Publications

water metabolism in the llama.		1975	1179
urea metabolism in the llama.		1975	1185
variability in erythrocyte deformability among various mammals.	deformability is an important aspect of erythrocyte physiology and has been extensively studied using human red cells. we have studied erythrocytes from 25 different animals using a viscometric technique. erythrocyte diameters ranged from 3.3 microns in the goat to 11.4 microns for the elephant seal. erythrocytes from most species deformed readily when a fluid shear stress was applied. a deformability index of the stressed cell defined as (length - width)/(length + width) correlated with cell si ...	1979	443394
morphological and functional peculiarities of the llama forestomach.		1979	533202
[the interaction between phosphate and protein, and the respiration of the llama, the human fetus and the horse (author's transl)].	the sequence analysis of llama (lama glama, camelidae) hemoglobin is described. the chains were separated, cleaved by trypsin as previously described, quantitatively characterized and sequenced in the sequenator. the llama hemoglobin differs from the human hemoglobin in that it has 25 different amino acids in the alpha chain and 24 different amino acids in the beta chain. the interaction between protein and phosphate is discussed. the earlier finding that the o2 affinity of the llama hemoglobin ...	1978	669574
bicarbonate secretion and solute absorption in forestomach of the llama.	bicarbonate appearance in the lumen and its relationship to solute absorption were studied in a pavlov pouch in the cardiac region of the first compartment of the llama forestomach. hco3- appearance showed no diurnal variation. hco3- accumulation was highly dependent on the ph of the solution used. the hco3- ion probably is formed from co2 diffusing into the lumen from the serosal side, as a result of cell metabolism and of oh- ions. hco3- accumulation was closely related to volatile fatty acid ...	1978	677305
dead space and tidal volume of the giraffe compared with some other mammals.	the ventilation, tidal volume and anatomical dead-space were measured in a living giraffe and compared with similar measurements in a camel, red deer, llama and man. the giraffe had a resting tidal volume of about 3.3 litres with a dead-space/tidal-volume ratio of 0.34. the giraffe breathes slowly, apparently because of the unusually small diameter of its trachea relative to its length, compared with known measurement in other mammals.	1978	734250
cerebrospinal parelaphostronglylosis in llamas.	four of 11 llamas (lama guanicoe) from a ranch near houston, texas developed clinical signs of a neurologic disease. tissues from 2 of the 4 llamas were submitted for microscopic examination. lesions in the central nervous system of both llamas appeared to have been caused by a migrating parasite. an adult nematode having morphologic features of the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) was found in the brain of one llama. the findings suggest that the neurologic disease in the llamas were ...	1978	739583
o2 transport in the alpaca (lama pacos) at sea level and at 3,300 m.	five male alpacas native to high altitude, of approximately 40 kg, were studied first at 3,300 m and again after a 3-month sojourn at sea level. measurements were made with the animals standing, unsedated and breathing air. cardiac output was measured by the dye dilution technique. blood gas tensions and contents were measured in arterial and mixed venous blood. blood samples were also equilibrated with different oxygen tensions to construct o2-hb dissociation curves. the p50 was 17.8 and 19.7 t ...	1976	785566
[the sequence of alpha-chains from pig and llama hemoglobins (aspects on the respiration in highlands) (author's transl)].	the primary structure of the alpha-chains from pig (suidae) and llama (lama lama, camelidae) hemoglobins is given. they differ in the exchange of 22 and 25 amino acid residues, respectively, compared to human alpha-chains. some aspects and the physiological significance of these results are discussed.	1977	852824
[regulation of respiration at high altitudes and its molecular interpretation: the sequence of beta-chains of hemoglobins from pig and llama (author's transl)].	the primary structures of the beta-chains from pig (suidae) and llama (lama glama, camelidae) hemoglobins are given. they differ from human beta-chains in the exchange of 22 and 23 amino acid residues, respectively. some aspects of the sequences are discussed and the molecular interpretation of respiration at high altitudes is given. this interpretation is based on the exchange of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate contact beta2his leads to asn from man to llama: the interaction between the heterotropic ...	1977	892715
somatic sensory cortex of llama (lama glama).	the somatic sensory cortex (si and sii) was mapped in llamas using microelectrode mapping methods developed earlier in a study of si of the slow loris. projections to si from the llama's prehensile browsing lips were differentially enlarged when compared to those reported for sheep. in llama, sii was reversed in its mediolatreal pattern from that reported for sii in most other mammals. fissural landmarks reliably demarcated different projections within si, between si and sii and between si or si ...	1976	990910
clara cells in the llama.	a study was made by light and electron microscopy of the clara cells of two llamas born and bred at an altitude of 4,720 m in the peruvian andes. the clara cells were numerous and prominent with big apical caps, many of which had been extruded into the terminal bronchioles. on electron microscopy the caps were found to contain vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. previous studies have shown this to contain dipalmitoyl lecithin, a known pulmonary surfactant. acute exposure to a simulated altitude of ...	1976	1001601
an account of the longitudinal mucosal corrugations of the human tracheo-bronchial tree, with observations on those of some animals.	a description is given of the distribution of the longitudinal mucosal corrugations in the human tracheo-bronchial tree. it has been shown that they are made up of elastic tissue in a collagen matrix, and that the elastic fibres continue into the smallest bronchioles beyond where the corrugations are no longer visible. an examination has also been made of the tracheo-bronchial trees of the hen, rat, raccoon, pig, sheep, llama and tiger. corrugations are present in all these animals, except the h ...	1976	1010796
the musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus, rafinesque, 1832).	the musculature of the hip and thigh of the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is illustrated and described with emphasis on origins and insertions of individual muscles. published works on the myology of domestic bovidae (bos taurus; ovis aries; capra hircus), camelidae (camelus bactrianus; lama glama) and cervidae (cervus nannodes-canadensis) have been used for comparisons of individual muscles. the musculature of the hip and thigh of odocoileus is substantially similar to that of othe ...	1975	1200389
apparent retrovirus-induced immunosuppression in a yearling llama.	immunosuppression suspected to be associated with retrovirus infection was diagnosed in an 18-month-old female llama. the llama had a 6-month history of weight loss, intermittent lameness, and infections that were nonresponsive to treatment. serial cbc indicated persistent nonregenerative anemia and leukopenia characterized by absolute neutropenia and lymphopenia. functional hypoplasia of myeloid and erythroid cell lines was detected in serial bone marrow biopsy specimens. notable pathologic fin ...	1992	1312520
[the feeding of new world camelids. practical information for the feeding of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos)].		1992	1329266
maintenance energy requirement of llamas.	five castrated male llamas (mean body weight, 94 kg) were studied in an energy balance trial to determine maintenance energy requirement of llamas. llamas were fed a 50% oat hay-50% pelleted concentrate diet (2.43 mcal of metabolizable energy/kg of diet dry matter) at approximately 1.6% of body weight (bw). an 8-day total collection digestion trial was used to determine fecal and urine energy losses. heat production and methane emissions were determined via indirect respiration calorimetry measu ...	1992	1329588
experimental infections of eimeria alpacae and eimeria punoensis in llamas (lama glama).	four llamas (lama glama) ranging in age from 1.5 yr to 7 yr each were inoculated orally with 10,000 (n = 2) or 50,000 (n = 2) sporulated oocysts of eimeria alpacae (25%) and eimeria punoensis (75%). the prepatent period for e. aplacae was 16-18 days, and it was 10 days for e. punoensis. patent periods for e. alpacae and e. punoensis were approximately 9 days and 24 days, respectively. although large numbers of oocysts were present in feces, no clinical sign of coccidiosis was observed. based on ...	1992	1403436
hematologic features of iron deficiency anemia in llamas.	iron deficiency anemia was identified and characterized in three 14 to 29-month-old male llamas (llama nos. 1-3) from separate herds in colorado. the identification of iron deficiency anemia was based on hypoferremia (serum iron = 20-60 micrograms/dl), erythrocytic features, and hematologic response to iron therapy. the anemia was moderate and nonregenerative and characterized by erythrocyte hypochromia, microcytosis (mean cell volume = 15-18 fl), and decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concen ...	1992	1413407
characterization of erythrocytic indices and serum iron values in healthy llamas.	an electronic particle counter with attached particle-size analyzer was configured to directly determine concentration, mean cell volume, and volume distribution of erythrocytes in llama blood. blood from 38 healthy llamas was used to characterize erythrocytic measurements and serum iron values for this species. volume distribution curves for llama erythrocytes were similar in shape to those of other species. these curves had a unimodal, symmetric shape with a tail skewed to the right. reference ...	1992	1456519
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in llamas (lama glama) in the northwest usa.	serum samples from 283 llamas (lama glama) from oregon, washington state and idaho were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii using the modified agglutination test. antibodies were found in 95 (33.5%) llamas. percent seropositivity in serum dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, 1:500, and 1:5000 was 9.5%, 18.3%, 4.9%, and 0.7%, respectively.	1992	1466137
cross-reactivity between a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen on bovine lymphosarcoma cells and blood lymphocytes from various mammalian species.	tumor-associated antigens that are expressed in lymphosarcoma b cells of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis had been analyzed in terms of their reactivity with 13 monoclonal antibodies (mab). by use of flow cytometry and radioimmunoprecipitation, 1 of the mab (c143) that recognized a tumor-associated antigen cross-reacted with blood lymphocytes (bl) from various mammalian species. by use of flow cytometry, the c143 mab reacted with 10 to 49% of bl derived from human beings, mice, dogs, horses, ...	1992	1466490
characterization of an anaerobic fungus from llama faeces.	an anaerobic fungus was isolated from llama faeces. based on its morphological characteristics, polyflagellated zoospores, extensive rhizoid system and the formation of monocentric colonies, the fungus is assigned to the genus neocallimastix. neocallimastix sp. l2 is able to grow on several poly-, oligo- and monosaccharides. it differs from other neocallimastix isolates in its inability to ferment inulin. neocallimastix sp. l2 requires co2 for growth. in the presence of 100% co2 in the gas phase ...	1992	1479350
[comparative histological study of the reproductive system of the female llama (lama guanicoe glama). i. ovary].	in the present study a cytological, histological and morphometrical comparison between the ovaries of the llama, the cow and the sheep is presented, at two phases of the ovarian cycle. there were found differences in the amount of primordial and primary follicles, the size of secondary follicles and follicular cells, and type and distribution of the connective tissue inside the stroma of the ovary. it would be necessary to study the fine structure of the ovary and the so-called "embryological re ...	1992	1489107
