg dry wt. for the reproduction of e. albidus, a 42 d ... | 2002 | 11827275 |
| ecotoxicity of chromium (iii) to eisenia fetida, enchytraeus albidus, and folsomia candida. | despite growing concerns about the potential adverse effects of elevated chromium concentrations in the environment, only a few terrestrial toxicity data are available. therefore, chronic toxicity of chromium(iii) was assessed for eisenia fetida, enchytraeus albidus, and folsomia candida, the three invertebrates for which standard test protocols are available. the 21-day ec(50) for the cocoon production of e. fetida was 892 (679-1110) mg cr/kg dry weight. based on the reproduction, a 42-days ec( ... | 2002 | 11971641 |
| toxicity of arsenate to the compostworm eisenia fetida, the potworm enchytraeus albidus and the springtail folsomia candida. | 2002 | 12068945 | |
| hsp70 instability and induction by a pesticide in folsomia candida. | the heat shock protein hsp70 has been shown to be a promising biomarker in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. however, its analysis in the soil insect folsomia candida (collembola) poses many problems as the protein is particularly unstable in this species. western blotting has shown that the principal degradation fragment has a size of 48 kda. we have developed a western blot method that avoids the degradation of hsp70 and was successful in detecting the protein in the springtail f. candida aft ... | 2015 | 12101786 |
| application of broad-range 16s rrna pcr amplification and dgge fingerprinting for detection of tick-infecting bacteria. | ticks play an important role in the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases of viral, protozoal and bacterial origin. the present article describes a molecular-biological based method, which facilitated the broad-range analyses of bacterial communities in ixodid ticks (ixodes ricinus). dna was extracted both from single ticks and pooled adult ticks. eubacterial 16s rrna gene fragments (16s rdna) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with broad-range ribosomal primers. sequences span ... | 2003 | 12459246 |
| effect of new soil metal immobilizing agents on metal toxicity to terrestrial invertebrates. | application of 5% (w:w) novel metal immobilizing agent reduced the water soluble, the calcium chloride extracted as well as the pore water concentration of zinc in soils from maatheide, a metal contaminated site in the northeast of belgium. addition of the metal immobilizing agents also eliminated acute toxicity to the potworm enchytraeus albidus and the earthworm eisenia fetida and chronic toxicity to the springtail folsomia candida. cocoon production by e. fetida, however, was still adversely ... | 2003 | 12475069 |
| influence of aging on copper bioavailability in soils. | because of long-term chemical processes, metal bioavailability in field soils decreases with time. metal toxicity may, therefore, be overestimated if toxicity data with freshly spiked soils are used to derive soil quality criteria, a current practice. in the present study, effects of the long-term processes, called aging, on copper partitioning and ecotoxicity are investigated. twenty-five field soils contaminated by copper runoff from bronze statues and 25 uncontaminated control soils sampled a ... | 2003 | 12729229 |
| protocol for rapid fluorescence in situ hybridization of bacteria in cryosections of microarthropods. | a protocol was developed to detect bacteria inhabiting microarthropods by means of small-subunit rrna-targeted fluorescence in situ hybridization and microscopy. the protocol is based on cryosections of whole specimens. in contrast to more commonly applied paraffin-embedding techniques, the protocol is quicker and reduces the number of manipulations which might damage the microscopic material. the method allowed the study of the bacterial colonization of folsomia candida (collembola) and the det ... | 2003 | 12732560 |
| effects of starvation and body mass on drought tolerance in the soil collembolan folsomia candida. | the effects of starvation and body mass on drought tolerance in folsomia candida were investigated. starvation for up to 6 weeks did not reduce tolerance to drought (98.2% rh) compared to a nonstarved control group. animals starved for 1, 2 or 6 weeks prior to drought exposure showed no systematic differences in the accumulation of sugars and polyols (sp). in all groups exposed to drought sp constituted 9-13% of dry weight and was distributed in myoinositol, glucose and a third unidentified comp ... | 2003 | 12770021 |
