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sex pheromone of the california red scale, aonidiella aurantii. 1977559950
fine structure of the tegumentary glands secreting the protective "shield" in a sessile insect (homoptera, diaspiddae).the tegumentary pygidial glands of aonidiella aurantii (homoptera, diaspididae) produce a secretion forming the shield of these fixed parasites of plants. they are formed of seven cells: a principal unpaired secretory cell which produces an abundant glycoproteinaceous secretion; a small associated cell with a secondary reservoir for this secretion; two accessory secretory cells which have very abundant tubular extensions coming from the plasma membrane, and a flocculent secretion gathered in a l ...1978675671
observations on the phenoloxidase system in the armored scales aonidiella aurantii and chrysomphalus aonidum. 19715002365
invertase and amylase activity in the armoured scales chrysomphalus aonidum and aonidiella aurantii. 19705433726
superquat n-acyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-ones for the asymmetric synthesis of alpha-alkyl and beta-alkyl aldehydes.the proclivity of alpha-branched n-2'-benzyl-3'-phenylpropionyl derivatives of (s)-4-benzyl-5,5-dimethyl-, (s)-4-phenyl-5,5-dimethyl-, (s)-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-, (s)-4-benzyl- and (s)-4-benzyl-5,5-diphenyl-oxazolidin-2-ones to generate directly 2-benzyl-3-phenylpropionaldehyde upon hydride reduction with dibal is investigated. the (s)-4-benzyl-5,5-dimethyl-derivative proved optimal for inhibition of endocyclic nucleophilic attack, giving 2-benzyl-3-phenylpropionaldehyde in good yield upon re ...200312968339
role of esterase enzymes in monitoring for resistance of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (homoptera: diaspididae), to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.eighty-seven populations of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell), from the san joaquin valley of california were tested for insecticide resistance by using chlorpyrifos, methidathion, and/or carbaryl in a standard fruit-dip bioassay as well as for general esterase activity by using alpha-naphthyl acetate as a substrate in a colorimetric test. the percentage of individuals that survived a discriminating concentration of methidathion, chlorpyrifos, or carbaryl was significantly corr ...200415154489
a novel nonchemical method for quarantine treatment of fruits: california red scale on citrus.a process for removing or killing california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell), from citrus fruit as a postharvest treatment was evaluated. the process subjects the fruit to vacuum, steam, and vacuum that physically removes red scale from the fruit and kills those scales that are not removed from the fruit. different numbers of cycles and steam temperatures were compared for efficacy in removing scale from lemons or killing those that remained. multiple (two to three) cycles removed up to ...200415666737
host suppression and stability in a parasitoid-host system: experimental demonstration.we elucidate the mechanisms causing stability and severe resource suppression in a consumer-resource system. the consumer, the parasitoid aphytis, rapidly controlled an experimentally induced outbreak of the resource, california red scale, an agricultural pest, and imposed a low, stable pest equilibrium. the results are well predicted by a mechanistic, independently parameterized model. the key mechanisms are widespread in nature: an invulnerable adult stage in the resource population and rapid ...200516040706
examining the relative importance of spatial and nonspatial coexistence mechanisms.much of the work on species coexistence has focused on the presence or absence of single mechanisms. most theoretical frameworks, however, do not allow one to measure the strength of coexistence mechanisms, and so it has been difficult to determine the relative importance of each mechanism when multiple mechanisms are present. we present a model inspired by the california red scale system, in which two parasitoids coexist on a single, tree-dwelling host-scale insect. previous work suggests that ...200516224698
role of two insect growth regulators in integrated pest management of citrus scales.portions of two commercial citrus orchards were treated for two consecutive years with buprofezin or three consecutive years with pyriproxyfen in a replicated plot design to determine the long-term impact of these insect growth regulators (igrs) on the san joaquin valley california integrated pest management program. pyriproxyfen reduced the target pest, california red scale, aonidiella aurantii maskell, to nondetectable levels on leaf samples approximately 4 mo after treatment. pyriproxyfen tre ...200616813306