fungal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac.	swab specimens for fungal isolation were collected from the healthy conjunctival sacs of 3 species of captive camelids (lama glama, l guanicoe, l pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids. fungi were collected from over half the animals in winter (53%) and summer (56%). fungal species of 10 genera were isolated. in both seasons, aspergillus was the most commonly isolated genus; at least 9 species of aspergillus were found. the fungal organisms isolated were similar to those found in healthy eyes of other ...	1992	1524286
host influence on the banding profiles of whole-body protein and excretory-secretory product of fasciola hepatica (trematoda) by isoelectric focusing.	various protein separation techniques have been used as alternative means of differentiating species and strains of parasites. of these techniques, isoelectric focusing (ief) has proved to be specific and reproducible with cestodes, protozoa and trematodes. as with the traditional morphological approach, there is, however, the potential for host influence. for a particular separation technique to be useful, it is important that banding profiles differentiating parasites be consistent, regardless ...	1992	1561762
entomophthoramycosis conidiobolae in a llama.	a 9-year-old female llama was evaluated for chronic dermatosis involving the external nares. the condition had been diagnosed as a fungal infection. examination of punch biopsy specimens confirmed the diagnosis of conidiobolus coronatus. because of the chronicity of the disease and history of ineffective drug treatment, excision of infected tissue was attempted. permanent nasal openings were created by suturing the nasal mucosa to the skin after debulking of infected tissue. excision of most of ...	1992	1577653
atracurium as an adjunct to halothane-oxygen anesthesia in a llama undergoing intraocular surgery. a case report.	atracurium (0.2 mg/kg intravenously [iv]) was administered to a llama anesthetized with halothane in oxygen, to insure immobilization of the globe during intraocular surgery. recovery of neuromuscular function was facilitated by administration of edrophonium (0.5 mg/kg iv).	1992	1580061
morphometric evaluation of growth in llamas (lama glama) from birth to maturity.	normal growth characteristics of llamas (lama glama) were evaluated from conception until 1 week after parturition in pregnant females (study 1) and from 1 month after birth to maturity (study 2). in study 1, pregnant multiparous llamas (n = 10) were measured at monthly intervals from conception until 1 week after parturition; in study 2, llamas (n = 270) were measured once. body weight of pregnant llamas (study 1) did not increase significantly until after the eighth month of pregnancy. llamas ...	1992	1607314
ultrasonography as an aid to controlled breeding in the llama (lama glama).	an ultrasonic linear array scanner with a transrectal probe was used to observe ovarian and uterine changes associated with the reproductive cycle in llamas. 'waves' of follicular development and regression occurred in unstimulated females, during which the dominant follicle reached a maximum size of 9 to 13 mm; both ovaries were equally active. ovulation was induced by mating in 80 per cent of cases, and when mating was accompanied by the administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin the ovul ...	1992	1609477
arthrodesis for congenital flexural deformity of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints.	a llama, a miniature horse, and a miniature donkey with severe bilateral congenital flexural deformities of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints were treated successfully by arthrodesis with dynamic compression plating or external skeletal fixation. the flexor tendons were more taut than the suspensory ligaments and were transected. in the llama, the suspensory ligament was transected, and overcorrection caused ischemic necrosis of one distal limb and subluxation of the other f ...	1992	1626399
economic benefits of controlling internal and external parasites in south american camelids.	a trial was carried out in alpacas (lama pacos) and llamas (lama glama) to determine the economic benefits of controlling both external and internal parasites by the use of ivermectin ("ivomec," merck sharp & dohme). after four months the treated male alpacas gained on average 3.1 kg more than the untreated males, and their fleece weighed 0.36 kg more. the treated female alpacas gained 1.9 kg more than the controls, but their fleece weighed 0.03 kg less. this treatment gave a net financial benef ...	1992	1626890
experimental equine herpesvirus-1 infection in llamas (lama glama).	three llamas (lama glama) were experimentally infected intranasally with an isolate of equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) from the brain of an alpaca that had experienced severe neurologic signs. two of the 3 llamas developed severe neurologic disorders following inoculation; 1 died, and 1 was euthanized in a moribund state. the third llama showed only mild neurologic signs. the euthanized llama had preexisting antibodies to ehv-1, and the remaining 2 llamas were seronegative (virus neutralization tit ...	1991	1654133
association of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in a llama with bronchopneumonia.		1991	1655063
psoroptes sp. in two llamas (lama glama) in washington.	psoroptes sp. mites were isolated from two llamas (lama glama), a 4-mo-old male and its dam, in washington. mites were restricted to the ears and were responsible for head-shaking and incoordination. infestations were treated successfully with a subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 0.2 mg/kg of body weight and with 2 drops of ivermectin diluted in saline given topically in each ear. this is the first known report of psoroptes sp. in llamas in the united states.	1992	1738060
exploring llama reproduction.		1991	1748619
bilateral wedge ostectomy on an 18-month-old llama with severe bilateral carpal valgus.	an 18-month-old llama was admitted with severe (45 degrees and 40 degrees) bilateral carpal valgus. the llama had grown normally until it was 6 months old, when the carpal deviations had commenced. radiography revealed abnormalities at the distal ulnar physes. premature closure of these physes or abnormal distal ulnar growth may have been the cause of the carpal valgus. the owners requested surgical correction of the condition. medial wedge osteotomies of each radius were performed 3 weeks apart ...	1991	1752769