| drought acclimation and lipid composition in folsomia candida: implications for cold shock, heat shock and acute desiccation stress. | many of the physiological adaptations evolved in terrestrial invertebrates to resist desiccation have also been shown to enhance the survival of low temperatures. in this study we have examined temporal changes in the physiology of the collembolan folsomia candida during acclimation to mild desiccation stress (98.2% rh), and how physiological changes correlate with resistance to subsequent cold shock, heat shock and acute desiccation stress. drought-acclimation increased the resistance to cold a ... | 2002 | 12770043 |
| drought acclimation confers cold tolerance in the soil collembolan folsomia candida. | it has been noted that both summer drought and sub-zero winter temperatures induce the synthesis of sugars and polyols in invertebrate tissues. this has led several authors to suggest that many of the adaptations, previously viewed as a response to cold, might be part of a more universal desiccation tolerance mechanism. here we show that acclimation of the soil dwelling collembolan folsomia candida to a sublethal desiccation stress confers tolerance to cold shock and a significant increase in th ... | 2001 | 12770198 |
| toxicity bioassays for ecological risk assessment in arid and semiarid ecosystems. | substantial tracts of land in the southwestern and western u.s. are undergoing or will require era. toxicity bioassays employed in baseline eras are, for the most part. representative of mesic systems, and highly standardized test species (e.g., lettuce, earthworm) are generally not relevant to arid system toxicity testing. conversely, relevant test species are often poorly characterized with regard to toxicant sensitivity and culture conditions. the applicability of toxicity bioassays to ecolog ... | 2001 | 12882227 |
| cyst-based toxicity tests xv--application of ostracod solid-phase microbiotest for toxicity monitoring of contaminated soils. | a new "culture/maintenance-free" microbiotest has recently been developed for "direct-contact" toxicity determination of contaminated sediments. the 6-day ostracodtoxkit f makes use of the neonates of the ostracod crustacean heterocypris incongruens hatched from dormant eggs (cysts). the new low-cost assay has already been applied in three studies on river sediment from flanders (belgium) and from canada and was found to perform comparably to the 10-day hyalella azteca and chironomus riparius te ... | 2003 | 14502588 |
| comparative toxicity of a zinc salt, zinc powder and zinc oxide to eisenia fetida, enchytraeus albidus and folsomia candida. | the pore water zinc concentration and the calcium chloride extracted zinc fraction are higher in the soils spiked with a zinc salt (zncl2) compared to soils spiked with zinc oxide or zinc powder. based on total zinc concentrations in the soil, the acute toxicity of zinc salt to the compost worm eisenia fetida, the potworm enchytraeus albidus and the springtail folsomia candida was lower compared to zinc oxide and zinc powder. however, when expressed on the basis of pore water concentrations or c ... | 2003 | 14505706 |
| compound-specific stable isotope analysis of soil mesofauna using thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation for ecological investigations. | stable isotope mass spectrometric approaches are proving to be valuable tools in unravelling biotic interactions in complex ecosystems, yielding information on trophic preferences and functional roles of individual species. gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (gc/c/irms) provides considerable opportunities to assist in studies concerned with ecosystem processes mediated by soil invertebrates and microorganisms by determination of delta(13)c values of individual compound ... | 2003 | 14615981 |
| manganese toxicity in soil for eisenia fetida, enchytraeus crypticus (oligochaeta), and folsomia candida (collembola). | the u.s. environmental protection agency is developing ecological soil screening level (eco-ssl) benchmarks for ecological risk assessment (era) of contaminants at superfund sites. eco-ssls are developed from published values whenever sufficient quantity and quality of data exist. because insufficient information was available to generate an eco-ssl for mn, standardized toxicity testing was undertaken to fill the data gaps. tests included the earthworm (eisenia fetida) cocoon production test, th ... | 2004 | 14659366 |
| detection and phylogenetic analysis of wolbachia in collembola. | wolbachia are obligatory, cytoplasmatically inherited alpha-proteobacteria which are known for infecting the reproductive tissues of many arthropods. their prevalence in the large group of collembola, however, is not known, except for pcr detection in the parthenogenetically reproducing species folsomia candida (order: entomobryomorpha; family: isotomidae). in this study, fluorescence in situ hybridization on microscopic sections of f. candida specimens indicated that wolbachia-related bacteria ... | 2004 | 14686939 |
