Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [a voltage-dependent potassium channel of outward rectifier type in plasma membrane of oocyte from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | membrane properties of the fully-grown oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, were studied by using voltage-clamp technique. it was found that a sustained outward current was elicited by membrane depolarization to -30 mv or more positive value. the increase of the current was nearly proportional to the degree of depolarization. the peak value of the current ranged 2-5 microa at a membrane potential of 20 mv in oocytes from different toads. the current was inhibited by antagonists of potassium ... | 1992 | 1293763 |
| [studies on the chemical constituents from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor]. | four bufotoxins were isolated by means of preparative reversed phase hplc from the water soluble fraction of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. on the basis of their spectral data (uv, ir, 1hnmr, 13cnmr, eims and fdms), amino acid analyses and chemical properties, they were identified as bufotalin 3-succinoylarginine ester(i), bufalin 3-succinoylarginine ester(ii), cinobufagin 3-succinoylarginine ester(iii), and resibufogenin 3-succinoylarginine ester(iv). compound i is a new bufotoxin. | 1992 | 1293940 |
| [the expression of kainate and gaba receptors in oocytes of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | oocytes of bufo bufo gargarizans were used as an expression system for analyzing structure of exogenous membrane protein and their functions. poly (a)+ mrna isolated from rat brain was injected into toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes (50 ng/oocyte). rat brain kainic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid(gaba) receptors expressed by the injected mrna were integrated in the oocyte membrane 48 h after the injection at 19 degrees c. membrane currents induced by kainic acid (5 x 10(-5) mol/l) and gaba ( ... | 1992 | 1338132 |
| [distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine immunostaining cells in various tissues of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | the distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) immunostaining cells in the digestive tracts (hibernation and nonhibernation), the brain and other various tissues of bufo bufo gargarizans was studied by peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemical method. in the brain, 5-ht immunostaining cells were localized in the raphen nuclear area of brain stem and in the ependyma cell area of the ventriclus tertius of diencephalon. these immunostaining cells were round or oval. the cells usually possess pr ... | 1990 | 2128674 |
| [experimental analysis of membrane potential changes during maturation of bufo bufo gargarizans oocytes]. | the full-grown oocytes obtained from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) submitted in hibernation state or reared at 25-30 degrees c for several months, named hibernation oocyte or high temperature oocyte, had a membrane potential of -41.51 +/- 0.77 mv and -43.83 +/- 1.39 mv in ringer's solution respectively. the hibernation oocytes underwent gvbd (germinal vesicle breakdown) and membrane depolarization at 19 +/- 1 degree c after progesterone stimulation. the membrane potential was about -20 mv at the ... | 1989 | 2511712 |
| [cytoplasmic membranes are involved in the regulation of bufo bufo gargarizans resuming meiotic division]. | 1987 | 2834899 | |
| [effect of endogenous camp changes on the oocyte maturation of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | 1987 | 2834900 | |
| the effect of acetylcholine on neurones of the amphibian nucleus isthmi. | in the bird, histochemical and biochemical data suggest that the tectal input into nucleus isthmi is of a cholinergic nature. in the present study the response of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) isthmic neurones to acetylcholine was investigated using conventional extracellular recording techniques and ionophoresis. the results show isthmic cells to be strongly excited by acetylcholine (ach), whereas neurones in the neighbouring areas show minimal sensitivity. atropine sulphate completely blocked t ... | 1985 | 3918767 |
| nucleus isthmus of toad is secondary visual center. | visual responses of 148 units have been recorded with micropipettes from the left nucleus isthmus areas of toads (bufo bufo gargarizans), their auditory and tactile responses also examined, and 122 recording sites marked with cobalt sulphide. this study indicates that: (i) 118 units responding solely to visual stimuli are found within the nucleus, and 4 multisensory units outside, (ii) there exist a visual field map and binocular units in the nucleus, and (iii) response latencies of the isthmic ... | 1982 | 6820188 |
| excitatory and inhibitory transmission from the optic tectum to nucleus isthmi and its vicinity in amphibians. | intracellular recordings were made from nucleus isthmi (ni) and its vicinity in toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) in response to electrical stimulation of the bilateral optic tract. the results suggest that ni mainly receives its excitatory input from the ipsilateral tectum and its inhibitory input from the contralateral tectum. tegmental cells in a region medioventral to ni were usually characterized by strong spontaneous activity and an excitatory-inhibitory sequence of postsynaptic potentials in ... | 1995 | 7552220 |
| the contralaterally projecting neurons of the isthmic nucleus in five anuran species: a retrograde tracing study with hrp and cobalt. | the morphology of projection neurons of the isthmic nucleus was studied in rana esculenta, r. nigromaculata, bufo marinus, b. bufo gargarizans, and xenopus laevis from a comparative anatomical point of view. the main point of this work was to provide an anatomical basis for electrophysiological studies. neurons projecting to the ipsilateral optic tectum were labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and cobaltous lysine complex injected into the optic tectum. contralaterally proj ... | 1994 | 7962721 |
| [experimental analysis of mechanism concerning the environmental temperature effect on acquisition of capability in toad oocyte to resume meiotic division]. | full-grown oocytes derived from bufo bufo gargarizans rearing in high temperature environment (28-30 degrees c), called high temperature oocytes, never underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (gvbd) after progesterone stimulation, no mpf was detected in their ooplasm, but some events which manifested normally at the beginning of progesterone induced maturation process were revealed in these oocytes. it is worth notice an another kind of maturation promoting substance(s) appeared in the ooplasm of h ... | 1993 | 8023639 |
| blood parasites of amphibians from sichuan province, people's republic of china. | two hundred forty-six amphibians from sichuan province, people's republic of china, were examined for blood parasites between april and june 1990. six trypanosome species were found, 2 of which were not identified because of poor material. trypanosoma rotatorium (sensu mayer, 1843) was found in rana limnocharis and rana nigromaculata. trypanosoma chattoni and a t. rotatorium-like species were found in bufo gargarizans. a sphaeromastigote similar to trypanosoma tsunezomiyatai was seen in r. limno ... | 1993 | 8501591 |