coccidia of the llama, lama glama, in colorado and wyoming.	fecal samples were collected from 144 llamas, lama glama, on four premises in northern colorado and southern wyoming. feces were examined for the presence of coccidial oocysts; eimeria alpacae was found in 55.6%, eimeria lamae in 67.3% and eimeria macusaniensis in 1.4% of the samples. an adult female llama was found to be infected with eimeria macusaniensis at necropsy. this is the first report of these species of coccidia in the llama.	1991	1763488
bacterial and mycoplasmal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac.	healthy conjunctival sacs of 88 animals of 3 species of captive camelids (lama glama, lama guanicoe, lama pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids were sampled for bacterial and mycoplasmal flora. mycoplasmas were not isolated from any animal. eleven genera of bacteria were isolated. the most frequent isolates were staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas spp. nine varieties of pseudomonas were found, which represented at least 3 pseudomonas species. many of the bacterial isolates (especially the pseu ...	1991	1892259
encephalitic listeriosis in two adult llamas (lama glama): clinical presentations, lesions and immunofluorescence of listeria monocytogenes in brainstem lesions.	encephalitic listeriosis was diagnosed in 2 adult llamas. both had a multifocal suppurative encephalitis with mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic perivascular infiltrates. listeria monocytogenes was cultured from the brain stem of 1 llama using cold enrichment techniques; the other llama was culture negative. formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded sections of brainstem lesions from both affected animals were labeled with a fluorescein-conjugated, anti-l. monocytogenes antibody. using this technique ...	1991	1908758
otitis media/interna and suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis associated with listeria monocytogenes infection in a llama.	listeria monocytogenes was found to be the cause of fatal suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in a 3.5-month-old cria. the cria initially had clinical signs of unilateral peripheral vestibular disease, but on the following day, the cria developed progressive signs of encephalitis. treatment with antibiotics, flunixin meglumine, and anticonvulsant drugs failed to stop progression of the disease, and the cria was euthanatized. post-mortem examination revealed otitis media-interna and diffuse supp ...	1991	1909695
actinobacillus suis-like organisms and evidence of hemolytic strains of actinobacillus lignieresii in horses.	thirty-seven local isolates of actinobacillus suis-like organisms from diseased and clinically normal horses and 1 llama were compared with reference strains of a suis, a lignieresii, a equuli, a capsulatus, a hominis, a (pasteurella) ureae, and equine a suis-like organisms (aslo) previously described in literature. comparison was by cultural characteristics, carbohydrate fermentation, enzyme profiles, and whole-cell protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. carbohydrate fermentation, determin ...	1991	1928905
surgical treatment of uterine torsion in a llama (lama glama).	a multiparous llama was presented because of failure to proceed into the second stage of labor. clockwise uterine torsion and a live fetus were identified by rectal and vaginal examinations. a cesarean operation was elected because of the prolonged first stage of labor and lack of cervical dilatation. anesthesia was induced with a 10% guaifenesin solution administered intravenously via a pressurized pump followed by intubation and maintenance with 2% halothane. a ventral midline surgical approac ...	1991	1954745
foot-and-mouth disease virus in the llama (lama glama): diagnosis, transmission, and susceptibility.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was shown to be transmitted from either cattle to llamas, llamas to swine (interspecies), or llamas to llamas (intraspecies). response to fmdv varied greatly in the 6 llamas studied; 3 llamas developed generalized clinical disease with mild pyrexia, 2 after intradermolingual inoculation, and 1 after exposure to a calf infected with fmdv serotype a24. another contact llama developed vesicular lesions on all 4 extremities but no oral lesions. two contact llamas, ...	1990	1965585
redescription of trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930, from llamas (lama glama) in oregon with a key to the species of trichuris present in north american ruminants.	whipworms collected from llamas (lama glama) in oregon were identified as trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930. a redescription, based on the specimens collected from llamas and examination of the paratypes, is presented. the unique form of the cloaca in t. tenuis separates males of this species from all other species of trichuris known to occur in ruminants. among species of trichuris for which adequate descriptions of the female exist, t. tenuis can be distinguished using an array of characters inc ...	1991	1992097
erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas.	a syndrome characterized by anemia, erythrocyte dyscrasia, low body weight, and hypothyroidism was observed in 8 llamas (lama glama). at initial examination (1 to 23 months of age; median, 7.5 months), llamas (3 males, 5 females) were markedly underweight (29 to 55 kg; median, 36 kg) and anemic (pcv, 12.9 to 25.5% [median, 19%]). five of the llamas became progressively more anemic over time; in 2 of them, pcv decreased to less than 10%. erythrocyte changes included severe poikilocytosis, anisocy ...	1991	1995584
inguinal hernial repair in a llama (lama guanicoe).		1991	2063538
total parenteral nutrition in a neonatal llama.	total parenteral nutrition reversed cachexia, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities in a neonatal llama suffering from prolonged diarrhea. complications were not observed during the 8 days that iv-administered fluids and nutritional support were provided.	1990	2105288
rabies in a llama--oklahoma.		1990	2107384
