Publications

reactivities of neutral and cationic forms of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide towards thiolate anions. detection of differences between the active centres of actinidin, papain and ficin by a three-protonic-state reactivity probe.	the second-order rate constants (k) for the reactions of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide (pka2,45) with 2-mercaptoethanol (pka9.6) and with benzimidazol-2-ylmethanethiol (pka values 5.6 and 8.3) were determined at 25 degrees c at i 0.1 by stopped-flow spectral analysis over a wide range of ph. these were used to calculate the ph-independent second-order rate constants (k) for the reactions of neutral 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide and of its monocation with the 2-mercaptoethanol thiolate anion (associated ...	1979	43130
the amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides from actinidin, a proteolytic enzyme from the fruit of actinidia chinensis.	the amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides of the thiol proteinase actinidin from actinidia chinensis were determined by the manual dansyl--edman procedure. there are 12 tryptic peptides, which give a polypeptide chain of 220 residues with a mol.wt. of 23500. an alignment of the tryptic peptides was made by using the x-ray-crystallographic data of baker [(1977) j. mol. biol. 115, 263--277] determined at 0.28 nm resolution on crystalline actinidin. detailed evidence for the amino acid seque ...	1978	687380
identification and quantitative analysis of sugars and non-volatile organic acids in chinese gooseberry fruit (actinidia chinensis planch.).		1975	1160363
a glycoprotein inhibitor of pectin methylesterase in kiwi fruit (actinidia chinensis).	the finding of a powerful inhibitor of pectin methylesterase in ripe kiwi fruit is reported. the inhibitor was revealed to be a glycoprotein. it was purified to homogeneity and found to have a molecular mass of about 28 kda, as estimated by gel filtration chromatography, sds/page and analytical ultracentrifugation. the sugar portion is composed of galactose, arabinose and rhamnose, the latter being much less represented. the amino acid composition showed a very high content of acidic residues co ...	1990	2226435
rapid determination of sequence variations in actinidin isolated from actinidia chinensis (var. hayward) using fast atom bombardment mapping mass spectrometry and gas phase microsequencing.	a current limitation in the use of fast atom bombardment (fab) mass spectrometric mapping of peptide mixtures, derived from enzymic digestion of proteins, is that most of the hydrophilic peptides are not observed. however, it has been demonstrated from previous work that esterification of the peptide mixture results in the detection of almost all peptides in fab mass spectrometry. this strategy of fab mapping was applied to the protein actinidin, isolated from an italian variety of actinidia chi ...	1989	2765702
a rare case of food allergy: monosensitivity to kiwi (actinidia chinensis).	we present a case of hypersensitivity to kiwi in a 26 year-old patient with no previous atopic history. the first reaction episode occurred a few minutes after kiwi ingestion, presenting with a localized pruritic reaction. this symptomatology repeated itself a few months later, again immediately after eating kiwi and was accompanied by dysphagia, vomiting and urticaria. in the complementary laboratory analyses a total ige of 187 iu/ml was appreciated. the skin test to inhalant and food antigens ...	1989	2816664
[antitumor effect of actinidia chinensis polysaccharide on murine tumor].	a new polysaccharide compound (acps-r) has recently been isolated from the root of actinidia chinensis planch. when given intraperitoneally to the transplantable tumor bearing mice at dose of 75-125 mg/kg, the tumor inhibition rate was more than 88.8% in ehrilich ascitic cancer (eac) or ascitic form of hepatoma (hepa) and more than 49.6% in solid hepatoma (heps). the treatment effect of acps-r on eac at dose of 15 mg/kg and 22.5 mg/kg, respectively. acps-r could also prolong the life of eac-or p ...	1988	2855056
[preliminary studies on effect of fruit juice of actinidia chinensis planch on experimental liver lesions in mice].		1987	2957101
antimutagenic activity of extracts from anticancer drugs in chinese medicine.	the antimutagenic activities of extracts of 36 commonly used anticancer crude drugs from chinese herbs were studied by using the salmonella/microsomal system in the presence of picrolonic acid or benzo[a]pyrene to test whether they contain direct or indirect antimutagens. each crude drug was extracted with boiling water for 2 h, the method which is commonly used by chinese people to prepare the drug for oral intake. the extracts of pteris multifida p. showed the highest antimutagenic activity ag ...	1988	3278214
[studies on the chemical constituents of the root of actinidia chinensis planch].		1985	3835786
kinetic studies on the thiol protease from actinidia chinensis.		1972	4664227
preliminary crystallographic data for actinidin, a thiol protease from actinidia chinensis.		1973	4692857
the action of proteinase a 2 of actinidia chinensis on the b-chain of oxidized insulin.		1973	4734375
anionic proteinase from actinidia chinensis. preparation and properties of the crystalline enzyme.		1970	5506167
