Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| cardiovascular failure produced by a peptide from the venom of the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | 1979 | 42172 | |
| correlation of enzymatic activity, muscle myoglobin concentration and lung morphology with activity metabolism in snakes. | in vitro activity of the anaerobic enzymes phosphofructokinase and lactic dehydrogenase from axial muscle tissue of coluber constrictor, crotalus viridis and lichanura roseofusca was shown to correlate with levels of lactate production during activity by these snakes. additionally, gross and histological lung structure and axial muscle myoglobin concentration were investigated in these species. coluber was shown to have the most complex lung structure and highest muscle myoglobin content. these ... | 2002 | 135039 |
| antiserum to myotoxin from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | 1979 | 494319 | |
| connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis: an hrp study. | we have studied the connections of the tectum of the rattlesnake by tectal application of horseradish peroxidase. the tectum receives bilateral input from nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, posterolateral tegmental nuclei, anterior tegmental nuclei and periventricular nuclei; ipsilateral input from nucleus geniculatus pretectalis, and lateral geniculate nucleus pars dorsalis; and contralateral input from dorso-lateral posterior tegmental nucleus and the previously undescribed nucleus reticularis ... | 1979 | 500853 |
| amino acid sequence and disulfide bond assignment of myotoxin a isolated from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | 1979 | 570412 | |
| chemical and functional homology of myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake venom and crotamine from south american rattlesnake venom. | myonecrosis is a serious result of rattlesnake bite and constitutes a persistent clinical problem. in the current study we have isolated crotamine from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus to test its ability to cause structural damage to skeletal muscle, and to make direct chemical comparisons with myotoxin a, a myotoxic polypeptide we recently isolated from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, circular dichroic spectroscopy, ... | 1978 | 620050 |
| some chemical properties of the venom of the rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | 1978 | 694946 | |
| anatomical and physiological localization of visual and infrared cell layers in tectum of pit vipers. | visual and infrared cell layers were identified in the tectum of the pit vipers crotalus viridis and sistrurus melitus. histologic reconstructions of 48 lesions utilizing the prussian blue technique were correlated with micrometer depth readings for 251 visual, infrared and bimodal single unit recordings. the visual cell layer extends caudally from approximately the level of the habenula to the rostral border of the posterior corpora quadrigemina. neurons responding to visual stimulation are gen ... | 1978 | 730849 |
| the midget faded rattlesnake (crotalus viridis concolor) venom: lethal toxicity and individual variability. | 1977 | 854933 | |
| characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | a previously unknown polypeptide myotoxin, designated myotoxin a, was isolated for the first time from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. electrophoretic homogeneity of myotoxin a was shown in beta-alanine disc gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. molecular weight and isoelectric point estimates of 4100 and 9.6 were obtained by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis, respectively. amino acid composition sh ... | 1977 | 861220 |
| eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. from prairie rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis viridis, in new mexico with data on excystation of sporozoites and ultrastructure of the oocyst wall. | oocysts of eimeria crotalviridis sp. n. are described from praire rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis viridis in new mexico on the basis of light and electron microscopy and in vitro excystation of sporozoites. sporulated oocysts of e. crotalviridis are elliptical, 26.4 x 22.3 (23-29 x 20-24) micrometer with ovoid sporocysts 11.7 x 8.1 (11-13 x 7-9) micromiter. a micropyle, micropyle cap and polar bodies are absent, but oocyst and sporocyst residua and stieda and substieda bodies are present. excyste ... | 1977 | 915840 |
| isolation of myotoxic component from rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. electron microscopic analysis of muscle damage. | the pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by a purified component of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom was studied at the light and electron microscopic levels. crude venom was fractionated by gel filtration (sephadex g-50) followed by cation exchange chromatography (sephadex c-25). electrophoretic homogeneity of the isolated myotoxin (fraction ii from c-25 column) was demonstrated in isoelectric focusing and disc gel polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. white mice were injected intramus ... | 1976 | 970437 |
| the clotting of a snake (crotalus viridis helleri) plasma and its interaction with various snake venoms. | the clotting of c. v. helleri plasma is not accelerated by the factor x activator or thrombin-like enzymes from its own venom. clotting of the plasma is accelerated by the factor xactivator from russell's viper venom, but not by the thrombin-like enzyme from agkistrodon rhodostoma venom ("arvin"). the prothrombin activator from the taipan venom clots c.v. helleri plasma equally well as human plasma, but the thrombin which is produced has a marked specificity for its own fibrinogen, and clots bov ... | 1976 | 989631 |
| effects of the venom of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri on vascular smooth muscle. | 1976 | 996011 | |
| rattlesnake venom shock in the rat: development of a method. | a model in wistar rats (n = 30, 279-345 g) was developed to study circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and lethal effects of an intravenous infusion (30 min; 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 mg/kg) of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom. venom produced perfusion failure with lactacidemia, hemoconcentration, hypoproteinemia, and death. the severity of poisoning was proportional to the quantity of venom given and to the elevation in lactic acid and hematocrit. hemorrhages in the diaphragm, interc ... | 1975 | 1211500 |
| structure-function relationship of myotoxin a using peptide fragments. | myotoxin a, a small basic polypeptide isolated from the venom of prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), has been shown to bind to sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) ca(2+)-atpase. the attachment of myotoxin a to ca(2+)-atpase is believed to cause uncoupling of the calcium pump. in order to further elucidate which portion of myotoxin a is important for the uncoupling action, five peptides were synthesized and two peptide fragments were obtained by chemical cleavage. these peptides correspond to ... | 1992 | 1329655 |