ovarian follicular dynamics in the llama.	ovarian follicular dynamics were determined in adult llamas by ultrasonography and palpation per rectum and hormone analysis (estradiol-17 beta and estrogen conjugates) of plasma and urine. the relationship of gonadotropin secretion to follicular development was determined by the analysis of plasma fsh and lh concentrations. progesterone analysis of plasma was used to verify or deny the presence of cl. final follicular development (from 3 mm) averaged 4.8 days, while the duration of the mature f ...	1990	2126962
congenital ichthyosis in a llama.	a 1-month-old male cria was examined because of diffuse hyperkeratosis and conjunctivitis that had existed since birth. the mucocutaneous junction of the nostrils as well as the neck, coronary bands, and axillary and inguinal regions were the most severely affected areas. orthokeratosis involving the epidermis and follicular infundibula was observed on skin biopsy specimens. electron microscopy revealed 4 to 6 granular layers and inter- and intracellular vacuolation in the stratum corneum; diagn ...	1990	2211332
primary structure and oxygen-binding properties of the hemoglobin from guanaco (lama guanacoë, tylopoda).	the primary structure of the hemoglobin from guanaco (lama guanacoë, tylopoda) is presented. it could be separated into the chains by cm-cellulose chromatography. the sequences have been determined by automatic edman degradation with the film technique or gas phase method, using the native chains and the tryptic peptides of the oxidized chains as well as a fragment obtained by acid hydrolysis. guanaco hemoglobin has identical alpha-chains with alpaca and identical beta-chains with all lama speci ...	1990	2222863
rabies in a llama.		1990	2248879
effects of lactational and reproductive status on ovarian follicular waves in llamas (lama glama).	the effects of lactational status and reproductive status on patterns of follicle growth and regression were studied in 41 llamas. animals were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography for at least 30 days. the presence or absence of a corpus luteum and the diameter of the largest and second largest follicle in each ovary were recorded. llamas were categorized as lactating (n = 16) or non-lactating (n = 25) and randomly allotted to the following groups (reproductive status): (1) unmated (an ...	1990	2250251
direct identification and characterization of llama (lama glama l.) whey proteins by microsequencing after western blotting.	amino acid sequence determination is the most reliable and powerful tool to identify a protein or to classify a new one by comparison of its primary structure with already known sequences. a rapid and simple purification procedure is an essential pre-requisite for routine sequence determination. structural characterization of llama whey proteins was undertaken for evolutionary as well as economic purposes. n-terminal sequence analyses directly on an immobilon polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) mem ...	1990	2280056
the lamina propria of vertebrate seminiferous tubules: a comparative light and electron microscopic investigation.	the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules was compared by means of light and electron microscopy in specimens obtained from the following vertebrates: mute swan, northern mallard, blackbird, grey short-tailed opossum, north american opossum, european rabbit, mouse, rat, golden hamster, mini pig, bull, llama, roebuck, horse, coati, cat, dog, java monkey, orang utan. the lamina propria consists of basal lamina, ground substance, collagen fibers, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. myofibroblasts ...	1990	2281881
multiple nonlethal congenital anomalies in a llama.	whereas numerous congenital anomalies in south american camelids have been reported, multiple anomalies are uncommon. a young llama evaluated for bilateral hind limb lameness was found to have cranially rotated tibial tarsal bones as well as bilateral carpus and tarsus valgus and a ventricular septal defect. these anomalies were likely hereditary, and llamas so affected should not be bred.	1990	2303388
from the centers for disease control. rabies in a llama--oklahoma.		1990	2319679
endocrine changes during pregnancy, parturition and the early post-partum period in the llama (lama glama).	mean (+/- s.d.) pregnancy length for the 14 llamas in this study was 350 +/- 4.5 days. plasma progesterone concentrations increased by 5 days after mating and remained elevated (greater than 2.0 ng/ml) throughout most of pregnancy. at about 2 weeks before parturition, plasma progesterone concentrations began to decline, dropped markedly during the final 24 h before parturition, and returned to basal concentrations (less than 0.5 ng/ml) by the day of parturition. the combined oestrone + oestradio ...	1990	2325017
aspects of veterinary hemapheresis involving the horse, cow, sheep, goat, llama, dog and chimpanzee.		1990	2352998
gemistocytic astrocytoma in a one-month-old llama.	a tumor involving the caudal portion of the brainstem was detected at necropsy after euthanasia of a 1-month-old llama with clinical signs consistent with vestibular disease. gemistocytic astrocytoma of the medullary mass was the histopathologic diagnosis. regardless of age, neoplasia should be included in differential diagnosis in animals with signs referable to the cns.	1990	2365629
fetal membranes and ancillary structures of llamas (lama glama).	the placenta of llamas is epitheliochorial, with patchy areas of dense folded papillation serving as the placentome. the amnion of the full-term placenta is closely adhered to either the allantois or the chorion and remains with these structures at the time of parturition. llamas and alpacas, like dromedaries, have an extra fetal membrane that is derived from the epidermis of the fetus. in association with the watery amniotic fluid of llamas, the epidermal membrane is slippery, facilitating deli ...	1990	2396800
suspected chlorpyrifos toxicosis in a llama, and plasma pseudocholinesterase activity in llamas given chlorpyrifos.	five days after treatment with chlorpyrifos, a 1.5-year-old male llama was unable to stand, had saliva flowing from its mouth, and had constricted pupils, hyperglycemia, a metabolic acidosis, and a plasma pseudocholinesterase activity of 111 iu/l. mean (+/- 1 sd) plasma pseudocholinesterase activity of 29 healthy llamas was 233.76 +/- 51.55 iu/l. five to 8 days after topical application of chlorpyrifos (25 mg/kg of body weight) to 3 healthy llamas, the pseudocholinesterase activity decreased to ...	1986	2464570