| polyamines of primitive apterygotan insects: springtails, silverfish and a bristletail. | polyamines extracted from whole bodies of four springtails, tomocerus ishibashii, hypogastrura communis, sinella cruviseta and folsomia candida, a bristletail, pedetontus nipponicus, and two silverfish, lepisma saccharina and thermobia domestica, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. all seven apterous insect species contained putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine as the common major polyamines, detected at the level of micromol/g wet mass. t. ishibashii ... | 2004 | 14698912 |
| comparison of instantaneous rate of population increase and critical-effect estimates in folsomia candida exposed to four toxicants. | the instantaneous rate of population increase (ri) integrates several life cycle variables into one accessible statistic and has been proposed as a more practical alternative than assembling full life tables in the study of population-level responses to toxicant exposure. in this study the sensitivity of instantaneous rate of population increase is compared to critical-effect estimates for populations exposed to four toxicants with different modes of action. populations of the collembolan folsom ... | 2004 | 14759664 |
| the effect of counterion and percolation on the toxicity of lead for the springtail folsomia candida in soil. | in standard soil toxicity tests, heavy metals are amended as water-soluble salts. the role of the counterion in metal salt toxicity is scarcely looked into. in this study, we assessed the contribution of nitrate and chloride to the toxicity of lead to folsomia candida in a natural standard soil. both lead salts were tested according the standard test protocol as well as after percolation of the soil with deionized water. lead nitrate was more toxic than lead chloride for survival as well as repr ... | 2004 | 14768885 |
| lipid content and carbon assimilation in collembola: implications for the use of compound-specific carbon isotope analysis in animal dietary studies. | in an effort to understand the relationships between both the lipid content and delta13c values of collembola and their diet, isotopically labelled (c3 and c4) bakers' yeasts were cultured and fed to two collembolan species, folsomia candida and proisotoma minuta. the fatty acid composition of collembola generally reflected that of the diet with the addition of the polyunsaturated components 18:2(n-6), 20:4(n-6) and 20:5(n-3), which appeared to be biosynthesised by the collembola. whilst ergoste ... | 2004 | 14997374 |
| growth and reproduction of fungal feeding collembola as affected by fungal species, melanin and mixed diets. | fungal feeding soil invertebrates feed on a wide spectrum of fungal species suggesting that mixed diets increase fitness. we investigated relationships between food preferences for seven saprophytic fungal species/forms and fitness parameters (mortality, growth, time to reproduction, reproduction, egg size) in two collembola species, folsomia candida and protaphorura armata. the fungal species/forms studied included the wild type and a melanin-deficient form of aspergillus fumigatus to investiga ... | 2004 | 15021980 |
| development of zinc bioavailability and toxicity for the springtail folsomia candida in an experimentally contaminated field plot. | the influence of outdoor exposure conditions and ageing of contamination on the toxicity of zinc was investigated for the springtail folsomia candida to evaluate the validity of a standardised soil toxicity test. in three successive years, animals were incubated in an experimentally contaminated field plot. during the first months after construction of the test field, total zine concentrations of the soil decreased rapidly due to leaching of excess zinc with rainwater, while increased sorption o ... | 1997 | 15093346 |
| extractability of metals and ecotoxicity of soils from two old wood impregnation sites in finland. | four metal-contaminated soil samples were classified using physical methods, extracted by selective extraction procedures and analyzed for chemical concentrations. de-ionized water, 0.01 mol/l barium chloride, 1 mol/l ammonium acetate and concentrated nitric acid were used as extraction solutions. ecotoxicity of water extracts and soil samples was analyzed in order to describe the bioavailability of the contaminants. samples from old wood impregnation plants contained high amounts of as, cu, cr ... | 2004 | 15142767 |
| simultaneous modeling of multiple end points in life-cycle toxicity tests. | standard toxicity tests do not allow extrapolations to the population level, mainly because these tests apply a short, fixed exposure time and focus on a single end point only. these limitations can be overcome by (partial) life-cycle toxicity testing, although these test results are harder to analyze. debtox is an existing software tool for the process-based analysis of standardized bioassays, and this paper presents two extensions of this method, making it applicable to life-cycle tests: the s ... | 2004 | 15212265 |