| citrate is a major component of snake venoms. | citrate has been identified as a major component of snake venoms by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. the venoms of bothrops asper, crotalus atrox, crotalus viridis viridis, crotalus adamanteus, sistrurus miliarius barbouri, crotalus horridus horridus, agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, agkistrodon contortrix contortrix and agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus contain citrate at concentration levels which can serve as effective buffers. calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, sodium and potassi ... | 1992 | 1626327 |
| regional differences in content of small basic peptide toxins in the venoms of crotalus adamanteus and crotalus horridus. | 1. reverse-phase hplc and organic solvents were used to isolate small basic peptide (sbp) toxins from the venoms of crotalus adamanteus, c. durissus terrificus, c. horridus, c. scutulatus scutulatus, c. viridis concolor, c. viridis helleri and c. viridis viridis. 2. acid-dep analyses indicated a high degree of toxin purity which was obtained with a single hplc run. 3. the combined results of hplc, immunodiffusion and electrophoresis analyses of venoms from different geographical regions indicate ... | 1991 | 1756621 |
| influence of pregnancy on the oxygen affinity of red cells from the northern pacific rattlesnake crotalus viridis oreganus. | 1991 | 1940772 | |
| asynchronous capsule formation in the gastrointestinal tract of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) induced by mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia. | the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) was experimentally infected with tetrathyridia of mesocestoides sp. individual snakes were killed at 4 wk increments, and sections of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine and attached mesenteries were examined for nonencapsulated and encapsulated tetrathyridia. capsule formation was asynchronous with 9 to 80% encapsulated metacestodes. the distribution of tetrathyridia in the wall of all segments of the gastrointestinal tract is present ... | 1991 | 2023317 |
| failure of electric shock treatment for rattlesnake envenomation. | the use of high-voltage electric shock therapy for the treatment of snake venom poisoning has recently gained popularity in the united states. we present a case that documents the dangerous, ineffective application of electric shock to the face of a patient envenomated by a great basin rattlesnake (crotalus viridis lutosus). the successful use of antivenin in this critically ill, antivenin-allergic patient is described. | 1991 | 2039106 |
| multiple myotoxin sequences from the venom of a single prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | multiple myotoxin a sequences have been determined from the venom of a single adult male prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). this is the first time such individual variation has been reported for this toxin class and the number of isoforms suggest that myotoxin a is the product of a duplicated locus. | 1991 | 2048143 |
| venom characteristics as an indicator of hybridization between crotalus viridis viridis and crotalus scutulatus scutulatus in new mexico. | one hundred and thirteen venoms from 46 populations of crotalus viridis viridis were screened by immunodiffusion for protein toxins antigenically similar to the phospholipase a2 (pla) toxin 'mojave toxin', using a polyclonal antibody to it's basic pla subunit. venom i.p. ld50 values in mice were recorded from 22 of the 46 populations. the venoms of three of 14 specimens from southwest (s.w.) new mexico and one specimen from northern arizona were immunologically positive by the immunodiffusion te ... | 1990 | 2120798 |
| regional variation of biochemical characteristics and antigeneity in great basin rattlesnake (crotalus viridis lutosus) venom. | 1. three pooled and 20 individual venom samples of crotalus viridis lutosus from different localities in utah and arizona were screened and fractionated with hplc-anion exchange. 2. pooled venom samples and fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, collagenase, and phospholipase activities, and reactivity to a monoclonal antibody against a hemorrhagin from c. atrox venom (ca-p-8) using elisa. 3. the 20 individual samples were organized into four groups based on their hplc profiles. 4. elisa results ... | 1990 | 2174759 |
| a new small myotoxin from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | fast atom bombardment (fab) mass spectrometry was used to identify a new small myotoxin from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). fab mass spectrometry and edman degradation were used to characterize its structure. this toxin is similar to myotoxin i from c. v. concolor, except that it possesses an additional. c-terminal asparaginyl-alanine. at 45 residues it is the longest known myotoxin a homolog. a myotoxin of 43 residues, identical to myotoxin i from c. v. concolo ... | 1990 | 2253781 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of several venoms of snakes in the family crotalidae. | crude venoms from the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), the western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox), the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus) and the timber rattlesnake (crotalus horridus horridus) were used to prepare monovalent antivenoms in rabbits. each of these four monovalent antivenoms was reacted against six different venoms using the technique of immunoblotting (western blot) to determine the relative immunogenicity of the four venoms and to compa ... | 1990 | 2339435 |
| electrophysiological studies of myotoxin a, isolated from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom, on murine skeletal muscles. | myotoxin a reduced the resting membrane potential of mouse and rat diaphragms from about -80 mv to -60 mv, induced spontaneous repetitive firing and enhanced the contractile force in response to single stimulations. the depolarizing effect was reversed noncompetitively by tetrodotoxin, local anesthetics or low na+ solution, but was augmented by ouabain or low cl-solution while being unaffected by high k+ solution or electrical stimulation of the muscle. the duration of muscle action potential wa ... | 1985 | 2420034 |
| snakebite in captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | eight cases of snakebite occurred in seven of 11 captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) during june and july 1987. severity of reactions to envenomation varied; affected elk presented with combinations of signs that included painful swelling restricted to the face and muzzle, submandibular edema, inspiratory dyspnea, epistaxis, frothy, blood-tinged nasal discharge, epiphora, anorexia and anxiousness or depression. we observed puncture wounds in only two cases. treatment consisted of ... | 1989 | 2503625 |
