Publications

evidence that the 75k readthrough protein of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna-2 is essential for transmission by the fungus polymyxa betae.	two mutant strains of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) containing deletion mutants of rna-2 were produced during serial passage in mechanically inoculated tetragonia expansa leaves. the mutant strains were referred to as s-0a (rna-1 + 2a) and g-0b (rna-1 + 2b). rna-2a and rna-2b were about 4.3 kb and 4.2 kb in length, respectively, whereas normal sized rna-2 was about 4.8 kb in length. in vitro translation and immunoblot analysis showed that rna-2, rna-2a and rna-2b all directed synthesis ...	1991	1856688
effect of recombinant beet necrotic yellow vein virus with different rna compositions on mechanically inoculated sugarbeets.	beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) inocula with different rna compositions were prepared from infectious transcripts of rnas 3 and 4 and the rg 1 isolate, which has a genome consisting only of rnas 1 and 2. the recombinant viruses were inoculated on 6- to 8-day-old sugarbeet seedlings by 'vortexing'. inocula containing rnas 1 and 2 or 1, 2 and 4 produced some growth reduction, but the most dramatic effects, with yield reductions of about 95% in a highly susceptible variety, were seen when r ...	1991	1895061
effect of beet necrotic yellow vein virus rna composition on transmission by polymyxa betae.	beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is naturally transmitted by the soil-borne fungus polymyxa betae and usually remains confined to the roots of infected sugarbeets. in naturally infected sugarbeets the virion rna always consists of four components which are uniform in size in different isolates but when bnyvv is propagated by mechanical inoculation to leaves of chenopodium quinoa the two smallest rna components, rna-3 and -4, may undergo deletion or disappear from the isolate, suggesting t ...	1988	3336941
[the process of infection by polymyxa betae].		1969	5383855
[beet necrotic yellow vein virus transmitted by the fungus polymyxa betae].		1994	7856119
in situ localisation of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) in rootlets of susceptible and resistant beet plants.	mechanisms of resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) were studied by comparing the multiplication and distribution of bnyvv in root tissue of some beet accessions. seedlings were infected either by soil containing resting spores of polymyxa betae with bnyvv, or by a viruliferous zoospore suspension. with both inoculation methods high virus concentrations were obtained in rootlets of the susceptible cultivar 'regina'. using infested soil, low virus concentrations were found in the ...	1994	8031238
high resolution analysis of the readthrough domain of beet necrotic yellow vein virus readthrough protein: a kter motif is important for efficient transmission of the virus by polymyxa betae.	the 5'-terminal cistron of beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus rna 2 encodes the 21 kda major viral coat protein and terminates with an amber stop codon which can undergo suppression to give rise to a 75 kda readthrough (rt) protein referred to as p75. p75 is a minor component of virions and the 54 kda rt domain following the coat protein sequence is important both for virus assembly and transmission by the fungal vector polymyxa betae. to better define the regions of the rt domain involved in t ...	1996	8757975
nicotiana benthamiana plants expressing beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) coat protein-specific scfv are partially protected against the establishment of the virus in the early stages of infection and its pathogenic effects in the late stages of infection.	transgenic plants of nicotiana benthamiana expressing single chain antibody fragments (scfv) specific for the coat protein of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) and non-expressing control plants were inoculated with bnyvv mechanically and by means of the vector polymyxa betae. the scfv were presumably expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum (er). the average time needed for infections to become detectable was longer in the scfv-expressing plants than in the non-expressing control plants. in ...	1997	9672643
the beet soilborne pomovirus in belgium and relationship with rhizomania.	the objective of this study was to determine the extend of the beet soilborne pomovirus (bsbv) and the beet virus q in sugar beet fields in belgium. during the 2000 sugar beet growing season, more than 80 fields located in belgium were investigated for the presence of the beet necrotic yellow vein benyvirus (bnyvv), the bsbv and polymyxa betae, the plasmodiophorid vector of both viruses. fields investigated were identified either using previous recorded data or by visual identification of yellow ...	2001	12425019
