Publications

development of behavior in lemur macaco in the first nineteen weeks.	eight young lemur macaco were observed in a zoo during the first 19 weeks of life. data were obtained on general motor development, development of independence from the mother, contributions of mothers and young to thhe maintenance of proximity, nursing, grooming, relations between twins, play, feeding, sexual dichromatism, and communication. the results are compared with similar data from other prosimians and from anthropoid primates, and some suggestions made about the evolutionary and adaptiv ...	1978	95994
nonhuman primates: laboratory animals of choice for neurophysiologic studies of sleep.	a systematic study was made of several nonhuman primates to learn more about their relative usefulness for studies of sleep. species studied included the guinea baboon (papio papio), kenya or yellow baboon (p cynocephalus), olive baboon (p anubis), sacred baboon (p hamadryas), vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops), rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), bonnet monkey (m radiata), crab-eating monkey (m fascicularis), patas monkey (erythrocebus patas), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), mongoose lemur (lemur ...	1977	201798
a comparison of the reproductive cycle of three species of lemur.	the duration of the luteal phase and the 'proestrus' phase in three species of lemurs (lemur macaco, lemur catta, and lemur variegatus) was determined by serum progesterone measurement. total immunoreactive estrogens were measured and remained below 0.20 ng/ml except for an apparent peak of short duration during estrus. circulating testosterone levels in males confirm previously described seasonal gonadal function. the reproductive cycle of the female lemur is discussed and compared to the cycle ...	1977	410710
[wakefulness-sleep cycle studied by telementry in a lemurian (lemur macaco fulvus)].		2003	823615
marking behaviour in two lemur species (l. fulvus and l. macaco): relation to social status, reproduction, aggression and environmental change.	the influence of social status, reproductive and agonistic contexts and environmental change on scent-marking and allomarking rates were studied in captive groups of lemur fulvus and lemur macaco. no evidence of female social dominance over males appeared in either species. in l. fulvus, intrasexual relationships were characterized by the dominance of one adult male over another and by the existence of female affiliative association ('central' vs. 'peripheral' females). in l. macaco, no intrasex ...	1992	1306176
responses to a live snake by lemur macaco macaco and lemur fulvus mayottensis in captivity.		1992	1618434
stillborn triploid complex hybrid of lemurs (eulemur macaco x e. coronatus).	the karyotype of a triploid lemur hybrid, issued from the backcross of an eulemur macaco male with a female e. coronatus hybrid is reported. the differential negative effect of the multivalents on male and female fertility is discussed.	1990	2209089
[a new plasmodium species from a lemur: plasmodium coulangesi n. sp].	the splenectomy of a female lemur macaco macaco, showing a scanty blood infection by haemosporidians and a trypanosome was followed by a dramatic increase of the rate of intra-erythrocytic parasitaemia. three species of plasmodium where then identified. the first species was unknown; it is described in this paper and named plasmodium coulangesi n. sp. it is characterised by--the low (6). constant number of merozoites in mature schizonts,--the disposition of the pigment, well apart from the paras ...	1989	2764451
[plasmodia of lemurs in madagascar].	lemur macaco macaco from ambanja region was found polyparasitized by four different species of plasmodium: --plasmodium coulangesi recently described by lepers et al. (1989). --p. bucki n. sp.: its main differential characterisitics are the large numvber (32) of merozoites produced in mature schizonts and the stippling, resembling maurer's dots, in an hypertrophied pinkish erythrocyte. --p. percygarnhami n. sp. (= p. girardi sensu uilenberg, 1970 pro parte and sensu garnham et uilenberg, 1975 pr ...	1989	2764452
[arboviroses in the region of nosy-bé, madagascar. serologic and entomologic data].	since 1977, the pasteur institute of madagascar has been studying, during six surveys, the arboviruses of nosy-be area, in the north-west of madagascar. 47.2% out of 271 human sera and 11.3% out of 151 sera of lemurs, tested for antibodies to 16 arboviruses by the haemagglutination inhibition test, are positive. the results show an important prevalence of flaviviruses. west nile and dengue 1 viruses were probably circulating some years before the surveys. antibodies against sindbis and rift vall ...	1988	2900082
[arbovirus infections on the island of nosy-be; serologic and entomologic findings].	since 1977, the pasteur institute of madagascar has been studying, during six surveys, the arboviruses of nosy-be area, in the north-west of madagascar. 47.2 p. 100 out of 271 human sera and 11.3 p. 100 out of 150 animal sera (mostly from lemurs), tested for antibodies to 16 arboviruses by the haemagglutination inhibition test, are positive. the results show an important prevalence of flaviviruses. west-nile and dengue 1 viruses were probably circulating some years before the surveys. antibodies ...	1988	3242421
[attempted immunodepression of a lemur macaco macaco carrying plasmodium sp. utilization of corticoids].		1988	3242426
[cytogenetic study of 2 lemurs, lemur macaco macaco, linné 1766 and lemur fulvus rufus (audebert 1800) and of a hybrid macaco macaco].		1969	4259196
comparative studies of the respiratory functions of mammalian blood. ix. ring-tailed lemur(lemur catta)and black lemur (lemur macaco).		1972	5050473