| effects of dietary zinc exposure on the life history of the parthenogenetic springtail folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae). | the effect of zinc on growth and reproduction of the springtail folsomia candida has been determined for individual animals exposed to contaminated food. zinc caused a decrease in growth of the springtails, which resulted in a decrease in the estimated final fresh weight at the highest exposure level (20 mg/g dry food). other effects were observed from 5 mg/g dry food and included an increase of the juvenile period, an increase of development time, a reduction in first-clutch size and egg viabil ... | 2004 | 15230324 |
| competition effects for copper between soil, soil solution, and yeast in a bioassay for folsomia candida willem. | we investigated the accumulation of copper (cu) by the springtail folsomia candida willem, if exposed to cu-contaminated sandy soil with yeast as a food source. commonly, the dissolved and the easily desorbed cu fractions are assumed to be available for uptake, and as both fractions depend on ph, a ph dependency of copper uptake and accumulation is expected. in recent studies with springtails this dependency was not observed. to explain this, we show that both the adsorption of copper by yeast a ... | 2004 | 15230327 |
| water-extractability, free ion activity, and ph explain cadmium sorption and toxicity to folsomia candida (collembola) in seven soil-ph combinations. | toxicity of cadmium to folsomia candida was determined in soils at different phs (3.5, 5.0, and 6.5). the langmuir sorption constant (k(l)), based on pore-water or water-extractable concentrations, showed a ph-related increase of cadmium sorption that was most pronounced when using free cd2+ ion activities ([cd2+]s). two-species langmuir isotherms that used total cadmium concentration ([cd]) or [cd2+] and ph in the water-extractable fractions gave the best description of cadmium sorption on all ... | 2004 | 15352469 |
| folsomia candida (collembola): a "standard" soil arthropod. | folsomia candida willem 1902, a member of the order collembola (colloquially called springtails), is a common and widespread arthropod that occurs in soils throughout the world. the species is parthenogenetic and is easy to maintain in the laboratory on a diet of granulated dry yeast. f. candida has been used as a "standard" test organism for more than 40 years for estimating the effects of pesticides and environmental pollutants on nontarget soil arthropods. however, it has also been employed a ... | 2005 | 15355236 |
| pah biotransformation in terrestrial invertebrates--a new phase ii metabolite in isopods and springtails. | soil-living invertebrates are exposed to high concentrations of contaminants accumulating in dead organic matter, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs). the capacity for pah biotransformation is not equally developed in all invertebrates. in this paper, we compare three species of invertebrates, porcellio scaber (isopoda), eisenia andrei (lumbricidae) and folsomia candida (collembola), for the metabolites formed upon exposure to pyrene. metabolic products of pyrene biotransformation in ... | 2004 | 15450860 |
| the effect of autocorrelation in environmental variability on the persistence of populations: an experimental test. | despite its significance regarding the conservation and management of biological resources, the body of theory predicting that the correlation between successive environmental states can profoundly influence extinction has not been empirically validated. identical clonal populations from a model experimental system based on the collembolan folsomia candida were used in the present study to investigate the effect of environmental autocorrelation on time to extinction. environmental variation was ... | 2004 | 15475334 |
| endogenous free fatty acids repel and attract collembola. | we used video recording of the movement pattern of protaphorura armata (collembola) to test whether its avoidance of the odor of dead conspecifics extends to related species. p. armata was repelled by the odor of dead individuals of onychiurus scotarius and onychiurus circulans, but not by live individuals. free palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were present in extracts of the three repellent species, but only free palmitic acid was detected in extracts of a fourth nonrepellent species, folsom ... | 2004 | 15503529 |
