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genetic basis of vi antigen expression in salmonella paratyphi c.analysis of hybrids formed in a cross between a salmonella paratyphi c hfr and an s. typhimurium recipient indicated that the structural genetic determinants of the s. paratyphi c vi antigen are located closely adjacent to the mel determinant, between this marker and pura. a similar location was indicated for the structural genetic determinants of the s. typhi vi antigen (the viab locus) by the results of a mating in which a hybrid s. typhimurium hfr bearing the s. typhi viab determinants was us ...197768953
renal amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome in two patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and chronic salmonellosis.this report describes two egyptian patients who presented with the nephrotic syndrome and concurrent infections with schistosoma mansoni and salmonella paratyphi a. unlike similar cases previously reported from this unit, these patients did not respond to antimicrobial and antischistosomal therapy, and their renal biopsies demonstrated amyloidosis. these two case reports and several experimental observations suggest that chronic schistosomiasis and salmonellosis may lead to secondary amyloidosis ...1978102211
enteric fever caused by salmonella paratyphi c in south and south west africa.this article documents 53 cases of salmonella paratyphi c infections in humans in the eastern transvaal (47 cases) and south west africa (6 cases). ninety-two percent of patients (49 cases) had enteric fever, 1 patient was asymptomatic, and 3 had localized urinary infections or were carriers. most patients were successfully treated with chloramphenicol and only 1 relapsed. the south west african strains were identified as s. paratyphi c var. east africa. the organism is probably spread by water, ...1978104399
salmonella paratyphi b in cattle. 1978105453
[salmonella paratyphi b osteomyelitis. recurrence after 27 years]. 1979113922
peripheral gangrene in salmonella paratyphi septicaemia. 1979116403
surface k antigen in salmonella paratyphi b.it was established by agar immunoelectrophoresis that salmonella paratyphi b lysate contains a large number of soluble antigens which display a varying degree of serological specifity as well as different diffusion and electrophoretic mobility. salmonella paratyphi b was found to possess, apart from specific o and h antigens, a surface k antigen. this is a distinct antigen having strict serological specificity. purified k antigen displayed anodic mobility in immunoelectrophoresis. a detailed stu ...1979118212
[splenic abcess due to salmonella paratyphi a]. 1979118434
development of specific cellular immunoreactivity in typhoid fever.development of cellular immunoreactivity to salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi-a was studied by the leukocyte migration inhibition test in 9 patients with typhoid fever and in 2 patients with paratyphoid fever. cellular reactivity could be demonstrated from the first days of the disease in all the subjects. the most pronounced migration inhibition was observed during the febrile period. it is suggested that specific cellular reactivity may play a pathogenetic role in typhoid fever.1979121028
[microbial resistance to formaldehyde. i. comparative quantitative studies in some selected species of vegetative bacteria, bacterial spores, fungi, bacteriophages and viruses].the resistence of different microorganisms to formaldehyde was determined. as test objects served gram-negative and gram-positive vegetative germs (klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella paratyphi-b, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis), bacterial spores (bacillus cereus, bacillus pumilus, bacillus stearothermophilus, bacillus subtilis), fungi (aspergillus niger, candida albicans), bacteriophages (escherichia coli phages, t1, t2, t3), and viruses (adenovirus, poliomy ...1976190825
inhibition of pathogenic enteric bacteria by hyperbaric oxygen: enhanced antibacterial activity in the absence of carbon dioxide.the antibacterial effects of 24-h exposures to high-pressure oxygen in relation to environmental co(2) were studied at 3 atm absolute (ata) and at 1 ata. eight gram-negative, aerobic and facultatively aerobic, pathogenic enteric bacteria (salmonella typhosa, salmonella paratyphi, salmonella schottmuelleri, shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and escherichia coli) were exposed as shallow-broth cultures and agar surface cultures. although broths suppl ...1975238466
recurrent wound sinuses after cholecystectomy for salmonella paratyphi.several cases in which salmonella, spread by the haematogenous route, produced localised inflammation have previously been described in the literature. the infecting of an operation wound through direct contamination by salmonella has earlier been reported only once, in connection with appendectomy. the present case report describes a case in which recurrent sinuses infected by salmonella were formed in the operative wound.1975239621
genetics of sensitivity of salmonella species to colicin m and bacteriophages t5, t1, and es18.nearly all of 62 strains of salmonella paratyphi b were sensitive to colicin m and phage t5 but resistant to phages t1 and es18 and to colicin b. all tested s. typhimurium strains were resistant to colicin m and phage t5, and many were sensitive to phage es18. a rough s. typhimurium lt2 strain given the tona region of escherichia coli or s. paratyphi b became sensitive to colicin m and phage t5. we infer that the tona allele of s. paratyphi b, like that of e. coli, determines an outer membrane p ...1977324978
a study of enteropathogenic organisms isolated in the public health laboratory, lusaka.a total of 328 specimens of stools were examined in the public health laboratory during january and february 1973. enteropathogens were isolated from 117 of these specimens. besides these, 12 strains of salmonellae were isolated from blood and 8 from urine. an occasional salmonella was isolated from the pleural fluid (s. paratyphi a) pus from the knee (s. enteritidis) and from the c.s.f. of an infant (s. paratyphi c.). salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a are the predominant salmonella sp ...1977328771
antimicrobial resistance and incidence of r factor among salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions in madras, india (1975-1976)the incidence of transmissible drug resistance among salmonella isolated from patients with enteric fever and other clinical conditions is reported. all of the salmonella isolated were studied for antimicrobial resistance. of the 336 strains, five were multiply resistant to drugs including chloramphenicol, and four of these strains transmitted resistance to escherichia coli f-lac+. multiply drug resistant e. coli were isolated from 12 patients receiving chloramphenicol, and in seven cases the e. ...1977336802