investigation of the catalytic site of actinidin by using benzofuroxan as a reactivity probe with selectivity for the thiolate-imidazolium ion-pair systems of cysteine proteinases. evidence that the reaction of the ion-pair of actinidin (pki 3.0, pkii 9.6) is modulated by the state of ionization of a group associated with a molecular pka of 5.5.	benzofuroxan reacts with the catalytic-site thiol group of actinidin (ec 3.4.22.14, the cysteine proteinase from actinidia chinensis) to produce stoicheiometric amounts of the chromophoric reduction product, o-benzoquinone dioxime, and of a catalytically inactive derivative of actinidin that is devoid of thiol and that is assumed to contain, initially at least, the sulphenic acid of cysteine-25. a similar result applies also to papain (ec 3.4.22.2). the rate of o-benzoquinone dioxime formation i ...	1983	6311173
a marked gradation in active-centre properties in the cysteine proteinases revealed by neutral and anionic reactivity probes. reactivity characteristics of the thiol groups of actinidin, ficin, papain and papaya peptidase a towards 4,4'-dipyridyl disulphide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) dianion.	1. the kinetics of the reactions of the catalytic-site thiol groups of actinidin (the cysteine proteinase from actinidia chinensis), ficin (ec 3.4.22.3), papain (ec 3.4.22.2) and papaya peptidase a (the other monothiol cysteine proteinase component of carica papaya) with 4,4'-dipyridyl disulphide (4-py-s-s-4-py) and with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) dianion (nbs22-) were studied in the ph range approx. 6-10. these studies provided the ph-independent second-order rate constants (k) for the re ...	1983	6347181
contact urticaria to actinidia chinensis.		1983	6839752
differences in the interaction of the catalytic groups of the active centres of actinidin and papain. rapid purification of fully active actinidin by covalent chromatography and characterization of its active centre by use of two-protonic-state reactivity probes.	1. a rapid method of isolation of fully active actinidin, the cysteine proteinase from actinidia chinensis (chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit), by covalent chromatography, was devised. 2. the active centre of actinidin was investigated by using n-propyl 2-pyridyl disulphide, 4-(n-aminoethyl 2'-pyridyl disulphide)-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as reactivity probes. 3. the presence in actinidin in weakly acidic media of an interactive system containing a nucleophili ...	1981	7034724
hypersensitivity reaction to kiwi fruit (chinese gooseberry, actinidia chinensis).	this report describes a hypersensitivity reaction to kiwi fruit in a patient who developed moderately severe generalized symptoms after handling the fruit. a search of the literature did not reveal any previous reference to kiwi-fruit sensitivity. it is suggested that ige antibody is an important factor in the reaction.	1981	7264104
three cdnas encoding s-adenosyl-l-methionine synthetase from actinidia chinensis.		1995	7630953
a glycoprotein inhibitor of pectin methylesterase in kiwi fruit. purification by affinity chromatography and evidence of a ripening-related precursor.	the pectin methylesterase inhibitor from kiwi fruit (actinidia chinensis) was purified by a single-step procedure based on affinity chromatography. partially purified tomato pectin methylesterase was covalently bound to sepharose. the affinity resin strongly and selectively binds the inhibitor, which could be eluted in high yield as a single, homogeneous and sharp peak by high salt concentration at ph 9.5 without loss of inhibitory activity. the purified protein possesses a molecular mass of 18 ...	1995	8521860
identification of the allergenic components of kiwi fruit and evaluation of their cross-reactivity with timothy and birch pollens.	only a few food allergens have as yet been identified, mainly because of the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient number of patients who are clinically sensitized to a given food. this is more feasible in the case of the oral allergy syndrome (oas), a common form of food allergy, which is especially prevalent in patients with pollinosis.	1996	8828538
allergic contact dermatitis from kiwi fruit vine (actinidia chinensis).		1996	8833473
expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes in actinidia chinensis fruit.	the fruit of actinidia chinensis, a diploid relative of kiwifruit, showed an increased rate of ripening in response to the application of exogenous ethylene. moreover, late in ripening the fruit produced a burst of ethylene biosynthesis. thus ripening is climacteric, and there is a clear temporal separation of ethylene sensitivity and ethylene production. rnase protection assays were used to monitor transcript levels of ethylene biosynthetic genes during fruit development and ethylene-induced ri ...	1997	9177311
enzymatic properties, substrate specificities and ph-activity profiles of two kiwifruit proteases.	kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) contains abundant protease, actinidin, and two possible components which were named a1 and a2. however, a comparison of the two components has not been thoroughly conducted. we have previously shown the presence of six proteases named kp1, kp2, kp3, kp4, kp5 and kp6 in kiwifruit, and that each purified kiwifruit protease was chromatographically pure. it was also indicated that the two representative components, kp4 and kp6, must be a1 and a2. to establish whether ...	1997	9505243
