Publications

allergy epidemiology in the st. louis, missouri, area. iii. trees.	a population skin-tested with pollen from twelve wind pollinated tree species showed a variable level of allergenicity, particularly among adults. pollen extracts of box elder, willow and hickory elicited the highest allergic reactions, oak, birch, sycamore, black walnut and poplar more moderate reactions, while allergens from cottonwood, maple, elm and white ash were less reactive. since box elder is ubiquitous and produces a strongly positive reaction among adults, it should be included among ...	1975	1147318
an alternative approach for gene transfer in trees using wild-type agrobacterium strains.	micropropagated shoots of three forest tree species, poplar (populus tremula x p. alba), wild cherry (prunus avium l.) and walnut (juglans nigra x j. regia), were inoculated each with six different wild-type agrobacterium strains. poplar and wild cherry developed tumors that grew hormone-independently, whereas on walnut, gall formation was weak. on poplar and wild cherry, tumors induced by nopaline strains developed spontaneously shoots that had a normal phenotype and did not carry oncogenic t-d ...	1991	1653060
black walnut (juglans nigra) toxicosis: a model for equine laminitis.	twelve light horse geldings developed laminitis within 8 to 12 h of being dosed by nasogastric tube with an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra). four of the 12 horses developed the severe signs of grade 3 laminitis (lame at a walk, refused to lift feet). laminitis was accompanied by mild depression and limb oedema. there was no evidence of shock or colic. the horses developed neutropenia by 4 h after dosing with the extract, which shifted to a relative neutrophilia by 8 to 12 h. mini ...	1991	2061431
effect of an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra) on isolated equine digital vessels.	an aqueous extract was made from black walnut (juglans nigra) heartwood obtained in the fall of the year. ten hours after nasogastric administration of 5 l of the extract, a 550-kg, 13-yr-old quarter horse gelding experienced obel grade-3 laminitis. the effect of aqueous extract of black walnut on vascular contractility was then tested, using isolated equine digital arteries and veins. the vessels were maintained in krebs bicarbonate buffer with 95% oxygen at 37 c. the extract did not induce a d ...	1990	2301825
gamma scintigraphic analysis of the distribution of perfusion of blood in the equine foot during black walnut (juglans nigra)-induced laminitis.	twelve horses, with acute laminitis (primarily in the forefeet) at 12 hours after intragastric dosing with an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra) heart-wood, were studied. the distribution of perfusion of blood to the foot and to outlined regions within the foot was quantified, using gamma scintigraphy of regionally infused 99mtc-labeled macroaggregated albumin, before and 12 hours after extract administration. horses 1 to 3 were not studied further. perfusion was quantified again fo ...	1990	2327633
serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.	using a highly specific radioenzymatic assay we determined the serotonin concentration in 80 types of foods. the following fruits had a high serotonin concentration (mean +/- sem) expressed in micrograms/g weight: plantain 30.3 +/- 7.5; pineapple 17.0 +/- 5.1; banana 15.0 +/- 2.4; kiwi fruit 5.8 +/- 0.9; plums 4.7 +/- 0.8; and tomatoes 3.2 +/- 0.6. only nuts in the walnut or hickory family had a high serotonin concentration expressed in micrograms/g weight; butternuts 398 +/- 90; black walnuts 3 ...	1985	2413754
antagonism in isolated equine digital vessels of contraction induced by epinephrine in the presence of hydrocortisone and an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra).	prazosin, isoxsuprine, and nifedipine were screened for ability to reverse contraction of isolated equine digital vascular strips produced by epinephrine (epi) in the presence of hydrocortisone (hc) and an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra) (bw). two arteries and two veins from each of three horses for each drug (n = 9) were maintained in isolated tissue baths in krebs' bicarbonate buffer with 95% oxygen at 37 degrees c. six-point epi concentration-response (c-r) curves were obtaine ...	1989	2614858
black walnut toxicosis in ten horses.	black walnut toxicosis was diagnosed in 10 horses at one stable. the time from exposure to shavings to development of clinical signs was 8 to 12 hours. most common clinical signs were moderate to severe laminitis (obel grade 2 or 3), pitting edema of the distal portion of the limbs, and rapid respiratory rate. two horses had clinical signs of colic and 2 other horses had anorexia and lethargy. all 10 horses recovered without complications.	1989	2768058
2-chloroethyl fatty acid esters as indicators of 2-chloroethanol in black walnuts, seasoning mixes, and spices.	residues of 2-chloroethyl fatty acid esters (cees) and 2-chloroethanol (ech), by-products of ethylene oxide fumigation, were determined in black walnuts, seasoning mixes, and spices. extracts containing ech and cee were cleaned up by previously described procedures, and residue levels were quantitatively determined using a gas chromatograph equipped with a halogen-selective electrolytic conductivity detector. all food products that contained cee residues also contained ech. ech residues ranged f ...	2013	3436891
the induction of equine laminitis with an aqueous extract of the heartwood of black walnut (juglans nigra).	an aqueous extract of the heartwood of black walnut (juglans nigra) was given via stomach tube to 10 horses. eight developed obel grade 3 or 4 laminitis within 12 hr. limb edema and mild sedation were the only other clinical signs observed. one horse was euthanized due to severe signs. the other 7 recovered within 6 days. gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of aqueous extracts of heartwood, bark and nuts of black walnut identified juglone in the bark and nuts, but not in the heartwood. it was c ...	1987	3604042
