Publications

ultrastructure of babesia major vermicules from the tick haemaphysalis punctata as demonstrated by negative staining.	the ultrastructure of babesia major vermicules was studied in samples derived from the haemolymph of haemaphysalis punctata adults and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. most of the organelles observed were typical of those found in apicomplexan parasites. these were the apical complex with the polar ring and the ribs, micronemes and subpellicular microtubules. the number of ribs was 27 or 28. the outer membrane of the pellicle was composed of a large number of fibrils running along t ...	1978	77093
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. i. anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (rickettsiales, anaplasmataceae).	on two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the dutch island of ameland. the organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. this anaplasm differs from anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% of the organ ...	1979	419513
the ultrastructure of penetrating stages of babesia major infecting the ovary of haemaphysalis punctata.	the ultrastructure of penetrating stages of babesia major merozoites responsible for causing trans-ovarian infection of the tick haemaphysalis punctata was studied. these merozoites were different from forms of other babesia species previously described in the tick in that they were highly pleomorphic. most of the organelles found in these forms were similar to those found in other stages: however, the apical complex was found to be very active. micronemes were found to be predominant in the cyt ...	1977	563562
theileria mutans: experimental transmission by haemaphysalis punctata.	t. mutans (essex), originally isolated from a farm in the county of essex in south-east england by allowing field-collected h. punctata tickes to feed on a splenectomized calf, was syringe-passaged once between calves and then resecured in a laboratory-reared strain of h. punctata. from subsequent studies it was found that only transstadial transmission of the parasite occurred. thus, only the larval and the nymphal stages of the ticks were capable of acquiring the infection and subsequently nym ...	1975	810930
possibilities of persistence in new biotopes of ticks imported by birds.	survival and development of 6 tick species (hyalomma anatolicum, rhipicephalus sanguineus, haemaphysalis punctata, dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus and ixodes ricinus) were studied in 3 groups differing in the range of distribution with respect to the place of importation, as a model for the knowledge of their possible inclusion in the new local biocenosis during transportation by natural hosts.	1977	852771
babesia major in britain: infectivity for cattle of cryopreserved parasites derived from haemaphysalis punctata nymphs.	babesia major-infected haemaphysalis punctata nymphs, prefed for four days on rabbits, were ground in a modified eagle's minimum essential medium containing n-2 hydroxyethylpiperazine-n1-ethane-sulphonic acid (hepes) buffer using sterile sand or ground glass as triturating agents. the resultant supernatant fluids were shown to be infective for splenectomised calves. when attempts were made to cryopreserve the fluids using either dimethyl sulphoxide or glycerol to a final concentration of 10 per ...	1977	860093
a differential diagnostic criterion for babesia major and babesia bigemina vermicules from tick haemolymph.	babesia major mature and immature vermicules in the haemolymph of haemaphysalis punctata were measured and found to be significantly larger than vermicules of babesia bigemina. mature b. major vermicules had a mean length of 15.53 micrometer and mature b. bigemina vermicules had a mean length of 11.79 micrometer. this difference provides a new criterion for the differentiation of the two species.	1977	906629
isolation of bhanja virus from ticks in yugoslavia.	two strains of bhanja (bha) virus, an ungrouped arbovirus, were isolated from haemaphysalis punctata ticks collected from sheep on the island of brac in the yugoslavian adriatic. serologic testing gave evidence of the endemicity of bha virus on the island, and antibody prevalence rates were high for both man (35.8%--ranging locally to 61.3%) and sheep (100%). no antibody was found in 82 small mammals tested. evidence of a natural cycle involving ticks and sheep, the potential significance of thi ...	1977	907037
experimental transmission of babesia major by haemaphysalis punctata.	using a newly isolated strain of babesia major and a clean strain of laboratory reared haemaphysalis punctata it was shown that adult female ticks could be alimentarily infected by feeding on infected calves but that larvae and nymphae could not. all stages were able to transmit the parasite. two syringe passages of b major resulted in a complete loss of infectivity to ticks.	1977	928992
ultrastructure of babesia major in the tick haemaphysalis punctata.	haemaphysalis punctata ticks were infected with babesia major by allowing them to feed on an infected splenectomised calf. heavily infected ticks were dissected and the guts and the ovaries were processed to study the ultrastructure of b major in these organs. the morphology of the parasites in the gut and the ovary was identical. it was shown that the parasite contained a reduced form of an apical complex consisting of characteristic organelles such as the polar ring, rhoptries, micronemes and ...	1976	951514
[occurrence of the tick haemaphysalis punctata (can. et fanz., 1877) and of babesia major in cattle in north germany].		1976	1008781
[new faunal and biological observations on ticks in abruzzo].	ticks collected during the years 1975-76 in abruzzo (prov. l'aquila and chieti) italy are reported. the following species have been identified: ixodes canisuga, ixodes frontalis, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis sulcata, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus, hyalomma marginatum. new hosts are: felis catus for ixodes canisuga; scolopax rusticola, motacilla flava, corvus cornix for ixodes frontalis; sciurus vulgaris for haemaphysalis punctata; garrul ...	1976	1032325
study of rickettsioses in slovakia. i. coxiella burneti and rickettsiae of the spotted fever (sf) group in ticks and serological surveys in animals and humans in certain selected localities in the lucenec and v. krtís districts.	a study of the natural focus character of q fever and the rickettsiosis caused by organisms of the sf group carried out in 1971-1973 in 7 selected villages in the lucenec district and in a few control villages in the v. krtis district, produced the following results: among a total number of 2,200 ticks belonging to the species dermacentor marginatus, ixodes ricinus and haemaphysalis punctata and tested for the presence of rickettsial organisms by the haemocyte test, c. burneti was detected in 8 ...	1975	1092754