toward a molecular paleontology of primate genomes. ii. the kpni families of alphoid dnas.	kpni restriction of anthropoid primate dnas, from a new world monkey to man, releases a series of segments that are remarkable among all of the alphoid dnas in the constancy of their relative amounts in the various primate genomes, in their long-range organization, and in their internal sequence structure. these segments are labeled the kpni a, b, c and d segments. cross-hybridization analysis by southern filter-transfer hybridization indicates that the kpni segments represent separate and disti ...	1981	6266782
learning set formation in slow lorises (nycticebus coucang).	in primates, learning set formation has been reported in various simian species, but in only few prosimian species. the formation of visual discrimination learning set was tested on a nocturnal prosimian species, slow lorises (nycticebus coucang). their performance was higher than that of some new world monkeys. this confirmed the suggestion from the data on black lemurs (lemur macaco) that there is an overlap between prosimians and simians in learning set ability.	1983	6629231
osmotic fragility of erythrocytes of lemurs.	erythrocytes of five species of lemurs were found to be significantly more susceptible to lysis by osmotic stress than erythrocytes of man. in one lemur species, lemur macaco, the red cell osmotic fragility profile resembles that of human subjects with hereditary spherocytosis.	1981	7343676
enamel microstructure in lemuridae (mammalia, primates): assessment of variability.	this study describes the molar enamel microstructure of seven lemurid primates: hapalemur griseus, varecia variegata, lemur catta, lemur macaco, lemur fulvus rufus, lemur fulvus fulvus, and lemur fulvus albifrons. contrary to earlier accounts, which reported little or no prism decussation in lemurid enamel, both lemur and varecia molars contain a prominent inner layer of decussating prisms (hunter-schreger bands), in addition to an outer radial prism layer, and a thin, nonprismatic enamel surfac ...	1994	7802097
periarticular hyperostosis and renal disease in six black lemurs of two family groups.	proliferative periosteal disease was identified in 6 black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco) of 2 family groups. bilaterally symmetric formation of periosteal new bone at the metaphyseal regions of major long bones was first detected at the stifle and tarsal areas and was detected later at the carpal areas. bony changes were accompanied by progressive renal disease. the syndrome progressed for 6 to 16 months before the lemurs were euthanatized because of debility. necropsy revealed changes confined ...	1994	7852158
humeral head shape as an indicator of locomotor behavior in extant strepsirhines and eocene adapids.	postcranial material from notharctus, smilodectes and cantius is abundant and well studied, but debate continues over whether the locomotor repertoire of these animals included a substantial component of vertical leaping. here, the shape of the humeral head of 11 genera of extant strepsirhines, notharctus, smilodectes and cantius was quantified using serial mediolateral and proximodistal contours. univariate and multivariate analyses of these data show that vertically leaping strepsirhines have ...	1996	9032948
occurrence of dna sequence differences in c-heterochromatin of eulemur coronatus and eulemur macaco, as revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer.	in the genus eulemur (malagasy lemurs) karyotype diversification has occurred mainly through robertsonian mechanisms of chromosome fusion (rumpler et al., 1976). eulemur coronatus is the sole species to have the largest genome size, due to a very large amount of c-heterochromatin, mostly located at the pericentromeric regions of the largest chromosomes (warter and rumpler, 1985). this increase in c-heterochromatin was thought to be due to dna amplification (ronchetti et al., 1993). the aim of th ...	1997	9271700
non-telomeric chromosome localization of (ttaggg)n repeats in the genus eulemur.	the chromosomal distribution of the (ttaggg)n telomeric repetitive sequences was studied in the malagasy species eulemur fulvus fulvus (2n = 60), eulemur rubriventer (2n = 50), eulemur coronatus (2n = 46) and eulemur macaco (2n = 44). these sequences hybridize to the telomeres of all chromosomes of the four species and also to the pericentromeres of all chromosomes of e. fulvus, e. coronatus and e. macaco, with the exception of the pericentromeres of e. coronatus and e. macaco chromosomes 9, the ...	1997	9421267
reciprocal chromosome painting between human and prosimians (eulemur macaco macaco and e. fulvus mayottensis).	we used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to delineate the homology between the human karyotype and those of two lemur species (eulemur macaco macaco and e. fulvus mayottensis). human and lemur chromosome-specific probes were established by bivariate fluorescence-activated flow sorting (facs) and subsequent degenerate oligonucleotide-primed pcr (dop-pcr). reciprocal painting of human probes to lemur chromosomes and vice versa allowed a detailed analysis of the interchromosomal rearrangements th ...	1997	9465900
infanticide by a female black lemur, eulemur macaco, in disturbed habitat on nosy be, north-western madagascar.		1998	9595686
comparison of genetic variability in wild insular and mainland populations of eulemur macaco: implications for conservation strategy.	dna fingerprinting analysis was used to investigate genetic variability within and between three wild populations of eulemur macaco living on two islands and on the mainland. the analyses revealed that the genetic variability of the population from the smaller island was, as expected, lower than that from the larger island. surprisingly, on the larger island the genetic variability was greater than on the mainland. these results, in agreement with those previously obtained from blood markers, ar ...	1998	9595691