low-temperature storage of black walnut pollen.		1974	4452269
incidence of escherichia coli in black walnut meats.	examination of commercially shelled black walnut meats showed inconsistent numbers of total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and escherichia coli; variation occurred among different meat sizes and within each meat size. the incidence of e. coli on meats of commercially hulled black walnuts depended on the physical condition of the nuts. apparently tightly sealed ones contained only a few or none, whereas those with visibly separated sutures and spoiled meats yielded the most. this contamination was ...	1969	4905608
antitumor activity of juglans niga (black walnut) extractives.		1968	5684734
preliminary pharmacology of ellagic acid from juglans nigra (black walnut).		1968	5693427
black walnut toxicosis in horses.		1983	6643218
perspective on the black walnut toxicity problem--apparent allergies to man and horse.		1983	6682363
determination of methyl 2-benzimidazolylcarbamate in black walnut fruit.		2013	7309993
induced juglone toxicosis in ponies and horses.	juglone, a toxic compound found in all parts of plants of the walnut tree family jugans, was evaluated as the possible toxin involved in black walnut shaving-associated laminitis in the horse. large amounts (up to 1 g) of this chemical administered per os inconsistently caused mild signs of laminitis in ponies. topical application of juglone to the digits of horses caused local skin irritation but did not cause laminitis. intravenous administration of juglone caused acute pulmonary edema in some ...	1980	7436086
identification of root rot fungi in nursery seedlings by nested multiplex pcr.	the internal transcribed spacer (its) of the ribosomal dna (rdna) subunit repeat was sequenced in 12 isolates of cylindrocladium floridanum and 11 isolates of cylindrocarpon destructans. sequences were aligned and compared with its sequences of other fungi in genbank. some intraspecific variability was present within our collections of c. destructans but not in c. floridanum. three its variants were identified within c. destructans, but there was no apparent association between its variants and ...	1996	8899993
digital starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis induced by an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra) in horses.	starling forces and hemodynamics in the digits of 5 horses were studied during early laminitis induced by oral administration of an aqueous extract of black walnut (juglans nigra). the black walnut extract was prepared from heartwood shavings and was administered by nasogastric tube. heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, central venous and arterial pressures, digital pulses, and signs of lameness were monitored. blood samples were collected for determination of wbc count, hemoglobin c ...	1995	8928952
expression of antisense chalcone synthase rna in transgenic hybrid walnut microcuttings. effect on flavonoid content and rooting ability.	walnut somatic embryos (juglans nigra x juglans regia) were transformed with a vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase ii, a beta-glucuronidase and an antisense chalcone synthase (chs) gene. this antisense construct included a 400 bp cdna fragment of a walnut chs gene under the control of the duplicated camv-35s promoter. molecular, biochemical and biological characterizations were performed both on transformed embryos propagated by secondary somatic embryogenesis and on microshoots deve ...	1998	9747854
black walnut induced laminitis.	a 5-y-old paint horse gelding was evaluated for acute laminitis after exposure to black walnut shavings. the gelding's feet were previously soaked in an ice bath continuously for approximately 24 h. treatment consisted of anti-inflammatory and vasodilator therapy. serial radiographs revealed progressive palmar deviation of the third phalanx and subsolar abscesses in both forefeet. the gelding developed purulent discharge from the right coronary band and the hoof wall detached circumfrentially. e ...	2000	10670077
a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of almonds in foods.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect almonds as potential allergenic contaminants in food. polyclonal antibodies directed against roasted almonds were partially purified from immunized sheep and rabbits and used as capture and secondary antibodies, respectively, in a sandwich-type, 96-well plate format. food samples and almond-spiked samples were extracted 1:10 in phosphate-buffered saline at 60 degrees c for 2 h, centrifuged, and applied to wells coated with sheep anti-a ...	2000	10678432
phylogeny and biogeography of juglans (juglandaceae) based on matk and its sequence data.	we investigated phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within juglans (walnuts), a tertiary disjunct genus, using 15 species of juglans and related (juglandaceae) outgroups. the relationships were analyzed using nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene matk and its flanking spacers and of the internal transcribed spacers (its) and 5.8s gene of the nuclear ribosomal dna. the dna sequences provided 246 informative characters for parsimony analysis. its data supported as monophyletic grou ...	2000	10860918
comparison of nutshell granular activated carbons to commercial adsorbents for the purge-and-trap gas chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds.	granular activated carbons (gacs) made from agricultural by-products were investigated as adsorbents for short path thermal desorption gas chromatographic analysis of selected polar and nonpolar organic compounds. gacs made from macadamia nut, black walnut and hazelnut shells were compared to four commercially available adsorbents, namely, tenax ta, carboxen 569, carbosieve siii and coconut charcoal for their properties in purge-and-trap analysis. adsorption values and breakthrough volumes were ...	2000	10893033