extensive examination of different tick species for infestation with coxiella burnetii in slovakia.	between 1987-1989 almost 7000 adult ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis concinna, haemaphysalis punctata and haemaphysalis inermis ticks collected in all 38 districts of slovakia were screened for the presence of coxiella burnettii. the proportion of ticks containing c. burnetii as indicated by the haemocyte test was less than 3%. attempts to recover c. burnetii by inoculation of yolk sacs of embryonated hen eggs from pools of 1-6 specimens of haemocyte ...	1991	1884784
exotic ectoparasites of ostriches recently imported into the united states.	eleven species of ectoparasitic arthropods were collected and identified from ostriches (struthio camelus) recently imported into the united states from africa and europe. four of these species are reported from ostriches for the first time. the parasites included adult hippoboscid flies (struthiobosca struthionis) and 10 species of adult ixodid ticks (amblyomma gemma, a. lepidum, a. variegatum, haemaphysalis punctata, hyalomma albiparmatum, h. luscitanicum, h. marginatum rufipes, h. truncatum, ...	1991	2023323
borrelia burgdorferi in ticks of the canton tessin (switzerland).	in the northern alps it is hard to find an ixodes ricinus population which does not harbour borrelia burgdorferi. the infection rates range from 5 to 34% for adults and nymphs to 3.1% for larvae. this study shows that the infection rates on the southern side of the alps are similar, at 25% for adults, 36.2% for nymphs and 3.2% for larvae. with respect to tick species other than i. ricinus, we did not succeed in finding any spirochetes in dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes hex ...	1990	2132440
francisella tularensis from ixodid ticks in czechoslovakia.	a total of 26,478 ixodid ticks (935 pools) were examined by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice. six species of ticks were tested: ixodes ricinus (23,470 individuals), i. trianguliceps (12), haemaphysalis punctata (831), h. concinna (39), dermacentor reticulatus (69) and d. marginatus (2,057). the ticks were collected largely by flagging vegetation, a substantial minority (4%) from animals. three strains of francisella tularensis were isolated, one each from i. ricinus (males, district br ...	1990	2227710
numerical comparative serology of the bhanja antigenic group (bunyaviridae).	antigenic relationships between the two known members of the bhanja serogroup (bhanja virus, 7 strains; kismayo virus, two strains) were studied by a plaque-reduction cross-neutralization test in vero cells, using hyperimmune mouse sera. the results were then subjected to a cluster analysis, which showed (in the form of a dendrogram) a considerable antigenic difference between the two viruses. within bhanja virus, the european isolates from haemaphysalis punctata or h. sulcata ticks were antigen ...	1985	2581527
incidence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies for bhanja virus in humans along the north-west border of yugoslavia.	by the hemagglutination-inhibition test with the yugoslav strain of bhanja virus, the sera of 380 youngsters residing in the region along the yugoslav-hungarian border (north croatia) and 367 sera from newcomers to the area from various parts of yugoslavia were examined. the testing included 154 sera of the youngsters who had came to the region along the yugoslav-italian border (slovenia) without antibodies for bhanja virus and were staying there for a year. hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodie ...	1987	3118594
morphology and transmission of theileria recondita (theileriidae: sporozoa) isolated from haemaphysalis punctata from north wales.	adult haemaphysalis punctata (canestrini and fanzago 1877) collected from an area of rough grazing at mynydd mawr, aberdaron, north wales, transmitted theileria recondita (wales); field-collected nymphs failed to transmit this parasite. following adult tick infestation, piroplasms were first observed in the blood of splenectomised infested sheep 8 days after tick attachment; the parasitaemia lasted 9 days. the parasite can also be transferred by syringe passage of blood from splenectomised to no ...	1988	3138810
pathogenesis of infection with theileria recondita (wales) isolated from haemaphysalis punctata from north wales.	the pathogenicity of theileria recondita infection in both splenectomised and non-splenectomised sheep was investigated. following transmission of t. recondita to splenectomised animals both by adult ticks and blood transfusion a fever and severe macrocytic hypochromic anaemia developed which lasted the 9 days or more of patent infection. the prepatent period following tick attachment was about 8 days, but was variable following blood transfusion. infection of normal animals caused a transient m ...	1988	3138811
the morphometrics of babesia motasi (wales) and its transmission by haemaphysalis punctata (canestrini and fanzago 1877) to sheep.	babesia motasi (wales) was transmitted to sheep by larvae, nymphs and adult female haemaphysalis punctata ticks which were either collected from rough grazing pasture, at mynydd mawr, aberdaron, north wales, or from laboratory cultures derived from ticks collected at the above site. both transovarial and transstadial transmission of infection were demonstrated. only larvae were shown to pick up infection. the parasite could not be demonstrated in intact sheep, either in blood films or following ...	1988	3245109
serodiagnosis of babesia motasi (wales), theileria recondita (wales) and cytoecetes phagocytophila infection in sheep.	the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) was used to diagnose some tick-borne infections of sheep, babesia motasi (wales), theileria recondita (wales) and cytoecetes phagocytophila. antigen was prepared from blood derived from splenectomised sheep except for c phagocytophila which was derived from a normal animal. a field survey was made to assess the prevalence of b motasi and t recondita in north wales and a comparison made between the titres using the b motasi (wales) antigen with those ...	1987	3306850
water vapour uptake from subsaturated atmospheres by engorged immature ixodid ticks.	contrary to current opinion, fully engorged and detached larvae and nymphs of some ixodid ticks consistently take up substantial amounts of atmospheric water vapour and thereby display their regulative capacity for maintaining water balance in subsaturated air. net uptake of vapour generally begins some days after detachment and the capability persists until shortly after initiation of apolysis, a period which in diapausing specimens may extend up to several months. this was shown for ixodes ric ...	1988	3378463
