Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [distinguishing anopheles dirus of hainan province by gas chromatography of cuticular hydrocarbons]. | in order to identify the members of anopheles dirus complex of hainan province an analysis of relative content of cuticular saturated n-paraffins of anopheles dirus collected from different localities and in different months in hainan province was performed by using gas chromatography. the difference among the cuticular hydrocarbons n-paraffins components was statistically insignificant. the values of stepwise cluster analysis (q model) were very close for all the collected populations. these da ... | 1992 | 1303337 |
| malaria transmission during post-spray period of pirimiphos-methyl in arunachal pradesh. | observations made for a period of four years from 1985 to 1988 on post-spray impact of pirimiphos-methyl (25 per cent wp) on malaria vectors in tirap district of arunachal pradesh showed that a low density (0.0 to 0.02 pmh) of anopheles dirus was maintained in the areas sprayed with the insecticide at the dosages of 1 and 2 g/m2 from 1981 to 1984. the post-spray data (1985 to 1988) showed a reduction of 62.5 to 62.8 per cent in spr, 55.6 to 64.7 per cent in srf and 72.3 to 75.5 per cent decline ... | 1992 | 1344956 |
| adulticidal effect of cyfluthrin against mosquitos of public health importance in malaysia. | the efficacy of two formulations, wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate, of cyfluthrin sprayed on plywood [10 mg (ai)/m2] was assessed against six species of mosquitos. the bioassay followed the who standard method, with some modification for the bioassay of insecticidal deposits on wall surfaces. the results indicated that these two formulations of cyfluthrin were effective against anopheles dirus and mansonia uniformis, moderately toxic to aedes aegypti and ae. albopictus in decreasing ... | 1992 | 1355928 |
| relationship between female anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) body size and parity in a biting population. | wing length of host-seeking anopheles dirus peyton & harrison was measured in tha-mai district, chanthaburi province, thailand. overall, wing length of nulliparous females (mean = 3.035 mm) was not significantly smaller than that of parous females (mean = 3.039 mm). wing length was correlated with rainfall and minimum air temperature; females tended to be smaller in the rainy season and larger in the cool and early dry seasons, often in association with a high parity rate. malaria transmission p ... | 1992 | 1460629 |
| [angkor. the mystery of the dead city and anopheles dirus]. | the desertion of angkor, which during more than five centuries was the center of a glorious civilization, has long been a matter of mystery and conjecture. the discovery of the vectorial capacity of the jungle mosquito anopheles dirus, its epidemiological importance in the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance in plasmodium falciparum malaria, the wiping out of large populations after transfer or deportation of non-immune khmers into forest areas can now easily explain the desertion of an ... | 1992 | 1494307 |
| anopheles dirus size and fecundity: relationship to larval density and protein accumulation. | anopheles dirus were reared at two different larval densities (100/pan and 400/pan) to produce two different size classes of adults. both the wing length and fecundity of females from the two densities were significantly different (p less than 0.001). adult size was related to larval density and protein accumulation during immature life. egg production was also related to adult size. consequently, larger field adults have the potential to live longer and produce more eggs. the smaller adult size ... | 1992 | 1523465 |
| development of a polymorphic strain of plasmodium vivax in monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium vivax from thailand with a polymorphic repeat unit of the circumsporozoite protein was established in saimiri sciureus boliviensis and 3 species of aotus monkeys. all 11 attempts to transmit infection via sporozoite inoculation, 4 times to splenectomized s. sciureus boliviensis, 2 times to splenectomized aotus nancymai, and 5 times to intact saimiri monkeys, were successful. anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were in ... | 1992 | 1597793 |
| population genetic evidence for species a, b, c and d of the anopheles dirus complex in thailand and enzyme electromorphs for their identification. | mixtures of chromosomal forms a, b, c and d in natural populations of anopheles dirus peyton & harrison sensu lato in thailand show significant positive values of wright's fixation index for six enzyme-electromorph loci. the mean value of fis over all loci was found to be +0.28 (sd 0.02), with a range of +0.57 (odh) to +0.10 (idh-2). partitioning electromorph data for the chromosomal forms reduces the mean fis to 0.03 (sd 0.01), which suggests that positive assortative mating is a characteristic ... | 1992 | 1600224 |
| evaluation of monoclonal antibodies against plasmodium vivax sporozoites for elisa development. | nine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) developed against plasmodium vivax (grassi & feletti) salivary gland sporozoites were evaluated for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using sporozoites developed in anopheles dirus peyton & harrison an. gambiae giles and an.maculatus theobald. four of the antibodies were unsuitable due to the low sensitivity of the resulting assays or the requirement for high concentrations of capture antibody. an additional two mabs were rejected because they ... | 1991 | 1768896 |
| comparative susceptibility of southeast asian anopheles mosquitoes to the simian malaria parasite plasmodium cynomolgi. | seven anopheles species/isolates were compared with anopheles dirus (control) for susceptibility to plasmodium cynomolgi b strain. the mean numbers of oocysts in paired replicates of an. dirus and an. takasagoensis were not significantly different. the remaining test species had significantly fewer mean numbers of oocysts than anopheles dirus (p less than 0.01). anopheles dirus had the highest percentage of mosquitoes infected with p. cynomolgi sporozoites (82%). of the test groups, anopheles di ... | 1991 | 1791460 |
| the number of sporozoites produced by individual malaria oocysts. | mature oocysts of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax from western thailand were separated from the midguts of anopheles dirus by collagenase digestion, and the number of sporozoites contained in each was counted. for 26 p. vivax oocysts, the mean count was 3, 688 (range 1, 954-5, 577) and for 14 p. falciparum, the mean count was 3, 385 (range 1, 359-4, 554); a single p. cynomolgi oocyst contained 7, 521. counts were not significantly correlated with oocyst density, oocyst age, or identity of the ... | 1991 | 1951866 |