pollination of ravenala madagascariensis and parkia madagascariensis by eulemur macaco in madagascar.	primates are known to be important in dispersal of seeds of tropical rainforest trees, but their role in pollination is very poorly documented. although the 'traveller's palm' ravenala madagascariensis is widespread, only a single well-documented report exists for its pollination by malagasy prosimians. black lemurs, eulemur macaco, exploit nectaries of parkia as well as ravenala systematically at the massifs of ambato and lokobe, and almost certainly contribute substantially to their pollinatio ...	1998	9751827
severe cysticercus longicollis cysticercosis in a black lemur (eulemur macaco macaco).		1998	9786526
macaques but not lemurs co-orient visually with humans.	the ability to engage in visual co-orientation (vco) is suggested by naturalistic observations of primates, but experimental comparisons of different species are lacking. this study compared the propensity of lemurs (eulemur macaco) and macaques (macaca arctoides) to engage in vco, defined as turning to look in the same direction as another individual whose focus of attention changes. the macaques consistently showed vco whereas the lemurs showed no such response. this species difference has imp ...	2008	10050063
genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ...	1999	10231768
use of millipedes by black lemurs to anoint their bodies		1999	10394067
juvenile dominance in eulemur macaco flavifrons: the influence of sex and maternal rank.		2006	10567834
defining the ancestral karyotype of all primates by multidirectional chromosome painting between tree shrews, lemurs and humans.	we used multidirectional chromosome painting with probes derived by bivariate fluorescence-activated flow sorting of chromosomes from human, black lemur (eulemur macaco macaco) and tree shrew (tupaia belangeri, order scandentia) to better define the karyological relationship of tree shrews and primates. an assumed close relationship between tree shrews and primates also assists in the reconstruction of the ancestral primate karyotype taking the tree shrew as an "outgroup" species. the results in ...	1999	10591999
colour and shape discrimination in black lemurs (eulemur macaco).		2003	10828698
genetic comparison between different populations of eulemur macaco flavifrons in northwest madagascar using rapd markers.	eulemur macaco flavifrons, the sclater's black lemur, is a critically endangered subspecies of northwest madagascar, which is not yet protected by any reserve. in order to study the feasibility of creating such a reserve, an area of outstanding biological importance was selected in the region of maromandia-sahamalaza, which is probably the only remaining place which would permit the long-term survival of the sclater's black lemur. to determine if genetic management is needed for the sahamalaza b ...	2000	10941441
centromere emergence in evolution.	evolutionary centromere repositioning is a paradox we have recently discovered while studying the conservation of the phylogenetic chromosome ix in primates. two explanations were proposed: a conservative hypothesis assuming sequential pericentric inversions, and a more challenging assumption involving centromere emergence during evolution. the complex evolutionary history showed by chromosome ix did not allow us to clearly distinguish between these two hypotheses. here we report comparative stu ...	2001	11282974
female dominance in blue-eyed black lemurs(eulemur macaco flavifrons).	female dominance is unusual among mammals and has been described in detail for only a handful of species. here we present data on the frequency and outcome of dominance interactions in seven semi-free ranging and captive groups of blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons) housed at the duke university primate center. we collected over 260 hours of focal data during which all occurrences of dominant-subordinate interactions were recorded. we collected data outside the typical breeding an ...	2002	12145400
localization of a new highly repeated dna sequence of lemur cafta (lemuridae, strepsirhini).	we have isolated and cloned an 800-bp highly repeated dna (hrdna) sequence from lemur catta (lca) and described its localization on lca chromosomes. lemur catta hrdna sequences were localized by performing fish experiments on standard and elongated metaphasic chromosomes using an lca hrdna probe (lcasat). a complex hybridization pattern was detected. a strong pericentromeric hybridization signal was observed on most lca chromosomes. chromosomes 7 and 13 were lit in pericentromeric regions, as we ...	2002	12416631
the skin of primates. v. the skin of the black lemur (lemur macaco).		1961	14475442
evolutionary history of chromosome 20.	the evolutionary history of human chromosome 20 in primates was investigated using a panel of human bac/pac probes spaced along the chromosome. oligonucleotide primers derived from the sequence of each human clone were used to screen horse, cat, pig, and black lemur bac libraries to assemble, for each species, a panel of probes mapping to chromosomal loci orthologous to the loci encompassed by the human bacs. this approach facilitated marker-order comparison aimed at defining marker arrangement ...	2005	15496555
molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, georgia, usa.	in recent years, several species of ehrlichiae have been recognized as tick-borne disease agents of veterinary and medical importance. clinically normal free-ranging or previously free-ranging lemurs, including 46 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) from st. catherines island, georgia, were tested for evidence of exposure to tick-borne ehrlichiae. all 52 adult lemurs were se ...	2004	15732591