| a novel antimicrobial peptide from bufo bufo gargarizans. | a potent and structurally novel antimicrobial peptide was isolated and characterized from the stomach tissue of bufo bufo gargarizans, an asian toad. the 39-amino acid peptide, named buforin i, was purified to homogeneity by heparin-affinity column and reverse-phase hplc. the amino acid sequence of buforin i was identical in 37 of 39 amino-terminal residues of xenopus histone h2a. the buforin i showed strong antimicrobial activities in vitro against a broad-spectrum of microorganisms and was fou ... | 1996 | 8573171 |
| [a potentially new sodium channel blocker: 2-chloro-4-bromo-alpha-methylcinnamic acid]. | the effects of 2-chloro-4-bromo-alpha-methylcinnamic acid sodium (sc1001 na) and some channel antagonists on the action potential (ap) and the resting potential (rp) were tested intracellularly in the sartorius muscle of the toad (bufo bufo gargarizans). tea (10mmol/l) and mncl2 (10 mmol/l) had no effect on the amplitude of the ap, otherwise, ttx (1 mumol/l) blocked the ap completely. sc1001 na at the concentration of 2mmol/l largely decreased the amplitude of the ap and expanded the duration of ... | 1995 | 8586392 |
| [a preliminary study on the hormonal causes of seasonal change in miniature endplate potentials at the neuromuscular junctions of the toad]. | the hormonal causes of seasonal change in amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials (mepp) in the adult toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) were studied with intracellular recordings of mepp at the neuromuscular junction of sartorius muscle fiber in vitro by adding l-thyroxine sodium and estrone to the bath medium during spring and autumn respectively. the results showed that l-thyroxine sodium (50 mumol/ l) could not change the amplitude of mepp, regardless of spring or autumn, but estrone (100 mumo ... | 1996 | 9389005 |
| [seasonal variation and circannual rhythm of miniature end-plate potentials recorded from the neuromuscular junctions of the adult toad (bufo bufo gargarizans)]. | the seasonal variations and circannual rhythm of miniature end-plate potentials (mepp) recorded from the sartorius neuromuscular junctions (nmj) of 66 female and 62 male adult toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) were studied with intracellular microelectrode recording techniques of electrophysiology. the results revealed that the mean amplitude of mepp in each month of a year showed clear seasonal variation with a nadir in september and october and a zenith in march and april. this seasonal variation ... | 1996 | 9389034 |
| acidic peptide-mediated expression of the antimicrobial peptide buforin ii as tandem repeats in escherichia coli. | antimicrobial peptides have received increasing attention as a new pharmaceutical substance, because of their broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and the rapid development of multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. the main obstacle to the wide application of antimicrobial peptides has been the lack of a cost-effective, mass-production method. a novel mass-production method for an antimicrobial peptide of 21 amino acids, buforin ii, which was isolated from the stomach of the amphib ... | 1998 | 9473457 |
| antimicrobial peptides derived from pepsinogens in the stomach of the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana. | three antimicrobial peptides, which had strong antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, were isolated from the stomach of the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana. two of the antimicrobial peptides were found to be derived from the n-terminal sequences of pepsinogen a and c prosequences. the amino acid sequences of the new antimicrobial peptides, named bullfrog pepsinogen a-derived antimicrobial peptide (bpaap) and bullfrog pepsinogen c-derived antimicrobial peptide (bpcap), were ... | 1998 | 9639668 |
| effects of methanol extract of chansu on hypothalamic-pituitary-testis function in rats. | chansu, a galenical preparation of the dried white venom of chinese bufo bufo gargarizans, is one of the major components of kyushin, a traditional chinese medicine. kyushin is reported to have a cardiotonic effect that has been suggested to be due to the action of bufadienolides such as bufalin and cinobufagin. recently, we found that administration of bufalin in male rats diminished the luteinizing hormone (lh) response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) and the secretion of testosterone ... | 1998 | 9781623 |
| tegmental inhibition on isthmic neurons is mediated by the decussatio veli in amphibians. | this in vitro study on toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) provides the first electrophysiological evidence that electrical stimulation of the decussatio veli in the midbrain tegmentum predominantly produced inhibition on neurons extracellularly recorded from the nucleus isthmi (ni). these cells were distributed throughout the nucleus. the present study lends strong support to the suggestion that the extratectal input to ni is mainly inhibitory and gives a good explanation for the previously reported ... | 1998 | 9785351 |
| [blocking effects of benzyltetrahydropalmatine on delayed rectified k+ currents expressed in xenopus oocytes and in toad oocytes]. | the effects of benzyltetrahydropalmatine (bthp) on delayed rectified k+ currents (ik) expressed in xenopus oocytes and ik of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes were studied. the ik expressed in xenopus oocytes was measured after microinjection of mrna isolated from carp fish (c anratus l.) brains with double -microelectrode voltage clamp technique. the maximum and mean value of ik expressed in xenopus oocytes were 600 na and 360 +/- 104 na, respectively. bthp reduced the current amplitude of i ... | 1996 | 9863258 |
| effects of glutamatergic, cholinergic and gabaergic antagonists on tectal cells in toads. | the present paper using microiontophoresis analysis describes transmitters and their receptor subtypes used in retinotectal and isthmotectal transmission, and suggests several modes converging retinotectal and isthmotectal afferents on tectal neurons in toads (bufo bufo gargarizans). neuronal responses of tectal cells were extracellularly recorded to both visual stimulation and electrical stimulation of the nucleus isthmi, and effects of glutamatergic, cholinergic, gabaergic and glycinergic anta ... | 1999 | 10218805 |
| efficacy of digoxin specific fab fragments (digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. | chan su, a traditional chinese medication, and love stone, a topical aphrodisiac, are both made from dried venom of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans and contain bufalin, cinobufotalin, cinobufagin, and other cardioactive steroids of the bufadienolide class. deaths have occurred following ingestion of these products and the clinical course resembles digoxin toxicity. the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of digoxin specific fab fragments in treating chan su poisoning. an ethanolic ... | 1999 | 10340832 |