| plasmodium vivax: gametocyte infectivity of naturally infected thai adults. | up to 200 laboratory reared anopheles dirus mosquitoes were fed on each of 496 symptomatic thai men who had patent, naturally acquired plasmodium vivax gametocytaemia. mean gametocyte densities were 455/mm3 (range: 0-3281), geometric mean oocyst number was 9 (0-142), mean frequency of infection was 43% (0-100%), and mean sporozoite number in salivary glands was 9525 (0-285,000). there was little relation between gametocyte density and either oocyst number or frequency of mosquito infection. ther ... | 1991 | 2038501 |
| [induction of retarded exoerythrocytic schizonts by chloroguanide resulting in delayed parasitaemia of plasmodium inui in macaca mulatta]. | three rhesus monkeys inoculated with a large number of sporozoites of plasmodium inui dissected from the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, anopheles dirus. two of the monkeys (inoculated with 8.06 x 10(5) and 1.3 x 10(7) sporozoites, respectively) were treated with chloroguanide base 6 mg/(kg.d) x 4 d starting from 24 h after the inoculations and the other one (inoculated with 5.93 x 10(6) sporozoites) was not treated with chloroguanide as control. the primary parasitaemia attacks occurred ... | 1990 | 2088005 |
| [analysis of amino acids in hemolymph and acid hydrolysates of midguts of anopheles dirus infected with plasmodium cynomolgi]. | quantitative determinations of free amino acids in hemolymph and acid hydrolysates of midguts of female anopheles dirus infected with plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii were carried out and the results were compared with those of noninfected mosquitoes. on day 10 after infected blood meal, the contents of methionine, isoleucine, leucine, ornithine, lysine in the hemolymph of infected mosquitoes markedly decreased as compared with those in the controls. however, the quantitative analysis of the am ... | 1990 | 2099259 |
| highly efficient dry season transmission of malaria in thailand. | man-biting collections were made for 7 consecutive nights per month for 24 months at 2 sites in a thai village regularly treated with ddt and fenitrothion yet hyperendemic for plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax. only anopheles dirus was incriminated as a vector: 1.6% were infective and 2.4% were infected (median numbers of oocysts = 3.5). transmission occurred within the village, which was located in groves of rubber and fruit trees, during the dry months of november to may only, when rates of p ... | 1990 | 2189240 |
| seasonal fluctuation of plasmodium falciparum gametocytaemia. | two numerically minor components of plasmodium falciparum prevalence--gametocytaemia and trophozoite densities greater than 99/500 white blood cells--displayed an annual cycle that reflected the seasonal abundance of infective anopheles dirus at a hyperendemic focus in thailand, even though the gross monthly prevalence for combined ages remained stable. gametocyte prevalence rose more than 300% within 30 d after the capture of the dry season's first infective mosquito, remained at about 8% until ... | 1990 | 2189241 |
| active malaria transmission in south mizoram. | anopheles dirus was incriminated as malaria vector with 1.12% sporozoite rate in tlabong (demagiri) subdivision, mizoram. high parity rate of a. dirus (33.69%) and a. minimus (52.87%) further confirmed their vectorial status. both the vectors were found highly susceptible to 4% ddt. | 1990 | 2209927 |
| the peruvian iii strain of plasmodium brasilianum in saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. | a strain of plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from a naturally infected saimiri monkey from peru and subsequently passaged to 21 splenectomized saimiri sciureus boliviensis monkeys. nine of 12 attempts to transmit infection by sporozoite inoculation were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 23 to 41 days. gametocytes were infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles stephensi, anopheles dirus, anopheles maculatus, and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. the strain demonstrated a high level ... | 1990 | 2213410 |
| anopheles dirus species e: chromosomal and crossing evidence for another member of the dirus complex. | cytogenetic and crossing data provide strong evidence for the existence of another species, dirus e in southwestern india, within the dirus complex of anopheles. these findings are in accord with unpublished morphological observations. our data suggest a significant genetic divergence between species e and its close relatives, an. dirus a, b and c in thailand. these data also suggest that dirus e is an incipient sibling species of its geographically nearest relative, dirus d, and that it seeming ... | 1990 | 2230776 |
| evaluation of survival potential and malaria susceptibility among different size classes of laboratory-reared anopheles dirus. | four size classes of anopheles dirus were reared from different larval densities. higher densities produced smaller adults with lower survivorship. larger females took larger bloodmeals by artificial feeding with cultured plasmodium falciparum and developed significantly more oocysts. | 1990 | 2240360 |
| hyperendemic malaria in a thai village: dependence of year-round transmission on focal and seasonally circumscribed mosquito (diptera: culicidae) habitats. | in a longitudinal study of hyperendemic malaria in a village in eastern thailand (from october 1985 to november 1987), man-biting anopheline mosquitoes were collected for 16 man-nights per month in 22 of 26 mo. mosquitoes were separated according to collection sites (inner, central, more populated; outer, peripheral, more forested), biting period, and parity, and then they were tested for sporozoite antigen using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). abundance of anopheles dirus peyton & ... | 1990 | 2280385 |
| a nitrocellulose membrane-based elisa for the detection of plasmodium infections in mosquitos. | a nitrocellulose (nc) membrane was evaluated as a solid-phase support for the detection of malaria-infected mosquitos using monoclonal antibodies (mab) with a laboratory model based on plasmodium inui and anopheles dirus. mabs produced against sporozoites of the n34 strain of p. inui, and selected by immunofluorescence assay and the circumsporozoite precipitin test, were used. a one-site indirect nc-elisa that used unlabelled mab and enzyme-labelled anti-mouse igg was developed. its sensitivity ... | 1989 | 2575463 |
| [comparison in susceptibility of anopheles dirus and anopheles stephensi to b strain of plasmodium cynomolgi]. | this paper reports on the comparative susceptibility of a. dirus (hainan strain) and a. stephensi (hor strain) to the b strain of p. cynomolgi in paired feeding experiments. in the most susceptible infective period, the infection rate in midgut and salivary gland of the two species was over 90%, the difference is not statistically significant. in relatively infective period, three experiments were performed, the infection rate in midgut of a. dirus was 24.4-60.4% with an average of 46.5% (53/114 ... | 1989 | 2591037 |