immunochemical relations of salmonella paratyphi c with the salmonellae of group b.agar-gel precipitations of proteins from s. paratyphi c, s. paratyphi b and s. typhimurium against homologous and heterologous antibacterial sera, prepared in rabbits, demonstrated a strong relatedness between these species belonging to different serogroups. the findings explain and substantiate previous experiments in which high cross-protections were obtained in groups of mice immunized with proteins from these species and subsequently infected with s. typhimurium or its "in vivo" related s. p ...1977339608
[collective review: salmonella paratyphi in animals and in the environment]. 1978352661
isolation of salmonella paratyphi b and salmonella typhimurium from guineapigs. 1979376438
[results of phage typing of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi-b in the years 1970-1973 (author's transl)].between 1.1.1970 and 31.12.1973 3639 strains were typed with the aid of phage typing. of these strains 1793 belonged to s. typhi and 1846 to s. parathyphi-b. 40 s. typhi phage types were found. 9 of these occurred in a frequency of more than 1% (relevant to foci). these were e1 (25.7%) (of this e1a 19.7%, e1b 5.9%), a (16.6%), f1 (7.5%), d1 (59%), c1 (5.4%) d2 (2.3%), 46 (2.1%), 28 (1.9%). among s. paratyphi-b 24 phage types resp. varieties were found, 14 of these occurred in a frequency of more ...1977403709
salmonellosis in indonesia: phage type distribution of salmonella paratyphi a.the distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of salmonella paratyphi a in indonesia was studied. approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. the ratio of phage type 1-5 was compared for two cities on java, jakarta and yogyakarta. the ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in jakarta. the ratio of phage types among 10 s. paratyphi a strains isolated from jakarta river water was ...1977407296
[study of the structure and function of endotoxins with the aid of enzymes. 2. modification of salmonella paratyphi b endotoxin with lysozyme and lipase].endotoxin preparations from the s. paratyphi b cultures, isolated by various methods, were treated with lysozyme (splitting of beta-1,4-glycoside links of lipid a) and lipase of the pancreas (splitting of complex ester links of glycerophosphatides). lysozyme and, to a lesser extent, lipase, were capable of partial depression of the toxic endotoxin function. the process of enzymatic detoxication coursed selectively, without influencing the serological and immunological activity of the preparation ...1978415457
isolation of salmonella paratyphi a from a processed meat product. 1977562851
effect of enteric micro-organisms on intestinal sugar and fatty acid absorption.the effect of micro-organisms contaminating the upper intestinal contents of malnourished children on intestinal absorption of 3-0 methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranose (3-m.g.) and oleic acid was studied in rats in vivo. oleci acid absorption was unaffected by non-pathogenic e. coli but decreased by e. coli 0111, salmonella paratyphi b., shigella sonnei and candida sp. this effect was probably explained by intestinal secretion diluting the test solution leading to a decreased diffusion gradient for solu ...1977603464
[salmonella infection in children. epidemiological and clinical considerations (author's transl)].an analysis of data on salmonella infection treated at the children's hospital "la fe", in valencia, from 1974--75 is presentd. a patient population of 211 selected cases were divided into two groups: gastroenteritis (gec), 155 cases, and typhoid-paratyphoid fever (t-p f), 56 cases. hospitalization was required in 79% of the cases. the following parameter were studied: locality and district of origin with respect to residence, conditions of hygiene, size of family: age, sex, seasonal incidence, ...1978697210
observations on morphological, cultural and biochemical changes concomitant with chloramphenicol resistance in salmonella paratyphi b.it is possible to induce chloramphenicol-resistance in salmonella paratyphi b in vitro and to isolate mutants with different levels of resistance by different techniques. the resistance is invariably accompanied by definite changes in the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. the degree of resistance and the conditions of isolation seem to influence the biological properties of the mutants. the higher the level of resistance, the greater will be the diversion from the normal.1978735559
cefazolin in the treatment of acute enteric fever.cefazolin was used in the treatment of nine patients with acute enteric fever proven by positive blood cultures. in seven patients the causative organism was salmonella typhi and in two it was salmonella paratyphi b. minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of cefazolin against the nine isolates ranged between 1.95 and 3.90 mug/ml. cefazolin was administered either intramuscularly or intravenously in a daily dose of 3 to 6 g for 11 to 16 days. the mean peak serum antibiotic con ...1976791088
invitro studies of the effect of bilharcid on urinary tract bacterial pathogens.the antimicrobial effect of an antibilharzial drug "bilharcid" was tested, in vitro, against 51 different strains of bacterial species frequently causing urinary tract infection namely e. coli, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella, ps. pyocyanea and proteus vulgaris. in addition, the drug was tested against one strain of each of salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi a. b and c. minimum inhibitory concentration (m.i.c.) of the drug for each organism, and its bactericidal concentration were determin ...1976801712
treatment of chronic enteric fever with amoxicillin.twelve patients with proven salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi a bacteriuria and recurrent bacteremia associated with schistosomiasis were treated for four weeks with amoxicillin (250 mg four times daily). seven of the 12 patients were seriously ill and febrile before treatment. they showed a dramatic response, and, within three to six days of initiation of amoxicillin therapy, they were afebrile and much improved clinically. amoxicillin was rapidly and highly concentrated in the urine of ...1975811715
[obtaining additional agglutinins by mixing culture media of lymphoid tissues taken from animals immunized with salmonella paratyphi b].culture media of splenic explants from chicken immunized with salmonella paratyphi b have antiflagellar agglutinin titers which vary with time. when the culture media coming from distinct cultures in the same series are mixed on the same day of the culture, the agglutinin titer sometimes rises and becomes greater than the highest individual titer.1975815049