laminar microvascular flow, measured by means of laser doppler flowmetry, during the prodromal stages of black walnut-induced laminitis in horses.	to measure changes in laminar microvascular blood flow (lmbf) over time in healthy horses and horses in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis and to determine the effects of glyceryl trinitrate application on lmbf in horses with acute laminitis.	2000	10951973
expression of interleukin-1beta in the digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis.	to study expression of interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) in the digital laminae of horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally induced laminitis.	2001	11341391
involvement of peroxidases in the formation of the brown coloration of heartwood in juglans nigra.	oxidase activities were investigated within the cross-section of walnut trunk in relation to the brown staining of heartwood, especially in the transition zone where the colour change occurs. the distribution of peroxidase activity was investigated using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (dab) or guaiacol as a substrate. generally, the highest activity was found in the cambial zone and in the middle sapwood. this activity was mainly vacuolar. however, during autumn a peak of activity was observed in the tra ...	2002	11807134
expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase correlates with flavanol accumulation during heartwood formation in juglans nigra.	heartwood formation is generally characterized by the accumulation of phenolic substances that increase the natural color and durability of wood. although there is evidence that these substances are synthesized in aging sapwood cells, little is known about heartwood formation at the molecular level. we monitored seasonal changes in flavanol concentration across the stems of 23-year-old juglans nigra l. trees by sampling growth rings extending from the differentiating xylem to the heartwood. we a ...	2002	11960753
thirty polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci from black walnut.	black walnut (juglans nigra l) is a large tree, native to the eastern united states, that is prized for its high-quality timber and edible nut. thirty (ga/ct)n nuclear microsatellite markers were identified from black walnut for use in population genetic studies, genome mapping, dna genotyping of important clones, studies of gene flow, and tree breeding. the markers were polymorphic based on a diversity panel of 10 black walnut individuals from eight midwestern u.s. states.	2004	12011179
peroxynitrite scavenging activity of herb extracts.	peroxynitrite (onoo(-)) is a cytotoxicant with strong oxidizing properties toward various cellular constituents, including sulphydryls, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides and can cause cell death, lipid peroxidation, carcinogenesis and aging. the aim of this study was to characterize onoo(-) scavenging constituents from herbs. twenty-eight herbs were screened for their onoo(-) scavenging activities with the use of a fluorometric method. the potency of scavenging activity following the addition ...	2002	12112294
coupling sap flow velocity and amino acid concentrations as an alternative method to (15)n labeling for quantifying nitrogen remobilization by walnut trees.	the temporal dynamics of n remobilization was studied in walnut (juglans nigra x regia) trees growing in sand culture. trees were fed with labeled n ((15)n) during 1999 and unlabeled n in 2000. total n and (15)n contents in different tree compartments were measured during 80 d after bud burst and were used to estimate n remobilization for spring growth. the seasonal (and occasionally diurnal) dynamics of the concentration and (15)n enrichment of the major amino acids in xylem sap were determined ...	2002	12376667
drought tolerance, xylem sap abscisic acid and stomatal conductance during soil drying: a comparison of young plants of four temperate deciduous angiosperms.	patterns of water relations, xylem sap abscisic acid (aba) concentration ([aba]) and stomatal aperture were compared in drought-sensitive black walnut (juglans nigra l.) and black willow (salix nigra marsh.), less drought-sensitive sugar maple (acer saccharum marsh.) and drought-tolerant white oak (quercus alba l.). strong correlations among reduction in predawn water potential, increase in xylem sap [aba] and stomatal closure were observed in all species. stomatal response was more highly corre ...	1998	12651353
drought tolerance, xylem sap abscisic acid and stomatal conductance during soil drying: a comparison of canopy trees of three temperate deciduous angiosperms.	patterns of water relations, xylem sap abscisic acid concentration ([aba]) and stomatal aperture were characterized and compared in drought-sensitive black walnut (juglans nigra l.), less drought-sensitive sugar maple (acer saccharum marsh.) and drought-tolerant white oak (quercus alba l.) trees co-occurring in a second-growth forest in missouri, usa. there were strong correlations among reduction in predawn leaf water potential, increased xylem sap [aba] and stomatal closure in all species. sto ...	1998	12651354
dermatitis due to black walnut juice.		1954	13196685
depressant agent from walnut hulls.	crushed unripe walnut hulls (juglans nigra), when extracted with ether, yield an extract which sedates or at least depresses the movements of daphnia magna, leopard frogs, perch, catfish, goldfish, mice, rats, and rabbits. one purified depressant compound, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (juglone), has been isolated and tested on most of these species.	1961	14006337
black walnut.		2003	14533650
cytotoxic action of juglone and plumbagin: a mechanistic study using hacat keratinocytes.	juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and plumbagin (5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) are yellow pigments found in black walnut (juglans regia). herbal preparations derived from black walnut have been used as hair dyes and skin colorants in addition to being applied topically for the treatment of acne, inflammatory diseases, ringworm, and fungal, bacterial, or viral infections. we have studied the cytotoxicity of these quinones to hacat keratinocytes. exposure to juglone or plumbagin (1-2 ...	2004	14727919