effect of host resistance on the feeding and reproductive performance of haemaphysalis punctata and ixodes ricinus ticks.	a study was made to assess the influence of host response on haemaphysalis punctata and ixodes ricinus biology by comparing the effects of feeding ticks on previously uninfested hosts with those fed on previously sensitised hosts. adult h punctata were fed on sheep; larvae and nymphs of h punctata and i ricinus were fed on rabbits. the engorgement weights of all instars studied that fed on sensitised hosts fell very gradually with successive infestations. these weight reductions were greater at ...	1987	3589171
effect of haemaphysalis punctata infestation on growing lambs and rabbits.	lambs infected with adult haemaphysalis punctata and rabbits infected with nymphs developed a macrocytic normochromic anaemia during seven and six successive infestations, respectively. the anaemia was directly proportional to the degree of infestation but disappeared several days after the termination of infestation. a leucocytosis, due to neutrophilia, was seen in both lambs and rabbits. rabbits developed a thrombocytosis and reticulocytosis. infested lambs grew less rapidly than uninfested an ...	1987	3589172
arbovirological survey in silica plateau area, roznava district, czechoslovakia.	the serosurveys conducted in the silica plateau area of the slovak karst region revealed the presence of specific neutralizing antibody against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus in 18% of local inhabitants (33 examined, mostly goats and sheep farmers), 54% of goats (26 examined), 18% of sheep (120 examined) and 13% of cattle (60 examined), against lipovník (lip) virus in 30% of inhabitants, 88% of goats, 55% of sheep and 45% of cattle, and against bhanja (bha) virus in 27% of inhabitants, 46% ...	1986	3701055
[studies on ticks (acarina, ixodidae), parasites of cattle in west algeria. i. systematic survey and seasonal activity].	tick samples (acarina, ixodidae) were collected for two years on bovidae from the whole oran area which were brought weekly at the oran open market (algeria). the 5,500 ticks thus obtained could be divided into six genera and twelve species. from the phenological analysis the following were defined: three spring species (rhipicephalus bursa, rh. turanicus and rh. sanguineus), three summer species (hyalomma detritum, h. impeltatum and boophilus annulatus), three winter species (ixodes ricinus, ha ...	1986	3813419
a serological survey for bhanja and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in sheep of eastern slovakia.	755 sheep from 41 farms in the districts of trebisov, michalovce, humenné and roznava in the east slovakian region were investigated on the presence of antibodies to bhanja (neutralization test) and tick-borne encephalitis (haemagglutination-inhibition test) viruses. in respective districts 2.2%, 0.4%, 1.7% and 26.7% of animals (total 5.3%) were found to be positive on bhanja virus, 4.4%, 1.5%, 1.7% and 5.0% (total 2.6%) on tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. the considerable infection rate in ...	1985	3930351
isolation of a cytopathic agent from the tick haemaphysalis punctata.		1968	4385167
large babesia species transmitted to splenectomized calves by field collections of british ticks (haemaphysalis punctata).		1970	4992176
the tick haemaphysalis punctata, shown to be a vector of theileria mutans in britain.		1972	5050000
[experimental studies of ticks hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum panz. and haemaphysalis punctata can. et fanz. as vectors of tularemia].		1966	6003914
theileria orientalis in iran.	a benign species of theileria of cattle in northern iran proved to be indistinguishable from t. orientalis in the indirect fluorescent antibody test as well as in the morphology of its piroplasms. it was transmissible transstadially by haemaphysalis punctata.	1984	6428030
a serological survey for bhanja virus in czechoslovakia.	sera of 259 persons, 801 sheep, 54 goats and 60 cows from several regions of czechoslovakia were examined by tube-neutralization test (tnt) and haemagglutination-inhibition test (hit) for antibodies against bhanja virus. the results of both assays correlated well, but tnt was a more sensitive test than hit. antibodies neutralizing bhanja virus were detected in 2.7% of persons, 5.1% of sheep, 18.5% of goats and 16.7% of cattle, most frequently in the district roznava (eastern slovakia), where 38. ...	1984	6534039
[transmission of babesia microti by nymphs of dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus sanguineus and ixodes hexagonus].		1982	7080616
detection of human bhanja virus-specific antibodies in czechoslovakia.	blood sera from 185 czechoslovak citizens, residents of south-moravia (znojmo district: 107, breclav district: 13) and east-slovakia (roznava district: 65) regions, were examined for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to bhanja arbovirus, using ps and vero cell lines, constant dose of virus and serial serum dilutions. specific antibody titres greater than or equal to 1:10 were detected in the sera of 10 persons (i.e. 5.4% of all examined), of which 5 men and 4 women were from district of ro ...	1982	7119432
haemaphysalis punctata and ixodes ricinus in a coastal habitat in north wales.	the populations of haemaphysalis punctata and ixodes ricinus on the mynydd mawr national trust reserve, gwynedd, were studied for two years. h. punctata was the more numerous species, being recoverable by blanket dragging over most of the year except for some very short days. there were spring and late summer peaks of activity. it seems probable that the complete life cycle of h punctata takes two or three years in this habitat. the activity of i ricinus was short relative to h punctata, but spr ...	1981	7244372
investigations on babesia motasi isolated from wales.	a number of observations were carried out on the effect of the newly isolated parasite, babesia motasi (wales) on intact and splenectomised sheep and on a splenectomised goat. the parasite was not pathogenic for intact animals but caused fever and anaemia in splenectomised ones. b motasi (wales) was also studied morphologically, morphometrically and serologically. the common form of the parasite was seen to be a double pyriform, the mean length of one side being 2.23 micrometer. it appeared to b ...	1981	7323470