| [the effects of tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium on neuromuscular junctions of adult toad]. | the effects of tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium (twp) on the transmission at the neuromuscular junctions (nmj) of sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparations of 20 adult toads (bufo bufo gargarizans) in vitro were studied by means of intracellular microelectrode recording of endplate potentials (epp). the results revealed that twp could cause changes of epp amplitude so as to influence the transmission at nmj, and the effects apparently depended on the concentration of the drug. a proper c ... | 1997 | 10683922 |
| [effects of estrone on transmission at neuromuscular junction of the toad]. | the effects of estrone on neuromuscular transmission were studied intracellularly at the muscle fiber endplate in isolated sciatic nerve-sartorius muscle preparations of the toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) in vitro. the results showed that estrone (10(-4) mol/l), added to bath medium, caused an increase in amplitudes of endplate potentials (epp) both in 10 micrograms tubocurarine treated and 10 mmol/l mgcl2 treated preparations, but the increase was more prominent in the former, and that estrone, 3 ... | 1997 | 10684057 |
| interactions of the novel antimicrobial peptide buforin 2 with lipid bilayers: proline as a translocation promoting factor. | buforin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide discovered in the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. the 21-residue peptide with +6 net charge shows antimicrobial activity an order of magnitude higher than that of magainin 2, a membrane-permeabilizing antimicrobial peptide from xenopus laevis [park, c. b., kim, m. s., and kim, s. c. (1996) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 218, 408-413]. in this study, we investigated the interactions of buforin 2 with phospholipid bilayers in comparison ... | 2000 | 10913273 |
| pepsin-mediated processing of the cytoplasmic histone h2a to strong antimicrobial peptide buforin i. | the intestinal epithelium forms a first line of innate host defense by secretion of proteins with antimicrobial activity against microbial infection. despite the extensive studies on the antimicrobial host defense in many gastrointestinal tracts, little is known about the antimicrobial defense system of the stomach. the potent antimicrobial peptide buforin i, consisting of 39 aa, was isolated recently from the stomach tissue of an asian toad, bufo bufo gargarizans. in this study we examined the ... | 2000 | 10975843 |
| a novel ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase is involved in toad oocyte maturation. | p28, a 28kd protein from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes, was identified by using p13(suc1)-agarose affinity chromatography. sequence homology analysis of the full-length cdna of p28 (gene bank accession number: af 314091) indicated that it encodes a protein containing 224 amino-acids with about 55% identities and more than 70% positives to human, rat or mouse uch-l1, and contains homological functional domains of uch family. anti-p28 monoclonal antibody, on injecting into the oocytes, coul ... | 2002 | 12296378 |
| deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in china. | freshwater quality criteria for 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-dcp) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in china, and based on usepa's guidelines. acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to china to determine 48-h lc50 and 96-h lc50 values for 2,4-dcp. in addition, 21 day survival-reproduction tests with daphnia magna, 30-day embryo-larval tests with carassius auratus, 60 day fry-juvenile test with ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d early ... | 2003 | 12531309 |
| [effects of endomorphins and their analogs on cardiovascular system]. | to analyze the effects of endomorphins (ems) and their analogs ([d-pro2]em-1, [d-ala2]em-1, [d-pro2]em-2 and [d-ala2]em-2) on the cardiovascular system of anestetized rats and to study its mechanism. | 2001 | 12580048 |
| [the effects of ethanol on neuromuscular junctions of adult toad]. | to investigate the effects of ethanol on the transmission at the neuromuscular junctions(nmj) and the possible mechanism thereby. | 2001 | 12600106 |
| deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in china. | freshwater quality criteria of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-tcp) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in china, and based on usepa's guidelines. acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to china to determine 48 h lc(50) and 96 h lc(50) values for 2,4,6-tcp. in addition, 21 d survival-reproduction test with daphnia magna, 30 d embryo-larval test with carassius auratus, 60 d fry-juvenile test with ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d earl ... | 2003 | 12729688 |
| [the functions in the progesterone-induced oocyte maturation of toad ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (tuch) is independent of its uch activity]. | p28, a protein derived from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) oocytes, has a high level of sequence homology to mouse uch l1. we report here that it is a toad ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (uch), termed tuch for its ability to hydrolyze the uch substrate ubiquitin ethyl ester (uboet). the similarities of secondary structures between tuch and uch l1 highlight that they might have common functions. the total extracted proteins both from immature and matured oocytes contain 2% tuch. the enzyme k ... | 2003 | 12858507 |
| [studies on the parasites of korean amphibia: 1. trematodes of amphibians] | an investigation on the trematodes of korean amphibians was carried out during the period from april to september of 1976. a total of 883 amphibians of 6 species were examined. these frogs, toads and salamanders were collected in the areas of the han river side. and also these amphibians comprised 775 rana nigromaculata, 53 rana rugosa, 21 hyla arborea japonica, 2 bufo bufo gargarizans, 2 gallula tornieri and 30 hynobius leechi. out of the results of this work, 7 species of trematodes belonging ... | 1976 | 12913435 |
| [induced ovulation and maturation of the oocytes with human chorionic gonadotrophin and steroid hormones in the toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | 1963 | 14110608 | |
| [the developmental capacity of endoderm nuclei of bufo bufo gargarizans, as revealed by nuclear transplantation]. | 1964 | 14234442 | |
| [the developmental capacity of nuclei taken from the lateral mesoderm cells of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | 1964 | 14285107 | |
| [studies on the distribution of atpase in the neurula of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | 1965 | 14317865 | |