| factors in snake venoms that increase capillary permeability. | capillary permeability increasing (cpi) activity is a phenomenon of the microvasculature caused by many agents such as snake venoms, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), prostaglandins and leukotrienes. since no systematic study has been done to determine what components of snake venom cause cpi activity, a cpi factor from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom was isolated using intravenous injections of evan's blue dye as the indicator of increased permeability and the factor's properties were ... | 1989 | 2576052 |
| comparative enzymatic study of hplc-fractionated crotalus venoms. | 1. ten venoms of the genus crotalus (crotalus adamanteus, crotalus atrox, crotalus durissus durissus, crotalus horridus horridus, crotalus lepidus, crotalus polystictus, crotalus molossus molossus, crotalus pusillus, crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, venom b, and crotalus viridis lutosus) were fractionated using hplc anion and cation exchange chromatography. 2. hplc venom fractions were tested for hemorrhagic, hemolytic, and proteolytic activities. 3. crude virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) ... | 1989 | 2680253 |
| parasites of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis) and gopher snakes (pituophis melanoleucus sayi) from the eastern high plains of new mexico. | three prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis) and two gopher snakes (pituophis melanoleucus sayi) from the eastern high plains of new mexico (usa) were examined for parasites. one cestode (oochoristica osheroffi), and two nematode (kalicephalus inermis and physoloptera retusa) species were recovered from two infected rattlesnakes. one female gopher snake was infected with two nematode (k. inermis and rhabdias spp.) and one mite (entonyssus halli) species. | 1989 | 2716118 |
| interaction of myotoxin a with the ca2+-atpase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | myotoxin a is a muscle-damaging toxin isolated from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis. its interaction with the ca2+-atpase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) vesicles purified from rabbit skeletal muscle was investigated. myotoxin a inhibited ca2+ loading and stimulated ca2+-dependent atpase without affecting unidirectional ca2+ efflux. its action was dose, time, and temperature dependent. myotoxin a partially blocked the binding of specific anti-(rabbit sr ca2+-atpase) antibodies. it is conclu ... | 1986 | 2938545 |
| crystallization of the ca2+-atpase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. inhibition by myotoxin a. | decavanadate produces extensive ordered arrays of ca2+-atpase molecules on sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) vesicle surfaces [(1984) j. bioenerg. biomembranes 16, 491-505] and the basic unit of these crystalline structures seems to be a dimer of ca2+-atpase [(1983) j. ultrastruct. res. 24, 454-464; (1984) j. mol. biol. 174, 193-204]. myotoxin a, isolated from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis viridis, is a muscle-degenerating polypeptide and its primary site of interaction is the ... | 1987 | 2960562 |
| characterization of nicked myotoxin a and its effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pump. | myotoxin a, a muscle-necrotizing polypeptide isolated from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom, was nicked at met-28 by cyanogen bromide. amino acid analysis indicated that the methionine content was reduced to zero from the original 1 mol. judging from circular dichroism, the nicked myotoxin a had a conformation similar to that of original myotoxin. raman spectra indicated that the conformations of the three disulfide bonds are not affected in nicked myotoxin a. like the origin ... | 1988 | 2972257 |
| cross-reactivity and neutralization by rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin, its subunits and two related toxins. | antisera were raised against intact crotoxin (crotalus durissus terrificus), mojave toxin (crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) and concolor toxin (crotalus viridis concolor), as well as the subunits of crotoxin. double immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) demonstrated antigenic similarity between these three purified toxins and their subunits. additionally, when crotoxin antisera were pre-incubated with each of the three toxins before injection, the lethal activity of all w ... | 1986 | 3095955 |
| observations on white and yellow venoms from an individual southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri). | biochemical differences in white and yellow venoms produced in the separate venom glands of an individual southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) were investigated. compared to the yellow venom, the white venom contained fewer low molecular weight components and was considerably less toxic. although the exact ld50 was not determined, the white venom did not produce toxic effects in mice when injected i.v. at concentrations up to 10 mg/kg. the i.v. ld50 of the yellow venom was app ... | 1987 | 3124297 |
| characterization of the biological and immunological properties of fractions of prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom was separated using liquid column chromatography. the fractions were tested for biological activity in mice and for immunological reactivity against polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenom and a monovalent antivenom to the crude venom. several of the basic fractions and most of the non-basic fractions had hemorrhagic activity. six of eight basic fractions had direct myotoxic activity, two of the basic fractions. monovalent antivenom formed multiple ... | 1987 | 3125631 |
| physiological and immunological properties of small myotoxins from the venom of the midget faded rattlesnake (crotalus viridis concolor). | myotoxins from c. v. concolor venom were isolated by gel filtration. this crude myotoxin peak was subfractionated into either two or four subfractions by cation exchange fplc, depending upon the source of the venom. when injected at 2 micrograms/g, crude concolor myotoxin caused vacuolation of mouse muscle cells typical of myotoxin a from c. v. viridis and crotamine from c. d. terrificus. all four subfractions showed qualitatively identical myotoxin activity. in double immunodiffusion studies, m ... | 1988 | 3134753 |
| biochemical and physiological studies on a kallikrein-like enzyme from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake). | a kallikrein-like enzyme was isolated from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom by sephadex g-50, deae-sephacel and heparin-sepharose cl-6b column chromatography. the purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 32 kda and an isoelectric point of 5.4. the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of arginine esters, kallikrein substrates pro-phe-arg-mca and z-phe-arg-mca. the specificity of the enzyme's substrate requirement is demonstrated by the fact that no proteolytic activity was detected ... | 1988 | 3167099 |