blood parasites of sheep in the netherlands. ii. babesia motasi (sporozoa, babesiidae).	a large babesia species occurs in sheep on the north sea islands of the netherlands. the tick haemaphysalis punctata is a vector. its pathogenicity appears to be low. it is morphologically similar to a turkish strain, considered to be b. motasi, which is also transmitted by haemaphysalis ticks. it differs from the turkish parasite serologically as well as in cross-immunity tests and in not being effective to goats. there may be a group of morphologically similar parasites with serological differ ...	1980	7352333
geographical distribution, host associations, and vector roles of ticks (acari: ixodidae, argasidae) in sweden.	this review covers the geographic distribution and host relationships of the tick species in sweden. ixodes uriae white, i. caledonicus nuttall, i. unicavatus neumann, i. arboricola schulze & schlottke, and i. lividus koch are ornithophagous species. i. trianguliceps birula, i. canisuga johnston, i. hexagonus leach, and argas vespertilionis (latreille) are mammalophagous. i. ricinus (l.) and haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago feed on both birds and mammals. all these tick species may be ...	1994	8189415
[distribution of ixodes ricinus ticks in yugoslavia].	in this paper the authors present distribution of tick ixodes ricinus in both republics of yugoslavia--serbia and montenegro. the ticks were collected from domestic animals and humans sporadically. the determination showed following species: ixodes ricinus, i. persulcatus, i. hexagonus, dermacentor marginatus, d. pictus, rhipicephalus bursa, r. sanguineus, haemaphysalis punctata, h. inermis, h. sulcata, h. leporis-palustriis, h. concinna, boophilus (margaporus) calcaratus, hyalomma savignyi, h. ...	1993	8262430
occurrence of different genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodid ticks of valais, switzerland.	a total of 825 adult ticks (727 ixodes ricinus, 72 dermacentor marginatus and 26 haemaphysalis punctata) was collected from vegetation in valais (switzerland) in 1987 to 1992. they were examined for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis. b. burgdorferi sensu lato was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay, dark field microscopy and/or culture in 221 out of 727 i. ricinus (30.4%) and none in the other two species. from these 221 infected t ...	1995	8549716
palma virus, a new bunyaviridae isolated from ticks in portugal.	an agent pathogenic for laboratory albino swiss mice was isolated from a pool of haemaphysalis punctata ticks collected from cattle on a farm located in alcácer do sal county, southern portugal. the isolated virus was shown to be distinct from but serologically related to virus members of the bhanja antigenic group. this new virus in the family bunyaviridae was named palma for the farm where ticks have been collected for several studies.	1994	8586533
experiments on the transmission of babesia major and babesia bigemina by haemaphysalis punctata.	experiments on the transmission by haemaphysalis punctata of three large babesia strains were carried out. three babesia-free batches of laboratory reared h. punctata ticks were infected with two strains of babesia major, b. major (xingjiang strain), isolated with adult ticks of h punctata and b. major (henan strain), isolated with h. longicornis) and a strain of babesia bigemina by feeding them on the calves infected by inoculation of blood stabilates. h. punctata was shown to be capable of tra ...	1996	9011018
spatial distribution and seasonality of ticks (acarina: ixodidae) in a protected area in the northern apennines.	infestation of small rodents by ixodid ticks and frequency of host-seeking ticks collected by dragging were studied at orecchiella natural park (northern apennines) in 1994 and 1995. levels of infestation of apodemus spp. by immature dermacentor marginatus were higher in beech wood (5.1 larvae and 1.3 nymphs per mouse) than in oak-chestnut wood and in coniferous wood. larval d. marginatus peaked in mid summer, whereas nymphs peaked in late summer. host-seeking haemaphysalis punctata were mostly ...	1997	9419846
18s rrna gene sequences and phylogenetic relationships of european hard-tick species (acari: ixodidae).	the complete 18s rrna gene sequences of the following six european hard-tick species were obtained by direct pcr cycle sequencing and silver-staining methods: rhipicephalus pusillus, boophilus annulatus, dermacentor marginatus, hyalomma lusitanicum, haemaphysalis punctata, and ixodes ricinus. differences observed in the sequence alignment of these six species together with the 18s rrna gene sequences of 13 other hard-tick species demonstrate that this gene is a good marker for supraspecific diff ...	1998	9491423
babesiosis in china.	the importance of babesiosis in livestock in china is discussed and mainly focused on bovine and equine babesiosis. babesiosis is still one of the most important diseases affecting livestock and has caused great economic loss. nine species of babesia have been recognized in livestock: b. bigemina, b. bovis, b. major, b. motasi, b. ovis, b. perroncitoi, b. trautmanni, b. equi (theileria equi), b. caballi. the distribution of babesia follows the distribution of the tick vectors. the main vectors o ...	1997	9512738
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete dna in british ticks (argasidae and ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by pcr.	the distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the lyme borreliosis agent, was surveyed in british ticks in the collection of the natural history museum, london. alcohol-preserved specimens of eight species of ticks known to attack humans were studied: ixodes ricinus, i. hexagonus, i. uriae, i. trianguliceps, dermacentor reticulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus sanguineus and argas vespertilionis. the sample comprised all life stages and originated from a wide range of host speci ...	1998	9513944
tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats caused by babesia, theileria or anaplasma spp.	a review is given on the babesia, theileria, and anaplasma species infecting sheep and goats. b. ovis is the most important disease agent. it is transmitted by rhipicephalus bursa, r. turanicus, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, and probably by r. evertsi evertsi b. ovis is widely spread in southern europe, the middle east, and central asia. its geographical distribution in south and east asia and in africa is widely unknown. b. motasi obviously represents several nosodemes in separate regions. it ...	1997	9530692
mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences and phylogenetic relationships of species of rhipicephalus and other tick genera among metastriata (acari: ixodidae).	the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene sequences of the following eight european metastriata tick species were obtained by direct polymerase-chain-reaction cycle sequencing and silver-staining methods: rhipicephalus bursa, r. pusillus, r. sanguineus, r. turanicus, boophilus annulatus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, and hyalomma lusitanicum. this mitochondrial gene seems to be a good marker for the establishment of genetic relationships among closely related tick species, but it does no ...	1998	9660138
simultaneous detection of bovine theileria and babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization.	a reverse line blot (rlb) assay was developed for the identification of cattle carrying different species of theileria and babesia simultaneously. we included theileria annulata, t. parva, t. mutans, t. taurotragi, and t. velifera in the assay, as well as parasites belonging to the t. sergenti-t. buffeli-t. orientalis group. the babesia species included were babesia bovis, b. bigemina, and b. divergens. the assay employs one set of primers for specific amplification of the rrna gene v4 hypervari ...	1999	10325324
the ixodid tick species attaching to domestic dogs and cats in great britain and ireland.	the species of ixodid ticks, attached to dogs and cats presented to veterinary practices in great britain and ireland were identified. most host animals carried only one tick species with ixodes ricinus linné (acari: ixodidae) being the most common, identified on 52% of animals, ixodes hexagonus leach (acari: ixodidae) the second most common (on 39%) and ixodes canisuga johnston (acari: ixodidae) the third most common (on 11%). a significantly higher proportion of dogs than cats carried i. ricin ...	2000	11016442
general review of tick species present in portugal.	at present, 24 species are known to occur in portugal: argas vespertilionis, ornithodoros maritimus and ornithodoros erraticus in argasidae; ixodes acuminatus, ixodes bivari, ixodes canisuga, ixodes frontalis, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes ricinus, ixodes simplex simplex, ixodes ventalloi, ixodes vespertilionis, dermacentor marginatus, dermacentor pictus', haemaphysalis hispanica, haemaphysalis inermis, haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus pusillus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhi ...	1999	11071535
tick species infesting ruminants in italy: ecological and bio-climatic factors affecting the different regional distribution.	the distribution of tick species able to infest ruminants in italy is briefly reviewed on the basis of published records and new data obtained in several surveys carried out mainly in northern italy. the most frequent and abundant tick species found on ruminants throughout italy are ixodes ricinus and dermacentor marginatus, the first gradually replacing its association with sheep by the association with wild ruminants. rhipicephalus bursa was mainly found on cattle while r. turanicus, which is ...	1999	11071542
acarological studies in two protected areas of central italy.	in the present note are reported the results of preliminary studies on tick distribution in two wildlife areas of abruzzo (national park of abruzzo, a mountainous area, approximately 40,000 ha, in central apennines, interesting abruzzo, latium and molise regions) and latium (capocotta-castel porziano presidential reserve, on the tyrrhenian coast, 30 km from rome). sampling of ticks from domestic and wild mammals as well as from vegetation, was performed in three different areas of the national p ...	1999	11071544
detection of haemoparasites in cattle by reverse line blot hybridisation with a note on the distribution of ticks in sicily.	a reverse line blot hybridisation (rlb) of 21 oligonucleotides with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified regions of 16s rrna (ehrlichia/anaplasma group) or 18s rrna (babesia/theileria group) genes of haemoparasites detected theileria annulata, t. buffeli/orientalis, babesia bovis, b. bigemina, b. divergens, ehrlichia bovis, anaplasma marginale, a. centrale and unknown species within the rickettsia tribe.a very high prevalence of mixed infections was detected, which indicated that animals in ...	2001	11511414
epidemiology of bovine tick-borne diseases in southern italy.	this investigation was carried out in an area covering part of three southern italian regions: campania, basilicata and apulia. eighty-one farms were involved using the formula suggested by thrusfield; they were equally distributed over the area which was subdivided into 81 geo-referenced sub-areas. in may and june 1999 from a total of 506 cattle, older than 18 months, blood-samples were taken and ticks were collected and identified. serum samples were tested for antibodies of bahesia bigemina, ...	2002	12199369
an epidemiological study on ovine babesiosis in the mashhad suburb area, province of khorasan, iran.	the prevalence of babesia spp. infection was studied in sheep of the mashhad area in iran from 1998 to 2000. a total of 677 sheep originating from 115 flocks were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of babesia spp. in appropriate blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. the study revealed that the infection rate for babesia ovis and babesia motasi were 167 (24.6%) and 4 (0.5%), respectively. double (mixed) infections occurred in 21 (3%) sheep. differences i ...	2002	12208039
ectoparasite ticks and chewing lice of red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa, in spain.	during the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 shooting seasons, 212 wild red-legged partridge, alectoris rufa (galliformes: phaisanide) were captured in 18 spanish provinces and examined for chewing lice and ticks. three tick species and six species of chewing lice were found. ticks (acari: ixodidae) haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago, hyalomma lusitanicum koch and ixodes frontalis panzer were found at the lowest prevalence (1.4% overall tick prevalence). the louse (mallophaga) species, goniodes d ...	2003	12680922
rickettsia aeschlimannii in spain: molecular evidence in hyalomma marginatum and five other tick species that feed on humans.		2003	12899141
q fever in britain: isolation of rickettsia burneti from the tick haemaphysalis punctata.		1955	13263583
ticks from european-asiatic birds migrating through egypt into africa.	from 321 of 7381 birds (28 species), 504 immature european-asiatic ticks were collected: ixodes frontalis, haemaphysalis punctata, haemaphysalis sulcata, hyalomma spp. (probably mostly m. marginatum), hyalomma aegyptium, and hyalomma m. marginatum. many additional detaching ticks were eaten by the hosts. uninfested bird species numbered 29 (998 individuals).	1961	13715711