demography, range use, and behavior in black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco) at ampasikely, northwest madagascar.	we studied a black lemur population over a 2-year period (1992-1993) and 8 years later (2000) in a 50-ha secondary forest in northwest madagascar. all of the animals were marked to investigate population dynamics and seasonal variation in ranging and behavior, and new data on black lemurs were obtained. our data on demographic characteristics were expanded to include other forest sites and contrasted with those collected in other eulemur macaco macaco field studies, in relation to human activity ...	2005	16287130
can lemurs learn to deceive? a study in the black lemur (eulemur macaco).	deceptive behavior in primates has been the focus of a number of studies. nevertheless, such abilities have never been demonstrated in prosimians. the authors' goal was to analyze possible deception in lemurs according to a paradigm used with simians. three black lemurs were trained to communicate about the location of a hidden reward with a cooperative trainer. afterward, when a 2nd trainer and lemurs competed to gain access to the reward, each subject differentially adapted its learned behavio ...	2006	16634664
effects of three food enrichment items on the behavior of black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco) and ringtail lemurs (lemur catta) at the henson robinson zoo, springfield, illinois.	this study tested 3 food enrichment items mentioned in a laboratory primate newsletter with 6 adult eulemur macaco and 3 adult lemur catta to examine whether the items would affect the behavior of the lemurs. the results suggest that food enrichment item 3 (a wire box filled with whole grapes, apples, or both hidden in straw hung from a branch within the enclosure) caused a significant decrease in the incidence of resting and a significant increase in the incidences of playing and grooming, with ...	2006	16956316
asymptomatic enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in captive mammals.	human microsporidiosis, a serious disease of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed people, can be due to zoonotic transmission of microsporidian spores. a survey utilizing chromotrope 2r stain and fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques for testing feces from 193 captive mammals demonstrated that 3 animals (1.6%) shed encephalitozoon bieneusi spores. these include two critically endangered species (i.e., black lemurs, eulemur macaco flavifrons; and visayan warty pig, sus cebifrons negrinus) ...	2007	17016723
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis neurona, and encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, ga, usa.	in the current study, we determined the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii, sarcocystis neurona, and encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from st. catherines island, georgia. serum samples were tested from 52 ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) using an agglutination assay. three ring-tailed lemurs (5.8%) were positive for t. gondii (titer of 1:50); one ring- ...	2007	17052854
fiber digestibility by black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco).	black lemurs, eulemur macaco, are classified as generalist feeders, consuming a proportion of fruits and leaves that varies with seasonal availability. it is hypothesized that black lemurs are capable of using neutral detergent fiber (ndf) as a source of energy through fiber fermentation in the cecum and large intestine. in captivity, they are typically fed a diet of commercially available primate biscuits and readily available produce, both of which are limited in nde digestibility trials were ...	2005	17323560
gongylonema pulchrum infection and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a vari (lemur macaco variegata; kehr 1792).	this report describes the morphologic and histologic features of a case of esophageal gongylonema pulchrum infection and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a 17-yr-old, female vari (lemur macaco variegates). the lemur had lived in a german zoo and had a clinical history of dyspnea, vomiting, and anorexia. at necropsy, a whitish, soft, nodular, centrally necrotic mass was found in the caudal third of the esophagus. in addition, numerous intraepithelial nematodes (g. pulchrum) were observed in ...	2005	17323583
trypanosoma cruzi prevalence and epidemiologic trends in lemurs on st. catherines island, georgia.	lemurs on st. catherines island, georgia were tested for trypanosoma cruzi infection to develop a better understanding of the epizootiology of the parasite in nonhuman primates in the southeastern united states. fifty-six ring-tailed (lemur catta), blue-eyed black (eulemur macaco flavifrons), and black-and-white ruffed (varecia variegata variegata) lemurs were tested by hemoculture and serology to determine the prevalence of t. cruzi in the population. of those tested 3 (5%) were identified as c ...	2007	17436947
biomedical evaluation of black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco) in lokobe reserve, madagascar.	complete medical evaluations were performed on 25 wild black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco) in lokobe reserve, northwestern madagascar. each animal received a complete physical examination. weight, body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded. blood samples were collected for complete blood cell count, differential white blood cell count, hemoparasite examination, serum biochemical profile, fat-soluble vitamin analysis, trace mineral analysis, and toxoplasma gondii and viral ...	2007	17469278