| biodiversity of collembola in urban soils and the use of folsomia candida to assess soil 'quality'. | the effects of metal contamination on natural populations of collembola in soils from five sites in the wolverhampton area (west midlands, england) were examined. analysis revealed that metal concentrations were elevated above background levels at all sites. one location in particular (ladymoor, a former smelting site) was highly contaminated with cd, cu, pb and zn at more than 20 times background levels. biodiversity indices (shannon-weiner, simpson index, margalef index, alpha index, species r ... | 2004 | 15526861 |
| a comparative study of the effects of metal contamination on collembola in the field and in the laboratory. | we examined the species diversity and abundance of collembola at 32 sampling points along a gradient of metal contamination in a rough grassland site (wolverhampton, england), formerly used for the disposal of metal-rich smelting waste. differences in the concentrations of cd, cu, pb and zn between the least and most contaminated part of the 35 metre transect were more than one order of magnitude. a gradient of zn concentrations from 597 to 9080 microg g(-1) dry soil was found. a comparison betw ... | 2004 | 15526862 |
| a comparative analysis of the toxicity of eight common soil contaminants and their effects on drought tolerance in the collembolan folsomia candida. | previous exposure to contaminants can increase the susceptibility to drought stress in soil invertebrates. in the present study, the effects of eight common environmental contaminants on drought tolerance and reproduction were investigated using the collembolan folsomia candida as a model organism. four classes of chemicals were considered: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrene and fluorene), detergents (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (las) and nonylphenol), insecticides (dimethoate and cyperm ... | 2005 | 15546628 |
| arbuscular mycorrhiza and collembola interact in affecting community composition of saprotrophic microfungi. | the functioning of the plant-mycorrhiza system depends on interactions with other organisms, including saprotrophic (st) soil fungi. the interactions between mycorrhizal and st fungi are likely affected by fungivorous soil animals, such as collembola. in a two-factorial laboratory experiment lasting for 30 weeks we assessed the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (glomus mosseae) and collembola (protaphorura fimata, heteromurus nitidus and folsomia candida) on the community composition o ... | 2005 | 15619097 |
| ecotoxicity of cobalt to the springtail folsomia candida. | despite growing concern about the potential adverse effects of elevated cobalt concentrations in the environment, hardly any toxicity data are available for terrestrial invertebrates. therefore, chronic toxicity of cobalt was assessed for the springtail folsomia candida. the 28-day ec50 for the reproduction of f. candida was 1480 mg co/kg dry wt in standard artificial soil (oecd) and 409 mg co/kg dry wt in standard field soil (lufa 2.2). the difference in toxicity can be explained by the higher ... | 2004 | 15683827 |
| the analysis of reaction norms for age and size at maturity using maturation rate models. | reaction norms for age and size at maturity are being analyzed to answer important questions about the evolution of life histories. a new statistical method is developed in the framework of time-to-event data analysis, which circumvents shortcomings in currently available approaches. the method emphasizes the estimation of age- and size-dependent maturation rates. individual probabilities of maturation during any given time interval follow by integrating maturation rate along the growth curve. t ... | 2005 | 15856693 |
| the relative sensitivity of growth and reproduction in the springtail, folsomia candida, exposed to xenobiotics in the laboratory: an indicator of soil toxicity. | the folsomia candida reproduction test [iso, 1998. soil quality--inhibition of reproduction of collembola (folsomia candida) by soil pollutants. international standard organization report 11267, 1998, geneva] is used to evaluate the ecotoxicological risks of contaminants in soils. the aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity of growth and reproduction of f. candida to four xenobiotics: two metals (cd, al), one metalloid (as), and one organic compound (pentachlorophenol). we showed that r ... | 2006 | 16040122 |
| unexpected reduction in reproduction of collembola exposed to an arsenic-contaminated soil. | to assess the problems posed by ecological testing of the toxicity of polluted soils, we applied the collembola reproduction test to the soil from a mining site polluted by metals. our aim was to quantify the chronic toxicity of contaminated soil using the folsomia candida reproduction test. briefly, the polluted soil, which contains in particular large quantities of arsenic, is mixed in various proportions with a reference soil, and the number of juveniles is counted five weeks later. the resul ... | 2005 | 16050588 |