ticks (ixodidae) on birds migrating from europe and asia to africa 1959-61.	the need for imaginative thinking and research in the epidemiology of diseases transmitted by arthropods is made manifest by new views of the longevity and host ranges of arthropod-borne viruses, as well as by other biological and medical phenomena. among these is the intercontinental transport of ticks by migrating birds. during the fall migration periods of 1959, 1960 and 1961, 32 086 birds (comprising 72 forms) were examined for ticks in egypt while en route from asia and eastern europe to tr ...	1963	13961632
[research on "tick paralysis" observed in chickens in bulgaria and caused by nymphs of haemaphysalis punctata. can. and franz].		1963	14074042
[spontaneous infection of ixodes ticks with salmonella].	an epizootological study of the ticks gathered from the cattle and ground surface in the dedoplistskaroisky and dushetsky districts of eastern georgia has identified 5 salmonella a typhimurium strains. the strains were isolated from the ticks haemaphysalis punctata, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma plumbeum. they were found to be resistant to 10 of 16 antibiotics. the strains showed a high sensitivity only to 3 antibiotics, such as gentamicin, cirpofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin and 3 strains were hi ...	2003	14564841
detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected in southern croatia.	a total of 197 ticks belonging to four species (haemaphysalis punctata, hyalomma marginatum, rhipicephalus bursa and dermacentor marginatus) collected in october 2000 from domestic animals in southern croatia were examined for the presence of rickettsiae by molecular techniques. specific sequences of the rickettsiae were detected in 25 (12.7%) of ticks tested. the prevalence of infection in d. marginatus and h. marginatum ticks was 36.8 and 64.7%, respectively. none of the ticks belonging to the ...	2002	14570128
detection of a rickettsia closely related to rickettsia aeschlimannii, "rickettsia heilongjiangensis," rickettsia sp. strain rpa4, and ehrlichia muris in ticks collected in russia and kazakhstan.	using pcr, we screened 411 ticks from four genera collected in russia and kazakhstan for the presence of rickettsiae and ehrlichiae. in russia, we detected "rickettsia heilongjiangensis," rickettsia sp. strain rpa4, and ehrlichia muris. in kazakhstan, we detected rickettsia sp. strain rpa4 and a rickettsia closely related to rickettsia aeschlimannii. these agents should be considered in a differential diagnosis of tick-borne infections in these areas.	2004	15131195
species composition, distribution, and ecological preferences of the ticks of grazing sheep in north-central spain.	the distribution and ecological preferences of tick (acari: ixodidae) parasites of grazing sheep in the region of aragón (north-central spain) were surveyed on flocks four times a year and mapped into a 5 x 5 km grid. nine tick species were found. these were species of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group (about 95% of them rhipicephalus turanicus pomerantsev, in 91% of cells of the grid), rhipicephalus bursa canestrini & fanzago (79% of cells), dermacentor marginatus (sulzer) (58% of cells), haem ...	2004	15189237
cross-sectional survey of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in sheep from an area of the southern italian apennines.	a cross-sectional survey of ticks was conducted on 197 ovine farms with animals pasturing in an area (3971 km2) of the southern italian apennines. the farms were selected to be uniformly distributed throughout the study area using geographical information system (gis). ticks were collected from 309 (31.4%) out of the 985 sheep sampled, belonging to 92 (46.7%) out of the 197 farms included in the study. the following tick species were found (farm prevalence): dermacentor marginatus (37.6%), haema ...	2004	15285146
lyme disease and babesiosis: preliminary findings on the transmission risk in highly frequented areas of the monti sibillini national park (central italy).	the monti sibillini national park is a recently borne protected area in the central apennines that has become an important tourist destination. mountain grasslands and woods have made it also a suitable habitat for sheep and bovine cattle, as well as for wild animals such as the wild bore and the roe deer. therefore, a preliminary investigation was conducted to assess the risk of transmission of tick-borne zoonoses, such as lyme disease and babesiosis, by actively looking for both the arthropod ...	2004	15631066
detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco.	a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ...	2005	15750072
rickettsiae in ixodid ticks, sicily.		2005	15789496
coxiella burnetii genotyping.	coxiella burnetii is a strict intracellular bacterium with potential as a bioterrorism agent. to characterize different isolates of c. burnetii at the molecular level, we performed multispacer sequence typing (mst). mst is based on intergenic region sequencing. these regions are potentially variable since they are subject to lower selection pressure than the adjacent genes. we screened 68 spacers in 14 isolates and selected the 10 that exhibited the most variation. these spacers were then tested ...	2005	16102309
[ixodidae ticks in bishkek].	the fauna of ixodidae ticks was studied in bishkek in 1998-2004. the city is situated in the center of the chuisk valley, at the foot of the kirghiz ridge, at the boundary of a submountain-plain-arid region and a plain-piedmont-semiarid one with steppe fragments. the ticks were gathered on a flag from small mammalians caught by gero traps, from birds, domestic and agricultural animals. a total of 648 animals of 13 species were examined. the bites of ticks were registered in 98 persons in the cit ...	2005	16445237
ticks infesting livestock on farms in western sicily, italy.	the results of a 2-year survey on ticks infesting livestock on farms in western sicily, italy, are reported. several dogs living in the same area were also examined for ticks. moreover, free-living ticks from one cattle farm were caught by co(2) traps and flagging. a total of 6208 specimens was collected belonging to 9 species: rhipicephalus bursa (32.4%), rhipicephalus turanicus (22.7%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (19.3%), hyalomma lusitanicum (12.0%), haemaphysalis punctata (7.8%), hyalomma marg ...	2006	16550337