[salmonella paratyphi a brought in by travellers and characteristics of the isolate in sugar fermentation]. 1975815453
renal biopsy in schistosoma-salmonella associated nephrotic syndrome.percutaneous needle biopsy of the kidney on eight nephrotic patients with schistosoma mansoni and chronic salmonella paratyphi a infection showed diffuse proliferative glomerular change in all biopsies. capillary basement membrane was normal. diffuse granular deposits were detected in the glomerular mesangial cells by direct staining with fluorescein labelled anti-igg anti-igm. no fluorescence was obtained with rabbit anti-salmonella paratyphi a. after treatment with ampicillin and niridazole, a ...1976827621
in vitro sensitivity of enteric bacteria to epicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and furazolidone.strains of salmonella typhi (148) and salmonella paratyphi a (27) isolated from the blood of patients with clinical features of enteric fever were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to epicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and furazolidone. results from both the disc and tube dilution methods showed that greater percentages of the two strains were sensitive to epicillin than to the other antibiotics.1976985743
[various cases of acute gastroenteritis due to salmonella paratyphi c].five cases of acute gastroenteritis due to salmonella paratyphi c observed in the province of trieste during 1975 are described. it is deduced from the clinical findings and the history in each case that this infection was imported, and favoured by the geographical location of the city and prior mutilating gastrointestinal surgery. the in vitro and in vivo effect of commonly employed antibiotics on this species is assessed.19761023846
effect of microorganisms isolated from the upper gut of malnourished children on intestinal sugar absorption in vivo.the effect of microorganisms isolated from the upper gastrointestinal tract of malnourished children on intestinal sugar absorption was studied in rats in vivo. pure cultures of organisms were grown overnight in a nutrient broth and the resultant supernatant fluid which contained microorganisms in similar numbers to those found in the patients was used as the basic solution for jejunal perfusions which were done in anesthetized adult wistar rats. the substrate used was arbutin (p-hydroxphenyl-be ...19751096588
surveillance of some infectious diseases among aircrew personnel in southeast asia.a 2-year analysis of specimens among aircrew personnel in southeast asia is reported. stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites and enteric bacteria, blood smears for blood parasites, and sera tested for transaminases (sgot) and antibodies to entamoeba histolytica, toxoplasma gondii, chikungunya and japanese encephalitis viruses, rickettsia tsutsugamushi, leptospira sp. and pseudomonas pseudomallei. one to four specimens each were obtained from 537 adult males and 20 females. there ...19751100040
monoclonal antibodies against salmonella porins: generation and characterization.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated against porins, one of the major outer membrane proteins of salmonella typhi. six clones, designated mp1, mp2, mp3 (igg2ak), mpn4, mpn6 (igg1k) and mpn5 (igg2bk) were characterized by enzyme immunoassay (elisa) for their reactivity to porins from s. typhi, salmonella paratyphi a, s. paratyphi b, s. paratyphi c, salmonella choleraesuis, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella krefeld, salmonella panama, salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli b, shigella fl ...19921280248
enoxacin in the treatment of typhoid fever.enoxacin 400 mg twice daily was given orally to 40 patients who had salmonella typhi- or salmonella paratyphi-positive blood or bone marrow cultures. one patient was switched to parenteral therapy within 48 hours of study enrollment, but the remaining 39 patients were given enoxacin for 10 to 14 days. all 39 patients were cured by enoxacin, even though 23 (58.9%) strains were resistant to cotrimoxazole and 16 (41%) strains were multiply resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole ...19921286490
salmonella paratyphi c osteomyelitis: report of two separate episodes 17 years apart.osteomyelitis secondary to salmonella infection is well documented in the literature. infection in more than one focus has also been described. to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of recurrent osteomyelitis in a normal host (a 35-year-old man) with the same organism (s. paratyphi c) in different sites 17 years apart.19921287814
[phagotypes of the salmonella paratyphi b strains isolated in czechoslovakia 1986-1991].the author presents an account of phagotypes of 70 strains of salmonella paratyphi b isolated in 1986-1991 incl., from patients suffering from typhus b and registered carriers, isolates from river water and also from three new cases of carriers in czechoslovakia. these isolated strains were sent for typing of salmonellae to a bratislava department for phagotyping. according to lytic findings with standard bacteriophages the strains were classified into 8 types. another group is formed by strains ...19921291113
multi-drug resistance in salmonellae isolated from enteric fever cases at porur--a semi urban area near madras city.a total of 249 isolations of salmonella were made during 1991, of which 67.46 per cent were resistant to chloramphenicol. resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and amoxycillin was higher (82.91, 77.69, 81.42 per cent respectively). salmonella typhi was predominant agent forming 94.78 per cent and salmonella paratyphi a caused the remaining infections. 44.98 per cent of the isolations were in children. this outbreak has been discussed in the light of other reports from india.19921296946
[a laparoscopic approach to a paratyphoid ovarian abscess].a case report of a 29-year-old nulligravid patient with a ovarian typhoid abscess managed endoscopically is presented. puncture and drainage of the pelvic mass was performed laparoscopically. the infrequency of salmonella paratyphi as an etiologic agent of pelvic inflammatory disease is discussed and a review of the literature regarding endoscopic management of purulent pelvic collections is presented.19921342457