multiplex reverse transcription-pcr for simultaneous detection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus, beet soilborne virus, and beet virus q and their vector polymyxa betae keskin on sugar beet.	three soilborne viruses transmitted by polymyxa betae keskin in sugar beet have been described: beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), the agent of rhizomania, beet soilborne virus (bsbv), and beet virus q (bvq). a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr technique was developed to simultaneously detect bnyvv, bsbv, and bvq, together with their vector, p. betae. the detection threshold of the test was up to 128 times greater than that of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. systematic association ...	2003	12676720
effect of subsoiling on the yield of sugar beet under conditions of rhizomania infection.	the rhizomania is known in hungary since 1982. the causal agent, beet necrotic yellow vein benyvirus (bnyvv) is transmitted by a soil-borne fungus polymyxa betae keskin. a field experiment was done under rhizomania infested and non-infested conditions to compare the yield parameters of five tolerant and four sensitive sugar beet hybrids. tolerant varieties produced higher root yield under rhizomania infected conditions. the root yields of the sensitive varieties were similar to the tolerant ones ...	2002	12701439
response of a deterministic epidemiological system to a stochastically varying environment.	fluctuations in the natural environment introduce variability into the biological systems that exist within them. in this paper, we develop a model for the influence of random fluctuations in the environment on a simple epidemiological system. the model describes the infection of a dynamic host population by an environmentally sensitive pathogen and is based on the infection of sugar beet plants by the endoparasitic slime-mold vector polymyxa betae. the infection process is switched on only when ...	2003	12857951
[polymyxa betae n.sp., a parasite in the roots of beta vulgaris tournefort, particularly during the early growth of the sugar beet].		1964	14332386
ecology and epidemiology of benyviruses and plasmodiophorid vectors.	beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) and beet soilborne mosaic virus (bsbmv) are members of the genus benyvirus, and burdock mottle virus (bdmv) is a tentative member. bnyvv and bsbmv are vectored by the plasmodiophorid polymyxa betae, which has a worldwide distribution. polymyxa betae is morphologically indistinguishable from p. graminis, but recent molecular studies support separation of the two species. the geographic distribution of bnyvv is also worldwide, but bsbmv has been identified o ...	2003	14527334
strategies for the detection of potential beet necrotic yellow vein virus genome recombinations which might arise as a result of growing a type coat protein gene-expressing sugarbeets in soil containing b type virus.	we have searched for beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) populations with a recombined genome which could possibly arise when transgenic sugarbeets expressing the coat protein gene of a type bnyvv are grown in soil containing polymyxa betae carrying b type bnyvv, in soil samples from previous field release experiments and in a greenhouse model experiment. in order to accelerate the potential evolution of virus populations with recombined genomes in the model experiment, eight successive crop ...	2004	15070072
comparison of the beet necrotic yellow vein virus p75 nucleotide sequences of belgian type a and type b sources.	rna-2 p75 open reading frame sequencing was conducted on bnyvv-infected sugar beet plants originating from 10 belgian sources and was compared with sequences originating from france, kazakhstan, japan and china. this allowed the characterization of types a and b in belgium. sequence analysis confirmed that type a is intermediate between types p and b. the analysis of nucleotide sequences of the capsid protein epitopes and of different motifs involved in the transmission of the virus to the plant ...	2005	15681050
evidence that rna silencing-mediated resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus is less effective in roots than in leaves.	in plants, rna silencing is part of a defense mechanism against virus infection but there is little information as to whether rna silencing-mediated resistance functions similarly in roots and leaves. we have obtained transgenic nicotiana benthamiana plants encoding the coat protein readthrough domain open reading frame (54 kda) of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), which either showed a highly resistant or a recovery phenotype following foliar rub-inoculation with bnyvv. these phenotypes ...	2005	15782633
effects of azadirachtin on beet soilborne pomovirus and soil biological properties on sugar beet.	beet soilborne pomovirus (bsbv) is an important soilborne virus disease in growing areas of sugar beet. bsbv was transmitted by polymyxa betae keskin. effects of azadirachtin on bsbv and soil biological properties were studied under a greenhouse. the presence of bsbv was tested in soil samples using bait plant test and triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (tas-elisa). the concentration of bsbv in sugar beet roots was significantly reduced by the application of azadirachtin ...	2005	15825683