| scanning electron microscopic observations and differentiation of eggs of the anopheles dirus complex. | microscopic observations have revealed differences among the eggs of species a, b, c and d of the anopheles dirus complex. the eggs of species a and c are similar in size and shape. they are intermediate in size between the eggs of species b, which is the largest, and that of species d, which is the smallest. the pattern of outer chorionic cells between the frill and the float is species specific. the pattern consists of rows of irregularly shaped cells in species d and different numbers of rows ... | 1989 | 2614407 |
| [observation on the development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles dirus]. | this paper is a record of our observation on the stages of development of plasmodium falciparum in anopheles dirus. the malarial parasites were derived from 5 infected patients living in guizhou province and used to infect 8 batches of an.dirus. the morphology of various developmental stages studied under light microscope and their average size were as follows: microgametes were filament-shaped, 13.31 +/- 2.22 microns; macrogametes and zygotes oval or round, 4.36 +/- 0.59 microns and 3.39 +/- 0. ... | 1989 | 2699280 |
| incrimination of anopheles dirus as a vector of malaria in dibrugarh district, assam. | anopheles nigerrimus, a. vagus, a. dirus, a. karwari and a. kochi were the most abundant species among 12 anopheline species collected during the course of entomological studies carried out from july to september, 1988 in an area endemic for malaria under tengakhat phc of dibrugarh district, assam. sporozoites were detected in the salivary glands of one specimen of a. dirus, peyton & harrison (a. balabacensis) which constituted about 18.11 per cent of the total anopheline collection. | 1989 | 2699591 |
| the importance of anopheles dirus (a. balabacensis) as a vector of malaria in northeast india. | anopheles dirus (a. balabacensis) is the most prevalent among twelve anopheline species collected during the course of entomological studies carried out in changlang district of arunachal pradesh during july and august, 1988. it is observed to be a forest species and is found to breed in small stagnant water pools completely or partially shaded by plants in the open jungle. sporozoites have been detected in several specimens of a. dirus (a. balabacensis) supporting its role in transmission of ma ... | 1989 | 2792474 |
| effects of cyromazin and methoprene on the developmental stages of anopheles dirus, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera : culicidae). | the effects of two chemical compounds, cyromazin and methoprene, on the developmental stages of anopheles dirus, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus were investigated under laboratory conditions, with the mean temperature of 24 degrees +/- 1 degree c and the relative humidity at 65-75%. both compounds were tested against the second, third and fourth instar larvae. the concentrations of cyromazin used for an. dirus and cx. quinquefasciatus ranged from 0.0008 to 0.5 mg/l; and for ae. aegypti ... | 1985 | 2866585 |
| establishment of a natural mating colony of anopheles dirus peyton et harrison and their biological characteristics. | 1987 | 3113847 | |
| cytological differences and chromosomal rearrangements in four members of the anopheles dirus complex (diptera: culicidae). | a reference photomap of the larval salivary gland, polytene chromosomes of the anopheles dirus complex (species a) is presented. samples of species a, b, c, and d from natural populations in thailand were compared to this standard map using the larval progeny of wild-caught females. all species show differences in their chromosome banding patterns involving band size, number, and shape, particularly at the free ends of the x, 2r, and 2l. these differences provide useful diagnostic characters for ... | 1988 | 3169545 |
| cytogenetic evidence for a fifth species within the taxon anopheles dirus in thailand. | crossbreeding and chromosomal evidence are presented for the existence of a fifth sibling species within the taxon of anopheles dirus in thailand. the new species is morphologically identifiable as anopheles balabacensis "fraser's hill form." structural differences in mitotic chromosomes and extensive asynapsis in hybrid polytene chromosomes indicate that significant genetic divergence exists between this species and its closest relatives, an. dirus species a, b, c and d and an. balabacensis. | 1988 | 3199123 |
| distribution and chromosomal polymorphism of the malaria vector anopheles dirus species d. | preliminary results indicate that species d of the anopheles dirus complex is widespread west of the thai-burma border in burma and bangladesh. a chromosomal study of an. dirus species d in these areas has revealed that this malaria vector is highly polymorphic for chromosomal rearrangements in salivary gland polytene chromosomes. the data from the limited number of wild-caught samples suggest that different geographically isolated populations may occur with respect to the frequency of inversion ... | 1988 | 3238479 |
| diagnostic restriction fragment patterns of dna from the four isomorphic species of anopheles dirus. | total dna from isofemale lines of the four isomorphic species of the anopheles dirus were screened against twenty restriction endonucleases. seven enzymes (ava ii, alu i, bgl ii, hae iii, hinf i, mbo i and sau3a i) produced some unique dna fragments for each of the lines. seven other enzymes (bamh i, bstn i, cfo i, ecor i, kpn i, nru i and pst i) produced unique fragments in two of the lines. the remaining six enzymes (hha i, mnl i, msp i, nae i, rsa i and taq i) gave vague patterns which might ... | 1988 | 3238483 |
| a note on anopheles dirus peyton and harrison, 1979 [an. balabacensis (sensu lato) baisas, 1936] in india. | 1988 | 3268459 | |
| some entomological observations on malaria transmission in a remote village in northwestern thailand. | anopheline mosquitoes and their relation to malaria transmission were studied during the months of march, may and july in the karen village of mae tha waw located in the northwestern mountains of tak province. thirteen species were captured on human bait during 80 man-nights of collecting. four additional species were collected during routine larval surveys. anopheles minimus and an. maculatus comprised 92.5% of the specimens captured biting man. anopheles minimus and an. nivipes were implicated ... | 1987 | 3333058 |
| identification of isomorphic malaria vectors using a dna probe. | about 7,000 recombinant clones, derived from chromosomally-identified families of wild-caught females of anopheles dirus species d, were screened. the most promising clone was totally specific to species d when tested against single f1 females of all four species of the complex. in fresh specimens the clone was positive for dna levels 150 times less than the normal dna content of single individuals. fresh adult males and females, larvae, and dried specimens have been successfully identified. the ... | 1988 | 3341521 |
| transmission of the os strain of plasmodium inui to saimiri sciureus boliviensis and aotus azarae boliviensis monkeys by anopheles dirus mosquitoes. | eight saimiri and 7 aotus monkeys were exposed to infection with the os strain of plasmodium inui via the bites of from 2 to 7 anopheles dirus mosquitoes. all saimiri monkeys developed high-level infections of from 152,000 to 500,000/mm3 after prepatent periods of from 14 to 17 days. only 1 aotus monkey developed a patent infection after a period of 28 days. feeding on these animals failed to result in infection of an. dirus mosquitoes. | 1988 | 3379532 |