present phage types and antibiotic susceptibility of salmonellae.a total of 168 strains of salmonella were isolated in the command pathology laboratory (wc) delhi cantt during the year 1990. out of this, 143 were salmonella typhi, 17 salmonella paratyphi a, 7 salmonella typhimurium and 1 salmonella manhattan. the commonest phage type and biotype of salmonella typhi was type e1 and type 1 respectively. the dominant biotype of salmonella paratyphi a was type i. there was a very high degree of multidrug resistance of most of the strains. but all the strains were ...19921344225
[survival of salmonella paratyphi b and pseudomonas aeruginosa in seawater after incubation or washing in the presence of osmolytes].the authors have compared the survival in seawater of salmonella paratyphi b and pseudomonas aeruginosa cells grown at low or high osmolarity, in the presence of organic osmolytes: glycine betaine, choline, proline, and glutamate. the four substrates enhanced the survival potential of s. paratyphi b while only glycine betaine protected p. aeruginosa. in addition only s. paratyphi b cells were more resistant after a preliminary growth at high osmolarity. both bacteria were sensitive to osmotic do ...19921356607
eradication of a multiple drug resistant salmonella paratyphi a causing meningitis with ciprofloxacin.a previously healthy breast-fed baby was admitted at 10 days of age to a hospital in the north of pakistan with diarrhoea and fever. he was treated for suspected sepsis with intravenous cefotaxime and tobramycin. cultures of blood and faeces at that time proved negative. at 12 days of age, seizures began and examination of csf revealed evidence of pyogenic meningitis but bacteria were neither seen microscopically nor isolated in culture. ceftazidime was substituted for cefotaxime and carbenicill ...19921431177
[changes in culture and biochemical characteristics of salmonella paratyphi b after incubation in seawater].after incubation in seawater salmonella paratyphi b cells rapidly became unable to grow on bacteriological media. previous adaptation to high osmolarity conditions greatly slowed down this process. strains isolated from seawater microcosms after varying incubation periods were qualitatively different and showed changes in some of their growth (colony shape and size) and biochemical properties (acidification of some sugars, gelatinase activity, acetoin production, nitrate reduction). because of t ...19921458377
[outbreak of paratyphoid fever among peruvian naval personnel].a retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in connection with an outbreak of paratyphoid fever at a peruvian naval installation in callao. the study sought to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, the source of infection, the attack rates, the persistence of bacilli excretion, and the clinical picture of the disease. the source of salmonella paratyphi b infection had been a meal of chicken and rice served to around 400 members of the naval police. over a period of three weeks, 21 per ...19921610504
bile duct carcinoma in egypt: possible etiological factors.contrary to an old belief, bile duct carcinoma is not a rare disorder in egypt. among 730 patients referred for an ercp examination, twenty-nine consecutive patients were diagnosed as having bile duct carcinoma. the cause of this type of carcinoma remains unknown. in the present study, only seven of the 29 (24.1%) with bile duct carcinoma patients had associated gallstones. in order to investigate the possible association between typhoid carrier state and bile duct carcinoma, stool cultures were ...19911657750
oral immunisation against typhoid fever in indonesia with ty21a vaccine.when tested under conditions of moderate transmission of typhoid fever, a liquid formulation of the oral typhoid fever vaccine ty21a had a protective efficacy of 96% in egypt, and an enteric coated capsule formulation had an efficacy of 67% in chile. we compared the two formulations under conditions of intense transmission of typhoid fever in indonesia in a randomised, double-blind trial. 20,543 subjects (age range 3-44 years) received either three doses of enteric coated capsules containing pla ...19911681365
salmonella neck abscess associated with jugular vein thrombosis.an unusual case of synergistic infection caused by salmonella paratyphi and anaerobic streptococcus resulting in necrotizing cervical infection associated with deep neck abscess and internal jugular vein thrombosis, is presented. salmonella acting as an oxygen consumer in the infected tissues, facilitates the growth of anaerobic cocci, hence the development of a devastating soft tissue infection. the precipitating cause was a tonsillar infection developing due to 'post-anginal sepsis'. the aetio ...19911761958
characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies against serogroup b salmonellae and application as serotyping reagents.six murine hybridoma monoclonal antibodies reactive with lipopolysaccharide antigens of salmonella typhimurium were obtained from a fusion of immune spleen cells from mice immunized with s. typhimurium and ns1 myeloma cells. four antibodies appeared to be specific for serogroup b salmonellae, while the remaining two antibodies were found to be cross-reactive with salmonella paratyphi a. the exquisite specificities of the salmonella serogroup b monoclonal antibodies were demonstrated by their uni ...19911774314
[ofloxacin in the treatment of infection caused by salmonella paratyphi a].we reported a case of salmonellosis treated with ofloxacin (oflx) which showed excellent clinical and bacteriological effect in a 22 year-old japanese male with salmonellosis paratyphi a. he had stayed in india from sept. 6, 1990 to oct. 13, 1990. on oct. 25, 1990, he complained of a high fever and headache. on oct. 29, he was admitted to our hospital and was diagnosed as salmonellosis paratyphi a by the blood culture. he was treated with 2.0 g/day of chloramphenicol (cp) for 7 days, but the cli ...19911791334
salmonella phage types in bombay from 1983 to 1987.a total of 156 strains of salmonella isolated at t.n. medical college and b.y.l. nair ch. hospital, bombay over a period of 5 years from 1983 to 1987 were subjected to phage typing. out of the 111 salmonella typhi strains, phage type a was found in highest proportion (45.95%), followed by phage type e1 (15.32%), 0(9.91%), deg. vi. (9.91%) and c5(5.41%). salmonella paratyphi a had phage type pattern of 1(60.0%), 2(22.86%) and untypable (14.29%). majority of the salmonella typhimurium isolates (90 ...19911794901
study on the ph of ogi, nigerian fermented weaning food, and its effect on enteropathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi.the ph values of both cooked and uncooked ogi samples were determined and the survival of nalidixic acid-resistant enteropathogenic escherichia coli ob 26 34/20, salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a when seeded into cooked ogi were studied. the ph values of ogi ranged from ph 3.0 to 3.9. cooked ogi had a slightly lower ph value than uncooked ogi. our survival experiments showed that the inoculated enteric pathogens were considerably inhibited in cooked ogi during storage for 24 h. the ant ...19911880821