gas exchange during a soil drying cycle in seedlings of four black walnut (juglans nigra l.) families.	photosynthetic and stomatal responses to a soil drying cycle were examined in half-sib seedlings of four walnut (juglans nigra l.) families. well-watered seedlings of an iowa seed source had significantly higher rates of net photosynthesis than seedlings from new york or michigan sources. this superior photosynthetic potential was associated with both greater stomatal conductance and mesophyll capacity for co(2) fixation. in a drying soil, net photosynthesis and leaf conductance to water vapor o ...	1991	14972845
response of gas exchange to water stress in seedlings of woody angiosperms.	responses of net photosynthesis (a), leaf conductance to water vapor (g(wv)) and instantaneous water use efficiency (wue) to decreasing leaf and soil water potentials (psi(l), psi(s)) were studied in three-month-old white oak (quercus alba l.), post oak (q. stellata wangenh.), sugar maple (acer saccharum marsh.), and black walnut (juglans nigra l.) seedlings. quercus seedlings had the highest a and g(wv) when plants were well watered. as the soil was allowed to dry, both a and g(wv) decreased; h ...	1991	14972892
seasonal changes in nodular nitrogenase activity of alnus glutinosa and elaeagnus angustifolia.	root nodule development, and seasonal patterns of nodular nitrogenase and hydrogenase activities were determined for 5- to 8-year old black alder (alnus glutinosa (l.) gaertn.) and russian olive (elaeagnus angustifolia l.) interplanted with black walnut (juglans nigra l.) on bottomland and upland sites in central illinois, usa. black alder produced nodules at both sites, but russian olive did so only at the bottomland site. nodular nitrogenase activity was detectable in both species over a 220-d ...	1989	14972986
phytochemical inhibition of aflatoxigenicity in aspergillus flavus by constituents of walnut (juglans regia).	tulare walnut, a cultivar highly resistant to aflatoxin formation, was investigated for endogenous phytochemical constituents capable of inhibiting aflatoxigenesis in aspergillus flavus. the activity, located entirely in the pellicle (seed coat), was extractable to various degrees with polar solvents, although some activity remained unextractable, indicating that the bioactivity resided in a complex of hydrolyzable tannins. these tannins can be hydrolyzed by a fungal tannase present in a. flavus ...	2004	15053524
assessment of apoptosis in epidermal lamellar cells in clinically normal horses and those with laminitis.	to determine and compare the number, type, location, and distribution of apoptotic epidermal cells in the laminae of clinically normal horses and horses with laminitis.	2004	15141876
increased expression of mail, a cytokine-associated nuclear protein, in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis.	the mediators and signalling cascades important in the initiation of laminitis remain unclear. we therefore wanted to explore the genes and overall signalling mechanisms that play an important role in the developmental stage of laminitis.	2004	15147139
a fluorescence-based rapid screening assay for cytotoxic compounds.	a simple fluorescence-based assay was developed for the rapid screening of potential cytotoxic compounds generated by combinatorial chemistry. the assay is based on detection of nuclear green fluorescent protein (gfp) staining of a human cervical cancer cell line (hela) carrying an integrated histone h2b-gfp fusion gene. addition of a cytotoxic compound to the hela-gfp cells results in the eventual degradation of dna and loss of the gfp nuclear fluorescence. using this assay, we screened 11 dist ...	2004	15555600
sudden increase in atmospheric co2 concentration reveals strong coupling between shoot carbon uptake and root nutrient uptake in young walnut trees.	we studied the short-term (i.e., a few days) effect of a sudden increase in co2 uptake by shoots on nutrient (no3-, p ion, k+, ca2+ and mg2+) uptake by roots during vegetative growth of young walnut (juglans nigra x j. major l.) trees. the increase in co2 uptake was induced by a sudden increase in atmospheric co2 concentration ([co2]). twelve 2-year-old trees were transplanted and grown in perlite-filled pots in a greenhouse. rates of co2 uptake and water loss by individual trees were determined ...	2005	15574404
expression of the cyclooxygenase isoforms in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis in horses.	to compare the levels of mrna expression of cycooxygenase (cox)-1 and cox-2 in the digital laminae of normal horses and horses in the developmental stages of laminitis experimentally induced by administration of black walnut extract (bwe).	2004	15631041
investigation of the effect of black walnut extract on in vitro ion transport and structure of equine colonic mucosa.	to examine the secretory response (in the presence and absence of prostaglandin inhibition) in vitro and structural alterations of colonic mucosa in horses after intragastric administration of black walnut extract (bwe).	2005	15822589
where does the subject of black walnut extract-induced laminitis fit into a colic symposium?		2005	16028614
leukocyte emigration in the early stages of laminitis.	the mechanisms that initiate the pathophysiologic changes in the digital laminae in equine laminitis are poorly understood. due to the fact that (1) the horse at risk of laminitis has many similarities clinically to the human sepsis patient and (2) our recent finding of marked laminar proinflammatory cytokine expression at the developmental time point of the black walnut extract (bwe) model of laminitis, we tested the possibility that, similar to organ damage in human sepsis, leukocyte emigratio ...	2006	16169600