| evaluation of the toxicity of two soils from jales mine (portugal) using aquatic bioassays. | soil contamination can be one path for streams and groundwater contamination. as a complement of chemical analysis and total contaminants determination, bioassays can provide information on the bioavailable fraction of chemical compounds, focusing on the retention and habitat function of soils. in this study the evaluation of the toxicity of two soils from the abandoned jales mine (portugal) regarded both functions. the buffer capacity of soils was tested with bioassays carried out using the cla ... | 2005 | 16084560 |
| avoidance bio-assays may help to test the ecological significance of soil pollution. | we measured the short-term (100 min) avoidance of a soil heavily polluted by hydrocarbons by the soil springtail folsomia candida, at six rates of dilution in a control, unpolluted soil. we compared the results with those of long-term (40-day) population tests. five strains were compared, of varying geographical and ecological origin. when pure, the polluted soil was lethal in the long-term and avoided in the short-term by all strains. avoidance tests, but not population tests, were able to disc ... | 2006 | 16105715 |
| effects of insect growth regulators on the nontarget soil arthropod folsomia candida (collembola). | the aim of this study was to assess the effect of several insect growth regulators (igrs) on the nontarget soil arthropod folsomia candida (collembola). the survival and reproduction rates of f. candida were evaluated after 28 days of exposure to six igrs (methoprene, fenoxycarb, precocene ii, tebufenozide, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron) and to one herbicide (diuron) in artificial soil. the differences in the sensitivity of f. candida to these different substances are high. the chitin synthesis ... | 2006 | 16112194 |
| avoidance of low doses of naphthalene by collembola. | the introduction of behavioural aspects of soil animals in ecological risk assessment would allow us to better assess soil quality, all the more if a range of animal populations are considered. we compared the avoidance behaviour of several strains of springtails (arthropoda: collembola) obtained from different soils. naphthalene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah), widely represented in soils polluted with hydrocarbons, was tested in aqueous solutions on nine springtail species issuing fro ... | 2006 | 16112312 |
| effect of soil properties and aging on the toxicity of copper for enchytraeus albidus, enchytraeus luxuriosus, and folsomia candida. | in the present study, the effect of the heavy-metal salt copper chloride (cucl2.2h2o) in soils freshly spiked (3 d) and aged (70 +/- 10 d; mean +/- sd) was studied in the test species enchytraeus albidus, e. luxuriosus, and folsomia candida. up to nine soils were used: besides the organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) artificial soil and the agricultural testing and research agency (landwirtschaftliche untersuchungs- und forschungsanstalt, speyer, germany) 2.2 natural sta ... | 2005 | 16152956 |
| mycelial responses of hypholoma fasciculare to collembola grazing: effect of inoculum age, nutrient status and resource quality. | the effects of grazing by the collembolan folsomia candida on mycelial foraging patterns of hypholoma fasciculare growing from beech (fagus sylvatica) wood block inocula in trays of non-sterile soil was investigated. the wood inocula differed in size, state of decay (time for which wood has been colonized: 2 yr, 1 yr, 6 and 3 months) and nutrient status (inocula colonized on malt agar or nutrient agar). mycelia were most luxuriant, had greater hyphal coverage and extended more rapidly from 2 yr ... | 2005 | 16175795 |
| effects of different soil types on the collembolans folsomia candida and hypogastrura assimilis using the herbicide phenmedipham. | soil ecotoxicology studies are usually performed in standard soils such as organization for economic cooperation and development artificial soil or lufa st. 2.2, a natural soil. when assessing the toxic effects in the environment, soil properties are often different from those in standard soils, which might lead to different exposure situation for the test species and therefore to misleading conclusions. selected to cover a broad range of properties and based on the euro-soils concept, 17 differ ... | 2005 | 16220585 |