| classification of myonecrosis induced by snake venoms: venoms from the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), western diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus atrox) and the indian cobra (naja naja naja). | the pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by three different snake venoms was studied by light microscopic examination of skeletal muscle tissue taken at time periods ranging from 0.25 hr to 4 weeks after an intramuscular injection of the venom into mice. it was possible to identify different types of myonecrosis based on the abnormal morphologic states of the damaged cells. the types of myonecrosis observed correlated with the types of components present in the venom injected. venoms containing d ... | 1988 | 3188052 |
| rapid decline in blood antimyotoxin levels in the presence of myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | the disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin a from the bloodstream in mice was measured with a specific elisa over a ninety-six hour period in the presence and absence of myotoxin a. a gradual disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin in the absence of toxin was observed during the 96 hr sampling period, although antibodies were still detectable at 96 hrs. however, in the presence of myotoxin a very rapid decrease of antimyotoxin occurred. when antiserum injection was followed by myotoxin injectio ... | 2011 | 3193486 |
| a tecto-rotundo-telencephalic pathway in the rattlesnake: evidence for a forebrain representation of the infrared sense. | rattlesnakes possess a sensory system specialized for the detection of infrared (ir) radiation. ir signals ascend as far as the optic tectum, where they generate a spatiotopic map. it is unknown if such signals reach the forebrain, but the existence of prominent tectothalamic pathways in other vertebrates makes this a distinct possibility. in nonmammalian forms, the major target of ascending tectal visual signals is nucleus rotundus, a thalamic nucleus that projects in turn to the subpallial tel ... | 1988 | 3346716 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (elisa) of size-selected crotalid venom antigens by wyeth's polyvalent antivenom. | the binding of antivenom (crotalidae) polyvalent to fractions from crude venoms of eight crotalid and one viperid snake, obtained by high performance size-exclusion chromatography, was determined with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). most of the large (greater than 30,000 mol. wt) molecular mass crotalid venom fractions were associated with high (greater than 0.7 absorbance units) elisa values. similarly, the medium (13,000-30,000 mol. wt) and small (less than 14,000 mol. w ... | 1988 | 3347932 |
| assignment of the aromatic 1h-nmr resonances of myotoxin a isolated from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis. | the 400 mhz 1h-nmr spectrum of myotoxin a from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis is described. the identification of spin systems in the aromatic region corresponding to the six aromatic residues of myotoxin a was completed using both one- and two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy and the ph dependence of chemical shifts. assignments of these spin systems to specific residues was possible for the singly occurring amino acids tyr-1 and phe-12. resonances from tyr-1, his-5 and his-10 were shifted s ... | 1987 | 3607069 |
| amino acid sequences of myotoxins from crotalus viridis concolor venom. | myotoxins i and ii were isolated from the venom of crotalus viridis concolor. complete sequences were derived for each reduced, alkylated toxin with data obtained by a single run on a gas phase sequencer and from fragments derived by cyanogen bromide cleavage. the results demonstrate that microheterogeneity is present in myotoxin ii. the newly established sequences were compared with 3447 protein sequences in the protein information resource database. the only homologous proteins found were othe ... | 1987 | 3629618 |
| resistance of california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) to the venom of the northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis oreganus): a study of adaptive variation. | recent studies have documented natural resistance to snake venom in a number of diverse mammalian species. the present paper documents for the first time variation in such resistance within one single species, the california ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi). this species is a frequent prey of the northern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis oreganus) in certain habitats. venom resistance was tested directly in two populations of ground squirrels by injection of 1-40 mg/kg venom doses. o ... | 2012 | 3672545 |
| the effects of myotoxin from midget faded rattlesnake (crotalus viridis concolor) venom on neonatal rat myotubes in cell culture. | neonatal rat myoblasts were isolated and grown in culture until they fused into multinucleated myotubes. a small percentage of the myotubes showed spontaneous contractions when maintained in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. incubation of mature myotubes (at least 3 days after fusion) with myotoxin ii from crotalus viridis concolor venom at a concentration as low as 18.5 nm caused a marked increase in the number of myotubes demonstrating contractile activity. the in ... | 1986 | 3705095 |
| in vivo ability of antimyotoxin a serum plus polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenom to neutralize prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | a mixture of antimyotoxin a serum and polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenom was injected i.v. in mice either 5 min before or 5 min, 30 min, 1 hr or 3 hr after i.m. injection of venom. neutralization of the local myotoxicity of a sublethal dose (1.5 micrograms/g) of c. v. viridis venom occurred if the antisera were injected 5 min before or 5 or 30 min after venom, but not if injected 1 or 3 hr after the venom. hemorrhage was neutralized when the mixture was injected either 5 min before or 5 min after ... | 1986 | 3705096 |
| ability of polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenom to neutralize local myonecrosis induced by crotalus atrox venom. | wyeth's polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenom was tested in mice for its ability to neutralize local myonecrosis induced by crude crotalus atrox venom. a light microscopic assay was used to quantitate myonecrosis after i.m. injection of antivenom-venom mixtures. the results indicate that antivenom neutralizes the local myotoxicity of up to 15 micrograms venom per g body weight of mice. this neutralization is significantly better than that previously reported for crotalus viridis viridis venom. | 1986 | 3705097 |