molecular diagnosis of theileria and babesia species infecting cattle in northern spain using reverse line blot macroarrays.	piroplasmosis in cattle is caused by tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites of the genera theileria and babesia. molecular detection techniques offer higher sensitivity and specificity than microscopy examination methods and serological tests. a reverse line blot (rlb) macroarray that included generic and species-specific probes for theileria annulata, theileria buffeli, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia divergens and babesia major was used to study the presence and identity of the piroplasm ...	2006	16684356
risk factors associated with ixodid tick species distributions in the basque region in spain.	ixodid tick abundance was investigated in the basque region in spain in two 1-year longitudinal studies, in 1992-1993 and 2003-2004. forty zones were visited monthly and 162 672 ticks (87% larvae, 12% nymphs and 1% adults) were collected by blanket dragging. eleven tick species belonging to the genera ixodes, haemaphysalis, rhipicephalus and dermacentor were identified including haemaphysalis concinna koch, which had not previously been reported in spain. tick species abundance differed between ...	2006	16796614
status of haemaphysalis tick infestation in domestic ruminants in iran.	the geographical distribution and ecological preferences of haemaphysalis in domestic animals in iran were studied 4 times a year from april 2003 to march 2005. a total of 1,622 ixodid tick specimens were collected from 3 different zones. among them, 108 (6.7%) haemaphysalis ticks, consisting of 6 species, were identified; h. punctata (3.4%), h. parva (0.5%), h. sulcata (0.6%), h. choldokovskyi (1.7%), h. concinna (0.06%) and haemaphysalis sp. (0.6%). h. punctata was the most abundant species, w ...	2007	17570976
[the fauna of ixodes ticks in the saratov region under the present conditions].	a total of 10566 specimens of 10 species of ixodes ticks, such as dermacentor marginats, d. reticulatus, d. niveus, rhipicephalus rossicus, ixodes ricinus, i. persulcatus, i. crenulatus, haemaphysalis punctata, hyalomma scupense, and h. marginatum, were collected and identified in the saratov region in 2002-2006. dermacentor marginats and d. reticulatus were found to be the most dominant species. rhipicephalus rossicus, ixodes ricinus, and hyalomma scupense were also constantly detected in the r ...	2007	17912837
babesia sp. eu1 from roe deer and transmission within ixodes ricinus.	we report in vitro culture of zoonotic babesia sp. eu1 from blood samples of roe deer in france. this study provides evidence of transovarial and transstadial transmission of the parasite within ixodes ricinus, which suggests that this tick could be a vector and reservoir of eu1.	2007	17953093
experimental transmission of anaplasma marginale by male dermacentor reticulatus.	bovine anaplasmosis has been reported in several european countries, but the vector competency of tick species for anaplasma marginale from these localities has not been determined. because of the wide distributional range of dermacentor reticulatus within europe and the major role of dermacentor spp. as a vector of a. marginale in the united states, we tested the vector competency of d. reticulatus for a. marginale.	2007	18053123
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle in mazandaran province, iran.	a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle in mazandaran province, iran. a total of 953 ticks were collected from 86 infested cattle during activating seasons of ticks during 2004-2005. nine species were identified: boophilus annulatus (51.3%), rhipicephalus bursa (16.8%), haemaphysalis punctata (6.3%), ixodes ricinus (6.8%), hyalomma marginatum (12.5%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (5.2%), hyalomma asiaticum (0.6%), hyalomma detritum ...	2007	18165714
an outbreak of tick paralysis in free-ranging mouflon (ovis ammon musimon).	during november 2006, two live and one dead mouflon (ovis ammon musimon) were presented with a history of weakness, tremors, and paralysis. after a detailed gross and histologic examination and a bacteriologic, parasitologic, and rabies evaluation, a preliminary diagnosis of tick paralysis was established. a thorough field search revealed 13 affected mouflons found in the open hunting ground "sveti juraj" near the town of senj (croatia), along with an additional 35 mouflon carcasses. all 13 mouf ...	2007	18229866
a molecular survey of theileria and babesia parasites in cattle, with a note on the distribution of ticks in tunisia.	between october and november 2006, a total of 278 bovine blood samples were examined, and 104 (37.4%) were positive for piroplasms by microscopy. a reverse line blot hybridisation with polymerase chain reaction detected theileria annulata, t. buffeli, babesia bovis and b. bigemina in cattle accounting for 48.6% of positive samples. the most frequently found species was t. buffeli, which was present in 39.2% of the samples. t. annulata was found in 48 samples (17.3%). babesia infections were less ...	2008	18458949
spotted fever group rickettsia in ticks from southeastern spain natural parks.	during an 8-years study, we collected from vegetation or domestic and wild mammals 1246 ticks (624 males, 511 females and 111 nymphs) belonging to 13 species in jaen province (andalusia) and we analyzed these ticks by pcr and sequencing for the presence of rickettsiae. specific rickettsiae dna was detected in 243 (19.5%) of the ticks tested. sequence analysis of amplicons of glta, ompa and ompb genes revealed that ixodes ricinus were infected with r. monacensis, including strain irs3, and r. hel ...	2008	18677442
prevalence of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria in questing adult ticks from northern spain.	a total of 691 questing adult ixodid ticks of the genera ixodes, haemaphysalis, dermacentor, and rhipicephalus were tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and reverse line blot (rlb) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, borrelia spp., and spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae. ticks were collected by blanket dragging during 2 sampling years (2003-2005) in 10 recreational areas in the basque country (northern spain). adult ticks were collected every month of the ye ...	2008	18759563
prevalence and genotypes of anaplasma species and habitat suitability for ticks in a mediterranean ecosystem.	anaplasma species are tick-transmitted pathogens that impact veterinary and human health. sicily is one of the locations where these pathogens are endemic. sicily represents a typical mediterranean ecosystem to study anaplasma infection and tick habitat suitability. the aims of this study were (i) to characterize by 16s rrna and species-specific msp4 gene pcr the prevalence and genotypes of a. marginale, a. phagocytophilum, and a. ovis in the most abundant host species in sicilian provinces and ...	2008	18978093