research note: incidence, number, and serotypes of salmonella on frozen broiler chickens at retail.two similar trials were conducted to evaluate broiler carcasses at retail for incidence, number, and serotypes of salmonellae. twelve frozen carcasses were purchased from each of three retail outlets on two sampling days. two of the brands purchased were produced and processed conventionally, but the third brand was produced and processed under organic conditions. the frozen carcasses were tempered to 4.4 c prior to microbiological sampling. all carcasses were sampled using a mechanical shaker a ...19911886849
association between the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infection with salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi in an endemic typhoid area.eight cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever were identified during a 4-year period in a cohort of 117 patients who were positive for human immunodeficiency virus in lima, peru. asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and patients with the lymphadenopathy syndrome had a typical clinical presentation and response to therapy. patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were culture positive for salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi presented with fulminant ...19911899554
[salmonella paratyphi a urinary infection in schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis].the authors report a case of urinary tract infection caused by salmonella paratyphi a in a patient with schistosoma mansoni bilharziasis and describe the symbiotic relationship between these two micro-organisms. the association was not fortuitous: schistosomes behave as reservoirs of bacteria and can cause bacterial discharges followed by a long carrying period.19911906630
how long should patients with salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi be followed-up? a comparison of published guidelines.records were examined for 242 individuals infected with salmonella typhi or s. paratyphi identified in birmingham between 1981 and 1988, with a total of 335 person years of follow-up. of these cases 77 and 78 per cent respectively were followed beyond the point at which surveillance would have ceased under guidelines published by the american public health association and by the public health laboratory service for england and wales. under these two sets of guidelines only seven (3.8 per cent) a ...19911906719
the widal test in a normal healthy population in the sudan.the widal test was performed in 114 normal individuals from the gezira area in sudan. salmonella typhi o agglutinins were found at a titre of 1.320 in 12 (10.5%) of them. salmonella paratyphi a agglutinins were found at 1.160 in 5 (4.3%) and salmonella paratyphi b "o" agglutinins were found in 6 (5.3%) at a titre of 1.160. none of these individuals had a history of typhoid fever or vaccination with tab vaccine. the following points emerged: (i) normal healthy people in the sudan have high antibo ...19911914976
use of rambach propylene glycol containing agar for identification of salmonella spp.when grown on rambach propylene glycol containing agar (rambach agar), 216 of 230 (93.9%) salmonella organisms isolated from patients and 54 of 62 (87.1%) salmonella stock cultures produced a crimson-colored growth. of the 14 clinical salmonella isolates which displayed colors other than crimson, 8 were salmonella typhi, 2 were salmonella paratyphi a, and 4 belonged to other commonly isolated serotypes. all eight salmonella stock cultures which failed to produce a crimson color belonged to rarel ...19911939598
the effect of oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination on the rate of infection with salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a among foreigners in nepal.we studied the incidence of enteric fever among travelers and foreign residents who attended an expatriate clinic in kathmandu, nepal, from february 1987 to june 1988. there were 42 cases of enteric fever; 20 were caused by salmonella typhi and 22 by salmonella paratyphi a. among 18 unvaccinated foreigners who had enteric fever, s typhi was isolated from 67%, and s paratyphi a from 33%, a ratio similar to the local nepalese population. among 22 vaccinated foreigners, s typhi was isolated from 35 ...19902105702
treatment of salmonella paratyphi a infection with oral ofloxacin.a patient with paratyphoid fever relapsed bacteriologically during the treatment with chloramphenicol, and was treated with daily doses of 600 to 800 mg of ofloxacin for 14 days. salmonella paratyphi a was eradicated. ofloxacin appears to be an effective drug for the eradication of s. paratyphi a.19902125669
growth inhibition of selected food-borne bacteria, particularly listeria monocytogenes, by plant extracts.six extracts from chinese medicinal plants: tin men chu, sey lau pai, siu mao heung, bak tao yung, kam chin chiu and liao ya, were tested for their inhibitory effect on selected food-borne bacteria by the well assay technique. among them, tin men chu, siu mao heung and sey lau pai inhibited the growth of staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumonia, escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, streptococcus faecalis, salmonella paratyphi, salm. enteritidis, enterobacter aerogenes, pseudomonas fluorescens ...19902127264
lytic effect of vibrio cholerae elastase on gram-positive and -negative bacteria.elastase of vibrio cholerae caused the lysis of freshly grown cells of gram-negative (pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus vulgaris, salmonella paratyphi a and klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. gram-positive (staphylococcus aureus and s. epidermidis) organisms were resistant to this enzyme. heat killed and lyophilized gram-positive and -negative bacteria (except s. aureus and s. epidermidis) showed higher sensitivity to elastase. both gram-negative and -positive bacteria were lyzed maximally by elasta ...19902210489
[diarrhea acquired abroad--traveller's diarrhea. admissions to medical department c, odense hospital, during the period 1977-1988].a total of 106 out of 267 patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis to medical department c, odense hospital, during the period 1977-1988 had acquired the condition abroad. this group was investigated retrospectively. during the period of investigation, the number of patients with "traveller's diarrhoea" increased but compurized constantly approximately 40% of the patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis. the patients were investigated routinely for pathogenic intestinal bacteria and para ...19902219516