| geographic distribution and biting behaviour of four species of the anopheles dirus complex (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | a cytogenetic analysis of the species status of members of the anopheles dirus group, from natural populations, over a six-year period has produced biogeographic and behavioural data which are presented herein. species a, b, c and d have quite distinct geographic distributions in thailand. species a is the only species in most of the mainland but is absent from the southern half of the peninsula. species b is dominant in the far south of the peninsula giving way to species c on the north-east si ... | 1988 | 3406803 |
| scanning electron microscopic study of pupal seta 9-111-v of anopheles balabacensis (perlis form) and anopheles dirus (bangkok strain). | 1987 | 3448784 | |
| correlation of survival rates of anopheles dirus a (diptera: culicidae) with different infection densities of plasmodium cynomolgi. | the survival rates are described for 36 paired replicates of anopheles dirus a mosquitos that had been allowed to engorge themselves on rhesus monkeys that were either infected or non-infected with plasmodium cynomolgi. the survival rates of infected mosquitos with a mean number of oocysts less than 10 did not differ significantly from those that were non-infected; however, there was a significant difference in the survival rates of non-infected groups and those with a mean number of oocysts in ... | 1986 | 3493859 |
| monandry (monogamy) in natural populations of anopheline mosquitoes. | polymorphic y chromosomes within two species of anopheline mosquitoes provide markers for testing if females are inseminated by one or more males in nature. wild-caught females of anopheles dirus (sp. a) and an. maculatus s.s. produced 291 and 55 families, respectively, which showed a single type of y chromosome. one family of the former species showed two types of y chromosomes. these field data support the idea, established from laboratory studies, that female mosquitoes are largely monandrous ... | 1987 | 3504933 |
| intraspecific variation in sex heterochromatin of species b of the anopheles dirus complex in thailand. | cytological examination of f1 larval mitotic chromosomes from a total of 126 families of anopheles dirus species b from southern thailand populations has revealed a pronounced quantitative variation of constitutive heterochromatin in the two sex chromosomes. five types of x chromosomes and four types of y chromosomes have been identified in this study. such gross variation in sex chromosomes is most likely due to a gradual acquisition of extra heterochromatin. | 1987 | 3609738 |
| the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium reichenowi. | plasmodium reichenowi, a malarial parasite of the chimpanzee, was infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles maculatus, anopheles dirus, and anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae and anopheles albimanus were not infected. mean oocyst diameters of p. reichenowi were smaller than those of the other chimpanzee parasite, plasmodium schwetzi. sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of an. freeborni at 15 days when held at 25 to 2 ... | 1986 | 3734994 |
| [experimental observation on the dispersal of anopheles dirus in hainan island]. | 1985 | 4053315 | |
| [observation on the susceptibility of anopheles dirus to plasmodium yoelii yoelii]. | 1985 | 4053316 | |
| studies on a newly isolated strain of plasmodium brasilianum in aotus and saimiri monkeys and different anophelines. | a strain of plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from an aotus vociferans monkey from peru. the parasite readily infected aotus monkeys from bolivia and columbia and saimiri sciureus monkeys from peru and bolivia. highest level mosquito infections were obtained by feeding on the saimiri monkeys. the most susceptible mosquito was anopheles freeborni, followed by anopheles dirus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles culicifacies, anopheles maculatus and anopheles albimanus. anopheles q ... | 1985 | 4093810 |
| [experimental study on susceptibility of anopheles minimus and anopheles dirus to plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum]. | 1983 | 6380800 | |
| plasmodium falciparum infection in bisazir chemosterilized anopheles dirus in laboratory studies. | bisazir, at a 0.5% solution induced sterility in males and at a 1.5% solution in female a. dirus. these sterilizing doses reduced p. falciparum infection in mosquitoes, however, they can still transmit malaria. it is concluded that by the concentration of 1.5 and 2.0% that induced complete sterility in males and females are not safe in sterile-male release programme for the control of a. dirus, unless all females were eliminated prior to release. | 1984 | 6390705 |
| infection and transmission studies with the n-3 strain of plasmodium fieldi in the macaca mulatta monkey. | seven different anophelines--anopheles freeborni, an. dirus, an. maculatus, an. atroparvus, an. stephensi, an. albimanus, and an. quadrimaculatus--were shown to be susceptible to infection with the n-3 strain of plasmodium fieldi. transmission was obtained via the bites of an. dirus, an. stephensi, and an. maculatus mosquitoes to macaca mulatta monkeys. sporozoites dissected from an. freeborni were also shown to be infectious. anopheles dirus and an. stephensi were the most suitable mosquitoes f ... | 1984 | 6491849 |
| cytogenetic studies of some species complexes of anopheles in thailand and southeast asia. | recent studies on cytogenetics, behavioral, geographical and distinct morphological characters on adult, pupal and larval stages have revealed that "balabacensis" is a species complex. anopheles dirus the mainland species, is distributed widely in thailand and is renowned for its role as primary vector of human malarial parasites. further, evidence from cytogenetic and taxonomic studies suggests that "an. dirus" is a species complex comprising at least four distinct species provisionally designa ... | 1984 | 6543543 |
| esterase patterns of anopheles dirus (bangkok strain) and anopheles balabacensis (perlis form) in the laboratory. | esterase isoenzyme were performed in anopheles balabacensis (perlis form) and anopheles dirus (bangkok strain and kanchanaburi strain). the zymogram showed four positions, e1, e2, e3 and e4. seventy-five percent of an. balabacensis (perlis form) or an. dirus (bangkok strain) can be correctly diagnosed by the presence of fast band in e3 or super slow band in e3 respectively. homozygous slow band of e3 cannot be fully distinguished in both species, but by the combination of e2 and e3, 99.42% can b ... | 1983 | 6612417 |