| effects of the benzoxazolinone boa, selected degradation products and structure related pesticides on soil organisms. | the benzoxazolinone boa and the degradation products apo, aapo and hpaa, as well as four structure related compounds to boa, were tested for their lethal and sublethal effects on the collembola folsomia candida and on the carabid beetle poecilus cupreus applying validated standard laboratory methods. according to the results of the recommended risk assessment for plant protection products (eppo, 2003), boa and its structure related compounds carbendazim, benoxacor and benazolin (and additionally ... | 2006 | 16344919 |
| effects of the benzoxazoid dimboa, selected degradation products, and structure-related pesticides on soil organisms. | both lethal and sublethal effects of the benzoxazoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-(2h)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (dimboa), the degradation products 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (mboa), 2-amino-7-methoxy-(3h)-phenoxazin-3-one (ampo), and 2-acetylamino-7-methoxy-3(h)-phenoxazin-3-one (aampo) and the structure-related compounds 2-methoxy-n-(2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3yl)acet-2'=6'-xylidide (oxadixyl), and o,o-diethyl s-[6-chloro-2-oxobenzoxazolin-3-yl)methyl]phosphorodithioate (phosalone) on the collembol ... | 2006 | 16406583 |
| transformation of benzoxazinones and derivatives and microbial activity in the test environment of soil ecotoxicological tests on poecilus cupreus and folsomia candida. | benzoxazinones, such as 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa) and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (diboa), and benzoxazolinones, such as 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (mboa) and 2-benzoxazolinone (boa), are biologically active secondary metabolites found in cereals. because these compounds could be exploited as part of a strategy for reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, ecotoxicological tests were performed recently. in this paper, the transformation of the compounds in the ... | 2006 | 16478220 |
| influence of the soil composition on the effects of benzoxazinoid allelochemicals on two soil nontarget organisms. | seven selected benzoxazinoid allelochemicals and synthetic reference compounds were tested for their lethal and sublethal effects in different field soils and standard soil on folsomia candida and poecilus cupreus by applying standard laboratory test procedures. the higher microbial activity in the field soils was most probably responsible for the reduced effects of test compounds on f. candida in the majority of all tests, whereas the higher organic carbon content in field soils was likely the ... | 2006 | 16478221 |
| preliminary analysis of toxicity of benzoxazinones and their metabolites for folsomia candida. | the overall objective of this study was to explore the toxicity of benzoxazinone allelochemicals and their metabolites to folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae) (willem, 1902). experimental tests showed transformation products to have more pronounced toxicity than parent compounds. the underlying relationship between the chemical structure and toxicity was then studied using three-dimensional qsar approaches, and results highlighted the role of the steric contribution. | 2006 | 16478222 |
| grazing by folsomia candida (collembola) differentially affects mycelial morphology of the cord-forming basidiomycetes hypholoma fasciculare, phanerochaete velutina and resinicium bicolor. | cord-forming basidiomycetes are important decomposers of dead wood in forest ecosystems but the impact of mycophagous soil invertebrates on their mycelia are little known. here we investigate the effects of different grazing intensities of collembola (folsomia candida) on mycelial foraging patterns of the saprotrophic cord-forming basidiomycetes hypholoma fasciculare, phanerochaete velutina and resinicium bicolor growing from beech (fagus sylvatica) wood block inocula in dishes of non-sterile so ... | 2006 | 16487694 |
| toxicity benchmarks for antimony, barium, and beryllium determined using reproduction endpoints for folsomia candida, eisenia fetida, and enchytraeus crypticus. | the u.s. environmental protection agency is developing ecological soil screening levels (eco-ssls) for the ecological risk assessment of contaminants at superfund sites. the eco-ssls for several soil contaminants have been developed from toxicity benchmarks for soil invertebrates in the existing literature. insufficient information to generate eco-ssls for sb, ba, and be necessitated toxicity testing to fill the data gaps. we used standardized toxicity tests with the earthworm eiseniafetida, enc ... | 2006 | 16566160 |