quinolone antibiotics in the treatment of salmonella infections.the 4-fluoroquinolones are a new class of antimicrobial agents that possess broad in vitro antibacterial activity, including efficacy against enteric pathogens such as salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, yersinia, and vibrio species. these drugs are clinically effective against both drug-sensitive and multiresistant strains of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi that cause enteric fever. in salmonella enterocolitis, the quinolones--unlike older antimicrobial agents that may have little im ...19902237130
production of specific monoclonal antibodies to salmonella typhi flagellin and possible application to immunodiagnosis of typhoid fever.four murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to salmonella typhi flagellin were produced. these mabs did not react with eight other enterobacterial strains tested: salmonella enteritidis, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella paratyphi a, escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, yersinia enterocolitica, and campylobacter jejuni. all four mabs cross-reacted with salmonella muenchen flagellin indicating specificity for d antigenic flagellar epitope. one mab (c4) was selected to develop a dou ...19902295860
genetic population structure, clonal phylogeny, and pathogenicity of salmonella paratyphi b.genetic diversity and relationships among 123 strains of salmonella paratyphi b (serotype 1,4,[5],12:b:[1,2]) were estimated from an assessment of electrophoretically demonstrable allelic variation at 24 chromosomal enzyme gene loci. fourteen electrophoretic types, marking clones, were distinguished, the phylogeny of the clonal lineages was reconstructed, and biotype and other phenotypic characters were mapped onto this structure. most d-tartrate-negative strains are members of an abundant, glob ...19902341183
o-antigen variation in salmonella spp.: rfb gene clusters of three strains.the o antigens of salmonella serogroups a, b, and d differ structurally in their side-chain sugar residue. these genes encoding o-antigen biosynthesis are clustered in the rfb operon. we report here the molecular cloning and analysis of the rfb operons of salmonella paratyphi a (serogroup a) and s. typhi (serogroup d). the regions of dna nonhomology between the rfb operons of these serogroup a, b, and d representatives are identified, and the evolutionary derivation of serogroup a from a serogro ...19882447059
murine monoclonal antibody specific for lipopolysaccharide of salmonella serogroup a.to facilitate the routine identification of salmonellae and detailed studies of their lipopolysaccharides, we raised murine monoclonal antibodies against these organisms. we raised an immunoglobulin g1 antibody, mo2, which is specific for factor o2. by immunoblotting following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, mo2 was shown to bind only the lipopolysaccharide of salmonella paratyphi a, giving a ladderlike reaction pattern with regularly spaced reactive bands. mo2 did not ...19872447120
types of salmonella paratyphi b and their phylogenetic significance.the substrates inositol, rhamnose, d-tartrate and m-tartrate used in fermentation tests with 338 cultures of salmonella paratyphi b differentiated strains in some phage types to give information that could be used in epidemiological investigations. xylose in bitter's medium, the fifth substrate by which 13 of a potential 32 biotypes were identified, differentiated few cultures with the negative character. the possession of a specific type of outer-membrane protein receptor for colicin m or bacte ...19882456390
monoclonal antibodies delineate multiple epitopes on the o antigens of salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide.fifteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against salmonella typhi were produced and characterized. the specificities of the antibodies were determined by their binding patterns in an enzyme immunoassay, with a panel of lipopolysaccharides isolated from different bacteria. seven mabs reacted with s. typhi, salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella dublin (all belonging to serogroup d). one mab also reacted with salmonella paratyphi a and s. paratyphi b. five mabs reacted with s. typhi, s. enter ...19882466868
isolation of salmonella paratyphi a from thyroid abscess--a case report.s. paratyphi a isolated from aberrant site i.e. thyroid abscess which is an unusual manifestation of focal salmonella infection. it is reported for its rare complications.19892504670
[clinical studies on patients with legal communicable diseases encountered from 1981 to 1986].patients with legal communicable diseases admitted to kawasaki municipal hospital between 1981 and 1986 were studied. ages of patients were over 15 year-old. during this period 115 patients were admitted. out of these patients 84 had shigellosis, and 9 had amebiasis. out of 20 salmonellosis, 18 were due to salmonella typhi and 2 were due to salmonella paratyphi-a, respectively. two were admitted because of cholera. out of the patients with shigellosis, 27 were domestic and 57 were foreign infect ...19892504839
characterization of the salmonella paratyphi c vi polysaccharide.the vi capsular polysaccharide (vi) is both a virulence factor and a protective antigen of salmonella typhi; its pathogenic role for salmonella paratyphi c is less well understood. we found no differences between the antigenic and immunogenic properties and the structure of the vi from representative strains of s. paratyphi c, s. typhi, and citrobacter freundii. there were, however, differences in both the amount produced per cell and the degree of association with the cell among the vi from the ...19892506132
[veterinary aspects of zoonose-related diseases in humans].the paper presents the possibilities, difficulties and inabilities of veterinary medicine in the prophylaxis of zoonotic diseases in humans. with reference to this, the author characterized salmonella paratyphi induced alimentary toxicon-infections, q fever and chlamydiosis. the article also discusses current views on some neoplastic diseases in animals and their possible transmission to humans.19892510217
an outbreak of paratyphoid fever in the uk associated with a fish-and-chip shop.an outbreak of salmonella paratyphi b infection in the uk associated with a fish-and-chip shop is reported. the source of infection for the first three cases was believed to be a food handler who was infected overseas 6 years earlier. his wife whose faeces and urine were originally culture negative continued to run the shop but subsequently her faeces became positive on one occasion. she was considered to have been the source of two further cases, and secondary household spread of infection from ...19892514109