| trigeminal responses to thermal stimulation of the oral cavity in rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) before and after bilateral anesthetization of the facial pit organs. | multiunit neural responses from the superficial maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve in prairie rattlesnakes were elicited by intraoral thermal stimulation. the responses to oral stimulation were shown to be independent of responses obtained by thermal stimulation of the loreal pits. histological examination of the dorsal lip, palate, and fang sheath regions revealed dense ramifying neurons in the epidermal layers of the fang sheaths that were morphologically similar to suspected infrared se ... | 1987 | 3815082 |
| an isoelectric focusing study of seasonal variation in rattlesnake venom proteins. | adult specimens of seven southern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis helleri), four northern black-tailed rattlesnakes (crotalus molossus molossus), and six western diamondback rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox) were housed under controlled light and temperature and milked of venom monthly for 20 months. ambient conditions were modelled to simulate seasonal change. weighed amounts of lyophilized venom from each snake were compared chronologically for variation in isoelectric focusing patterns, us ... | 1986 | 3824406 |
| maintenance of blood volume in snakes: transcapillary shifts of extravascular fluids during acute hemorrhage. | tracer dilution analysis (d2o, 51cr, and nas14cn) was used to investigate the steady-state compartmentation of body fluids and the extent of fluid transfer from extravascular to vascular spaces during hemorrhage-induced hypovolemia in two species of snakes, elaphe obsoleta and crotalus viridis. fluid spaces of the two species are not significantly different (means, blood volume 6.1, 5.4; extracellular fluid 42.2, 41.9; total body water 77.2, 77.2% body mass, respectively), but values for extrace ... | 1985 | 3837020 |
| sensitivity to thermal stimulation in prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) after bilateral anesthetization of the facial pits. | six yearling prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) were exposed to thermal stimuli prior to and after bilateral anesthetization of their facial pits with 2% xylocaine solution. this treatment eliminates trigeminally mediated electrophysiological responses of the pits to thermal stimulation. nevertheless, the rattlesnakes continued to exhibit behavioral responses to thermal cues after anesthetization of the pits. an auxiliary infrared-sensitive system, nociceptors, or the common temperature sen ... | 1986 | 3954711 |
| asexual multiplication of tetrathyridia of mesocestoides corti in crotalus viridis viridis. | prairie rattlesnakes, crotalus viridis viridis rafinesque, 1818, were infected with tetrathyridia of mesocestoides corti hoeppli, 1925, by means of oral intubation. snakes were maintained at constant temperatures of either 25, 30, or 35 c for 4-24 wk. postmortem examinations revealed the first experimental evidence of asexual multiplication of tetrathyridia in a laboratory-infected ectothermic host. time and temperature were statistically significant with p values of less than 0.05. | 1985 | 3981738 |
| ability of a mixture of antimyotoxin a serum and polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin to neutralize myonecrosis, hemorrhage and lethality induced by prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | mixtures containing polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin and antimyotoxin a serum were tested for their ability to neutralize the myotoxic, hemorrhagic and lethal activities of crude c. v. viridis venom when mixed with the venom prior to injection into white mice. a light microscopic method was used to measure the local myotoxic activity of the venom, i.e. myonecrosis index. the results show that the neutralizing ability of a 1:1 mixture of antisera for myonecrosis was 16 times that of antimyotoxin ... | 1985 | 4024140 |
| comparative studies on three rattlesnake toxins. | toxins from the venoms of crotalus durissus terrificus, crotalus s. scutulatus and crotalus viridis concolor were compared using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sephacel and denaturing and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the three heterodimeric native toxins behaved similarly on each of the separation media, except that the c. d. terrificus toxin displayed a pronounced tendency to dissociate on deae-sephacel, even in the absence of urea. in the presence of ... | 1985 | 4024144 |
| the effect of antivenin on intramuscular pressure elevations induced by rattlesnake venom. | the dose of an antivenin required to neutralize a clinical case of venom poisoning, as well as determining the timing or need to initiate antivenin treatment, is frequently difficult to objectively ascertain. in this study, venom from the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into 29 dog hind limb anterolateral compartments. a solution of c. v. helleri venom (15 mg/ml) was prepared using dessicated venom and saline; 0.2 ml were injected sub-fascially so that each o ... | 1985 | 4060178 |
| interaction of myotoxin a with artificial membranes: raman spectroscopic investigation. | myotoxin a from the venom of crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) is a small protein which is responsible for myonecrosis. it is a basic protein with 42 amino acid residues of known sequence. three disulfide bonds give it a highly compact structure. microscopic examination of the toxin's effects reveals that the most pronounced and earliest visible damage occurs intracellularly, in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane system of skeletal muscle. a better understanding of its mechanism of ... | 1985 | 4092030 |
| a quantitative assessment of variation in venom constituents within and between three nominal rattlesnake subspecies. | gel filtration profiles of crude snake venoms from 38 crotalus viridis, representing the nominal subspecies concolor, viridis and lutosus, were compared. mean protein concentration is greatest in c. v. concolor. individual fractions show up to 9-fold variation in protein content within taxa, and 23-fold with all specimens considered together. small myotoxins are the major components in c. v. concolor and c. v. viridis venoms, comprising an average of 37% and 44% of total venom protein, respectiv ... | 1985 | 4095701 |
| comparative study of juvenile and adult prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venoms. | 1972 | 5015546 | |
| myonecrosis induced by rattlesnake venom. an electron microscopic study. | the myonecrotic effect of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom on mouse skeletal muscle was studied. the biceps femoris muscle was examined with the electron microscope after one-fourth the ld(50) of the crude venom was injected into the gracilis and semimembranosus muscles. focal areas of myonecrosis were abundant. injured fibers contained dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum, disoriented, coagulated myofilamentous components and condensed, rounded and enlarged mitochondria. the external lami ... | 1972 | 5045877 |
