Publications

the ovoimplantation of microcebus murinus miller. (primates, lemoruoidea, strepsirhini).	the process of nidation of microcebus murinus may be subdivided into several stages (preadhesion, apposition, attachment and invasion), as is indicated for protracted phases of preimplantation. not until the apposition stage does the inner cell mass orient itself orthomesometrially, while concurrently a nidation plaque develops in the abembryonal trophoblast that overlies and resorbs the coalescent glands. during the subsequent adhesion stage, the paraembryonal, bilaminar omphalochorion becomes ...	2001	98036
amino acid sequences of the alpha and beta chains of adult hemoglobin of the slender loris, loris tardigradus.	alpha and beta chains from adult hemoglobin of the slender loris (loris tardigradus) were isolated by amberlite cg-50 column chromatography. after s-aminoethylation, both chains were digested with trypsin and the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides obtained were analyzed. further, the order of these tryptic peptides in each chain was deduced from their homology with the primary structures of alpha and beta chains of human adult hemoglobin. comparing the primary structures of the alpha a ...	1978	100490
experimental transmission of leprosy to animals: a preliminary note on attempt to transmit leprosy to the slender loris, loris tardigradus (linnaeus).	a brief account of the slender loris, loris tardigradus (linnaeus) and some of its characteristics which render it suitable for leprosy transmission experiments are recorded. handling and inoculation methods are given with some of the preliminary inoculation site biopsy results.	1976	799202
comparative haematology, haemochrmistry and electrocardiography of the slender loris and bonnet monkey.	the famale loris had a higher erythrocyte count than the male whereas in the bonnet monkey the converse occurred. sex differences were seen in the neutrophil and leucocyte counts, but not in the eosinophils and monocytes. the loris exhibited high potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate levels, while the bonnet monkey showed a relatively high level of sugar and haemoglobin. the loris showed higher percentages of blood cholesterol and urea. there were species-dependent variations in the plasma ...	1975	804075
functional differentiation of long bones in lorises.	the external dimensions of the limb bones and the geometry of their midshaft cross-sections were determined for loris tardigradus and nycticebus coucang. relative cortical thickness, cortical area, and second moment of area were calculated and contrasted with locomotor stresses. the difference in shape-related strength of the bones between the smaller- and the larger-bodied species is more pronounced than can be expected from stresses acting during normal locomotion. the nycticebus skeleton has ...	1989	2807094
chromosomal phylogeny of three lorisidae: loris tardigradus, nycticebus coucang and perodicticus potto.		1987	3127315
scaling of growth and life history traits relative to body size, brain size, and metabolic rate in lorises and galagos (lorisidae, primates).	a broad range of variation in body size, brain size, and metabolic rate occurs within the primate family lorisidae, thus providing an opportunity to examine the relationship of these three parameters to variation in growth and life history traits. data on adult body weight, gestation length, lactation length, age at first estrus, litter size, and growth parameters were collected from a captive colony of four lorisid species, loris tardigradus, nycticebus coucang, galago crassicaudatus, and g. se ...	2012	3364547
thermoregulation in the slender loris (loris tardigradus).	thermoregulatory characteristics of slender lorises largely resemble those of other slow-moving lorisidae: body temperature is slightly below the normal mammalian level and basal metabolic heat production is only about half of the mass-specific standard. during cold exposure only a rather small body core is kept at a high temperature level whereas large parts of the body are allowed to cool. contrary to the findings in other lorisidae slender lorises are more tolerant against high environmental ...	1985	3932169
cytophysiology of the lead-hematoxylin positive cells in the hypophysis of the slender loris.		2014	4164188
uptake of tritiated thymidine by primordial germinal cells in the ovaries of the adult slender loris.		1974	4476797
meiotic chromosomes in the male slender loris, loris tardigradus lydekkarianus (cabrera).		1969	5799244
changes in the male reproductive organs of loris tardigradus lydekkerianus (cabrera).		1967	6031170
structure of the pituitary gland and cytophysiology of the adenohypophysis in the slender loris loris tardigradus lydekkerianus cabr.		1967	6064097
biochemical & histological changes in male reproductive system of loris, loris tardigradus lydekkerianus (cabr), following efferent ductule ligation.		1983	6676179
attempts to establish wuchereria bancrofti in slow loris, loris tardigradus.		1980	7014426
refractoriness of the slender loris, loris tardigradus to plasmodium vivax.		1980	7014427
effect of testerone propionate & 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone on epididymis & accessory glands of the castrated slender loris loris tradigradus lydekkerianus (cabra).		1980	7429560