transfer of self-control in black (eulemur macaco) and brown (eulemur fulvus) lemurs: choice of a less preferred food item under a reverse-reward contingency.	when presented a choice between two food-type arrays of equivalent size under a reverse-reward contingency, black (eulemur macaco) and brown (eulemur fulvus) lemurs transposed their self-control abilities, acquired in a previous experiment, to significantly select the less-desired food item in order to gain access to the more desired one. however, when presented with the choice between two different food-type arrays in which the amount of the less desired food array was larger than the more desi ...	2007	18085918
evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation.	to assess serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation as indicators of iron metabolic status in 3 genera of lemurs and determine whether these variables are useful for screening for iron overload.	2008	18279098
seroepidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern united states.	toxoplasma gondii infections in zoo animals are of interest because many captive animals die of clinical toxoplasmosis and because of the potential risk of exposure of children and elderly to t. gondii oocysts excreted by cats in the zoos. seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies in wild zoo felids, highly susceptible zoo species, and feral cats from 8 zoos of the midwestern united states was determined by using the modified agglutination test (mat). a titer of 1:25 was considered indicative of t. ...	2008	18605803
opsin gene polymorphism predicts trichromacy in a cathemeral lemur.	recent research has identified polymorphic trichromacy in three diurnal strepsirrhines: coquerel's sifaka (propithecus coquereli), black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), and red ruffed lemurs (v. rubra). current hypotheses suggest that the transitions to diurnality experienced by propithecus and varecia were necessary precursors to their independent acquisitions of trichromacy. accordingly, cathemeral lemurs are thought to lack the m/l opsin gene polymorphism necessary for trichromac ...	2009	18837042
gaze following and gaze priming in lemurs.	although primates have often been found to co-orient visually with other individuals, members of these same species have usually failed to use co-orientation to find hidden food in object-choice experiments. this presents an evolutionary puzzle: what is the function of co-orientation if it is not used for a function as basic as locating resources? co-orientation responses have not been systematically investigated in object-choice experiments, and requiring co-orientation with humans (as is typic ...	2009	19107531
visual acuity in the cathemeral strepsirrhine eulemur macaco flavifrons.	studies of visual acuity in primates have shown that diurnal haplorhines have higher acuity (30-75 cycles per degree (c/deg)) than most other mammals. however, relatively little is known about visual acuity in non-haplorhine primates, and published estimates are only available for four strepsirrhine genera (microcebus, otolemur, galago, and lemur). we present here the first measurements of visual acuity in a cathemeral strepsirrhine species, the blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur macaco flavifrons). ...	2009	19180555
neoplasia in prosimians: case series from a captive prosimian population and literature review.	neoplastic diseases in prosimians have been sporadically reported in the literature. to provide a comprehensive review of prosimian neoplasia, a retrospective evaluation of neoplasia in a large captive prosimian colony and an extensive literature review were performed. primates that belong to the order primata, suborder prosimii with histologic evidence of neoplasia were included. one hundred twenty-three cases of spontaneous neoplasia were identified in 101 prosimians from the duke lemur center ...	2009	19276064
blue eyes in lemurs and humans: same phenotype, different genetic mechanism.	almost all mammals have brown or darkly-pigmented eyes (irises), but among primates, there are some prominent blue-eyed exceptions. the blue eyes of some humans and lemurs are a striking example of convergent evolution of a rare phenotype on distant branches of the primate tree. recent work on humans indicates that blue eye color is associated with, and likely caused by, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs12913832) in an intron of the gene herc2, which likely regulates expression of the neighbo ...	2009	19278018
reproductive cycles and contraception of black lemurs (eulemur macaco macaco) with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate during the breeding season.	contraception is a critical component of population management for lemurs, but concerns about potential deleterious effects of continuous, long-term treatment with synthetic progestins such as the widely used melengestrol acetate implant led us to evaluate seasonal contraception with injections of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (depo-provera, upjohn pharmacia, kalamazoo, mi) to limit the duration of exposure. we compared two dosage regimens in female black lemurs using vaginal cytology as an ...	2007	19360581
maintenance of female dominance in blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons) and gray bamboo lemurs (hapalemur griseus griseus) under semi-free-ranging and captive conditions.	several species of malagasy prosimians are characterized by female dominance, an unusual trait among mammals. we compare the extent to which female dominance is displayed and the mechanisms that are used to maintain dominance in the frugivorous blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur macaco flavifrons) and the folivorous gray bamboo lemurs (hapalemur griseus griseus) housed at the duke lemur center. all dominant-submissive interactions were recorded during 448 hr of focal animal observations. both speci ...	2007	19360585