use of the most-probable-number technique to detect polymyxa betae (plasmodiophoromycetes) in soil.	the fungus polymyxa betae is an obligate parasite of the roots of many plants of the family chenopodiaceae. in the sugar beet, it acts as a vector of beet necrotic yellow vein virus, the agent of a serious disease known as rhizomania. with indirect methods of analysis, such as bioassay, one can establish only the presence or absence, but not the quantity, of p. betae in soil. a new method based on the technique of the most probable number (mpn) of infective units of p. betae present in the soil ...	1989	16347917
evaluation of polymyxa betae keskin contaminated by beet necrotic yellow vein virus in soil.	the fungus polymyxa betae keskin belongs to the family plasmodiophoraceae and lives in the soil as an obligatory parasite of the roots of the chenopodiaceae. when contaminated by beet necrotic yellow vein virus, this viruliferous fungus causes a serious disease of sugar beet known as rhizomania, whereas the infection by the fungus alone (aviruliferous fungus) causes only slight damage to the plant with little economic consequence. the manifestation of rhizomania in sugar beet is directly related ...	1991	16348514
beet necrotic yellow vein virus accumulates inside resting spores and zoosporangia of its vector polymyxa betae bnyvv infects p. betae.	plasmodiophorids and chytrids are zoosporic parasites of algae and land plant and are distributed worldwide. there are 35 species belonging to the order plasmodiophorales and three species, polymyxa betae, p. graminis, and spongospora subterranea, are plant viral vectors. plasmodiophorid transmitted viruses are positive strand rna viruses belonging to five genera. beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) and its vector, p. betae, are the causal agents for rhizomania.	2007	17411435
efficient dsrna-mediated transgenic resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beets is not affected by other soilborne and aphid-transmitted viruses.	rhizomania caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is one of the most devastating sugar beet diseases. sugar beet plants engineered to express a 0.4 kb inverted repeat construct based on the bnyvv replicase gene accumulated the transgene mrna to similar levels in leaves and roots, whereas accumulation of the transgene-homologous sirna was more pronounced in roots. the roots expressed high levels of resistance to bnyvv transmitted by the vector, polymyxa betae. resistance to bnyvv was n ...	2008	17431806
identification of amino acids of the beet necrotic yellow vein virus p25 protein required for induction of the resistance response in leaves of beta vulgaris plants.	the rna3-encoded p25 protein of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is responsible for the production of rhizomania symptoms of sugar beet roots (beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). here, it was found that the presence of the p25 protein is also associated with the resistance response in rub-inoculated leaves of sugar beet and wild beet (beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) plants. the resistance phenotype displayed a range of symptoms from no visible lesions to necrotic or greyish lesions at the inoc ...	2008	18420811
rna 3 deletion mutants of beet necrotic yellow vein virus do not cause rhizomania disease in sugar beets.	abstract two mutant strains of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) containing deletions in rna 3 were obtained by single lesion transfers in tetragonia expansa. the deleted regions encode either 94 or 121 amino acids toward the c-terminal part of the 25-kda protein (p25). wild-type and mutant virus strains were inoculated by polymyxa betae to sugar beet seedlings of susceptible and partially resistant cultivars. no differences were found in virus content in rootlets between mutant and wild-t ...	1999	18944654
a model for the temporal buildup of polymyxa betae.		1999	18944800
beet soil-borne mosaic virus rna-3 is replicated and encapsidated in the presence of bnyvv rna-1 and -2 and allows long distance movement in beta macrocarpa.	beet soil-borne mosaic virus (bsbmv) and beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) belong to the benyvirus genus. bsbmv has been reported only in the united states, while bnyvv has a worldwide distribution. both viruses are vectored by polymyxa betae and possess similar host ranges, particle number and morphology. bnyvv and bsbmv are not serologically related but they have similar genomic organizations. field isolates usually consist of four rna species but some bnyvv isolates contain a fifth rna. ...	2009	19141358