the origin of the primate mhc-drb genes and allelic lineages as deduced from the study of prosimians.	mhc class ii genes of the drb family were partially sequenced from 10 individuals representing six species of prosimians: galago senegalensis, g. moholi, otolemur garnetti, loris tardigradus, petterus (lemur) fulvus, and lemur catta. altogether, 41 different genes were discerned, all distinct from genes identified previously. comparative analysis of the sequences has led to the following conclusions. first, the drb loci present in human populations diverged from one another before the divergence ...	1994	8157963
behaviour and reproduction of the slender loris (loris tardigradus) in captivity.	observations were made on the behaviour of a group of slender lorises (loris tardigardus) maintained in the adelaide zoo. descriptions of their individual behaviour, social interactions, reproductive biology and development of young are given. the slender loris displays a more complex social life-style than has previously been reported, with huddling, marking activities and the behavioural complex of stretching/wrestling/allogrooming occurring daily. evidence of the formation of a female coaliti ...	1993	8225119
karyotype polymorphism in the slender loris (loris tardigradus).	three wild-caught sri lankan and two captive-bred slender lorises (loris tardigradus) in adelaide zoo, south australia, were karyotyped from leucocyte cultures. the founder male and one of the founder females were of the grey subspecies l. tardigradus grandis, of which l. tardigradus nordicus is probably a synonym. the other founder female was a small red-brown l. tardigradus tardigradus. all three wild-caught individuals were karyotypically distinct from each other and their offspring showed th ...	1995	8707228
a biomechanical investigation into the absence of leaping in the locomotor repertoire of the slender loris (loris tardigradus).	unlike all other primates, members of the subfamily lorisinae are never seen to leap. to investigate the anatomical specializations that are behind the absence of leaping in their locomotor repertoire, a predictive mechanical model of leaping was developed using the lesser bushbaby, galago moholi, as a size-matched leaping prosimian comparison. this enabled the required limb movements for a leaping slender loris to be calculated, and hence the torque and power requirements at each of the hindlim ...	1996	8990515
milk composition reflects pattern of maternal care in prosimian primates.	hypothesized relationships between milk composition and life history traits were examined by analyzing mid-lactation milks of seven lemurs (eulemur fulvus, e. macaco, e. rubriventer, e. mongoz, varecia variegata, hapalemur griseus, lemur catta), three bushbabies (otolemur crassicaudatus, o. garnettii, galago moholi), and two lorises (nycticebus coucang, loris tardigradus); partial data were also obtained for the lemuroid cheirogaleus medius. there were no significant differences in milk composit ...	1997	9057965
lateral bending of the lumbar spine during quadrupedalism in strepsirhines.	much research has been devoted to spinal kinematics of nonmammalian vertebrates, while comparatively little is known about the locomotor role of spinal movements in mammals, especially primates. this study, conducted at the duke university primate center, examines the function of lateral spinal bending during quadrupedal walking among a diverse sample of strepsirhines. the taxa studied include loris tardigradus (1), nycticebus coucang (1), n. pygmaeus (1), cheirogaleus medius (2), varecia varieg ...	2001	11180987
activity budget and positional behavior of the mysore slender loris (loris tardigradus lydekkerianus): implications for slow climbing locomotion.	both predator defense and feeding ecology models have been proposed to explain the relatively slow climbing locomotion of the lorisinae. during a study of the socioecology of the mysore slender loris (loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in tamil nadu, india, six categories of behavior and eleven different postures were recorded to estimate a general activity budget for the slender loris, and are examined here particularly in relation to slow climbing locomotor strategies. reactions to potential pre ...	2010	11713410
the three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates.	it has been hypothesized for over a hundred years that trabecular bone plays an important structural role in the musculoskeletal system of animals and that it responds dynamically to applied loads through growth. the objectives of this study are to quantify the three-dimensional structure of femoral head trabecular bone in a sample of extant strepsirrhines and to relate patterns of interspecific variation to locomotor behavioral differences. the bone volume fraction (bv/tv) and fabric anisotropy ...	2002	12098207
home range and ranging pattern in the slender loris(loris tardigradus lydekkerianus).	the home range and ranging pattern of the slender loris (loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) was studied for 21 months in a scrub jungle in dindigul, tamil nadu, south india. sixteen individuals were observed for a total of 2261 hours. home ranges were measured for eight adult individuals and eight juvenile and subadult individuals. males had significantly larger home ranges than the females, and home range size increased post-weaning. the ranging patterns involved minimal female intrasexual overla ...	2002	12145404
social behaviour of the slender loris (loris tardigradus lydekkerianus).	the social behaviour of the nocturnal prosimian loris tardigradus lydekkerianus in its natural habitat was studied for 21 months in a scrub jungle in dindigul, southern india. a total of 22834 scans were collected during 2656 hours of observation on identified and unidentified lorises. social interactions were observed between individuals of all age-sex classes, both during the night and at dawn, when the animals met to sleep together. the majority of aggressive encounters between individuals oc ...	2006	12399658