| the histochemistry of the venom glands of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri. ii. monoamine oxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase. | 1972 | 5072094 | |
| the histochemistry of the venom glands of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri. i. lipid and non-specific esterase. | 1972 | 5079725 | |
| helminth parasites of the prairie rattlesnake, crotalus viridis rafinesque, 1818, in weld county, colorado. | 1967 | 6067108 | |
| oxygen storage capacity and tolerance of submergence of a non-aquatic reptile and an aquatic reptile. | the oxygen storage capacities and the tolerance to submergence of an aquatic snake, natrix sipedon, and a non-aquatic snake, crotalus viridis, were determined and compared. c. viridis was found to have a larger oxygen storage capacity, hemoglobin content and blood volume than n. sipedon. the submergence time for c. viridis was 30.13 min which was less than the estimated time for submergence based on the oxygen storage capacity. n. sipedon exceeded its estimated dive time of 24.00 min and remaine ... | 1984 | 6141028 |
| detection of antibodies to myotoxin a and prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom in three antisera using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunodiffusion. | immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were used to compare three antisera for their content of antibodies against myotoxin a and c. v. viridis venom. no antibodies were detected in wyeth's polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin against myotoxin a using immunodiffusion, whereas elisa indicated a low titer of such antibodies. however, antimyotoxin a serum and anti-c. v. viridis venom both had higher titers than antivenin when tested against myotoxin a and crude venom in the elis ... | 1983 | 6419394 |
| neutralization of croatalidae venom induced platelet aggregation by affinity chromatography isolated igg to crotalus viridis helleri venom. | igg was isolated from commercial antivenin by affinity chromatography using crotalus viridis helleri venom as an affinant. this purified igg was demonstrated to be more effective than the commercial antivenin in preventing platelet aggregation induced by four separate crotalid venoms in vitro. affinity chromatography appears to be an effective means for specific, polyvalent igg isolation and purification. | 1984 | 6436505 |
| effects of the venom of the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, and its fractions on striated and smooth muscle. | 1984 | 6494179 | |
| 2-deoxyglucose labelling of the infrared sensory system in the rattlesnake, crotalus viridis. | infrared (ir) responsive nuclei in the rattlesnake crotalus viridis were identified by using 14c-2-deoxyglucose (2dg) and autoradiography. following 2dg intracardial injection, the ir-sensitive pit organ was stimulated periodically with an ir stimulus for 5 hours. the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (lttd, the primary ir sensory nucleus) was labelled heavily with 2dg. labelling was bilateral, but somewhat heavier ipsilateral to the stimulated pit organ. the nucleus reticularis ... | 1984 | 6501607 |
| in vivo test of the ability of antiserum to myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom to neutralize local myonecrosis induced by myotoxin a and homologous crude venom. | antiserum to myotoxin a was tested for its ability to prevent local myonecrosis induced by myotoxin a and c. v. viridis venom. antiserum was injected i.v. either 5 min before or immediately, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hr or 3 hr after i.m. injection of toxin or venom. a light microscopic method was used to measure the effects of myotoxin a, i.e. vacuolation index, and whole venom, i.e. myonecrosis index. the results show that antimyotoxin a serum neutralizes the myotoxicity of a sublethal amount of myoto ... | 1984 | 6719480 |
| rattlesnake bites and surgical decompression: results using a laboratory model. | studies were performed on the hind limbs of dogs and their anterolateral compartments to evaluate the effect of fasciotomy on tissue pressure and necrosis following pit viper envenomation. venom from the southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri, was injected into either the subcutaneous tissues, the intact anterolateral compartment or the anterolateral compartment following fasciectomy. interstitial fluid pressure measurements, as well as limb girth and surface temperatures, were o ... | 1984 | 6729838 |
| a new method for quantitating hemorrhage induced by rattlesnake venoms: ability of polyvalent antivenom to neutralize hemorrhagic activity. | polyvalent (crotalidae) antivenin was tested for its ability to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of two crotaline venoms when mixed with them prior to injection. hemorrhage was measured by two methods. in the first method an intradermal injection of venom produced a hemorrhagic spot which was quantitated by measuring diameters. in the second method the amount of hemoglobin in a muscle extract was measured after i.m. injection of venom. the results show that both methods are useful for quantit ... | 1984 | 6729841 |
| lability of blood volume in snakes and its relation to activity and hypertension. | the lability of blood volume and its relationship to locomotor activity was investigated in two species of snakes elaphe obsoleta, say and crotalus viridis, rafinesque. repetitive measurements of blood volume, determined from changes in the specific activity of circulating 51cr-labelled erythrocytes, indicated that 15 min of locomotor activity reduced blood volume by 21% due to filtration of plasma from capillaries. this magnitude of plasma translocation exceeds that measured in exercising mamma ... | 1984 | 6747537 |
| hypotensive and hemostatic properties of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom and venom fractions in dogs. | hypotensive and hemostatic properties of southern pacific rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom (100 micrograms/kg; i.v. bolus) or venom fractions (40 micrograms/kg) were studied in mongrel dogs (n = 27, 15-27 kg). venom was separated by gel filtration (sephadex g-100) into three lethal fractions (fr i, ii and iii). nonreduced crude venom contained 11 main protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight range of 104 to 13 kd. fr i con ... | 1984 | 6747842 |
| purification and biochemical study of viriditoxin, tissue damaging toxin, from prairie rattlesnake venom. | rattlesnake poisoning frequently produces a severe tissue damaging effect including myonecrosis and hemorrhage. in this investigation, viriditoxin was isolated from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), and its chemical properties and biological activities associated with tissue damage were investigated. the toxin has a molecular weight of approximately 115 000 with an isoelectric point of 4.8. amino acid composition analyses indicate that the toxin consists of approxi ... | 1981 | 6781535 |
| ability of antiserum to myotoxin alpha from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom to neutralize local myotoxicity and lethal effects of myotoxin alpha and homologous crude venom. | 1983 | 6845385 | |