progress towards the understanding and control of sugar beet rhizomania disease.	rhizomania is a soil-borne disease that occurs throughout the major sugar beet growing regions of the world, causing severe yield losses in the absence of effective control measures. it is caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), which is transmitted by the obligate root-infecting parasite polymyxa betae. bnyvv has a multipartite rna genome with all natural isolates containing four rna species, although some isolates have a fifth rna. the larger rna1 and rna2 contain the housekeeping g ...	2009	19161359
real-time analysis of polymyxa betae gst expression in infected sugar beet.	summary we have tested and developed protocols for both sequence-independent and hybridization probe real-time pcr for the detection of polymyxa betae glutathione-s-transferase transcripts in infected sugar beet roots. when using the test on p. betae-free plants, no signal above the level of the non-template control was observed. real-time pcr analysis of both serially diluted zoospore suspensions and infected root material demonstrated a close relationship between the threshold cycle and the am ...	2003	20569376
analysis of the resistance-breaking ability of different beet necrotic yellow vein virus isolates loaded into a single polymyxa betae population in soil.	the genome of most beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) isolates is comprised of four rnas. the ability of certain isolates to overcome rz1-mediated resistance in sugar beet grown in the united states and europe is associated with point mutations in the pathogenicity factor p25. when the virus is inoculated mechanically into sugar beet roots at high density, the ability depends on an alanine to valine substitution at p25 position 67. increased aggressiveness is shown by bnyvv p type isolates, ...	2011	21303211
evidence that polymyxa species may infect arabidopsis thaliana.	polymyxa spp. are obligate biotrophs belonging to the plasmodiophorid group, responsible for transmitting a large number of plant viruses to many crop species. their obligate nature makes them difficult to study. controlled environment experiments were used to investigate the potential of infection of arabidopsis thaliana by polymyxa spp. to provide a more tractable system. two ecotypes of arabidopsis, columbia and landsberg erecta, were grown in soils known to be infested with polymyxa. at the ...	2011	21306426
arabidopsis thaliana, a new tool to investigate polymyxa betae-host interactions.	little is known about the genome of polymyxa betae and its interactions with sugar beet, due partly to the obligate nature of the protist and the patents on beta vulgaris sequences. the identification of an ecotype of arabidopsis thaliana compatible with the protist would help to improve this knowledge. the infection and development of p. betae in 14 worldwide ecotypes of a. thaliana were studied. the detection of plasmodia and resting spores and the production of zoospores in the roots of a. th ...	2010	21542467
in vitro dual culture of polymyxa betae in agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed sugar beet hairy roots in liquid media.	abstract. polymyxa betae is a soil-borne protist and an obligate parasite of sugar beet that transmits the beet necrotic yellow vein virus. sugar beet hairy roots, transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes, were inoculated with surface-sterilized root fragments infected by p. betae. after 10ôçâwk in a liquid medium, typical structures of p. betae were observed in this in vitro system. this first in vitro culture of p. betae in liquid medium will contribute to a better understanding of this protist ...	2011	21699623
beet soil-borne mosaic virus rna-4 encodes a 32kda protein involved in symptom expression and in virus transmission through polymyxa betae.	beet soil-borne mosaic virus (bsbmv), like beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), is a member of the benyvirus genus and both are transmitted by polymyxa betae. both viruses possess a similar genomic organization: rna-1 and -2 are essential for infection and replication while rna-3 and -4 play important roles in disease development and vector-mediated infection in sugar beet roots. we characterized a new species of bsbmv rna-4 that encodes a 32kda protein and a chimeric form of bsbmv rna-3 and ...	2011	22209119
systemic resistance induced by bacillus lipopeptides in beta vulgaris reduces infection by the rhizomania disease vector polymyxa betae.	the control of rhizomania, one of the most important diseases of sugar beet caused by the beet necrotic yellow vein virus, remains limited to varietal resistance. in this study, we investigated the putative action of bacillus amylolequifaciens lipopeptides in achieving rhizomania biocontrol through the control of the virus vector polymyxa betae. some lipopeptides that are produced by bacteria, especially by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, have been found to induce systemic resistance in pl ...	2012	23279057