[animal reservoirs of human virulent microsporidian species].	the main objective of the present study was to determined the occurrence of encephalitozoon intestinalis, e. hellem, e. cuniculi, and enterocytozoon bieneusi in poland in animal faecal using the fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization) and multiplex fish techniques. additional objectives included: (1) identification of animal hosts of microsporidia that are infectious to humans amongst free-ranging, captive, livestock and domestic animals; (2) a molecular analysis of randomly selected parasite i ...	2009	19579789
the use of artificial neural networks to classify primate vocalizations: a pilot study on black lemurs.	the identification of the vocal repertoire of a species represents a crucial prerequisite for a correct interpretation of animal behavior. artificial neural networks (anns) have been widely used in behavioral sciences, and today are considered a valuable classification tool for reducing the level of subjectivity and allowing replicable results across different studies. however, to date, no studies have applied this tool to nonhuman primate vocalizations. here, we apply for the first time anns, t ...	2010	20034021
shouldering the burdens of locomotion and posture: glenohumeral joint structure in prosimians.	despite its importance in movement of the upper limb, the soft-tissue morphology of the shoulder joint complex (the acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, and glenohumeral joints) across primates is poorly understood. this study compares soft-tissue morphology of these three shoulder joint components among broad phylogenetic, locomotor, and postural behavior ranges in prosimian primates. two adult specimens of galago moholi (a vertical clinger and leaper) were dissected for study, along with one a ...	2010	20235324
a population estimate of blue-eyed black lemurs in ankarafa forest, sahamalaza-iles radama national park, madagascar.	the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur flavifrons) has one of the smallest distributions of any lemur, occurring only in the north-western forests of madagascar. we report the results of a population estimate of this taxon in part of the ankarafa forest, sahamalaza-iles radama national park, a dry deciduous forest. we collected data between september 2007 and february 2008 using a total count method with marked individuals and known groups. in all, 228 individuals comprising 29 ...	2010	21242696
life history traits, maternal behavior and infant development of blue-eyed black lemurs (eulemur flavifrons).	an understanding of recruitment is important for estimating population growth and viability, and their implications for conservation. we present the first results regarding the life history, maternal behavior and infant development of the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur flavifrons) of madagascar. the species breeds seasonally, with births occurring at the end of the dry season, between late august and october. over two successive birth seasons in 2006 and 2007, we observed a ...	2011	21254191
a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of lemurs kept in two zoos in madagascar.	infections with gastrointestinal parasites may be a major threat to lemurs kept in captivity, as they are a common cause of diarrhea. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in 40 lemurs kept under different husbandry and climatic conditions at two sites in madagascar. involved species were black-and-white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata), eastern grey bamboo lemurs (hapalemur griseus), greater bamboo lemurs ( ...	2010	21370644
can lemurs (eulemur fulvus and e. macaco) use abstract representations of quantities to master the reverse-reward contingency task?	in previous studies we demonstrated that brown and black lemurs (eulemur fulvus and e. macaco) showed self-control abilities under a reverse-reward contingency. they were able to significantly select the smaller quantity of food to be rewarded with the larger one and to generalize this ability when presented with two rewards that differed in quality. in the present study, previously trained subjects had to choose between graphic representations of two different quantities of food under the rever ...	2011	21394424
high-resolution chromosome painting reveals the first genetic signature for the chiropteran suborder pteropodiformes (mammalia: chiroptera).	up to now, the composition of synteny-conserved segments in chiropteran karyotypes was studied by cross-species chromosome painting with probes derived from whole human (hsa) or chiropteran chromosomes only. here, painting probes from the vespertilionid bat myotis myotis were hybridized, for the first time, onto human metaphase chromosomes. the segmental composition of bat karyotypes was further refined by cross-species painting with probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of tupaia belanger ...	2011	21394511
giardia duodenalis assemblages and entamoeba species infecting non-human primates in an italian zoological garden: zoonotic potential and management traits.	giardia duodenalis and entamoeba spp. are among the most common intestinal human protozoan parasites worldwide and they are frequently reported in captive non-human primates (nhp). from a public health point of view, infected animals in zoos constitute a risk for animal caretakers and visitors. in this study we carried out the molecular identification of g. duodenalis and entamoeba spp. from nine species of primates housed in the zoological garden of rome, to better ascertain their occurrence an ...	2011	21988762