ag-nor staining and in situ hybridization of rdna in the chromosomes of the south american camelids.	the location and frequency of ag-stained nors and sites of rdna hybridization were studied in the chromosomes of the south american camelids. in the four camelids these regions occur distally on chromosomes 18, 21, and 27 and the smallest biarmed elements. quantitative analysis of nor distribution showed variations between both cells and species. in llama, guanaco and alpaca the nors number averaged 6 per cell, this being higher than in vicuña where the average was 3. relative frequencies of nor ...	1989	2482825
urethral obstruction in a male llama.	an 8-year-old sexually intact male llama was euthanatized because of obstruction of the penile portion of the urethra and rupture of the urinary bladder. clinical signs of obstruction included anorexia, lethargy, teeth grinding, straining to defecate, inability to urinate, and tense abdomen. laboratory findings included anemia, leukocytosis with left shift, high serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations, and low serum chloride concentration. necropsy revealed ruptured urinar ...	1989	2599947
reference ranges for hematologic and serum biochemical values in llamas (lama glama).	hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in 174 llamas of all age groups and both sexes from ranches in california and nevada. compared with hematologic values for horses and cattle, llama erythrocytes were more numerous (10.1 to 17.3 x 10(6)/microliters), but the pcv was lower (25 to 45%) because the smaller elliptical cells pack tighter. the mean corpuscular volume was half that of horses and cattle (22 to 29.5 fl). the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (38.9 ...	1989	2610431
plasma progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant llamas (lama glama)	female llamas ovulate in response to copulation, and progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum indicates recent ovulation (mating) and, or, pregnancy. the plasma progesterone concentration was 0.9 to 1.4 ng/ml in five non-pregnant llamas and 7.4 to 9.2 ng/ml in three llamas in the last month of pregnancy. after ovulation had been induced in nine of 10 llamas by a single intramuscular injection of 500 or 750 iu of human chorionic gonadotrophin, the plasma progesterone concentration increased af ...	1989	2617805
growth characteristics of the llama (lama glama) from birth to 12 months old.	this study has characterised the growth patterns of the llama (lama glama) from birth to 12 months old. bodyweight growth was described as a function of age. as a means of predicting bodyweight, equations were developed which correlated bodyweight with specific body measurements. regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation of logtransformed measurements of thoracic circumference and height with bodyweight. thoracic circumference (measured in cm) was a good predictor of bodyweight ...	1989	2617815
clinical reference values for serum protein electrophoresis for the llama (lama glama).	serum protein electrophoresis was performed on 71 clinically healthy juvenile and adult llamas (6 juvenile males, 7 juvenile females, 25 adult males, 13 adult females, and 20 pregnant females) to determine normal serum protein concentrations. values were reported for each of the 5 groups because the groups were not homogeneous in all 8 peaks. although the values reported here may serve as reference values for adults, they represent only a guideline for the juveniles because of the limited number ...	1989	2619119
llama reproduction.	the reproductive anatomy, physiology, and breeding behavior of the llama is unique enough to make familiarity with it imperative. female puberty averages 12 months, while many males are not reproductively functional until after 3 years. proper management of a breeding pair or herd is necessary to maintain maximum reproductive performance. proof of pregnancy is suggested by rejection of the male and may/should be confirmed by progesterone assay, rectal palpation, or ultrasound techniques. the pos ...	1989	2647232
llama dermatology.	as llamas become more common in north america, veterinarians will be called on ever more frequently to deal with their dermatologic problems. adherence to the basic tenets of the thorough dermatologic work up, including history, physical examination, skin scrapings, cytological examinations, fungal culture, skin biopsies, and assessing response to judiciously chosen trial therapies will offer the best opportunity of arriving at proper diagnoses. special attention must be paid to the fact that ll ...	1989	2647233
llama medicine. conformation and soundness.	conformational problems tend to be common in llamas and alpacas. without setting a standard, basic conformation can still be evaluated by comparing with equine conformation, especially in terms of straightness of limbs. good conformation should evoke a sense of balance in the observer. conformation faults predispose to unsoundness.	1989	2647234
parasitism in llamas.	llamas in north america are infected with a number of helminth parasites, including: gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworms, meningeal worms, tapeworms, and flukes. most of these helminths can be treated with the anthelmintic currently used to treat cattle and sheep. at least two protozoan parasites, coccidia and toxoplasma, have been reported in the llamas in north america. coccidia can be controlled with the anticoccidial drugs used to control these organisms in other domestic animals. toxoplas ...	1989	2647235
llama herd health.	herd health programs for llama owners offer veterinarians the opportunity to provide preventive care to an expanding market. some aspects of llama herd health programs are unique but should be based on herd health principles used for other livestock species. vaccinations, parasite control, nutritional consultation and reproductive examinations, coupled with feet and teeth care, are some areas to cover in herd health programs. each herd will have slightly different requirements and the program sh ...	1989	2647236
llama medicine. physical examination, restraint and handling.	llamas are generally docile, easily handled domestic animals. special chutes have been designed for safe, efficient restraint for examination and diagnostic procedures, most of which are commonly performed on other species. anatomic differences make some of these procedures unique to the llama.	1989	2647237