nitrogen availability, local light regime and leaf rank effects on the amount and sources of n allocated within the foliage of young walnut (juglans nigra x regia) trees.	early season leaf growth depends largely on nitrogen (n) provided by remobilization from storage, and many studies have tested the effect of n availability to roots on the amount of n provided for new leaf development by remobilization. although it is well known that the light regime experienced by a leaf influences the amount of n per unit leaf area (la), the effect of the local light regime on the amount of n derived either directly from root uptake or from remobilization for early season leaf ...	2006	16203713
dynamic changes in circulating leukocytes during the induction of equine laminitis with black walnut extract.	administration of black walnut heartwood extract (bwhe) via nasogastric tube induces acute laminitis in horses. however, the processes responsible for the development of laminitis, including laminitis induced with bwhe, remain unclear. the results of recent studies indicate that administration of bwhe initiates an inflammatory response in the laminar tissues and that this response may be due to extravasation of activated leukocytes from the circulation. this study examines the effects of bwhe ad ...	2006	16290066
black walnut extract-induced laminitis in horses is associated with heterogeneous dysfunction of the laminar microvasculature.	equine laminitis purportedly involves haemodynamic dysfunction at the level of the laminar vasculature. however, to date, no studies have been performed characterising the function of laminar arteries and veins during the prodromal stages of equine laminitis.	2005	16295933
stomatal and nonstomatal limitations to net photosynthesis in seedlings of woody angiosperms.	comparative responses of net photosynthesis (a) to water stress in woody species from a variety of habitats were studied to assess the relationship between photosynthetic attributes and drought tolerance. stomatal and nonstomatal limitations to a were compared in three-month-old white oak (quercus alba l.), post oak (quercus stellata wangenh.), sugar maple (acer saccharum marsh.), and black walnut (juglans nigra l.) seedlings during a drying cycle. relative stomatal limitation of photosynthesis ...	1992	16669065
black walnut cake.		2006	16749634
matrix metalloproteinase-9 in laminae of black walnut extract treated horses correlates with neutrophil abundance.	we sought to determine whether a correlation exists between neutrophil infiltration and tissue matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9) content in digital laminae collected during the prodromal and acute phases of laminitis in horses treated with an aqueous black walnut heartwood extract (bwe). hoof laminar tissue was obtained at the onset of leukopenia and at the onset of clinical signs of lameness from bwe-treated horses and at equivalent times from control horses. thin sections of laminae were scre ...	2006	16822550
cyclooxygenase expression in the early stages of equine laminitis: a cytologic study.	recent reports indicate increased amounts of mrna from inflammation-related genes in the prodromal stage of laminitis.	2006	17063715
importance of fragmentation-tolerant species as seed dispersers in disturbed landscapes.	forest fragmentation can negatively affect plants if animal seed-dispersers become locally extinct in fragments. we conducted a 2-year experiment to evaluate the importance of tree squirrels (sciurus) as seed dispersers for quercus, carya, and juglans, and to assess dispersal consequences in patches where fragmentation-sensitive eastern gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) are absent. we accounted for fates of approximately 15,700 seeds from five tree species in four exclosure treatments at 18 ...	2007	17180374
neutrophil myeloperoxidase measurements in plasma, laminar tissue, and skin of horses given black walnut extract.	to compare measurements of myeloperoxidase (mpo) in plasma, laminar tissues, and skin obtained from control horses and horses given black walnut heartwood extract (bwhe).	2007	17199423
lamellar pro-inflammatory cytokine expression patterns in laminitis at the developmental stage and at the onset of lameness: innate vs. adaptive immune response.	recent research has indicated that inflammation plays a role in the early stages of laminitis and that, similar to organ failure in human sepsis, early inflammatory mechanisms may lead to downstream events resulting in lamellar failure. characterisation of the type of immune response (i.e. innate vs. adaptive) is essential in order to develop therapeutic strategies to counteract these deleterious events.	2007	17228594
laminar xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis.	reasons for study: xanthine oxidase (xo)-dependent production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, a characteristic of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, may contribute to the development of equine laminitis.	2007	17228595
occurrence and fate of the phytotoxin juglone in alley soils under black walnut trees.	juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-napthoquinone) is a chemical released by walnut trees, which can be toxic at various levels to several plant species. a balance among competing source and sink mechanisms and rates will ultimately determine whether juglone is capable of attaining sufficient levels to be allelopathic to intercrops in a walnut tree agroforestry system. in this study, juglone's release, accumulation, and decline in soil are explored using data from soil beneath a black walnut tree (juglans ni ...	2012	17412906
elemental composition and chemical characteristics of five edible nuts (almond, brazil, pecan, macadamia and walnut) consumed in southern africa.	the total elemental concentrations and proximate chemical composition of five different tree nuts, almond (prunus dulcus), brazil (bertholletia excelsa), pecan (carya pecan), macadamia (macadamia integrifolia) and walnut (juglans nigra) that are consumed in south african households were investigated. in addition, six physicochemical properties of the extracted nut oils, namely acid value, iodine value, saponification value, refractive index, density and specific gravity were evaluated. a high co ...	2013	17562467
ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat endoparasites and stomach problems in pigs and pets in british columbia, canada.	this paper documents the medicinal plants used to treat endoparasites and stomach problems in dogs, cats and pigs in british columbia, canada. ethnoveterinary data was collected over a 6-month period in 2003. the majority of the information on pets came from 2 naturopaths, 10 herbalists, 5 dog trainers, breeders and pet shop owners, 9 holistic veterinarians and 6 of 27 organic farmers. two pig farmers joined the study in the final stages. the following plants were used as anthelmintics: artemisi ...	2007	17628343
improved technique for enumeration of escherichia coli on black walnut meats.		1947	17746230
black walnut canker.		1930	17838532
early laminar events involving endothelial activation in horses with black walnut- induced laminitis.	to determine proinflammatory gene expression, endothelial adhesion molecule gene expression, and matrix metalloproteinase (mmp) concentrations in laminar specimens at 1.5 hours after administration of black walnut extract (bwe) and to compare these values with later time points.	2007	17975975
antibacterial activity of tannin constituents from phaseolus vulgaris, fagoypyrum esculentum, corylus avellana and juglans nigra.	tannins were fractionated from acetonic extract preparations of phenolic compounds from phaseolus vulgaris, fagoypyrum esculentum, corylus avellana and juglans nigra. wide variations in antibacterial activities ranging from mics of 62.5 to 500 microg/ml were apparent. of particular note was a relatively high level of activity (62.5 to 125 microg/ml) for all extracts against listeria monocytogenes.	2008	18325686
host range of the emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis fairmaire) (coleoptera: buprestidae) in north america: results of multiple-choice field experiments.	emerald ash borer (agrilus planipennis fairmaire) (coleoptera: buprestidae), an invasive phloem-feeding pest, was identified as the cause of widespread ash (fraxinus) mortality in southeast michigan and windsor, ontario, canada, in 2002. a. planipennis reportedly colonizes other genera in its native range in asia, including ulmus l., juglans l., and pterocarya kunth. attacks on nonash species have not been observed in north america to date, but there is concern that other genera could be coloniz ...	2008	18348815
pasteurization of black walnut meats.		2016	18892932
understanding the ecology of blue elderberry to inform landscape restoration in semiarid river corridors.	societal constraints often limit full process restoration in large river systems, making local rehabilitation activities valuable for regeneration of riparian vegetation. a target of much mitigation and restoration is the federally threatened valley elderberry longhorn beetle and its sole host plant, blue elderberry, in upper riparian floodplain environments. however, blue elderberry ecology is not well understood and restoration attempts typically have low success rates. we determined broad-sca ...	2009	19034562
thromboxane and isoprostanes as inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in black walnut heartwood extract induced equine laminitis.	inflammation and vascular dysfunction occur concurrently during the prodromal stages of equine laminitis. the aim of this study was to provide insights into the role that thromboxane and isoprostanes may play in the development of black walnut heartwood extract (bwhe)-induced laminitis. horses were divided into two groups, either control or bwhe-administered horses. plasma concentrations of thromboxane increased transiently after administration of bwhe and coincided with the nadir in white blood ...	2009	19111354
tissue concentrations of 4-hne in the black walnut extract model of laminitis: indication of oxidant stress in affected laminae.	in the septic horse prone to laminitis, a similar activation of the innate immune system appears to occur as reported in the septic human prone to organ failure. because oxidant injury plays a central role in organ failure occurring due to an overzealous innate immune response in human sepsis, this study was performed to determine whether there was evidence of oxidant stress in the laminar tissue in the early stages of laminitis. 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-hne), a lipid aldehyde that forms due to li ...	2009	19118907
indices of inflammation in the lung and liver in the early stages of the black walnut extract model of equine laminitis.	the liver and lung are not only described as "target organs" in sepsis in most species, but are purported to be sources of circulating inflammatory mediators central to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sirs). as we have recently reported an inflammatory response in the laminar tissue in laminitis similar to that described in "target organs" in human sepsis, we investigated the inflammatory response of the lung and liver in the black walnut extract (bwe) model of equine laminitis to d ...	2009	19124160
temporal aspects of laminar gene expression during the developmental stages of equine laminitis.	the results of recent studies indicate that inflammatory responses occurring in the early stages of equine laminitis lead to downstream events that eventually result in failure of the bond between the hoof wall and the distal phalanx. in order to gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of laminitis, an equine-specific cdna microarray consisting of transcripts for more that 3000 genes was used to assess temporal changes in gene expression in laminar tissues ...	2009	19128842
cloning and expression of adam-related metalloproteases in equine laminitis.	equine laminitis is a debilitating disease affecting the digital laminae that suspend the distal phalanx within the hoof. while the clinical progression of the disease has been well documented, the molecular events associated with its pathogenesis remain largely unknown. using real time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr), we have investigated the expression of genes coding for proteins containing a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain (adam), as well as genes encoding the natural inhibitors of these e ...	2009	19131116