agrometeorology and models for the parasite cycle forecast.insects are strongly influenced by meteorological variables in their natural environment. in agriculture, mathematical models have been developed to understand and forecast the cycle of pests based on climate data. by this manner, with the goal of reduce and rationalize plant chemical treatments, agrometeorological models have been realized to estimate the length and starting times of parasites phenological phases. in sicily a new network of 95 gsm meteorological stations and a specific mathemat ...200616881403
effect of pyriproxyfen on developing stages and embryogenesis of california red scale (crs), aonidiella aurantii.during the past decade, the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen has been the most used insecticide for controlling the california red scale (crs), aonidiella aurantii (maskell), an important pest in citrus groves worldwide. the aim of the present research was to develop bioassays for determining the effect of pyriproxyfen on developing stages and embryogenesis of crs that can serve as baselines for monitoring resistance. pyriproxyfen was very effective against first- and second-instar nymphs of ...200717437255
toxicity of seven foliar insecticides to four insect parasitoids attacking citrus and cotton pests.laboratory studies were carried out to compare the toxicity of seven foliar insecticides to four species of adult beneficial insects representing two families of hymenoptera: aphelinidae (aphytis melinus debach, eretmocerus eremicus rose & zolnerowich, and encarsiaformosa gahan) and mymaridae (gonatocerus ashmeadi girault) that attack california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell); sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (both e. eremicus and e. formosa); and glassy-winged sharpsho ...200717849851
effects of pyriproxyfen on california red scale (hemiptera: diaspididae) development and reproduction.two life stages of a laboratory colony of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell) (hemiptera: diaspididae), were exposed to 10 concentrations of pyriproxyfen to evaluate the effect of this insect growth regulator (igr) on scale development and fecundity. first instars exposed to pyriproxyfen responded with mortality during the first and second molts. second instars were more tolerant of pyriproxyfen than were first instars, indicating that growers should treat california red scale in ...200717849899
role of imidacloprid in integrated pest management of california citrus.portions of three commercial citrus orchards were treated for 1 yr with foliar imidacloprid or for 2 yr with a systemic formulation in a replicated plot design to determine the impact of this neonicotinoid on the san joaquin valley california citrus integrated pest management (ipm) program. foliar-applied imidacloprid had little effect on california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell); cottony cushion scale, icerya purchasi maskell; or citrus red mite, panonychus citri (mcgregor), populatio ...200818459411
influence of various exposure-concentration combinations on mortality of the california red scale in hcn fumigation. 194718858105
influence of winter night temperatures on the california red scale. 194718935288
the first account of the mating disruption technique for the control of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii maskell (homoptera: diaspididae) using new biodegradable dispensers.semiochemical-based pest management programs have been increasingly used to provide environmentally friendly methods for the control of major insect pests. the efficacy of the mating disruption technique has been demonstrated for several moth pests. unfortunately, not many experiments on mating disruption to control diaspididae species have been documented. in this work, biodegradable dispensers for mating disruption with increasing pheromone loads were used in order to study the potential of th ...200919159501
mating disruption of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii maskell (homoptera: diaspididae), using biodegradable mesoporous pheromone dispensers.the control of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell), has encountered many difficulties, which has raised interest in alternative control methods. up to now, the a. aurantii sex pheromone has been used only for monitoring. in a previous work the authors described a biodegradable mesoporous pheromone dispenser for mating disruption. to verify the efficacy of these dispensers, three field trials were conducted, and the results are shown in this paper.201020232422
the response of california red scale to fumigation with ethylene dibromide and ethylene dibromide-hgn. 194720271899
effect of oil sprays on resistance of california red scale to hcn fumigation. 194620286308