| sporozoite-induced plasmodium cynomolgi infections in captive born macaca fascicularis. | capability of captive born cynomolgus monkeys to substitute for rhesus in the plasmodium cynomolgi radical curative antimalarial drug development model was examined. eighteen monkeys divided into 3 groups were given standard or high doses of sporozoites intravenously. one group of 4 received 0.8 - 1.6 x 10(6) and a second group of 8 received 0.3 - 1.0 x 10(7) sporozoites. the third group of 6 was splenectomized and then received 3.0 - 4.0 x 10(6). the 2 groups of intact monkeys developed a persi ... | 1984 | 6740373 |
| forest malaria in bangladesh. ii. transmission by anopheles dirus. | seasonal, holoendemic malaria transmission in a small, isolated forest community was studied by doing outdoor and indoor all-night man-biting catches over 21 consecutive months. more than 3.8% of anopheles dirus (=an. balabacensis s.l.), the most frequently caught anopheline, were infective. one an. annularis was also infective. transmission occurred only during the 7-month monsoon. in the absence of ddt, an. dirus bit with equal frequency indoors and outdoors. when ddt was present in dwellings, ... | 1982 | 7072883 |
| forest malaria in bangladesh. iii. breeding habits of anopheles dirus. | a thorough, repetitive, 21-month search for breeding sites of anopheles dirus (=an. balabacensis s.l.) was conducted within a 3-km radius of an isolated, holoendemic malaria focus. during the annual 6-month monsoon, all breeding within 1.5 km of the focus took place at eight sites in 1975 and at nine sites in 1976. these sites were of two topographic types--puddles on footpaths and turbulence pits at the heads of drainage gullies--that shared the characteristic of being able to hold water for at ... | 1982 | 7072884 |
| development of plasmodium inui in the aotus trivirgatus monkey. | four splenectomized aotus trivirgatus griseimembra monkeys were affected with the os strain of plasmodium inui, a parasite of old world macaques. high parasite densities were obtained and two of the animals died. surviving animals maintained low to moderate level of chronic infections. three of the four animals produced parasitemias which infected anopheles dirus mosquitoes; oocyst densities were very low, however. | 1981 | 7241282 |
| blood volume ingested by anopheles dirus using membrane feeding. | 1981 | 7256350 | |
| vector control in some countries of southeast asia: comparing the vectors and the strategies. | the use of information on malaria vector behaviour in vector control is discussed in relation to the area of southeast asia comprising cambodia, laos, myanmar, thailand and vietnam. the major vectors in the region are anopheles dirus, an. minimus, an. maculatus and an. sundaicus, of which an. dirus is the most important. options for vector control and the biological features of mosquitoes, which would make them amenable to control by these measures, are listed. the methods with the greatest pote ... | 1995 | 7605123 |
| simple nonradioactive dna hybridization method for identification of sibling species of anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) complex. | a simple method was developed for species identification of mosquitoes in the anopheles dirus complex found in thailand using horseradish peroxidase-labeled dna probes and a chemiluminescent detection system. species-specific dna probes for anopheles dirus, species b, c, and d detected 1-5 ng of target dna, a sensitivity that was comparable with the radioisotopic detection system. identification of individual mosquitoes was performed by dot-blot analysis of crude mosquito dna. the method allowed ... | 1995 | 7608914 |
| evaluation of permethrin-treated military uniforms for personal protection against malaria in northeastern thailand. | a trial to compare the effect of military clothing treated by high-pressure spray with permethrin or placebo on the incidence of malaria in royal thai army troops was conducted in northeastern thailand. bioassays of treated clothing using laboratory-reared anopheles dirus females showed permethrin remained in the treated fabric for up to 90 days. both permethrin- and placebo-treated uniform shirts provided > 84% protection from biting an. dirus in laboratory bioassays for the duration of the stu ... | 1994 | 7707057 |
| characterization of the major form of glutathione transferase in the mosquito anopheles dirus a. | 1995 | 7758801 | |
| the infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinin. | twenty-seven patients with gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum (pf) were divided into groups a, b, and c. a daily dose of 1200 mg artemisinin was given for 5 days to group a, a state dose of 750 mg of mefloquine to group b and a single dose of 750 mg mefloquine combined with 45 mg primaquine to group c. after treatment, the gametocyte count was taken daily, and infectivity of the gametocytes to anopheles dirus via membrane feeding was also studied. results showed that in group a, the density of ... | 1994 | 7805466 |
| residual activity of cyhalothrin 20% ec on cattle as determined by mosquito bioassays. | the residual effectiveness of 0.005mg/ml of cyhalothrin applied to cattle was determined against three species of mosquitos: anopheles maculatus theobald. anopheles dirus peyton and harrison mansonia uniformis theobald. twenty-four hour post exposure mortality and the degree of successful blood engorgement were determined by exposing mosquitos for 10 minutes to cattle. three replicated assays were conducted and mortality determined at 1, 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after each treatment. an initial mort ... | 1993 | 7909171 |
| [the infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinine]. | 27 patients with gametocytes of p. falciparum were divided into groups a, b and c. 1,200 mg of artemisinine was given as a daily dose for 5 days to group a, 750 mg of mefloquine plus 45 mg of primaquine as a single dose to group c. after medication, gametocyte count was observed daily in addition to the infectivity of gametocytes of p. falciparum to anopheles dirus. in group a, the density of gametocytes and the infectivity were significantly reduced on days 4, 7, 14 and 21 during the study. in ... | 1994 | 7922759 |
| further studies on the sporozoite transmission of the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. | different species of saimiri and aotus monkeys were inoculated with sporozoites of the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. of 58 saimiri inoculated, 45 developed parasitemia (4 following bites and 41 following intravenous inoculation). prepatent periods ranged from 10 to 63 days. twelve of 19 monkeys inoculated with sporozoites that had been stored frozen developed patent parasitemia after 16-53 days. of 41 aotus monkeys inoculated, only 10 (2 via bites and 8 via intravenous inoculation) deve ... | 1994 | 8064516 |
| response of anopheles dirus and aedes albopictus to repellents in the laboratory. | laboratory tests were conducted to study the response of anopheles dirus and aedes albopictus to repellent formulations containing diethyl methylbenzamide (deet) and dimethyl phthalate. anopheles dirus was tolerant of low concentrations of deet (5-20%), and formulations containing < or = 35% deet provided protection for < or = 90 min. in contrast, ae. albopictus was sensitive to these formulations, which provided > or = 180 min protection from bites. | 1993 | 8126487 |