| temperature may influence and regulate nf-yb expression in toad oocyte. | fully grown oocytes derived from bufo gargarizans maintained at relatively low temperatures (4 degrees c, lte-oocytes) acquire the competence to resume normal meiosis. in contrast, fully grown oocytes derived from toads maintained at relatively high temperatures (28 degrees c, hte-oocytes) never acquire maturation competence. by suppression subtractive hybridization, we obtained 18 ests preliminarily thought to be preferentially expressed in lte-oocytes; of these, ts1-4 shared homology with the ... | 2004 | 14697263 |
| membrane translocation mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide buforin 2. | the antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 isolated from the skin of the african clawed frog xenopus laevis crosses lipid bilayers by transiently forming a peptide-lipid supramolecular complex pore inducing membrane permeabilization and flip-flop of membrane lipids [matsuzaki, k., murase, o., fujii, n., and miyajima, k. (1996) biochemistry 35, 11361-11368]. in contrast, the antimicrobial peptide buforin 2 discovered in the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans efficiently crosses lipi ... | 2004 | 15581374 |
| inhibitory effects of bufadienolides on interleukin-6 in mh-60 cells. | derivatives of bufogenin isolated from the skin of the chinese toad, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor ("ch'an su"), and several semisynthetic derivatives of 20beta,21beta-epoxy-resibufogenin (13) have been evaluated for interleukin-6 (il-6) antagonistic activity due to their growth-inhibitory activities on il-6-dependent mh-60 cells. among the naturally derived compounds (1-17), 20s,21-epoxy-resibufogenin formate (1) showed potent inhibitory activity on the il-6-dependent growth of mh-60 cells. epox ... | 2004 | 15620253 |
| phylogeographic analysis of the bufo gargarizans species complex: a revisit. | using mtdna sequencing and allozyme electrophoresis data, we tested the "vicariance followed by dispersal" hypothesis of the bufo gargarizans species group and re-evaluated the species status in the general lineages species concept. a phylogenetic analysis suggested that dispersal, instead of vicariance, dominated the history of the species group. there was a general trend of west to east dispersal, while some lineages from the east subsequently returned to the west. the secondary admixture of t ... | 2005 | 15869886 |
| quality evaluation of traditional chinese drug toad venom from different origins through a simultaneous determination of bufogenins and indole alkaloids by hplc. | a simple and efficient hplc method has been developed to evaluate the quality of traditional chinese medicine toad venoms. the major bioactive ingredients, including 10 bufogenins and 4 indole alkaloids in the drug, were separated and quantified on a phenyl-hexyl column with a uv detector. a total of 27 toad venom samples from two species, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor and bufo melanostictus schneider, from the different drug production regions of china, were analyzed. the chromatograms showed si ... | 2005 | 16327195 |
| complete nucleotide sequences and gene organization of mitochondrial genome of bufo gargarizans. | the complete mitochondrial genome of bufo gargarizans was sequenced using overlapping polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplicons (genbank accession no. dq275350). the genome is 17,277 base pairs in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (atp6, atp8, coi-iii, nd1-6, nd4l, cyt b), 2 ribosomal rnas (12s rrna and 16s rrna), 22 transfer rnas and a putative control region. we analyzed the sequence using bioinformatics methods comparing the obtained mtdna sequence with other toads and frogs. based o ... | 2006 | 16920409 |
| [calcium-dependent chloride channels in plasma membrane of oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans]. | in this paper, membrane current properties of the fully-grown oocytes from toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, were studied by using two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. axion of adult female toad was destroyed, and then ovarian lobes containing oocytes in stage i to vi were removed and incubated in ca(2+)-free nd96 solution with collagenase (1.5 mg/ml) for 1 h. subsequently, the oocytes were washed in ca(2+)-free nd96 solution for 10 min to completely remove the follicular layer. for the experi ... | 2006 | 17041732 |
| neurotoxic activity of gln49 phospholipase a(2) from gloydius ussuriensis snake venom. | a novel neurotoxic protein phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)), molecular weight 13 881.83 da, has been isolated from snake venom of gloydius ussuriensis, named as gln49-pla(2), which shows weak lethal toxic, myotoxic and apparent anticoagulant activity, but lacks phospholipase activity. the gln49-pla(2) obviously induced an increase of the pain threshold in intoxicated 615 mice compared with the control group, suggesting it is a neurotoxin. hot-plate tests also showed that its analgesic activity was do ... | 2007 | 17299814 |
| [determination of bufothionine in skin of bufo bufo gargarizans and huachansu injection]. | to establish a hplc method for bufothionine in the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans and huachansu injection. | 2007 | 17432144 |
| population genetics and phylogeography of bufo gargarizans in china. | the chinese toad bufo gargarizans has an extensive range, covering nearly all of china. this study addresses the population genetic structure of this toad and the relation to geographic location. partial sequences of the mtdna control region were obtained from 14 populations, 29 haplotypes were defined, and 73 variable sites were found, including 66 parsimony informative sites. all population genetic analyses indicated no clear geographic pattern in the distribution of haplotypes. the genetic di ... | 2007 | 17879156 |
| [isolation and structure identification of chemical constituents from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans]. | the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, originated from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), is widely used in traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of hepatoma, lung cancer and etc. the preparation of the aqueous components has significant therapeutic effect against the digestive tract cancer. the water-soluble chemical constituents in the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans were then investigated to make clear the active compounds. six compounds were isolated and purified by recrystallizati ... | 2007 | 17944235 |
| evaluation of dna damage in chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) after in vivo exposure to sublethal concentrations of four herbicides using the comet assay. | chinese toad, bufo bufo gargarizans, is frequently found in rice fields, muddy ponds, wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems in china. because of its habitat, it has many chances of being exposed to pesticides, such as acetochlor, butachlor, chlorimuron-ethyl, and paraquat, which are extensively used in rice or cereal fields. amphibians may serve as model organisms for determining the genotoxic effects of pollutants contaminating these areas. in the present study dna damage was evaluated in the c ... | 2008 | 18297398 |