intertemporal choice in lemurs.	different species vary in their ability to wait for delayed rewards in intertemporal choice tasks. models of rate maximization account for part of this variation, but other factors such as social structure and feeding ecology seem to underly some species differences. though studies have evaluated intertemporal choice in several primate species, including old world monkeys, new world monkeys, and apes, prosimians have not been tested. this study investigated intertemporal choices in three species ...	2011	22024661
inferences about the location of food in lemurs (eulemur macaco and eulemur fulvus): a comparison with apes and monkeys.	the ability of black and brown lemurs (eulemur macaco and eulemur fulvus) to make inferences about hidden food was tested using the same paradigm as in call's (j comp psycol 118:232-241, 2004) cup task experiment. when provided with either visual or auditory information about the content of two boxes (one empty, one baited), lemurs performed better in the auditory condition than in the visual one. when provided with visual or auditory information only about the empty box, one subject out of four ...	2012	22806271
lumbar vertebral body bone microstructural scaling in small to medium-sized strepsirhines.	bone mass, architecture, and tissue mineral density contribute to bone strength. as body mass (bm) increases any one or combination of these properties could change to maintain structural integrity. to better understand the structural origins of vertebral fragility and gain insight into the mechanisms that govern bone adaptation, we conducted an integrative analysis of bone mass and microarchitecture in the last lumbar vertebral body from nine strepsirhine species, ranging in size from 42 g (mic ...	2013	23355518
the convergent evolution of blue iris pigmentation in primates took distinct molecular paths.	how many distinct molecular paths lead to the same phenotype? one approach to this question has been to examine the genetic basis of convergent traits, which likely evolved repeatedly under a shared selective pressure. we investigated the convergent phenotype of blue iris pigmentation, which has arisen independently in four primate lineages: humans, blue-eyed black lemurs, japanese macaques, and spider monkeys. characterizing the phenotype across these species, we found that the variation within ...	2013	23640739
interspecific semantic alarm call recognition in the solitary sahamalaza sportive lemur, lepilemur sahamalazensis.	as alarm calls indicate the presence of predators, the correct interpretation of alarm calls, including those of other species, is essential for predator avoidance. conversely, communication calls of other species might indicate the perceived absence of a predator and hence allow a reduction in vigilance. this "eavesdropping" was demonstrated in birds and mammals, including lemur species. interspecific communication between taxonomic groups has so far been reported in some reptiles and mammals, ...	2013	23825658
lemurs and macaques show similar numerical sensitivity.	we investigated the precision of the approximate number system (ans) in three lemur species (lemur catta, eulemur mongoz, and eulemur macaco flavifrons), one old world monkey species (macaca mulatta) and humans (homo sapiens). in experiment 1, four individuals of each nonhuman primate species were trained to select the numerically larger of two visual arrays on a touchscreen. we estimated numerical acuity by modeling weber fractions (w) and found quantitatively equivalent performance among all f ...	2014	24068469
responses to a novel food acquisition task in three species of lemurs.	in order to study learning and social processes in lemurs, a food acquisition task was presented to three groups: lemur macaco, l. fulvus and l. catta. the lid of a box had to be pivoted horizontally in order to expose figs contained therein. individuals in all three groups learned the task, but they showed only limited comprehension. in l. macaco, two adult females learned, with one female showing increasing aggressive monopolization of the new food-source. in l. fulvus, two adult males learned ...	1990	24925846
transitive inference in two lemur species (eulemur macaco and eulemur fulvus).	when confronted with tasks involving reasoning instead of simple learning through trial and error, lemurs appeared to be less competent than simians. our study aims to investigate lemurs' capability for transitive inference, a form of deductive reasoning in which the subject deduces logical conclusions from preliminary information. transitive inference may have an adaptative function, especially in species living in large, complex social groups and is proposed to play a major role in rank estima ...	2015	25328141
species-specific transmission of novel picornaviruses in lemurs.	the roles of host genetics versus exposure and contact frequency in driving cross-species transmission remain the subject of debate. here, we used a multitaxon lemur collection at the saint louis zoo in the united states as a model to gain insight into viral transmission in a setting of high interspecies contact. lemurs are a diverse and understudied group of primates that are highly endangered. the speciation of lemurs, which are endemic to the island of madagascar, occurred in geographic isola ...	2015	25631076
social inhibitory control in five lemur species.	we tested five lemur species-ring-tailed lemurs, ruffed lemurs, mongoose lemurs, black lemurs, and coquerel's sifakas-(n = 52) in an experiment that evaluated skills for inhibitory control in a social context. first, two human experimenters presented identical food rewards; the "generous" experimenter allowed the subject to eat from her hand, whereas the "competitive" experimenter always withheld the reward. lemurs quickly learned to approach the generous experimenter and avoid the competitive o ...	2015	25822664