distribution and molecular detection of theileria and babesia in questing ticks from northern spain.	a total of 562 questing adult ixodid ticks, collected during 2003-05 in 10 recreational mountain areas in northern spain, were analysed for piroplasm infection. reverse line blot (rlb) analysis using a panel of probes for 23 piroplasm species identified 16 different piroplasms, with an overall prevalence of 9.3%. most were theileria spp.-positive (7.7%), 3.0% were positive for babesia spp. and 1.4% of ticks harboured both genera. ixodes ricinus (linnaeus, 1758), the most abundant tick in the veg ...	2008	19120958
influence of biotope on the distribution and peak activity of questing ixodid ticks in hungary.	in order to update the occurrence of hard tick species in hungary, 3442 questing ticks were collected from the vegetation by the dragging/flagging method in 37 different places in the country, between march and june of 2007. ixodes ricinus (l.) turned out to be ubiquitous. dermacentor marginatus (schulzer) was absent from sampling sites in the southwestern part of the country, but in most places was concomitant and contemporaneous with dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius). these two species, as w ...	2009	19239612
molecular characterization of hard and soft ticks from romania by sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal dna.	in the present study, four hard tick species and one soft tick species, namely, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, haemaphysalis parva, ixodes ricinus, and dermanyssus gallinae, from south-western romania were characterized genetically by the first (its-1) and second (its-2) internal transcribed spacers (its) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna), using a hard tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, from china for comparative purposes. the its rdna was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr ...	2009	19462182
rickettsia slovaca and r. raoultii in tick-borne rickettsioses.	tick-borne lymphadenopathy (tibola), also called dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy (debonel), is defined as the association of a tick bite, an inoculation eschar on the scalp, and cervical adenopathies. we identified the etiologic agent for 65% of 86 patients with tibola/debonel as either rickettsia slovaca (49/86, 57%) or r. raoultii (7/86, 8%).	2009	19624931
from adamovec to dubrovnik: an extended adventure, 1971-1992.		0	20017231
biogeography of tick-borne bhanja virus (bunyaviridae) in europe.	bhanja virus (bhav) is pathogenic for young domestic ruminants and also for humans, causing fever and affections of the central nervous system. this generally neglected arbovirus of the family bunyaviridae is transmitted by metastriate ticks of the genera haemaphysalis, dermacentor, hyalomma, rhipicephalus, boophilus, and amblyomma. geographic distribution of bhav covers southern and central asia, africa, and southern (partially also central) europe. comparative biogeographic study of eight know ...	2010	20182535
genetic characterization of ticks from southwestern romania by sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and nad5 genes.	in the present study, samples representing three hard tick species and one soft tick species, namely dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis punctata, ixodes ricinus and argas persicus from southwestern romania, and one hard tick, haemaphysalis longicornis, from china were characterized genetically by a portion of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (pcox1) and a portion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (pnad5). the pcox1 and pnad5 were amplified sepa ...	2010	20473707
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks in sicily.	the prevalence of anaplasma, ehrlichia, rickettsia and babesia/theileria species was analysed in questing and feeding adult ticks in sicily. a total of 678 ticks were collected and analysed in this study. of these, 29 were questing ticks and 649 were collected from infested cattle, sheep, goats or dogs. tick species analysed included rhipicephalus bursa, r. turanicus, r. sanguineus, hyalomma lusitanicum, h. marginatum, dermacentor marginatus, ixodes ricinus, r. (boophilus) annulatus and haemaphy ...	2010	20537102
ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting humans in tokat province of turkey: species diversity and seasonal activity.	ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) are the major vectors of pathogens threatening animal and human health. tokat province, turkey, is a suitable habitat for extended tick activity with its moderate climate and vegetation. in the present study, we surveyed humans visiting health centers to determine the species diversity, geographical distribution, and seasonal activity of ixodid ticks infesting them. out of 5,999 adult ticks collected from humans from april to september, 2008, 800 ticks were identif ...	2010	20618665
tick surveillance in great britain.	the ability for public/veterinary health agencies to assess the risks posed by tick-borne pathogens is reliant on an understanding of the main tick vector species. crucially, the status, distribution, and changing trends in tick distribution and abundance are implicit requirements of any risk assessment; however, this is contingent on the quality of tick distribution data. since 2005 the health protection agency has promoted an enhanced tick surveillance program. through engagement with a variet ...	2011	20849277
ixodid ticks in bosnia and herzegovina.	ticks of the ixodidae family represent an enormous threat to human and animal health. from january to december 2004, a total of 10,050 ixodid ticks were collected from 26 areas in bosnia and herzegovina and determined to the species level. ticks were collected from dogs, sheep, cows, goats, rodents, humans and plants. ixodes ricinus was the most prevalent species, followed by dermacentor marginatus marginatus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma marginatum marginatum, rhipicephalus sanguineus, haemaph ...	2010	20967487
detection of babesia and theileria species infection in cattle from portugal using a reverse line blotting method.	babesiosis and theileriosis are tick-borne diseases widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions with high economic impact worldwide. in portugal there are at least 4 tick vectors known to be competent for the transmission of babesia and theileria sp. identified: rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, ixodes ricinus and haemaphysalis punctata. all these potential babesia and theileria tick vectors are widely distributed in portugal, although they are predominant in the sout ...	2010	21036481