calprotectin in myeloid and epithelial cells of laminae from horses with black walnut extract-induced laminitis.	laminar inflammation is one of the earliest events in equine laminitis. calprotectin (cp), a damage-associated molecular pattern protein, is overexpressed in inflammatory conditions of human skin.	2009	19175737
hardwood tree survival in heavy ground cover on reclaimed land in west virginia: mowing and ripping effects.	current west virginia coal mining regulations emphasize reforestation as a preferred postmining land use on surface mined areas. some mined sites reclaimed to pasture are being converted to forests. in the spring of 2001, we compared the establishment and growth of five hardwood tree species on a reclaimed west virginaia surface mine with compacted soils and a heavy grass groundcover. we planted 1-yr-old seedlings of five species (black cherry [prunus serotina ehrh.], red oak [quercus rubra l.], ...	2009	19465715
in vivo and in vitro evidence of the involvement of cxcl1, a keratinocyte-derived chemokine, in equine laminitis.	c-x-c motif ligand 1 (cxcl1) is an important chemokine of epithelial origin in rodents and humans.	2009	19572911
a knat3-like homeobox gene from juglans nigra l., jnknat3-like, highly expressed during heartwood formation.	the value of black walnut (juglans nigra l.) is affected by the quality and quantity of darkly colored heartwood in its stem. we are exploring the regulation of heartwood production by identifying genes associated with the transition from sapwood to heartwood. previous microarray data indicated that heartwood formation may be related to programmed cell death (pcd). to test this hypothesis, we analyzed the region of heartwood formation in walnut stems (i.e., the transition zone, tz) for the expre ...	2009	19787353
comparison of characteristics and enzymatic products of leukocytes in the skin and laminar tissues of horses administered black walnut heartwood extract or lipopolysaccharide.	to compare characteristics and enzymatic products of leukocytes detected in the skin and laminar tissues of horses administered black walnut heartwood extract (bwhe) and horses administered purified lipopolysaccharide (lps).	2009	19878021
equine neutrophil elastase in plasma, laminar tissue, and skin of horses administered black walnut heartwood extract.	laminitis is a local manifestation of a systemic inflammatory response that is characterized by neutrophil activation and movement of neutrophils into the laminar tissues. given the evidence for the involvement of neutrophils in the development of laminitis, we measured concentrations of neutrophil elastase, a serine protease released from the azurophilic granules of neutrophils, in plasma, skin and laminar tissues obtained from control horses and horses given black walnut heartwood extract (bwh ...	2010	19939463
evaluation of the possible role of prostaglandin f(2 alpha) in laminitis induced in horses by nasogastric administration of black walnut heartwood extract.	to provide insights into the role of prostaglandin f(2 alpha) (pgf(2 alpha)) in the developmental stages of laminitis induced in horses by ingestion of black walnut heartwood extract (bwhe).	2010	20113226
black walnut extract: an inflammatory model.	the black walnut extract (bwe) model was developed after the discovery that horses bedded on shavings from black walnut trees commonly developed laminitis. the first investigators that consistently induced laminitis with black walnut shavings established that it was only the heartwood of the tree that induced laminitis. the bwe model of laminitis has allowed investigators to determine many of the early pathologic signaling events likely to occur in the developmental and acute clinical stages of ...	2010	20381738
effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis.	laminitis is a serious complication of horses suffering from sepsis/endotoxaemia-related events. laminitis in horses and organ injury in human sepsis are both reported to involve inflammatory injury to the laminae/organs including early activation of endothelium and leucocytes leading to emigration of neutrophils into the tissue interstitium. in the black walnut extract (bwe) model, systemic inflammatory events coincide with marked increase in laminar mrna concentrations of inflammatory genes in ...	2010	20486984
photosynthetic, hydraulic and biomechanical responses of juglans californica shoots to wildfire.	leaf gas exchange and stem xylem hydraulic and mechanical properties were studied for unburned adults and resprouting burned juglans californica (southern california black walnut) trees 1 year after a fire to explore possible trade-offs between mechanical and hydraulic properties of plants. the co(2) uptake rates and stomatal conductance were 2-3 times greater for resprouting trees than for unburned adults. both predawn and midday water potentials were more negative for unburned adult trees, ind ...	2010	20496153
in vivo priming and ex vivo activation of equine neutrophils in black walnut extract-induced equine laminitis is not attenuated by systemic lidocaine administration.	laminitis is a crippling disease of horses characterized by an inflammatory response in the tissue that suspends the axial skeleton within the hoof. pain is a common feature of laminitic pathology and its management is an important component of the treatment regime for this disease. systemic lidocaine administration is commonly utilized to manage pain in equine laminitis; however, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of this drug during the treatment of equine laminitis have not been investig ...	2010	20667603
potentiometric detection of model bioaerosol particles.	a new technique for the detection of bioaerosols is presented, utilizing particle combustion/ionization in a premixed hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen flame plasma, followed by gas phase electrochemical detection. bermuda grass pollen (cynodon dactylon, one of the most common causes of pollen allergy) and black walnut pollen (juglans nigra) were used as model bioaerosol particles. we demonstrate that single particle detection can be comfortably achieved by zero current potential measurements between two ...	2010	20738107