| effect of lipid composition on buforin ii structure and membrane entry. | buforin ii is a 21-amino acid polycationic antimicrobial peptide derived from a peptide originally isolated from the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. it is hypothesized to target a wide range of bacteria by translocating into cells without membrane permeabilization and binding to nucleic acids. previous research found that the structure and membrane interactions of buforin ii are related to lipid composition. in this study, we used molecular dynamics (md) simulations along ... | 2008 | 18452210 |
| buforins: histone h2a-derived antimicrobial peptides from toad stomach. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) constitute an important component of the innate immune system in a variety of organisms. buforin i is a 39-amino acid amp that was first isolated from the stomach tissue of the asian toad bufo bufo gargarizans. buforin ii is a 21-amino acid peptide that is derived from buforin i and displays an even more potent antimicrobial activity than its parent amp. both peptides share complete sequence identity with the n-terminal region of histone h2a that interacts directly ... | 2009 | 19041293 |
| genotoxicity evaluation of chlorpyrifos to amphibian chinese toad (amphibian: anura) by comet assay and micronucleus test. | in the present study, the genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos was evaluated in the chinese toad by using comet assay and micronucleus test (mn), as the potential tools for the assessment of genotoxicity. the first step was determined by the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos. tadpoles were exposed to the series of relatively high concentrations of chlorpyrifos for 96 h. lc(50) values at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 3.63, 1.17, 0.82, and 0.80 mgl(-1), respectively. secondly, the micronucleus test was used for ... | 2009 | 19524702 |
| genetic diversity and molecular differentiation of chinese toad based on microsatellite markers. | genetic diversity and population structure of 9 populations of bufo gargarizans with total 111 samples in china were assessed using seven microsatellite loci. the analysed microsatellite markers produced 161 alleles, varied from 9 to 38 alleles each locus. the number of alleles per population per locus ranged from 4.43 to 10.29. polymorphic information content showed that all seven loci were highly informative (mean = 0.810 + or - 0.071). the average observed heterozygosity was less than the exp ... | 2010 | 19693692 |
| pilot study of huachansu in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, nonsmall-cell lung cancer, or pancreatic cancer. | huachansu, a chinese medicine that comes from dried toad venom from the skin glands of bufo gargarizans or b. melanostictus, has been used in the treatment of various cancers in china. the authors conducted a pilot study, using a phase 1 trial design, of huachansu in patients with advanced cancer. | 2009 | 19701908 |
| crystallin distribution patterns in concentric layers from toad eye lenses. | protein distribution patterns across eye lenses from the asiatic toad bufo gargarizans were investigated and individual crystallin classes characterised. special fractionation that follows the growth mode of the lens was used to yield nine fractions corresponding to layers laid down at different chronological (developmental) stages. proportions of soluble and insoluble crystallins within each fraction were measured by bradford assay. water-soluble proteins in all fractions were separated by size ... | 2009 | 19813212 |
| first detection of the amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in free-ranging populations of amphibians on mainland asia: survey in south korea. | chytridiomycosis, a disease that has caused amphibian population declines globally and elevated many species of anurans to endangered or threatened status, has recently been declared an internationally notifiable disease. batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), the amphibian chytrid fungus causing this disease, has not been previously reported in korea or on mainland asia. thirty-six frog specimens representing 7 species were collected from the wild in south korea and examined for bd using standard ... | 2009 | 19899344 |
| systematic screening and characterization of novel bufadienolides from toad skin using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | during the discovery process of novel compounds, it is of significant importance to differentiate novel from known compounds in crude extracts before starting the time-consuming process of purification. bufadienolides are the main active components of the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (toad skin), an important traditional chinese medicine. the fragmentation behavior and mass spectra profiles of bufadienolides standards were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatograp ... | 2010 | 20155762 |
| cinobufacini, an aqueous extract from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | cinobufacini (huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skin and parotid venom glands of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is a traditional chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in china. the present study sought to investigate the possible signaling pathway implicated in cinobufacini-induced apoptosis in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines hepg(2) and bel-7402. | 2010 | 20193751 |
| [studies on anti-tumor and enhancing immunity activity of toad coat]. | to study the anti-tumor and immunity activity of toad coat (chantui), which is a new officinal part of bufo bufo gargarizans. | 2010 | 20394297 |
| purification of active bufadienolides from toad skin by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography. | an isolation method by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with hydrophilic interaction chromatography was successfully used to isolate and purify active bufadienolides from bufo bufo gargarizans cantor toad skin. in the first step, crude samples were run on an xterra prep c18 column. after screening for activity, two fractions were chosen for further purification. a click beta-cyclodextrin (click-cd) column made in our laboratory was used for the second step. seven compounds, including ... | 2010 | 20432230 |
| new bufadienolides and c(23) steroids from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | six new bufadienolides (1-6) and two new c(23) steroids (7 and 8), together with three known compounds (9-11) were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. in vitro cytotoxicities of all compounds were evaluated in a549 cancer cell line. compounds 2, 3 and 10 showed significant cytotoxic activities. | 2010 | 20546768 |
| comparison of toad venoms from different bufo species by hplc and lc-dad-ms/ms. | toad venom, called chansu in china, has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure, sores, pains, and various cancers for a long time in clinic. | 2010 | 20637273 |
| bufogargarizins a and b: two novel 19-norbufadienolides with unprecedented skeletons from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | 2010 | 20715201 | |