llama medicine. nutrition.	the nwc are capable of assimilating a much lower plane of nutrition than we are accustomed to offer conventional domestic herbivores. their unique gastric anatomy and physiology no doubt contribute to this apparent superiority, which is most evident when compared with sheep under lesser planes of nutrition. llamas tend to be "cafeteria style" eaters, with some preference being given to taller, coarser forages. absolute maintenance requirements for caloric, protein, fiber, and mineral content of ...	1989	2647238
clinical pathology of llamas.	examination of the diseased llama often relies on clinical laboratory information to supplement that from the physical examination and history. because of the llama's only recent importance as a companion animal, little information is available on the analysis and interpretation of clinical laboratory parameters in this species. llamas possess red blood cells with a unique shape, small size, and high hemoglobin content. the hemoglobin has a high oxygen affinity, which helps the animal adapt to h ...	1989	2647239
llama anesthetic programs.	llamas are anesthetized conveniently with guaifenesin thiamylal mixes, or, for short periods of time, with xylazine/ketamine. small individuals must be accurately weighed. estimating weight without experience is dangerous in this species. the greatest levels of safety and control, especially for critical patients, is afforded by inhalation anesthesia techniques using small animal equipment. all neonates and juveniles can be masked readily but in adults intravenous induction is most satisfactory. ...	1989	2647240
surgical conditions in the llama.	various surgical conditions of llamas are discussed, based on the author's experience, that of colleagues at colorado state university veterinary teaching hospital, and what little information is available in the literature. some surgery is described for the correction of congenital abnormalities, some of which may be inherited. sterilization of affected animals should be performed to prevent further occurrence of such defects. many of the surgical techniques used in llamas are adaptations of me ...	1989	2647241
anesthesia in the llama.	anesthesia for llamas is similar to other domestic species, although adjustments in technique are required to allow for species variations. xylazine (0.4-0.6 mg/kg) is well tolerated for sedation. the thiobarbiturates (8-10 mg/kg), ketamine (2.5-5.0 mg/kg), or combinations of guaifenesin and thiobarbiturates or guaifenesin and ketamine (to effect) can be used for induction of anesthesia. in juvenile or debilitated animals, anesthesia can be induced with halothane or isoflurane administered by ma ...	1989	2683353
determination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone residues in rodent and canine liver.	a method to determine residue concentrations of anti-coagulant rodenticides, brodifacoum (bf) and bromadiolone (bd) in liver was developed, using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. nine dogs were given 1.1 mg of bf/kg of body weight, po, in polyethylene glycol 400, one time. rats were fed bf or bd (via commercial baits) in amounts from 0.28 to 11.25 mg/kg over 1- to 4-day periods. fresh liver samples were collected at necropsy from all rats and 3 dogs, ground with na2so4, and extracted with c ...	1989	2712421
cardiorespiratory functions in the fetal llama.	factors which allow the adaptation of adult llamas to oxygen limitation include principally: low p50, small elliptical red cells with high hemoglobin concentration, high muscle myoglobin concentration, high capillary density and a more efficient o2 extraction at tissue levels. the fetal llama is known to have blood with a low p50 but it is not known whether it has further cardiorespiratory adaptations which could allow it to cope with a low oxygen milieu. to investigate this, we have measured fe ...	1989	2717820
bilateral chorioretinitis, centripetal optic neuritis, and encephalitis in a llama.	blindness characterized by dilated, unresponsive pupils and ophthalmoscopic evidence of optic nerve atrophy and retinal degeneration developed in a 5-year-old llama. lesions were not progressive during 2 months of observation. the llama was euthanatized and necropsied. histopathologic findings included chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, and encephalitis characterized by mononuclear perivascular infiltration. attempts to prove an infectious cause were unsuccessful.	1989	2722665
repair of fracture of the proximal portion of the radius and ulna in a llama.	repair of a comminuted fracture of the proximal portion of the radius and ulna in a 4-month-old llama was achieved by use of internal fixation. an 8-hole narrow dynamic compression plate was applied to the lateral aspect of the radius and a 7-hole narrow dynamic compression plate was applied to the cranial aspect of the radius. one year after surgery, the llama had a normal gait and the cosmetic appearance of the limb was excellent.	1989	2722666
subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy in aged domestic, laboratory, and exotic mammalian species--a light and selected electron microscopic study.	lumbar polyradiculopathy, characterized by ballooning myelin sheaths and axonal distortion, was documented in multiple, aged, domestic, laboratory, and exotic mammalian species. animals studied that exhibited this nerve rootlet change included the goat, sheep, pig, white-tailed deer, gerbil, vole, ferret, beaver, hedgehog, chinchilla, north chinese leopard, lion, cheetah, mountain lion, llama, east african eland, uganda giraffe, polar bear, and drill. ultrastructurally, lumbar nerve rootlets fro ...	1989	2766747
electrocardiogram studies in llamas.	electrocardiograms (ecg) of 3 captive llamas (lama glama) were recorded by a telemeter at a farm in japan. the pattern of the ecgs was similar to the ruminant pattern in the ab lead position. qrs and t-waves were discordant in polarity except in one llama, where the polarity of the t wave changed according to the hr. in the quiet state, the hr varied between 60-80/min depending on the nervousness of the llama. after running and after being held, the hr increased to more than 100/min. during the ...	1989	2779059