spacing system of the mysore slender loris (loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus).	loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus has been shown to have a promiscuous copulatory pattern, to maintain social networks via frequent loud calls, to interact socially throughout the night with all age classes, and to sleep socially. though these behaviors point towards a multimale social system, no study of their spacing system has yet been provided to support this view. from october 1997-august 1998, i conducted a study of the mysore slender loris in ayyalur, india. during 1,400 field hours, data ...	2003	12687587
a new species of trichomonas (protozoa: mastigophora) parasitic in the slender loris.		1962	13859008
cytochemistry of the oocyte of loris tardigradus lydekkerianus (cabr.) and macaca mulatta mulatta (zimmerman).		1963	13988177
the skin of primates. ii. the skin of the slender loris (loris tardigradus).		1960	14423649
observations of mating, birthing and parental behaviour in three subspecies of slender loris (loris tardigradus and loris lydekkerianus ) in india and sri lanka.	studies of the life history parameters of slender lorises in captivity have led to conflicting results regarding gestation length, birth seasonality, interspecies variation in litter size and the degree of parental care given to offspring. during the course of field studies of loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus, l. l. nordicus and l. tardigradus tardigradus, data were collected on these life history variables, as well as on behaviours relating to mating. all 3 taxa displayed courtship behaviour i ...	2003	14605476
reproductive biology of the slender loris (loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus).	the slender loris (loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus), a nocturnal prosimian, was studied for 21 months in its natural habitat of scrub jungle in dindigul, south india. here we report on its reproductive biology. identified and unidentified lorises were observed for a total of 2,656 h. reproductive seasonality was seen, with births and oestrus observed to be highest in april-june and october-december. the mating system was promiscuous with 1 female mating successively with 3-4 males. a gestation ...	2004	14716147
locomotor mechanics of the slender loris (loris tardigradus).	the quadrupedal walking gaits of most primates can be distinguished from those of most other mammals by the presence of diagonal-sequence (ds) footfall patterns and higher peak vertical forces on the hindlimbs compared to the forelimbs. the walking gait of the woolly opossum (caluromys philander), a highly arboreal marsupial, is also characterized by diagonal-sequence footfalls and relatively low peak forelimb forces. among primates, three species--callithrix, nycticebus, and loris--have been re ...	2013	15288525
mechanical significance of femoral head trabecular bone structure in loris and galago evaluated using micromechanical finite element models.	work on the interspecific and intraspecific variation of trabecular bone in the proximal femur of primates demonstrates important architectural variation between animals with different locomotor behaviors. this variation is thought to be related to the processes of bone adaptation whereby bone structure is optimized to the mechanical environment. micromechanical finite element models were created for the proximal femur of the leaping galago senegalensis and the climbing and quadrupedal loris tar ...	2005	15386240
a novel foraging technique observed in slender loris (loris lydekkerianus malabaricus) feeding on red ants in the western ghats, india.		2005	15775683
foraging behaviour of the slender loris (loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus): implications for theories of primate origins.	members of the order primates are characterised by a wide overlap of visual fields or optic convergence. it has been proposed that exploitation of either insects or angiosperm products in the terminal branches of trees, and the corresponding complex, three-dimensional environment associated with these foraging strategies, account for visual convergence. although slender lorises (loris sp.) are the most visually convergent of all the primates, very little is known about their feeding ecology. thi ...	2005	15970312
kinematics of vertical climbing in lorises and cheirogaleus medius.	the type of climbing exhibited by apes and atelines is argued to have been important in the evolution of specialized locomotion, such as suspensory locomotion and bipedalism. however, little is known about the mechanics of climbing in primates. previous work shows that asian apes and atelines use larger joint excursions and longer strides than african apes and the japanese macaque, respectively. this study expands knowledge of climbing mechanics by providing the first quantitative kinematic data ...	2006	16445966
not all lorises are slow: rapid arboreal locomotion in loris tardigradus of southwestern sri lanka.	the unique slow-climbing quadrupedalism of asian lorises has been the subject of numerous studies; however, qualitative observations of more rapid locomotion have occasionally been reported. field studies of the red slender loris have revealed the habitual use of unexpectedly high-speed locomotion by the so-called "sloth of the primate world." novel video footage permitted the first quantitative kinematic analysis of rapid quadrupedalism in wild lorises. observations revealed that this previousl ...	2007	17171671