effect of sugar beet genotype on the beet necrotic yellow vein virus p25 pathogenicity factor and evidence for a fitness penalty in resistance-breaking strains.	beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), vectored by polymyxa betae, causes rhizomania in sugar beet. for disease control, the cultivation of hybrids carrying rz1 resistance is crucial, but is compromised by resistance-breaking (rb) strains with specific mutations in the p25 protein at amino acids 67-70 (tetrad). to obtain evidence for p25 variability from soil-borne populations, where the virus persists for decades, populations with wild-type (wt) and rb properties were analysed by p25 deep seq ...	2013	23282068
agroinoculation of beet necrotic yellow vein virus cdna clones results in plant systemic infection and efficient polymyxa betae transmission.	agroinoculation is a quick and easy method for the infection of plants with viruses. this method involves the infiltration of tissue with a suspension of agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying binary plasmids harbouring full-length cdna copies of viral genome components. when transferred into host cells, transcription of the cdna produces rna copies of the viral genome that initiate infection. we produced full-length cdna corresponding to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) rnas and derived repl ...	2013	23384276
identification of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in lakes district: a major beet growing area in turkey.	this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) causal agent of rhizomania, in sugar beet cultivation areas in the lakes district of turkey, in 2006-2007. during surveys bnyvv suspected leaf, root, and soil samples were collected. total of 203 soil samples were collected from different locations in the region. sugar beet cultivar kasandra plants were grown in these soil samples using bait plant techniques. in order to detect the structures of the v ...	2011	23637514
ribosomal dna analyses reveal greater sequence variation in polymyxa species than previously thought and indicate the possibility of new ribotype-host-virus associations.	polymyxa species transmit viruses to many important crops. they are poorly understood obligate parasites occupying a distinct position in the tree of life. to better understand the potential for spread of polymyxa-vectored diseases, ribosomal dna was analysed from isolates covering a wide range of geographical locations, virus associations and hosts. internal transcribed spacer 2 structure analysis indicated that polymyxa graminis isolates could represent many species and there was more sequence ...	2013	23757143
development of high-throughput quantum dot biosensor against polymyxa species.	the plasmodiophoromycete polymyxa betae and p. graminis are eukaryotic biotrophic parasites residing in the roots of chenopodiacae and gramineae plants. they are natural transmitting agents of several important plant viruses such as are beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyw), beet soil borne mosaic virus (bsbmv), wheat soil-borne mosaic virus (wsbmv). developing advanced high-throughput diagnostic methods capable of accurate detection of these pathogens could assist with the screening programs a ...	2012	23878956
isolation, cloning and large scale expression of glutathione-s-transferase (gst) protein of polymyxa betae.	the plasmodiophoromycete polymyxa betae, an obligate parasite of sugar-beet roots, is a natural vector of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv). to develop protein based diagnosis for any pathogenic agents including p. betae, a specific immunogenic protein has to be prepared. the glutathione-s-transferase (gst) is expressed in all the morphologically different stages of the pathogen's life cycle, and then it is a good candidate as an immunogenic agent for developing of specific antibodies and ...	2012	23878968
transcriptome analysis of beta macrocarpa and identification of differentially expressed transcripts in response to beet necrotic yellow vein virus infection.	rhizomania is one of the most devastating diseases of sugar beet. it is caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) transmitted by the obligate root-infecting parasite polymyxa betae. beta macrocarpa, a wild beet species widely used as a systemic host in the laboratory, can be rub-inoculated with bnyvv to avoid variation associated with the presence of the vector p. betae. to better understand disease and resistance between beets and bnyvv, we characterized the transcriptome of b. macrocar ...	2015	26196682
new bnyvv p25 variants in belgium.	rhizomania is a widespread viral plant disease of major importance in sugar beet cropping and breeding. it is caused by the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv), a benyvirus transmitted by the soil inhabiting plasmodiophorid polymyxa betae. this vector also transmits other sugar beet virus such as beet virus q (bvq) and beet soil-borne virus (bsbv). despite identification of resistance genes, bnyvv remains a major constraint because of resistance-breaking events as well as its ability to surv ...	2015	27141738