| analysis of the behavioral sequence emitted by rattlesnakes during feeding episodes ii. duration of strike-induced chemosensory searching in rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis, c. enyo). | 1982 | 7103903 | |
| quantitation of myonecrosis induced by myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) venom. | using a pure myotoxin (myotoxin a) isolated from prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis viridis) venom, a comparison between two methods for quantitating myonecrosis in mice was made. measurement of creatine kinase (ck) levels in the plasma showed two peaks in ck levels after myotoxin injection, whereas measurement by histological assay (vacuolation index) showed only one peak. the first peak in ck levels at 3 hr after injection did not correlate with a high vacuolation index, but did correlate wi ... | 1982 | 7179295 |
| tectal projections of an infrared sensitive snake, crotalus viridis. | crotaline snakes have detectors for infrared radiation and this information is projected to the optic tectum in a spatiotopic manner. the tectal projections were examined in crotalus viridis with the use of silver methods for degenerating fibers and the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. large lesions included all of the tectal layers but not the underlying structures. projections to the thalamus include a sparse input to the ipsilateral ventral and dorsal lateral genic ... | 1981 | 7204658 |
| fibrinolytic and fibrinogen clotting enzymes present in the venoms of western diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus atrox, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, crotalus adamanteus, and southern pacific rattlesnake, crotalus viridis helleri. | 1981 | 7222089 | |
| the ascending projection of the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract: a nucleus in the infrared system of the rattlesnake, crotalus viridis. | the efferent projections of the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (lttd) in the rattlesnake (crotalus viridis) were studied by anterograde tracing techniques. the lttd, a brainstem trigeminal nucleus, is the sole projection site of the infrared-sensitive trigeminal fibers that innervate the pit organs in these snakes. the efferent fibers exit from the ventromedial edge of the lttd and course medially and caudally toward the central grey area of the medulla. upon reaching the cen ... | 1981 | 7287924 |
| retinal afferents and efferents of an infrared sensitive snake, crotalus viridis. | the retinal afferents and efferents were examined in crotalus viridis. retinofugal fibers were traced by injecting horseradish peroxidase (hrp) or tritiated leucine into the eye, or by removing the eye and staining degenerating axons with silver methods. terminations were seen contralaterally in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei (extensive), the pretectal nuclei, including the nucleus posterodorsalis (a very heavy input), the nucleus lentiformis mesenc ... | 1981 | 7288885 |
| fractionation of midget faded rattlesnake (crotalus viridis concolor) venom: lethal fractions and enzymatic activities. | 1981 | 7330889 | |
| spatial sharpening by second-order trigeminal neurons in crotaline infrared system. | neural responses in the nucleus of the lateral descending tract of the trigeminal nerve (lttd) of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis were recorded. neurons in the lttd respond phasically to infrared stimulation of the pit organ, in contrast to the tonic responses that have been reported for the primary afferents. the receptive field dimensions of lttd neurons are smaller than those of the primary afferents; some lttd neurons have inhibitory regions within their receptive fields. the smaller recept ... | 1980 | 7353171 |
| hemostatic changes following rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom in the dog. | hemostatic changes were observed in mongrel dogs (n = 5, 18.6 26.7 kg) following and i.v. ld20 (50 microgram/kg) of rattlesnake (crotalus viridis helleri) venom. venom produced thrombocytopenia within 5 min and fibrinogen was significantly reduced at 240 min. in addition, the presence of fibrin split products, a positive protamine sulfate test and a decrease in the euglobulin lysis time, suggest that fibrinogenolysis and fibrinolysis are initiated shortly after venom. prothrombin and partial thr ... | 1980 | 7365699 |
| the infrared trigemino-tectal pathway in the rattlesnake and in the python. | we have studied the infrared trigemino-tectal pathway of the rattlesnake (crotalus viridis) and the python (p. reticulatus). in the rattlesnake, horseradish perosidase (hrp) injections into the nucleus reticularis caloris (rc) result in retrograde filling of cells in the ipsilateral nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (lttd) and in the anterograde labelling of terminal fields in the contralateral optic tectum, confirming our previous finding of an rc-tectal projection. the primary ... | 1980 | 7410602 |
| comparison of a new ovine antigen binding fragment (fab) antivenin for united states crotalidae with the commercial antivenin for protection against venom-induced lethality in mice. | snake venom poisoning is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and the exercise of considerable judgment. of the estimated 8,000 bites inflicted by venomous snakes in the united states each year, approximately 6,000 are treated with commercial antivenin. the only commercially available antivenin for north american crotalidae envenomation is antivenin (crotalidae) polyvalent (equine origin) (acp; wyeth laboratories, philadelphia, pa). a common complication is the high incidence of hyp ... | 1995 | 7485708 |
| myotoxin a reduces the threshold for calcium-induced calcium release in skeletal muscle. | myotoxin a, isolated from the venom of the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis viridis, induces necrosis in skeletal muscle. in isolated organelles, it has been reported that myotoxin a reduces ca2+ uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. the effects of the toxin on ca2+ regulation were examined in heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions from human and equine skeletal muscle. ca2+ uptake and release (the threshold of ca(2+)-induced ca2+ release) were examined by dual wavelength spectrophotometry ... | 1994 | 7517075 |
| the properties of specific binding site of 125i-radioiodinated myotoxin a, a novel ca++ releasing agent, in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. | it was found that myotoxin a (mytx), which is isolated from prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis), is a powerful ca++ releaser in the heavy fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum (hsr). 125i-labeled mytx (125i-mytx), which has high ca(++)-releasing ability, was successfully prepared. it specifically bound to a single class of binding sites in hsr with a kd of 0.4 microm and bmax of 6 nmol/mg of protein. 125i-mytx binding was markedly inhibited by na+ and k+, whereas it was little affected ... | 1995 | 7752098 |