| does lipophilicity of toxic compounds determine effects on drought tolerance of the soil collembolan folsomia candida? | the ability of collembola to survive drought stress is crucial for their distribution in the terrestrial environment. previous studies have suggested that several toxic compounds affect the drought tolerance of folsomia candida in a synergistic manner and that these compounds have the feature in common that they elicit their toxicity by causing membrane damage. we hypothesised that the detrimental effect of toxic chemicals on drought tolerance in f. candida depends on the lipophilicity (log k(ow ... | 2006 | 16584822 |
| ecological risk assessment of contaminated soil. | this review has described three cases of ecological risk assessment. the cases include two heavy metals (cu and zn) and an anthropogenic organic chemical (ddt). it concludes that there are at least two major constraints hampering the use of laboratory tests to predict effects under natural field conditions. one key issue is bioavailability, and another is suboptimal conditions or multiple stresses in the field such as climatic stress (drought, frost), predators, competition, or food shortage. on ... | 2006 | 16676902 |
| molecular detection of predation by soil micro-arthropods on nematodes. | the relative importance of the factors driving change in the population dynamics of nematodes in the soil is almost completely unknown. top-down control by micro-arthropod predators may have a significant impact on nematode population dynamics. we report experiments showing that mites and collembola were capable of reducing nematode numbers in the laboratory and were feeding on a targeted nematode species in the field. a pcr-based approach was developed for the detection of predation on three sp ... | 2006 | 16689911 |
| population growth rate and carrying capacity for springtails folsomia candida exposed to ivermectin. | forecasting the effects of stressors on the dynamics of natural populations requires assessment of the joint effects of a stressor and population density on the population response. the effects can be depicted as a contour map in which the population response, here assessed by population growth rate, varies with stress and density in the same way that the height of land above sea level varies with latitude and longitude. we present the first complete map of this type using as our model folsomia ... | 2006 | 16711052 |
| chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos reveals two modes of action in the springtail folsomia candida. | organophosphates are popular insecticides, but relatively little is known about their chronic effects on ecologically relevant endpoints. in this paper, we examine a life-cycle experiment with the springtail folsomia candida, exposed via food to chlorpyrifos (cpf). the results for all endpoints (survival, growth and reproduction) were analyzed using the debtox model. growth was unaffected by cpf, even at concentrations causing severe effects on survival and reproduction. model analysis suggests ... | 2007 | 16762466 |
| comparison of bioassays by testing whole soil and their water extract from contaminated sites. | the harmful effects of contaminants on the ecosystems and humans are characterised by their environmental toxicity. the aim of this study was to assess applicability and reliability of several environmental toxicity tests, comparing the result of the whole soils and their water extracts. in the study real contaminated soils were applied from three different inherited contaminated sites of organic and inorganic pollutants. the measured endpoints were the bioluminescence inhibition of vibrio fisch ... | 2007 | 16860849 |
| reorganization of mycelial networks of phanerochaete velutina in response to new woody resources and collembola (folsomia candida) grazing. | mycelial development of phanerochaete velutina extending from wood inocula in 57 x 57 cm trays of non-sterile soil was characterized after adding: (1) collembola; (2) new wood resources; (3) both new wood resources and collembola; and (4) no new resources and no collembola. after 99 d, all systems had produced distinct mycelial cords, much of the diffuse mycelium and thinner cords that were produced early on having regressed. systems to which new resources (but no collembola) had been added deve ... | 2006 | 16891104 |
| centrosome inheritance in the parthenogenetic egg of the collembolan folsomia candida. | unfertilized eggs commonly lack centrioles, which are usually provided by the male gamete at fertilization, and are unable to assemble functional reproducing centrosomes. however, some insect species lay eggs that develop to adulthood without a contribution from sperm. we report that the oocyte of the parthenogenetic collembolan folsomia candida is able to self-assemble microtubule-based asters in the absence of pre-existing maternal centrosomes. the asters, which develop near the innermost pole ... | 2006 | 16906420 |