[sternocostoclavicular osteoarthritis].on observation of a case of infectious osteoarthritis which was remarkable both because of its site, the sternoclavicular joint, and of the germ involved, which was salmonella paratyphi a is reported.19892516129
[antibiotics used for paratyphi b infections resistant to classical treatment and the results of their use].salmonella paratyphi b is a pathogenic agent causing outbreaks and keeping epidemiologic importance. the classical treatment of this disease is made by ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole in resistant strain. the resistant strains tends to cause a treatment problem. we report treatment and antibiogram results of 48 patients exactly diagnosed as paratyphi b infection by clinic and laboratory evaluation. these patients came to pediatric clinic of erzincan state hospital from erzincan t ...19892516600
paratyphoid fever presenting with renal failure and nephrotic syndrome.a previously healthy 39-year-old woman had a short, febrile illness that culminated in severe, acute renal failure in association with features of the nephrotic syndrome. salmonella paratyphi b was isolated from her blood and stool. treatment with chloramphenicol, dialysis, heparin and steroids was followed by gradual but complete recovery. paratyphoid is usually more benign than typhoid fever, but is not without danger and may be complicated by potentially fatal renal disease.19892517555
numerical index of the discriminatory ability of biotyping for strains of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella paratyphi b.an index of discrimination was used to assess the discriminatory power of biotyping for salmonellas of selected serotypes. three collections of phage-typed strains of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella paratyphi b, previously tested for biotype, were examined. the results established that the discrimination index was high when full biotyping alone was used for differentiation of strains from international series. when biotyping was combined with phage typing, the discrimination achieved was g ...19892691264
some properties of serratia marcescens, salmonella paratyphi a, and enterobacter cloacae with non-enzyme-dependent multiple resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, and quinolones.non-enzyme-dependent multiple-drug resistance occurs preferentially in some genera of enterobacteriaceae, such as serratia, klebsiella, enterobacter, and salmonella. susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, quinolones, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol may be affected in various combinations in different mutants. proteins from the outer and inner membranes and lipopolysaccharides may be altered concomitantly. although porin alterations have been observed in all resistant mutan ...19883055181
evaluation of the mini-id enterobacteriaceae screen system.a total of 932 typical and atypical enteric fermenters were used to evaluate the mini-id enterobacteriaceae screen/identification system. at 4 h, final identifications were available for only 13.3%, but an additional 71% were screened into the correct group, according to the product's database. at 24 h, 58.8% were correctly identified to the species level, often with the use of an additional tube. when 118 of the cultures were arranged into a weighted assortment, as might be found in a clinical ...19883068253
[comparison of the gruber-widal and elisa technics used to study salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi infections in patients].in this study, antibody levels were determined against the agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in 168 patient's sera and 40 healthy control sera by gruber-widal and elisa techniques. we compared the results of these two techniques, and discussed. the needed antigens for both techniques were prepared from the local strains of the agents of these infections which were isolated in our laboratory. the widal's tube agglutination test was carried out by classical method, and the elisa technique wa ...19863088401
evaluation of blood clot cultures for isolation of salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi-a, and brucella melitensis.two types of clot culture, one with taurocholate-streptokinase and the other with bile as a culture medium, and two conventional cultures of whole blood were evaluated in parallel in an area where typhoid fever and brucellosis are endemic. each of the four systems contained 5 ml of blood or the clot derived from 5 ml of blood and sufficient broth to yield a 1:11 dilution of the specimen. of 542 patients studied, salmonella paratyphi-a was isolated from 61, s. typhi from 46, and brucella melitens ...19863093527
in vitro activity of ofloxacin against 210 clinical isolates of typhoid salmonellae.210 clinical isolates of typhoid salmonellae, cultivated from blood of patients with typhoid fever (108 strains of salmonella typhi, 99 strains of salmonella paratyphi a and three strains of salmonella paratyphi b) as well as 266 random clinical isolates of escherichia coli (n = 152), klebsiella spp. (n = 51) and proteus spp. (n = 63) were tested for susceptibility to ofloxacin, using an agar dilution method. all the typhoid salmonellae were found to be highly sensitive to ofloxacin with mics ra ...19863102385
lobar pneumonia and pneumatocele formation due to salmonella paratyphi b in an infant. 19863109090
severe rectal bleeding due to salmonella paratyphi b. 19873113542
distribution of salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi b phage types in italy from 1974 through 1985.the temporal changes in occurrence and distribution in salmonella typhi and paratyphi b phage types in italy during a twelve year period are considered. from 1974 to 1985, 2.075 isolates of salmonella typhi and 830 isolates of salmonella paratyphi b were phage typed at the national centre for enterobacteria in rome and the three regional centres for enterobacteria in milan, palermo and pisa. the most prevalent types of salmonella typhi were a, c1, d1, vi degraded strains e1, i+iv and c4. types a ...19883127661
detection with monoclonal antibody of salmonella typhi antigen 9 in specimens from patients.monoclonal antibodies were raised against barber antigen (ba) of salmonella typhi 0901. antibodies produced to antigen 9 of group d salmonellae were used in double- and triple-sandwich antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for detecting antigen 9 in urine and plasma specimens from three groups of patients and 49 controls. the triple-antibody elisa detected the antigen in urine samples from 11 of 18 (65%) patients with hemoculture-proven typhoid (group 1) and 12 of 39 (31%) patient ...19883183027