| detection of sporozoites of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes by elisa: false positivity associated with bovine and swine blood. | blood samples from cows and pigs were tested for possible cross-reactivity with a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit designed for detection of human malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes. the results revealed that 4 of 16 cows (25%) reacted positively with both plasmodium falciparum (2a10) and p. vivax (nsv3) monoclonal antibodies and 8 (50%) were positive with nsv3 only. one of 12 pigs (8.33%) was positive with both antibodies, and 2 (16.6%) were positive with n ... | 1993 | 8236408 |
| mosquito larvae and associated macroorganisms occurring in gem pits in southern tha mai district, chanthaburi province, thailand. | aquatic field studies were conducted in tha mai district, chanthaburi province, thailand. larval habitats of anopheles dirus were examined from november 1986 through june 1988 in 42 manmade gem pits. larvae were found in pits containing clear water under full or partial shade. the abundance of different kinds of mosquito larvae were related to seasonal changes in these aquatic habitats. variations in an. dirus density and occurrence were related to predators populations, ie notonectidae and fish ... | 1993 | 8362289 |
| localized permanent epidemics: the genesis of chloroquine resistance in plasmodium falciparum. | localized permanent epidemics occur when, for an indefinite period of time, there is a temporary but continuous introduction of unprotected non-immunes into the same locality of a hyperendemic area. the main epidemiological factors involved in the genesis of localized permanent epidemics were encountered in pailin (cambodia) the epicenter of drug resistance in southeast asia: a very efficient vector, anopheles dirus, exophilic and of limited distribution with, therefore, adjacent hyperendemic an ... | 1995 | 8525414 |
| sporozoite transmission of three strains of plasmodium knowlesi to aotus and saimiri monkeys. | attempts were made to infect aotus and saimiri monkeys with sporozoites of 3 strains of plasmodium knowlesi to determine the potential of these animals in a monkey/malaria model. splenectomized saimiri and aotus monkeys were infected with the h strain of p. knowlesi via sporozoites from anopheles dirus mosquitoes. prepatent periods ranged from 5 to 16 days. saimiri monkeys infected with the philippine strain had prepatent periods ranging from 6 to 8 days. saimiri monkeys infected with the hacker ... | 1996 | 8604095 |
| the nigerian i/cdc strain of plasmodium ovale in chimpanzees. | the chimpanzee is the only animal host currently available that can support the development of the human malaria parasite plasmodium ovale. thirty-one infections with the nigerian i/cdc strain were induced in splenectomized chimpanzees. maximum parasite counts ranged from 1,240 to 127,224/microliters. infections were transient and unpredictable. anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles freeborni, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected by feeding through parafilm membranes on hepar ... | 1996 | 8636850 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of deet, cic-4, and ai3-37220 against anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | laboratory and field tests of the repellents diethyl methylbenzamide (deet), 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220), and (2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl) acetic acid lactone (cic-4) were conducted against anopheles dirus peyton & harrison, the principal malaria vector in thailand. in the laboratory, an. dirus was more sensitive to cic-4 than either ai3-37220 or deet. the duration of protection provided by each repellent in laboratory tests increased with higher concentrations o ... | 1996 | 8699442 |
| observations on nocturnal biting activity and host preference of anophelines collected in southern thailand. | over a 13-month period, 5,127 adult female mosquitoes were collected on human bait during multiple collecting periods between 1800 and 0600 h in 5 villages in southern thailand. there were marked differences in the biting activity of different species at each of the villages studied. anopheles maculatus and anopheles sawadwongporni were collected most often at dusk or in the first hours of darkness between 1800 and 2100 h. although specimens of anopheles dirus were collected consistently between ... | 1996 | 8723258 |
| seasonal abundance and parity rates of anopheles species in southern thailand. | mosquitoes were collected with human bait, animal bait, and co2-baited light traps during a 13-month period in 5 villages located along the myanmar border in southern thailand. altogether, 11,608 adult females consisting of 21 anopheline species were collected. abundance of species varied according to the village where collections were made. in one village that was studied most intensely, anopheles minimus was the most commonly collected species, representing 55.6, 10.6, and 56.5% of the human b ... | 1996 | 8723262 |
| hyperendemic malaria in a forested, hilly myanmar village. | a 1-year longitudinal study of hyperendemic malaria was carried out at tha-bye-wa village, oktwin township, situated in the forested bago mountain range in south-central myanmar. mosquito infectivity was assayed using specific, sporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. anopheles dirus was the predominant vector in the postmonsoon season (october); during the cool-dry season (january), both an. dirus and anopheles minimus were vectors. members of the anopheles culicifacies complex were caugh ... | 1995 | 8825497 |
| larval habitats of malaria vectors and other anopheles mosquitoes around a transmission focus in northwestern thailand. | we sampled 199 bodies of water for anopheles larvae around a malaria-endemic village near mae sot, thailand, over 2 years. anopheles dirus species a and d occurred in 54 small, well-shaded, stream and temporary ground pools. the larval habitat of species d is reported for the first time. anopheles minimus species a occurred in 8 samples from slow-moving streams, in 8 from rice fields, and in 2 from ground pools. anopheles pseudowillmori occurred in one sample from a ground pool, in 3 from stream ... | 1995 | 8825502 |
| effectiveness of repellent formulations containing deet against mosquitoes in northeastern thailand. | formulations of the repellent diethyl methyl benzamide (deet) were evaluated against mosquitoes in field tests conducted in sisaket province, northeastern thailand. thirty-three percent deet in an applicator stick provided > or = 87.1% protection against primarily culex vishnui, cx. gelidus, and cx. tritaeniorhynchus for up to 5 h, and 50% deet in ethanol provided > or = 93.3% protection against anopheles sp. and culicines for up to 8 h. the u.s. army extended duration repellent formulation ([ed ... | 1996 | 8827616 |