dietary choices by four captive slender lorises (loris tardigradus) when presented with various insect life stages.	the slender loris (loris tardigradus) is a rare, nocturnal prosimian found only in the tropical rainforest of southern india and sri lanka. little is known about their diet, though it is assumed that insects comprise a majority of their wild diet. based on this assumption, captive lorises are offered a variety of insects or insect life stages; the species of insect or the life stage is often determined by what is easiest to buy or rear. captive lorises at the duke lemur center (dlc) were offered ...	2015	20872876
growth and the development of sexual size dimorphism in lorises and galagos.	three fundamental ontogenetic pathways lead to the development of size differences between males and females. males and females may grow at the same rate for different durations (bimaturism), grow for the same duration at different rates, or grow at a mix of rate and duration differences. while patterns of growth and the development of adult body size are well established for many haplorhines, the extent to which rate and duration differences affect strepsirrhine growth trajectories remains uncl ...	2012	21989860
trueperella pyogenes as cause of a facial abscess in a grey slender loris (loris lydekkerianus nordicus)--a case report.	in the present study a trueperella (t.) pyogenes strain isolated from an abscess on the left side of the face of a six year old grey slender loris (loris lydekkerianus nordicus) could successfully be identified phenotypically, by maldi-tof ms analysis and genotypically using t. pyogenes superoxide dismutase a encoding gene soda and t. pyogenes 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region specific oligonucleotide primers. the t. pyogenes strain could additionally be characterized by pcr-mediated amplifi ...	2012	23045803
gallstones in slender lorises (loris tardigradus).	a total of 32 slender lorises (loris tardigradus) kept in captivity were investigated postmortem. in five adult lorises (4 females, 1 male), the gallbladder contained either one gallstone or multiple gallstones. except for one 5-yr-old female, the affected individuals were between 11 and 13 yr of age. all of the gallstones consisted of 100% cholesterol. besides other predisposing factors such as species, sex, increasing age, and diabetes mellitus, nutrition may play a major role in the occurrenc ...	2012	23082510
a survey of husbandry practices for lorisid primates in north american zoos and related facilities.	zoos and related facilities in north america currently manage five species in the primate family lorisidae: the greater (nycticebus coucang), bengal (n. bengalensis) and pygmy (n. pygmaeus) slow lorises, red slender loris (loris tardigradus), and potto (perodicticus potto). we used an online survey to describe institutional housing and husbandry practices for these species and assess the extent to which practices are consistent with established guidelines. our results show that most captive lori ...	2013	23161761
dental disease in slender lorises (loris tardigradus).	necropsies were performed in 25 slender lorises (loris tardigradus) from a colony at bochum university. in seven adult individuals, teeth were missing, loose, or severely affected by dental calculus. in one of these cases, a severe periodontal disease was seen without abscess formation. in another four lorises purulent/gangrenous inflammation was found next to the teeth either in the maxillary or the mandibular region.	2013	23740522
an ethnoprimatological approach to assessing levels of tolerance between human and commensal non-human primates in sri lanka.	human and non-human primates increasingly are forced to live commensally, and understanding the human-nonhuman interconnections are paramount in understanding tolerance and conflict. in our study area, the heavily deforested parts of southern sri lanka humans and primates live side by side and prevalent religious tenets encourage a peaceful co-existence. we quantify the attitudes of rural communities towards three resident primate species (red slender loris, purple-faced langur, toque macaque) a ...	2013	23836757
functional and evolutionary aspects of axial stability in euarchontans and other mammals.	the presence of a stable thoracolumbar region, found in many arboreal mammals, is considered advantageous for bridging and cantilevering between discontinuous branches. however, no study has directly explored the link between osteological features cited as enhancing axial stability and the frequency of cantilevering and bridging behaviors in a terminal branch environment. to fill this gap, we collected metric data on costal and vertebral morphology of primate and nonprimate mammals known to cant ...	2014	24288155
improving diet and activity of insectivorous primates in captivity: naturalizing the diet of northern ceylon gray slender loris, loris lydekkerianus nordicus.	data on in-situ diet and nutritional requirements should inform the provision of food to captive insectivorous primates. despite the growing availability of such information an over-reliance on commercially available primate foods and fruit continues in many captive establishments. wild slender lorises are almost exclusively insectivorous, yet captive conspecifics are fed a primarily frugivorous diet that is likely to contribute to behavioral and health problems. we investigated the effect of na ...	2015	26179410