evaluation of normal triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine concentrations in llamas (lama glama).	basal serum triiodothyronine (t3) and tetraiodothyronine (t4) concentrations have not been established for the llama (lama glama). in addition, changes in t3 and t4 concentrations in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) administration have not been determined, making clinical evaluation of problems referable to thyroid dysfunction difficult. in study 1, basal t3 and t4 concentrations were determined in serum samples collected from 132 clinically healthy llamas. the llamas were allotted ...	1989	2782704
immune response of the llama (lama glama) to tetanus toxoid vaccination.	an elisa was developed to measure serum concentrations of tetanus toxoid-specific immunoglobulins. the titers obtained with this assay were compatible with those obtained by the standard mouse toxin-neutralization test. serum samples from 123 llamas were analyzed for elisa titers to tetanus toxoid. of the 82 vaccinated adults, 75 (91%) had titers greater than or equal to 1:50. the vaccination status and titers of weanlings and juveniles (3 to 12 months old) varied; of the 21 vaccinated, 17 (81%) ...	1989	2782711
the llama industry in the united states.	this chapter provides an overview of the llama in the united states. it covers the animal and its history, the people who own llamas, and the business that is developing around them and describes the industry's needs from the veterinary profession in terms of health care.	1989	2784344
llama medicine.		1989	2784345
llama medicine. obstetrics, neonatal care, and congenital conditions.	obstetrical care of the llama is very similar to other food animal and equine obstetrics. understanding the few unique llama characteristics such as birthing from a standing position, no licking of the neonate by the mother, and the epidermal membrane covering the newborn, help give confidence when treating llamas. dystocia is rare in the llama but when veterinary assistance is required, understanding the shape of the female pelvis aids in manipulations. llama neonatal care is minimal for the he ...	1989	2784346
an epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus i in a herd of alpacas and llamas.	blindness characterized by dilated unresponsive pupils and funduscopic evidence of varying degrees of vitritis, retinal vasculitis, retinitis, chorioretinitis, and optic neuritis developed in 21 alpacas and 1 llama within a 30-day period. the animals were part of a group of approximately 100 animals imported from chile one year earlier. the animals had spent 6 months in quarantine and then, for the 6 months preceding the epizootic, were housed at an exotic animal import-export farm, where the di ...	1988	2835346
reversal of xylazine-induced sedation in llamas, using doxapram or 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine.	for each of 3 separate evaluations, 6 fasted llamas (lama glama) were sedated with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and then 15 minutes later were given normal saline solution (5.0 ml, iv; control values), doxapram (2.2 mg/kg, iv), or 4-amino-pyridine (0.3 mg/kg, iv) and yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg, iv). after administration of 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine, the llamas stood in a mean of 11 minutes and resumed eating in a mean of 34 minutes; both means were significantly less (p less than 0.05 ...	1986	2851570
the oxygen affinity of mammalian hemoglobins in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in relation to body weight.	we studied the oxygenation of mammalian hemoglobins: mouse (mus musculus molossinus), rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus), japanese monkey (macaca fuscata), man (homo sapiens), sheep (ovis aries), llama (lama glama), pig (sus scrofa domesticus), cow (bos taurus domesticus) and horse (equus caballus), in the absence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (dpg) and compared their oxygen affinity in relation to the body weight. the negative correlation between body weight and the oxygen affinity of the wh ...	1985	2866879
retention of fluid and particles in the digestive tract of the llama (lama guanacoe f. glama).	the retention times of fluid and particles of different lengths were measured in the digestive tract of the llama. peg was used as a fluid marker; hay particles were labelled with cerium or samarium and the samples were determined by neutron activation analysis. in compartments 1 and 2 the retention time of fluid (9.7 hr) was significantly shorter than that of particles having a length of 0.2-1.0 cm (19.2 hr) and 2.5-4.0 cm (25.0 hr). in the intestine slightly significant differences in the rete ...	1986	2870861
alternative site for the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in the llama (llama glama).		1989	2916298
surgical correction of congenital medial patellar luxation in a llama.	unilateral congenital medial patellar luxation in a young llama was corrected by medial joint capsule release, tibial crest transposition, trochleoplasty, and lateral joint capsule imbrication. the techniques used were the same as described in the dog. one year after surgery, the llama was not lame, but had a valgus deformity originating at the stifle, most likely caused by lateral femoral condyle hypoplasia.	1989	2921207
vaccination-related anthrax in three llamas.	two llama calves died 3 days after inoculation with anthrax vaccine. concurrent administration of ivermectin and other biologics may have enhanced the infectivity of the sterne strain vaccine of bacillus anthracis. this experience suggests that the sterne strain of anthrax vaccine can induce fatal disease when given to young llamas and should be used only with extreme care and in face of strong "at risk" situations.	1987	3119528
prevalence of eimeria spp. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in oregon llamas.	eimeria alpacae, e. punoensis, e. lamae, and e. macusaniensis were identified in fecal samples from 189 llama (lama glama (l.] adults and 50 llama crias (animals less than one year of age of any species in the genus lama) from central and western oregon. in both adults and crias, e. alpacae was the most common species found. the least common was e. macusaniensis, which was found in only two adults. overall prevalence and numbers of animals with mixed infections was approximately twice as high in ...	1988	3183993