| effects of sublethal dosages of methoprene on anopheles dirus species a and b. | anopheles dirus species a and b individuals were exposed as 4th-stage larvae to sublethal concentrations of methoprene. median lethal concentrations were 0.21 ppb for species a and 0.17 ppb for species b. when exposed to 0.10 ppb methoprene the sex ratio of species. a changed from fewer males to more males; no effect was observed in the sex ratio of species b. exposure to methoprene had no effect on wing length and survival of either species. results indicate that exposure to methoprene signific ... | 1996 | 8887229 |
| purification and characterization of a major glutathione s-transferase from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b). | the major form of glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b), a vector of malaria in thailand has been purified 421-fold. it constituted approx. 20% of the total measured cdnb conjugating activity in the homogenate. this enzyme appeared as a single band of 25.0 +/- 0.26 kda on sds-page and was kinetically characterized with 10 substrates and 4 inhibitors. the enzyme is capable of catalysing dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl ... | 1996 | 8900597 |
| systematics of mosquito disease vectors (diptera, culicidae): impact of molecular biology and cladistic analysis. | the field of medical entomology, by nature of its association with problems of human health, has been conservative in its application of molecular and computer technologies to systematic research. recently, however, these methods have opened new interpretations for systematics of disease vectors. medically important insects, particularly mosquitoes, are among those more thoroughly described by conventional taxonomy, and thereby provide a secure framework for testing congruencies with molecular d ... | 1997 | 9017898 |
| ribosomal dna difference between species a and d of the anopheles dirus complex of mosquitoes from china. | species a and d of the anopheles dirus complex were found in china. ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacers (its2) of both species a and d were sequenced and found to be 716 and 710 base-pairs in length, respectively, with 69% gc content. no evidence of intraspecific variation was detected in the its2 sequence of species a, whereas the sequence of species d showed variation at one position in the its2. a large number of simple repeat motifs were dispersed throughout the its2 sequences. ... | 1997 | 9226641 |
| feeding patterns of anopheles dirus, the major vector of forest malaria in north east india. | the feeding behavior of anopheles dirus, the forest breeding, major malaria vector in northeast india was studied. the analysis of blood meals collected from this mosquito revealed that the species was highly anthropophilic in nature, the anthropophilic index being 90.5. the results of bait collection on human and cattle bait also confirmed its biting preference for human hosts. the species was observed to land on human bait throughout the night, showing prominent biting time at 20.00-21.00, 23. ... | 1996 | 9280007 |
| attempts to transmit the n-3 strain of plasmodium fieldi to aotus monkeys. | aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys inoculated with parasitized erythrocytes of the n-3 strain of plasmodiumfieldi had transient low-density parasitemia. exoerythrocytic stages of this strain of parasite were demonstrated in sections of liver from aotus vociferans monkeys taken 8 days after the intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles dirus mosquitoes; no blood-stage infections were observed. | 1998 | 9488369 |
| seasonal prevalence of anopheles dirus and malaria transmission in a forest fringed village of assam, india. | seasonal abundance of anopheles dirus (s.l.) and malaria prevalence in an isolated forest fringed village was monitored at monthly intervals during august 1995 to july 1996. an. dirus was the only vector species detected during the study period. its density pattern showed distinct seasonality with the peak occurring in the month of july and very low number during cool dry months. positive correlation (r = 0.721) was found between the density of an. dirus and the amount of rainfall occurring two ... | 1997 | 9519567 |
| breeding and day resting habitats of anopheles dirus in assam, india. | longitudinal surveys at monthly frequency were carried out during 1995-1996 in a forest fringed village of district dibrugarh, assam to decipher the breeding and day resting habitats of anopheles dirus. it regularly bred in small, shallow, rain filled, transient, shady or partly shady puddles/ground pools in the rainy months and in the perinneal streams in the adjoining forest of the village during dry months. in pools, the degree of interspecific association (0.238 +/- 0.174) and index of assoc ... | 1997 | 9561617 |
| studies on infections with two strains of plasmodium inui from taiwan in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. | rhesus monkeys infected with the taiwan strains of plasmodium inui could be appropriate models for understanding host-parasite relationships during long-term chronic infection. two strains of p. inui originally from taiwan were studied in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. maximum parasite counts for 13 intact animals infected with the taiwan i strain ranged from 22,215 to 760,000/microl (median maximum parasite count = 242,800/microl). following splenectomy, the maximum parasit ... | 1998 | 9645855 |
| cloning, expression and characterization of an insect class i glutathione s-transferase from anopheles dirus species b. | insect class i glutathione s-transferases (gsts) were expressed from cdna obtained from larvae of the thai malaria vector. anopheles dirus in a pcr race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) reaction using a primer to the conserved n-terminal region of an. gambiae class i gsts and a synthetic oligo d(t)-adaptor primer. seven different plasmids, resulting from sub-cloning of an original single 0.7 kb pcr band, were picked at random and sequenced. four of these were clearly gsts on the basis of putat ... | 1998 | 9692235 |
| sequence heterogeneity in copia-like retrotransposons in anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | degenerate primers and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detected a conserved region of copia-like reverse transcriptase from anopheles mosquitoes in thailand. a total of 43 subclone pcr fragments of the size expected for reverse transcriptase of copia-like elements was isolated from anopheles dirus (peyton & harrison) subspecies a, anopheles maculatus (theobald) subspecies e, anopheles nivipes (theobald), and anopheles subpictus grassi. sequence analysis of subclones confirmed the identity of ... | 1998 | 9775607 |
| susceptibility of the malaria vectors to insecticides in bangladesh. | insecticide susceptibility tests with diagnostic dosages of 4% ddt and 5% malathion concentrations conducted at field sites on the two important principal malaria vectors namely, anopheles dirus and an. philippinensis have been reported. they are found to be susceptible to ddt and malathion. the implication of the use of insecticides in controlling malaria is also discussed. | 1998 | 9776867 |