exudativory in the asian loris, nycticebus: evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and m3.	slow lorises (nycticebus spp.) are obligate exudativores that gouge tree bark. dental adaptations for gouging within marmosets, the only other known primate obligate exudativore, are well-known but dental adaptations in nycticebus are largely unidentified. in an effort to more completely understand potential dental adaptions within nycticebus and the evolution of this dietary niche within primates as an order, the present study examined dental morphometrics in the asian lorises (nycticebus and l ...	2015	26286661
selecting a conservation surrogate species for small fragmented habitats using ecological niche modelling.	flagship species are traditionally large, charismatic animals used to rally conservation efforts. accepted flagship definitions suggest they need only fulfil a strategic role, unlike umbrella species that are used to shelter cohabitant taxa. the criteria used to select both flagship and umbrella species may not stand up in the face of dramatic forest loss, where remaining fragments may only contain species that do not suit either set of criteria. the cinderella species concept covers aesthetical ...	2015	26479135
distribution of the grey slender loris (loris lyddekerianus cabrera, 1908) in tamil nadu, southern india.	the grey slender loris loris lydekkerianus, one of only two nocturnal primates of india, is found in the southern part of the country. our understanding of its geographical distribution is largely based on historical records and short surveys, and little is known of its occurrence in southern india today. we sought to establish the relative abundance of this species in 26 districts in the state of tamil nadu and the union territory of pondicherry in southern india. we sighted lorises in 19 distr ...	2016	27894111
fatal infection in three grey slender lorises (loris lydekkerianus nordicus) caused by clonally related trueperella pyogenes.	trueperella pyogenes is a worldwide known bacterium causing mastitis, abortion and various other pyogenic infections in domestic animals like ruminants and pigs. in this study we represent the first case report of three unusual fatal infections of grey slender lorises caused by trueperella pyogenes. meanwhile, this study represents the first in-depth description of the multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) on t. pyogenes species.	2017	28851356
functional morphology of mimetic musculature in primates: how social variables and body size stack up to phylogeny.	mammalian skeletal muscle is influenced by the functional demands placed upon it. functional morphology of facial expression musculature, or mimetic musculature, is largely unknown. recently, primate mimetic musculature has been shown to respond to demands associated with social factors. body size has also been demonstrated to affect many aspects of primate functional morphology and evolutionary morphology. the present study was designed to further examine the role of social variables and body s ...	2018	29330949
sources of morbidity in lorises and pottos in north american zoos: a retrospective review, 1980-2010.	delineating patterns of morbidity can reveal management practices in need of reassessment to improve individual welfare, as well as population health and sustainability. we reviewed medical records from 38 north american zoological institutions for 276 slender lorises, slow lorises, and pottos born between january 1, 1980 and december 31, 2010. this sample included animals identified as 116 nycticebus pygmaeus, 84 n. coucang, 48 loris tardigradus tardigradus, 6 l.t. nordicus (now classified as l ...	2018	29971828
assessing public perceptions and solutions to human-monkey conflict from 50 years in sri lanka.	sri lanka is a biodiversity hotspot with high human density that contributes to increasing human-monkey conflict (hmc). in 50 years of primate studies there, the development of hmc has been documented, and many workshops and interventions organized to ameliorate hmc. these activities prompted the present survey. in the extensive lowland dry zone of sri lanka, the affected nonhuman primates are the toque macaque, gray and purple-faced langurs and slender loris. we surveyed and evaluated the attit ...	2019	30814470
baculum length and copulatory behavior in primates.	the length of the baculum (os penis) was measured in 74 adult males representing 46 primate species. these data, and a review of previously published measurements, indicate that variation in baculum length among primates is related to taxonomic and behavioral differences. thus, many new world monkeys have shorter bacula, relative to body weight, than old world monkeys. the baculum is shorter in colobine monkeys than in cercopithecines. among the great apes, reduction of the baculum is more prono ...	1987	31973483
reproduction in the slender loris (loris tardigradus malabaricus).	a breeding colony of slender lorises (loris tardigradus malabaricus) was studied to obtain data for comparison with other prosimian species, to contribute reproductive information for improving management of captive lorises, and to resolve some uncertainties in the literature regarding reproduction in the slender loris. at the duke university primate center, a female slender loris reached sexual maturity at approximately ten months of age and conceived at one year of age. the length of the estro ...	1985	31986817