impairment of in vitro natural antibacterial activity in hiv-infected patients.circulating pbmc of healthy subjects possess an in vitro natural antibacterial (na) against enteropathogenic bacteria, including salmonella species. the effector cell of na activity is a cd: 4+, 8-, leu-8/tq-1+ t lymphocyte acting against bacteria via cytophylic iga in a mechanism similar to antibody-dependent cellular activity. because aids is a profound immunodeficiency caused by hiv involving primarily cd4 lymphocytes and in particular the leu-8/tq-1 subset, it was of interest to assess na ac ...19883262664
in vitro and clinical evaluation of ofloxacin in urinary tract infection and enteric fever.during 1984 to 1988, 35 patients with urinary tract infection (uti) and 37 patients with enteric fever were treated successfully with 400 mg ofloxacin twice a day for 7 to 10 days. clinical cure or improvement was observed in 31 of the 35 patients with uti; 32 patients were bacteriologically assessed and eradication was achieved in all of them. ofloxacin was particularly effective in the treatment of enteric fever in 35 patients; eradication was achieved in all of them; 34 patients were clinical ...19883266853
graft-induced polyclonal activation of b cells. ii. humoral response of renal allograft recipients (rar).ig production by peripheral blood lymphocytes of renal allograft recipients was studied. it was demonstrated that lymphocytes of patients with acute graft rejection produce elevated numbers of pfc in culture in response to pwm (a t-cell dependent stimulus) and salmonella paratyphi b (a t-cell independent stimulus) as well as spontaneously. pfc responses were significantly higher in patients with acute rejection than in a group of patients with stable graft function. the b cells of the recipients ...19873334005
mutation of salmonella paratyphi a conferring cross-resistance to several groups of antibiotics by decreased permeability and loss of invasiveness.a spontaneous one-step mutant of salmonella paratyphi a selected on ampicillin showed cross-resistance to all beta-lactam antibiotics except imipenem and to aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and quinolones. it also grew as small colonies. examination of the cell envelope of the mutant showed a quantitative decrease in three major outer membrane proteins of 40.6, 39.6 (presumably porins), and 24 kilodaltons and quantitative as well as qualitative modifications in the l ...19883364943
[d-tartrate-positive salmonella paratyphi b (var. java): lysotype of 1200 strains isolated in france (1975-1985)].the 1200 d-tartrate positive (dt+) strains of s. paratyphi b, isolated in france during the period 1975-1985, were studied with the aid of the felix and callow phage-typing system and the results were compared with those of the study of 1945 d-tartrate negative (dt-) strains of s. paratyphi b examined by means of the same phage-typing method. 2359 dt+ and dt- strains were typable and could be assigned to 25 recognized phage-types. a great variation in the number of strains of each biovar was obs ...19883407364
control of typhoid fever in bangkok, thailand, by annual immunization of schoolchildren with parenteral typhoid vaccine.the number of cases of typhoid fever in bangkok, thailand, began to increase sharply in 1974 and peaked in 1976. in 1977, as part of a national typhoid immunization program, thai schoolchildren aged seven to 12 years began to receive annually a single 0.25-ml subcutaneous dose (2.5 x 10(8) organisms) of a heat/phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccine. isolations of salmonella typhi in bangkok decreased from 880 (4.6% of all blood cultures) in 1976 to 54 (0.3% of all blood cultures) in 1985. the case r ...19873438648
serological investigations for the cause of diarrhoea among patients and personnel in the minna and abeokuta hospitals/nigeria.188 blood samples were investigated for antibodies against bacteria causing diarrhoea in two hospitals in minna and abeokuta in nigeria. antibodies were found against entamoeba histolytica, yersinia enterocolitica, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi c, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri and rotavirus.19873443752
spurious sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resistance of salmonella typhi.several studies have identified thymidine excess in susceptibility test media as the cause of spurious resistance of various bacteria to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. we document the phenomenon in salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi-a and demonstrate its occurrence in 3 of 17 (18%) lots of mueller-hinton agars now in use in major medical laboratories in lima, peru. the findings are particularly significant because sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is an important alternative to chloramphenico ...19863486190
[prevalence of lysotype no. 3 of salmonella paratyphi a in peru].sixty-nine s. paratyphi a strains isolated from peru were studied with the aid of the phage-typing system of banker. 55 strains (79.7%) showed specific lytic reactions of the phage-type no 3 and 12 strains (17.3%) those of the phage-type no 1; one strain was atypical and another untypable. all of these strains were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim. these results are compared with the data of the scientific literature on the worldwide distrib ...19873621392
salt-induced filamentous growth of a salmonella strain isolated from blood.a strain of salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis serovar paratyphi-a isolated from the blood of a febrile patient grew into filaments on a nutrient agar containing various salts, such as nacl, kcl, mgcl2, nh4cl, (nh4)2so4, or (nh4)2hpo4, at concentrations of 50 to 400 mm. the filamentous cells were nonseptate and multinucleate, and they had colony-forming ability. this mutant strain, however, did not show filamentous growth in liquid media which contained the same salts. on nutrient agar ...19863700602
[serology, sensitivity to antibiotics and lysotypes of several strains of salmonella isolated in children hospitalized at the hospital center of libreville].we have isolated 122 strains of salmonellae from stools and blood cultures among children patients from centre hospitalier de libreville. isolation was carried out from july 1982 to june 1983. during that period of time, salmonella paratyphi c was the most commonly found. we report here the isolation of a new serotype: salmonella libreville and the emergence of salmonella wien which was unknown in libreville area. lysotyping of s. typhi shows that three strains of a lysotype, subtype dakar, were ...19863731363
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