effect of mediterranean ants (hymenoptera: formicidae) on california red scale (hemiptera: diaspididae) populations in citrus orchards.we conducted an ant-exclusion experiment in a citrus orchard to evaluate the overall impact of three ant species native in the mediterranean, pheidole pallidula (nylander), plagiolepis schmitzii forel, and lasius grandis (forel), on populations of aonidiella aurantii maskell (california red scale). the ant-exclusion was carried out in four experimental plots from march 2007 to november 2008. another subset of four plots, adjacent to the ant-excluded plots, was used as control. we measured scale ...201020550795
parasitoid competitive displacement and coexistence in citrus agroecosystems: linking species distribution with climate.the introduced parasitoid wasp aphytis melinus, the most widespread natural enemy of the california red scale (aonidiella aurantii) and the superior competitor, has displaced the native aphytis chrysomphali from most citrus areas of the mediterranean basin and other citrus areas all over the world. however, our extensive survey data on the scale parasitoid populations collected in 2004-2008 show that in large citrus areas of eastern spain both parasitoids coexist. using field data from 179 orcha ...201020597293
ddt and rotenone used in oil to control the california red scale. 194521008224
laboratory studies with rotenone oil in sprays to control the california red scale. 194521008226
mating disruption for the control of aonidiella aurantii maskell (hemiptera: diaspididae) may contribute to increased effectiveness of natural enemies.background: new directives on sustainable use of pesticides have encouraged research on efficient alternative pest control methods. in the case of the california red scale (crs), aonidiella aurantii (maskell), this imperative, along with the many difficulties in controlling this pest, have led to the investigation of new approaches. previously developed mating disruption (md) dispensers, together with the augmentative releases of the parasitoid aphytis melinus debach, are here considered as a co ...201121796756
life history parameters and scale-cover surface area of aonidiella aurantii are altered in a mating disruption environment: implications for biological control.in recent years, environmentally safe measures to control the california red scale (crs), aonidiella aurantii (maskell), have been successfully implemented. these measures include mating disruption (md) and biological control. the goal of this study was to examine the effect of high concentrations of the crs sex pheromone on its life history parameters and scale-cover surface area under controlled laboratory conditions.201222411902
fitness components of aphytis melinus (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) reared in five california insectaries.shipments of 50,000 commercially reared aphytis melinus debach were obtained from each of the five insectaries that produce and sell this parasitoid to citrus growers in california for control of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell). shipments were received from each insectary every 2 mo over a period of a year to assess variability in quality through time and between insectaries. as indices of quality, we assessed the percentage of live parasitoids (both sexes) 1, 3, 7, 14, and 2 ...201222525059
factors influencing the efficacy of two organophosphate insecticides in controlling california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell). a basis for reducing spray application volume in mediterranean conditions.because society is seeking ways to lessen the environmental impact of agricultural activity, dose adjustment has become a key issue in current plant protection treatments with high spray application volumes, such as on citrus plants. this work investigates, in field conditions, the factors affecting the efficacy of organophosphate insecticides against california red scale (crs), aonidiella aurantii (maskell), when the delivery rate is decreased. insecticide rate changes were induced by modifying ...201423404841
ant-coccid mutualism in citrus canopies and its effect on natural enemies of red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell) (hemiptera: diaspididae).mutualistic relationships between honeydew-producing insects and ants have been widely recognized for several decades. iridomyrmex rufoniger (lowne) is the commonest ant species associated with black scale, saissetia oleae (olivier), in the citrus orchards of the mid latitudes of coastal new south wales. citrus trees with high densities of both red and black scale and high ant activity were identified and the results of excluding ants from half of those trees (using a polybutene band on each tru ...201423597035