| studies on cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, many kinds of chromatography methods were used in the isolation procedures, while the structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of their nmr and ms spectral analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as cinobufotalin 3-nonanedioylarginine ester (8) and bufotalin 3-pimeloylarginine ester (14). furthermore, 13 known compounds were obtained. isolated b ... | 2010 | 20839128 |
| anti-hepatitis b virus activities of cinobufacini and its active components bufalin and cinobufagin in hepg2.2.15 cells. | cinobufacini (huachansu) is a chinese medicine prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), which has long been used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm). the aim of present study was to examine the anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) activities of cinobufacini and its active components bufalin and cinobufagin in the human hbv-transfected cell line hepg2.2.15. the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), hepatitis b e antigen (hbeag), and hepatitis b core-related antigen (hbcrag) co ... | 2010 | 20930383 |
| the novel antidote bezoar bovis prevents the cardiotoxicity of toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in mice. | toad venom, called chansu (cs) in china, is an anti-inflammatory drug used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation in china. its use is hampered by the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides derived from toad venom. bezoar bovis is another frequently used drug in toad venom preparations for the treatment of inflammatory or cardiovascular diseases in asia. we explored whether bezoar bovis could protect against cs-induced acute toxicity in mice. toxicity was assessed by the gen ... | 2010 | 21084181 |
| antitumor activity of extracts and compounds from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor is known to be rich in bufadienolides, peptides and alkaloids. it has been found to be a source of some extracts and biologically active compounds with antitumor activity. cinobufacini (huachansu), a chinese medicine prepared from the dried toad skin, has been widely used in clinical therapy for various cancers in china. bufadienolides, such as bufalin, cinobufagin, resibufogenin, and telocinobufagin, are the major active compounds derived from t ... | 2010 | 21185919 |
| cytotoxic constituents from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans. | to study the chemical composition of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans, various chromatographic methods were used in the isolation procedures and the structures of isolated compounds were determined based on nmr and ms analysis. as a result, two new compounds were isolated from its ethanolic extract and characterized as n-[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-n-methylurea (1) and 19-oxocinobufotalin 3-adipoylarginine ester (2), together with 11 known compounds. isolated bufadienolides showed sign ... | 2011 | 21279874 |
| bufalin and cinobufagin induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via fas- and mitochondria-mediated pathways. | bufadienolides bufalin and cinobufagin are cardiotonic steroids isolated from the skin and parotid venom glands of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. they have been shown to induce a wide spectrum of cancer cell apoptosis. however, the detailed molecular mechanisms of inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) are still unclear. in the present study, the apoptosis-inducing effect of bufalin and cinobufagin on hcc cell line hepg(2) was investigated. we found bufalin and cinobufagin ... | 2011 | 21288283 |
| apoptosis-inducing activity of compounds screened and characterized from cinobufacini by bioassay-guided isolation. | cinobufacini (huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skin of the toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is a traditional chinese medicinal preparation widely used in clinical cancer therapy in china. here, we screened and identified active compounds of cinobufacini and investigated their apoptosis-inducing effect on hepg2 cells. screening was performed using bioassay-guided isolation. the effects of different fractions on the proliferation of hepg2 cells were detected by the mtt assay. the extracti ... | 2010 | 21472305 |
| chemical constituents and bioactivities of the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. | 2011 | 21480502 | |
| past and present: phylogeography of the bufo gargarizans species complex inferred from multi-loci allele sequence and frequency data. | using multi-locus dna sequence and frequency data, we examined the phylogeographic patterns of the asian toad bufo gargarizans species complex. a total of 166 individuals from 56 sites were genotyped for one mitochondrial locus (516 base pairs, nd2 gene) and five nuclear intron loci (sox9-2, rho-3, ccnb2-3, uch-2, dbi-2; 250-350 base pairs each). we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the allele sequence data to construct gene trees for each individual locus using bayesian inference, a multi-lo ... | 2011 | 21708274 |
| Induction of apoptosis by cinobufacini preparation through mitochondria- and Fas-mediated caspase-dependent pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. | Cinobufacini (Huachansu), an aqueous extract from the skins of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine widely used in clinical cancer therapy in China. However, the precise mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells are still not very clear. The aim of present study was to investigate possible apoptotic mechanisms induced by cinobufacini in HCC cell lines HepG(2) and Bel-7402. We found that cinobufacini treatment resulted i ... | 2011 | 22019693 |
| [chemical constituents from bufonis periostracum and their antitumor activity in vitro]. | eight compounds were isolated from bufonis periostracum by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, ods and sephadex lh-20 and their structures were characterized as palmitatic acid cholesteryl ester (1), cholesterol (2), 5alpha, 8alpha-epidioxycholesta-6-en-3beta-ol (3), cholest-5-en-3beta, 7beta-diol (4), cholest-7-en-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol (5), 3-octaddecyloxy-1, 2-propanediol (6), isisamide (7) and bufothionine (8) on the base of spectral analysis. compounds 1-8 were isolated from b ... | 2011 | 22097331 |
| protective effect of taurine on cardiotoxicity of the bufadienolides derived from toad (bufo bufo gargarizans canto) venom in guinea-pigs in vivo and in vitro. | in china, toad venom is an anti-inflammatory agent used in small doses for the treatment of various types of inflammation. bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids responsible for the anti-inflammatory actions of toad venom. we studied the protective effect of taurine on the cardiotoxicity of bufadienolides in guinea-pigs. bufadienolides (8 mg/kg) caused arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction and death in guinea-pigs. pretreatment with taurine (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly prevented bufadienolide-ind ... | 2012 | 22150009 |