evolutionary history inferred from the de novo assembly of a nonmodel organism, the blue-eyed black lemur.	lemurs, the living primates most distantly related to humans, demonstrate incredible diversity in behaviour, life history patterns and adaptive traits. although many lemur species are endangered within their native madagascar, there is no high-quality genome assembly from this taxon, limiting population and conservation genetic studies. one critically endangered lemur is the blue-eyed black lemur eulemur flavifrons. this species is fixed for blue irises, a convergent trait that evolved at least ...	2015	26198179
bifidobacterium. eulemuris sp. nov. isolated from the faeces of the black lemur (eulemur macaco).	forty strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from the faeces of two adult subjects of black lemur, eulemur macaco. twenty-five were identified as bifidobacterium lemurum, the novel species recently described in lemur catta. all other isolates resulted gram-positive-staining, non-spore-forming, fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase positive, microaerophilic, irregular rod-shaped bacteria that often resembled y or v shapes cells. typing techniques revealed these isolates were nearly identical and ...	2016	26823373
evidence for the possible occurrence of grave's disease in a blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur flavifrons).	the blue-eyed black lemur (eulemur flavifrons) is classified by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) as critically endangered. a 23-year-old male housed at mulhouse zoo presented with lethargy, polyphagia, alopecia, and chronic weight loss. clinical examination suggested an endocrine pathology such as hyperthyroidism. secondary examinations included cervical ultrasound, thyroid biopsy, and scintigraphy. the latter revealed elevated thyroid activity. blood analysis was perfor ...	2018	29264764
functional morphology of mimetic musculature in primates: how social variables and body size stack up to phylogeny.	mammalian skeletal muscle is influenced by the functional demands placed upon it. functional morphology of facial expression musculature, or mimetic musculature, is largely unknown. recently, primate mimetic musculature has been shown to respond to demands associated with social factors. body size has also been demonstrated to affect many aspects of primate functional morphology and evolutionary morphology. the present study was designed to further examine the role of social variables and body s ...	2018	29330949
determining mhc-drb profiles in wild populations of three congeneric true lemur species by noninvasive methods.	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a highly polymorphic and polygenic genomic region that plays a crucial role in immune-related diseases. given the need for comparative studies on the variability of immunologically important genes among wild populations and species, we investigated the allelic variation of mhc class ii drb among three congeneric true lemur species: the red-fronted lemur (eulemur rufifrons), red-bellied lemur (eulemur rubriventer), and black lemur (eulemur macaco). we ...	2019	30324236
a natural point mutation in the bitter taste receptor tas2r16 causes inverse agonism of arbutin in lemur gustation.	bitter taste enables the detection of potentially harmful substances and is mediated by bitter taste receptors, tas2rs, in vertebrates. few antagonists and inverse agonists of tas2rs have been identified, especially natural compounds. tas2r16s in humans, apes and old world monkeys (catarrhini, anthropoidea) recognize β-glucoside analogues as specific agonists. here, we investigated responses of tas2r16 to β-glucosides in non-anthropoid primates, namely lemurs (lemuriformes, strepsirrhini). salic ...	2019	31161904
clonal spread of yersinia enterocolitica 1b/o:8 in multiple zoo species.	yersinia enterocolitica (ye) bioserotype 1b/o:8 (ye 1b/o:8) was identified in routine culture of a variety of zoo species housed at omaha's henry doorly zoo and aquarium (ohdza) from april to july 2011. animal cases representing 12 species had ye detected from 34 cases during routine fecal monitoring and/or during postmortem examination: coquerel's sifakas (propithecus coquereli, two cases), black & white (bw) ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata, six cases), red ruffed lemurs (varecia rub ...	2020	32212560
fruit characteristics of species dispersed by the black lemur (eulemur macaco) in the lokobe forest, madagascar.	i describe the fruit characteristics of species closely associated with black lemur seed dispersal (i.e., species that are often dispersed by die black lemur and only dispersed by the black lemur in die lokobe forest). a black lemur group was habituated and observed during the day and night for all months of die year (total 1272 h). when fruits were eaten, die plant species was identified, die maturity of the fruit and treatment of the seeds noted, and the fruit described in terms of ripe fruit ...	2001	32313295
visualization and quantification of mimetic musculature via dicect.	the muscles of facial expression are of significant interest to studies of communicative behaviors. however, due to their small size and high integration with other facial tissues, the current literature is largely restricted to descriptions of the presence or absence of specific muscles. using diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (dicect) to stain and digitally image the mimetic mask of eulemur flavifrons (the blue-eyed black lemur), we demonstrate-for the first time-th ...	2020	32587802