differentiation of walnut wood species and steam treatment using atr-ftir and partial least squares discriminant analysis (pls-da).	wood is a ubiquitous material used in everyday life. accurate identification of species can be of importance in a historical context enabling appropriate conservation treatment and adequate choice of material to be applied to historic wooden objects, and in a more modern context, in the identification of forgeries. wood is also often treated to improve certain physical characteristics, often strength and durability. however, determination of whether or not a piece of wood has been treated can be ...	2010	20882383
geosmithia morbida sp. nov., a new phytopathogenic species living in symbiosis with the walnut twig beetle (pityophthorus juglandis) on juglans in usa.	widespread morbidity and mortality of juglans nigra has occurred in the western usa over the past decade. tree mortality is the result of aggressive feeding by the walnut twig beetle (pityophthorus juglandis) and subsequent canker development around beetle galleries caused by a filamentous ascomycete in genus geosmithia (ascomycota: hypocreales). thirty-seven geosmithia strains collected from j. californica, j. hindsii, j. major and j. nigra in seven usa states (az, ca, co, id, or, ut, wa) were ...	2011	20943528
laminar leukocyte accumulation in horses with carbohydrate overload-induced laminitis.	while there is evidence of laminar leukocyte infiltration in black walnut extract (bwe)-induced laminitis, there is no such evidence for carbohydrate overload (cho) laminitis.	2010	21143304
presence of mononuclear cells in normal and affected laminae from the black walnut extract model of laminitis.	there is increasing evidence of involvement of inflammatory cells in acute laminitis.	2011	21143633
laminar inflammatory gene expression in the carbohydrate overload model of equine laminitis.	there is a need to assess the laminar inflammatory response in a laminitis model that more closely resembles clinical cases of sepsis-related laminitis than the black walnut extract (bwe) model.	2011	21143634
contrasting the morphology, anatomy and fungal colonization of new pioneer and fibrous roots.	• not all roots born as first-order branches are the same and this has important consequences for overall function. we hypothesized that, compared with fibrous roots, pioneer roots are built to live longer at the expense of absorptive capacity. • we tested this hypothesis by investigating pioneer and fibrous roots in their first 14 d of life in the arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species: acer negundo, acer saccharum, juglans nigra, liriodendron tulipifera and populus tremuloides. root observations ...	2011	21210817
reclassification of the butternut canker fungus, sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum, into the genus ophiognomonia.	sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum (sc-j), which causes a canker disease on butternut, is largely responsible for the decline of this tree in the united states and canada. the original description of the species was based on anamorphic characters because the teleomorph is unknown. recent phylogenetic investigations have found that sc-j is not a member of the genus sirococcus, and accurate taxonomic classification is required. the objective of this study is to use sequence data to determine ...	2010	21215957
evaluation of the ability of aqueous black walnut extracts to induce the production of reactive oxygen species.	to assess the in vitro capability of aqueous black walnut extracts (bwes) to generate reactive oxygen species in water-based media ranging in makeup from a simple buffer solution to a complex solution containing serum.	2011	21355732
evaluation of the in vitro effects of aqueous black walnut extract on equine mononuclear cells.	to evaluate effects of black walnut extract (bwe) on equine mononuclear cells and determine whether bwe has direct proinflammatory effects.	2011	21355733
role of oxidative tissue injury in the pathophysiology of experimentally induced equine laminitis: a comparison of 2 models.	oxidative stress reportedly plays a role in sepsis-induced organ dysfunction and failure in many species. in septic horses, laminae are targeted; evidence of laminar oxidative stress has been reported experimentally in the black walnut extract (bwe) model. carbohydrate (cho)-induced laminitis may be more similar to clinical sepsis-related laminitis than the bwe model in that animals with cho-induced disease commonly develop laminar failure. the role of oxidative stress in the cho model remains u ...	2011	21418321
cardiovascular effects of consumption of black versus english walnuts.	abstract english walnuts have been shown to decrease cardiovascular disease risk; however, black walnuts do not appear to have not been studied for their cardioprotective effects. the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of english versus black walnut consumption on blood lipids, body weight, fatty-acid composition of red blood cell (rbc) membranes, and endothelial function. consumption of 30 g of english walnuts per day for 30 days, by 36 human participants, improved blood lipids; ...	2011	21488754
volatile compounds in light, medium, and dark black walnut and their influence on the sensory aromatic profile.	light, medium, and dark colored kernels from 3 different cultivars (emma k, kwik krop, and sparks 127) and one wild species of black walnut were studied for their aroma volatiles. solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the aromatic compounds present in the headspace of these samples. partial least square regression was used to correlate the instrumental aromatic data with the sensory responses, obtained in a previous study, for the same samples. th ...	2011	21535735