| chronic toxicity of copper on embryo development in chinese toad, bufo gargarizans. | this study examined the effects of copper exposure on embryonic development of chinese toad, bufo gargarizans. firstly, the lc(50) values from 24 to 96 h of exposure were 3.61×10(-6) m, by means of a 4 d toxicity test with b. gargarizans embryos. secondly, chinese toad embryos were exposed to 10(-9)-10(-6) m copper from mid gastrula stage to operculum completion stage. measurements included mortality, tadpole weight, tadpole total length, growth retardation, duration of different embryo stages a ... | 2012 | 22436585 |
| apoptosis-inducing effect of cinobufacini, bufo bufo gargarizans cantor skin extract, on human hepatoma cell line bel-7402. | cinobufacini, a water-soluble preparation of chinese medicine, is extracted from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor. the present study sought to investigate the effects of cinobufacini on apoptosis of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line bel-7402. cell viability was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. cell morphology was observed by hoechst 33258 staining. western blotting analysis was used to detect bax and bcl-2 expression. results indicated that cinobufacini inhibited the ... | 2008 | 22504743 |
| preventive effects of jiedu granules combined with cinobufacini injection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in post-surgical patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control trial. | to investigate the therapeutic effects of jiedu granules, a chinese medicine (cm) compound, plus cinobufacini injection, which was extracted from skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, to prevent the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) after surgical resection. | 2012 | 22549390 |
| sex recognition and mate choice by male bufo gargarizans in central china. | mate choice is important for successful reproduction, and consequently species have evolved various ways to choose potential high-quality mates. anuran mate choice and underlying processes have been the subject of several recent investigations, however we are far from a complete understanding of mate choice in this system. in the present study, when given a simultaneous choice between a male and a female of identical size, males did not discriminate between the sexes, and attempted to clasp a ma ... | 2012 | 22639803 |
| prospective randomised evaluation of traditional chinese medicine combined with chemotherapy: a randomised phase ii study of wild toad extract plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinomas. | an intravenous formulated extract of the venom of the wild toad bufo bufo gargarizans cantor or bufo melanostictus schneider, huachansu, is currently used in china for the treatment of lung, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. we performed a randomised, single-blinded, phase ii clinical study of huachansu plus gemcitabine versus placebo plus gemcitabine in patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinomas. | 2012 | 22782343 |
| [in vitro anti-proliferation effect of peptides from cinobufacini injection]. | cinobufacini is an aqueous extract of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor dried skin, which has been widely used for cancer therapy in china. so far, its active components are still not very clear. in previous reports, bufadienolides with low-concentration were usually studied because of their anticancer effects. however, the high polarity constituents in cinobufacini are less investigated. the present study found that more than 50% contents of cinobufacini were water-soluble peptides. then, in vitro a ... | 2012 | 22919734 |
| qualitative and quantitative analysis of cinobufacini injection using rapid separation liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and hplc-photodiode array detection, a feasible strategy for the quality control of chinese medicine injections. | cinobufacini injection, prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, has presented its significant effects on the treatment of hepatitis and various cancers in the clinic. however, as an unclear complex chemical system, the optimization of its quality control markers has been a long-term challenge. in present study, a feasible strategy integrated markers screening, determination, and statistical analysis was efficiently proposed, especially for the undefined chinese medicine injection ... | 2013 | 23292876 |
| identification and detection of the isolated sinus venosus from the asian toad. | the pacemaker activity of mammalian sinoatrial node (san) of the heart plays a fundamental role in the integration of vital functions. studying factors such as drugs that influence pacemaker activity of san has its significance. in this study, we isolated sinus venosus, san from toads (bufo gargarizans), and analysed its electronic signal, histological characteristics and the influence of acetylcholine (ach) and ivabradine on its pacemaker activity using powerlab® and chart® 5.0 software. we fou ... | 2013 | 23348247 |
| the mechanism of action of bufalin in inhibition of lipid droplet accumulation in mouse macrophages. | a cardiotonic glycoside, bufalin, originally isolated from the dried white venom of chinese toad bufo gargarizans, was found to inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in mouse macrophages. bufalin selectively inhibited synthesis of [c]cholesteryl ester (ce), a main component of lipid droplet, from [c]oleic acid and [c]cholesterol with ic values of 8.6 µm and 10 µm, respectively. the postlysosomal metabolism of cholesterol to ce in macrophages was also inhibited by the compound with a similar ic valu ... | 2013 | 23449325 |
| efficacy and safety of huachansu combined with chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. | huachansu, a chinese medicine that comes from dried toad venom from the skin glands of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor or bufo melanostictus schneider, has been used in treatment of cancers. we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of huachansu combined with chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. | 2013 | 23692970 |
| effects of fluoride on metamorphosis, thyroid and skeletal development in bufo gargarizans tadpoles. | this study examined the effects of chronic fluoride exposure on metamorphosis, thyroid and skeletal development in tadpoles of chinese toad, bufo gargarizans. the tadpoles were exposed to fluoride concentrations either at 0, 1, 5, 10, or at 50 mg l(-1) from gosner stage 26 to gosner stage 42. body weight, total length and percentage of tadpoles reaching metamorphosis climax were recorded, and thyroid histological examinations were employed. in addition, mrna expression of both deiodinase type 2 ... | 2013 | 23934448 |
| bufalin inhibits migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma sk-hep1 cells through the inhibitions of nf-kb and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9-signaling pathways. | metastasis plays an important role in mortality of cancer patients. migration and invasion are the major characteristics of tumor metastasis. the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) such as mmp-2 and -9 are particularly important for the invasiveness of various cancer cells. bufalin, a class of toxic steroids, was purified from the skin glands of bufo gargarizans or bufo melanostictus; it is known to inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells. in this study, we investigated the antiin ... | 2015 | 23949904 |