| intracapsular asexual proliferation of mesocestoides sp. tetrathyridia in the gastrointestinal tract and mesenteries of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | nonproliferous and proliferous tetrathyridia (mesocestoides sp.) have been reported from natural and experimental infections in reptiles and rodents. multiple tetrathyridia (1+) in individual capsules (host-derived) were observed for both types of tetrathyridia and in both types of animals. to determine whether proliferous tetrathyridia in this genus could replicate in host capsules of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis), 11 snakes were inoculated and maintained in 2 environmental ... | 1995 | 7776142 |
| ca2+ release induced by myotoxin alpha, a radio-labellable probe having novel ca2+ release properties in sarcoplasmic reticulum. | 1. myotoxin alpha (mytx), a polypeptide toxin purified from the venom of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis viridis) induced ca2+ release from the heavy fraction (hsr) but not the light fraction of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum at concentrations higher than 1 microm, followed by spontaneous ca2+ reuptake by measuring extravesicular ca2+ concentrations using the ca2+ electrode. 2. the rate of 45ca2+ release from hsr vesicles was markedly accelerated by mytx in a concentration-dependent mann ... | 1994 | 7812616 |
| biochemical characterization of hemorrhagic toxin from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom. | hemorrhage, necrosis and edema are some of the effects often observed following snake bites. this paper reports studies on the isolation and biological properties of hemorrhagic toxin from crotalus viridis viridis (prairie rattlesnake) venom. a hemorrhagic toxin was isolated from c. v. viridis venom by sephadex g-50, deae-sephacel and q-sepharose column chromatographies. the hemorrhagic toxin from c. v. viridis venom was shown to be homogenous as demonstrated by a single band on polyacrylamide g ... | 1994 | 7890122 |
| presence of heat-stable hemorrhagic toxins in snake venoms. | twenty-eight snake venoms (seven agkistrodon venoms, six bothrops venoms, 13 crotalus venoms, one sistrurus venom, and one bitis venom) were examined for the presence of heat-stable (100 degrees c, 5 min) hemorrhagic toxins. both heated and unheated venoms were analyzed for their protein composition by sds-page, and tested for their hemorrhagic activity in vivo in mice and for their proteolytic activity on two different substrates. heating all venoms led to the denaturation and loss of some prot ... | 1994 | 7985199 |
| characterization of a reovirus isolate from a rattle snake, crotalus viridis, with neurological dysfunction. | a virus isolate from the brain of a rattle snake with central nervous system (cns) symptoms was identified as a reovirus. the isolate did not agglutinate pig erythrocytes and was not neutralized by antisera against avian reovirus s1133 and mammalian reovirus type 3. the cytopathic effect in vero cells was characterized by formation of syncytial giant cells. electrophoretic analysis of the genome revealed 10 segments of dsrna. the isolate displayed characteristics distinct from avian and mammalia ... | 1994 | 7998838 |
| comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten central american snake venoms. | the immunological reactivity of five crotaline antivenoms for the venoms of ten costa rican snakes was determined. venoms from bothrops asper, b. godmani, b. lateralis, b. nasutus, b. ophryomegas, b. schlegelii, b. nummifer, b. picadoi, crotalus durissus durissus and lachesis muta stenophrys were separated by sds-page, transferred to cellulose nitrate membrane and reacted against five different antivenoms. antisera used in the immunoblotting were prepared in rabbits to the crotaline venoms from ... | 1993 | 8212043 |
| purification and characterization of two high molecular weight hemorrhagic toxins from crotalus viridis viridis venom using monoclonal antibodies. | two high mol. wt hemorrhagic toxins were purified from crotalus viridis viridis venom using hplc anion exchange and monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography following initial separation by hplc with a preparative deae column. the fraction from the initial column having the highest hemorrhagic activity was used to immunize balb/c mice for production of monoclonal antibodies. one of the monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized a single protein band of the immunizing fraction in native poly ... | 1993 | 8393600 |
| fibrinogenolytic proteases from the venoms of juvenile and adult northern pacific rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis oreganus). | 1. venoms of crotalus viridis oreganus show marked ontogenetic variation in protease activity. adult venoms are approximately five-fold higher in protease (caseinolytic) activity. 2. of seven potential protease inhibitors, only edta and 1,10-phenanthroline caused a significant decrease in protease activity. responses of juvenile and adult venoms were essentially equivalent, and attempts at recovery of protease activity of edta-treated venoms by the addition of ca2+ or zn2+ were unsuccessful. 3. ... | 1993 | 8403847 |
| asexually proliferous tetrathyridia of mesocestoides sp. in the hepatic portal system of the prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis). | a female prairie rattlesnake (crotalus viridis viridis) was gastric intubated with 250 tetrathyridia of mesocestoides sp. the snake was killed 12 wk postinfection; a portion of the liver was examined histologically for evidence of tetrathyridia. five tetrathyridia were seen in two hepatic portal triad vessels. we propose that a blood-borne metastasis of tetrathyridia in reptiles and rodents may occur. | 1993 | 8445778 |
| biochemical bases for difference in oxygen affinity of maternal and fetal red blood cells of rattlesnakes. | pregnancy in crotalus viridis oreganus is associated with an increase in the nucleoside triphosphate (ntp) concentration and a concomitant decrease in the oxygen affinity of the adult red blood cell. however, although the red blood cells of non-pregnant adults and fetuses have indistinguishable ntp concentrations, they have different oxygen affinities. therefore, red blood cell ntp concentrations alone cannot account for the oxygen-affinity difference between fetal and maternal red blood cells. ... | 1993 | 8457000 |
| prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis) respond to rodent blood with chemosensory searching. | in experiment i, homogenized rodent tissue was applied to the lips of prairie rattlesnakes (crotalus viridis). this treatment produced elevated rates of tongue flicking compared to controls that received water, but the elevations seen following stimulation with homogenate were not as large as those seen after snakes struck prey. in experiment ii, water, rodent blood, and integumentary cues were applied to the lips of rattlesnakes, and only blood resulted in elevated rates of tongue flicking. we ... | 1993 | 8477345 |