| a review of leucosphyrus group with particular reference to the anopheles dirus complex (diptera: culicidae) in india. | the classification of the leucosphyrus group remained confused for long. the taxonomic events until it was resolved are traced in this review. the significance the description of anopheles dirus as a new species and the subsequent characterization of its siblings are outlined. the current classification of the leucosphyrus group is presented and the various methods available for identifying the members of the dirus species complex are highlighted. based on the limited information available about ... | 1998 | 9842168 |
| efficient expression of mosquito-larvicidal proteins in a gram-negative bacterium capable of recolonization in the guts of anopheles dirus larva. | the gram-negative bacterium, an11/2 g1, isolated from the guts of anopheles dirus mosquito larvae, was identified as enterobacter amnigenus. the e. amnigenus was able to recolonize in the gut of an. dirus larva but not in those of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus larvae. it was able to float in water for a longer period than bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus. these are desirable characteristics for a delivery vehicle of mosquito-larvicidal toxins for the c ... | 1999 | 10077823 |
| a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for species a and d of the anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) species complex based on ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacer sequence. | a polymerase chain reaction assay based on differences in the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal dna was developed for distinguishing 2 members of the anopheles dirus sibling species complex. this assay distinguished an. dirus species a from species d by producing diagnostic bands, 374 base pairs (bp) in length for species a and 663 bp in length for species d. both laboratory colonies and field collections from hainan and yunnan provinces of china were identified with 100% accuracy ... | 1998 | 10084131 |
| identification of five species of the anopheles dirus complex from thailand, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. | the anopheles dirus complex of mosquitoes contains some of the most important vectors of malaria in southeast asia. to distinguish five species of the complex that occur in thailand, a method using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed. the method utilizes allele-specific amplification to detect fixed differences between the species in the dna sequence of the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer 2. primers were designed to amplify fragments of diagnostic length from the dna of t ... | 1999 | 10194746 |
| studies on infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi in monkeys and mosquitoes. | infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, macaca nemestrina, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus azarae boliviensis, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission was obtained with sporozoites developing in anopheles peditaeniatus, anopheles maculatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes. this strain of p. cynomolgi offers significant potential for a number of experimental studies. t ... | 1999 | 10219307 |
| adaptation of the amru-1 strain of plasmodium vivax to aotus and saimiri monkeys and to four species of anopheline mosquitoes. | a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium vivax (amru-1) from papua new guinea has been adapted to grow in 4 species of aotus monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus vaciferans, aotus nancymai, and aotus azarae boliviensis), hybrid aotus monkeys, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. whereas it was possible to infect saimiri monkeys with this parasite by inoculation of parasitized erythrocytes, only 42% of saimiri monkeys became infected, compared to 92% of aotus monkeys attempted. comparativ ... | 1999 | 10461947 |
| larval ecology and mosquito fauna of upper brahmaputra valley, northeast india. | ninety-one mosquito species in 15 genera were collected from 22 habitat types of upper brahmaputra valley in assam and bordering areas of arunachal pradesh. nineteen species have been recorded for the first time in assam including seven first records from the northeast region and three first country records. jaccard's coefficient was used to quantify the similarity between 13 different geographical localities surveyed on the basis of their mosquito fauna. group average sorting (upgma) cluster an ... | 1998 | 10497839 |
| selection of anopheles dirus for refractoriness and susceptibility to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. | two lines of the oriental malaria vector mosquito anopheles dirus species a (diptera: culicidae), one fully refractory and one fully susceptible to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (an african rodent malaria parasite), were established after 17 generations of mass selection, followed by single female selection for one or two generations. prior to selection, the stock colony of an. dirus was 17% refractory. both lines of an. dirus produced abundant ookinetes that started to invade the midgut within ... | 1999 | 10608223 |
| isoenzymes of glutathione s-transferase from the mosquito anopheles dirus species b: the purification, partial characterization and interaction with various insecticides. | previously we have purified and characterized a major glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity, gst-4a, from the thai mosquito anopheles dirus b, a model mosquito for study of anopheline malaria vectors [prapanthadara, l. koottathep, s., promtet, n., hemingway, j. and ketterman, a.j. (1996) insect biochem. mol. biol. 26:3, 277-285]. in this report we have purified an isoenzyme, gst-4c, which has the greatest ddt-dehydrochlorinase activity. three additional isoenzymes, gst-4b, gst-5 and gst-6, we ... | 2000 | 10745163 |
| well-breeding anopheles dirus and their role in malaria transmission in myanmar. | mosquitos were collected with human and animal baits from march 1996 to january 1998 in four villages located along the yadana gas pipe line in yepyu township, dawae district, tanintharyi division, southern myanmar. a total of 23 anopheline species were collected. anopheles dirus were abundant in pre-monsoon (may/june) an post-monsoon (october) months. all an. dirus caught both humans and cattle were assayed with specific, sporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). a total of 5/250 ... | 1999 | 10774650 |
| insecticide susceptibility of anopheles dirus in assam. | 1998 | 10810572 | |
| population structure and population history of anopheles dirus mosquitoes in southeast asia. | separating the confounding effects of long-term population history from gene flow can be difficult. here, we address the question of what inferences about gene flow can be made from mitochondrial sequence data in three closely related species of mosquitoes, anopheles dirus species a, c, and d, from southeast asia. a total of 84 sequences of 923 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i gene were obtained from 14 populations in thailand, myanmar, and bangladesh. the genealogy of sequences obta ... | 2000 | 10833203 |