| body size variation of four latitudinally-separated populations of a toad species: age and growth rate as the proximate determinants. | age and growth rate are critical parameters determining the body size of adult anurans, which grow indeterminately. therefore, evaluating their relative importance and selective pressures acting on them may help to explain variation in body size of anurans across geographical populations. based on the data on body size and skeletochronological age of 4 asiatic toad (bufo gargarizans) populations that are widely separated in latitude, the present study showed that toads at the northern extremity ... | 2013 | 24020470 |
| c23 steroids from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans. | five new c23 steroids (1-5) together with five known bufadienolides (6-10) were isolated from the venom of bufo bufo gargarizans (chansu in chinese). the structures of the new steroids were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods in combination with x-ray diffraction analysis. among these c23 steroids, only compound 3 showed cytotoxicities against hepg2 and a549 cancer cells, with respective ic50 values of 26.8 ± 8.3 and 45.6 ± 2.5 μm. in contrast, the bufadienolides (7-10) displayed poten ... | 2013 | 24050254 |
| [bufo gargarizans mcl-1 cloning and its prokaryotic recombinant protein expression]. | mcl-1 is encoded by myeloid cell leukemia-1 gene (mcl-1), which is one of the anti-apoptotic members of bcl-2 cell apoptotic gene superfamily. chansu is made of dorsal secretions of several bufo species, commonly used in the prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine for treating many diseases including cancer. to clarify if mcl-1 is expressed in the dorsal skin of b. gargarizans, the pcr (polymerase chain reaction) was performed with its dorsal skin first strand cdna as the template and a pa ... | 2013 | 24417092 |
| retrospective survey of museum specimens reveals historically widespread presence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in china. | chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), has been implicated in amphibian population declines worldwide. however, no amphibian declines or extinctions associated with bd have been reported in asia. to investigate the history of this pathogen in china, we examined 1,007 museum-preserved amphibian specimens of 80 species collected between 1933 and 2009. bd was detected in 60 individuals (6.0%), with the earliest case of bd infection occurring in one speci ... | 2014 | 24419667 |
| two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography × high performance liquid chromatography for preparative isolation of toad venom. | in this work, a new on-line two-dimensional chromatography coupling of flow programming counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (2d ccc×hplc) was developed for preparative separation of complicated natural products. the ccc column was used as the first dimensional isolation and a preparative ods column operated in reversed-phase (rp) mode as the second dimension. the ccc was operated at a controlled flow rate to ensure that each fraction eluted within one hour, ... | 2014 | 24484689 |
| cyto-/genotoxic effects of the ethanol extract of chan su, a traditional chinese medicine, in human cancer cell lines. | chan su, an ethanolic extract from skin and parotid venom glands of the bufo bufo gargarizans cantor, is widely used as a traditional chinese medicine for cancer therapy. although the anti-cancer properties of chan su have been investigated, no information exists regarding whether chan su has genotoxic effects in cancer cells. the aim of the present study was to examine the cyto-/genotoxic effect of chan su in human breast carcinoma (mcf-7 cells), human lung carcinoma (a-549 cells), human t cell ... | 2014 | 24491644 |
| purification of bufadienolides from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor with positively charged c18 column. | as a kind of promising anticancer compounds, the preparation of bufadienolides is a hot study spot. however, due to the complexity of biological sample, the purification of bufadienolides from a crude sample (toad skin) is a tough work. in this paper, we reported a new way based on positively charged c18 material (xcharge c18) to quickly separate and purify bufadienolides from toad skin. by this method, the different ionic feature of the amino acid conjugated bufadienolides (aacbs) and the free ... | 2014 | 24503198 |
| bufalin inhibited the growth of human osteosarcoma mg-63 cells via down-regulation of bcl-2/bax and triggering of the mitochondrial pathway. | cinobufacini (huachansu), a chinese medicine prepared from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (bufonidae), has potent anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. however, the molecular mechanism of cell apoptosis induced by bufalin remains elusive. here, we investigated the apoptosis in bufalin-treated human osteosarcoma mg-63 cells. the results showed that bufalin could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. further investigation revealed that ... | 2014 | 24570183 |
| the supercritical co₂ extract from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor blocks hepatitis b virus antigen secretion in hepg2.2.15 cells. | the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor has long been used for the treatment of hepatitis b in china and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (sc-co₂) is widely used in extracting active ingredients from natural products. the aim of present study was to assess the anti-hepatitis b virus (hbv) effect of the supercritical co₂ extract from the skin of bufo bufo gargarizans cantor (sce-bc). cytotoxicity of sce-bc was analyzed using an mtt [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium brom ... | 2014 | 24647111 |
| study on anti-osteosarcoma activity of ethanol extract of venenum bufonis in vitro. | venenum bufonis is the dried white secretion of the auricular and skin glands of bufo gargarizans cantor, or bufo melanostictus schneider, bufonidae. it is used in the treatment of deep-rooted carbuncle, boils and swelling; pain in the throat, heart stroke, coma, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. the objective of this paper is to preliminarily observe the effects of ethanol extract of venenum bufonis on growth, and proliferation of human osteosarcoma u2os cell lines, and to provide a theore ... | 2014 | 24653556 |
| toad glandular secretions and skin extractions as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. | toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain many natural agents which may provide a unique resource for novel drug development. the dried secretion from the auricular and skin glands of chinese toad (bufo bufo gargarizans) is named chansu, which has been used in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) for treating infection and inflammation for hundreds of years. the sterilized hot water extraction of dried toad skin is named huachansu (cinobufacini) which was developed for treating hepati ... | 2014 | 24734105 |