effects of spirotetramat on aonidiella aurantii (homoptera: diaspididae) and its parasitoid, aphytis melinus (hymenoptera: aphelinidae).laboratory and field studies were conducted to measure the effects of spirotetramat on life stages of california red scale, aonidiella aurantii (maskell), and a primary parasitoid, aphytis melinus debach. organophosphate-resistant and -susceptible populations responded similarly to spirotetramat, suggesting there is no cross-resistance between these insecticide classes. first and second instar male and female a. aurantii were 10- and 32-fold more susceptible to spirotetramat (lc50 = 0.1-0.2 ppm) ...201324224255
ants affect the infestation levels but not the parasitism of honeydew and non-honeydew producing pests in citrus.ants act simultaneously as predators and as hemipteran mutualists, and thereby may affect the composition and population dynamics of a wide arthropod community. we conducted ant-exclusion experiments in order to determine the impact of ants on the infestation levels and parasitism of three of the most important citrus pests of western mediterranean citrus: the honeydew producer aleurothrixus floccosus maskell (woolly whitefly) and the non-honeydew producers aonidiella aurantii maskell (californi ...201424229500
identification and synthesis of a kairomone inducing oviposition by parasitoidaphytis melinus from california red scale covers.the parasitoid waspaphytis melinus uses a kairomone from the cover of its scale host, california red scale (aonidiella aurantii), as an oviposition stimulant. the kairomone was isolated from extracts of scale covers, and identified aso-caffeoyltyrosine by a combination of spectroscopic methods. the kairomone was synthesized, and the synthetic compound was determined to be as active as the chemical isolated from scale covers.199324249236
postharvest control of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) and california red scale (hemiptera: diaspididae) with ethyl formate and its impact on citrus fruit quality.the postharvest control of arthropod pests is a challenge that the california citrus industry must overcome when exporting fruit overseas. currently, methyl bromide fumigation is used to control postharvest pests on exported citrus, but it may soon be unavailable because of use restrictions and cost of this health-hazard ozone-depleting chemical. ethyl formate is a natural plant volatile and possible alternative to methyl bromide in postharvest insect control. the objectives of this study were 1 ...201324498732
life stage-dependent susceptibility of aphytis melinus debach (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) to two pesticides commonly used in citrus orchards.the assessment of pesticides compatibility with natural enemies is recommended before including agrochemicals in integrated and organic pest management schemes. the lethal and sublethal effects of a mineral oil and a juvenile hormone mimic (pyriproxyfen), on adults and larvae of aphytis melinus, a key ectoparasitoid of armored scale insect pests of citrus, such as aonidiella aurantii, were evaluated. mineral oil caused very high mortality on the adults, while a lower acute toxicity was recorded ...201525698292
primary parasitoids of red scale (aonidiella aurantii) in australia and a review of their introductions from asia.we used morphological and molecular differences to confirm the identities of red scale (aonidiella aurantii) and yellow scale (a. citrina), and their primary parasitoids, in australia. an extension to the distribution of yellow scale was confirmed. six primary parasitoids of red scale were identified: aphytis chrysomphali, a. lingnanensis, a. melinus, comperiella bifasciata, encarsia citrina, and e. perniciosi. with the exception of a. lingnanensis, these parasitoids, and a species of aphelinus, ...201726350302
evaluating the performance and preference of aphytis melinus (hymenoptera: aphelinidae) on an exotic species, acutaspis albopicta (hemiptera: diaspididae), and aonidiella aurantii (hemiptera: diaspididae).acutaspis albopicta (cockerell) is an exotic scale detected on imported ‘hass’ avocados arriving in california from mexico. an effort was made to understand how well this species might be biologically controlled by the parasitoid, aphytis melinus debach. in no-choice trials, single life stages of a. albopicta and aonidiella aurantii (maskell) were exposed to one ap. melinus female. ap. melinus attacked and developed to adult on all a. albopicta life stages tested, which included early, middle, a ...201626577862
host size and spatiotemporal patterns mediate the coexistence of specialist parasitoids.many insect parasitoids are highly specialized and thus develop on only one or a few related host species, yet some hosts are attacked by many different parasitoid species in nature. for this reason, they have been often used to examine the consequences of competitive interactions. hosts represent limited resources for larval parasitoid development and thus one competitor usually excludes all others. although parasitoid competition has been debated and studied over the past several decades, unde ...201627349108
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