sucrose-phosphate synthase steady-state mrna increases in ripening kiwifruit.	early during fruit ripening in kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa [a. chev.], c.f. liang and a.r. ferguson cv. hayward), starch is broken down to sucrose and hexose sugars. concomitantly, sucrose-phosphate synthase (sps, ec 2.3.1.14) activity measured with saturating substrate increased, suggesting that sps is induced in response to a higher requirement for sucrose synthesis. a 2584 bp long partial cdna clone encoding sps was isolated from ripening kiwifruit. cdna fragments encoding t ...	1998	9520277
improved ion chromatography-integrated pulsed amperometric detection method for the evaluation of biogenic amines in food of vegetable or animal origin and in fermented foods.	an improved method for the simultaneous determination of underivatized biogenic amines, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, histamine, tyramine and some amino acids precursors, histidine and tyrosine, in food products, based on ion-exchange chromatography (ic) with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (ipad) has been developed. the method was successfully used for the analysis of biogenic amines and amino acids in food both of vegetable (kiwi, actinidia chinensis) and animal origin, (fish, p ...	1998	9542132
identification of actinidin as the major allergen of kiwi fruit.	allergic reactions to fruits and vegetables are among the most frequent food allergies in adults. kiwi fruit (actinidia chinensis) is commonly involved, causing local mucosal, systemic, or both types of symptoms by an ige-mediated mechanism. in a previous study on 30 patients allergic to kiwi, we identified a major allergen of 30 kd against which all sera tested clearly reacted. other allergens were detected at 12, 24, and 28 kd.	1998	9564807
a set of conserved pcr primers for the analysis of simple sequence repeat polymorphisms in chloroplast genomes of dicotyledonous angiosperms.	short runs of mononucleotide repeats are present in chloroplast genomes of higher plants. in soybean, rice, and pine, pcr (polymerase chain reaction) with flanking primers has shown that the numbers of a or t residues in such repeats are variable among closely related taxa. here we describe a set of primers for studying mononucleotide repeat variation in chloroplast dna of angiosperms where database information is limited. a total of 39 (a)n and (t)n repeats (n > or = 10) were identified in the ...	1999	10207998
polygalacturonase gene expression in kiwifruit: relationship to fruit softening and ethylene production.	in kiwifruit, much of the softening process occurs prior to the respiratory climacteric and production of ethylene. this fruit therefore represents an excellent model system for dissecting the process of softening in the absence of endogenous ethylene production. we have characterized the expression of three polygalacturonase (pg) cdna clones (ckpga, b and c) isolated from fruit of actinidia chinensis. expression of ckpga and b was detected by northern analysis only in fruit producing endogenous ...	2000	10794531
kiwi protein inhibitor of pectin methylesterase amino-acid sequence and structural importance of two disulfide bridges.	a protein acting as a powerful inhibitor of plant pectin methylesterase was isolated from kiwi (actinidia chinensis) fruit. the complete amino-acid sequence of the pectin methylesterase inhibitor (pmei) was determined by direct protein analysis. the sequence comprises 152 amino-acid residues, accounting for a molecular mass of 16 277 da. the far-uv cd spectrum indicated a predominant alpha-helix conformation in the secondary structure. the protein has five cysteine residues but neither tryptopha ...	2000	10880981
[use of hplc for identification and quantitative determination of ascorbic acid in kiwi fruit].	the content of ascorbic acid in kiwi fruits (actinidia chinensis planch) of various cultivars was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the minimal content (mg/g) of ascorbic acid was found in fruits of the cultivar gaivard: 5.44 in juice, 1.14 in the skin, and 4.20 in the pulp.	2013	11357433
color in fruit of the genus actinidia: carotenoid and chlorophyll compositions.	the carotenoid and chlorophyll contents in the fruit of four species of actinidia were measured to determine the chemical basis of color in kiwifruit and related actinidia species. the species studied were the two commercial fruits actinidia deliciosa cv. hayward and a yellow-fleshed genotype actinidia chinensis cv. hort16a (known commercially as zespri gold kiwifruit), the yellow fruit of actinida polygama, and the orange fruit of actinida macrosperma. as reported previously, ripe fruit of a. d ...	2002	11754554
stereochemistry of megastigmane glucosides from glochidion zeylanicum and alangium premnifolium.	from glochidion zeylanicum, two megastigmane glucosides, 3- and 9-o-beta-d-glucopyranosides of (3s,5r,6r,7e,9s)-megastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol (1 and 2, respectively), were isolated. their structures were different from those of kiwiionoside (3) and actinidioionoside (4), isolated from actinidia chinensis and actinidia polygama, respectively, in the stereochemistry at the 9-positions. alangionosides e (5) and o (6), isolated from the leaves of alangium premnifolium, are also megastigmane gluco ...	2003	12620329
characterization of elemental composition in kiwifruit grown in northern iran.	kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) has different varieties such as hayward, bruno, monty, and abbott. these varieties are different in taste, odor, shape, and some chemical compositions. this work reports the elemental analysis of cu, fe, mn, zn, ca, mg, k, and na in the different varieties of hayward, bruno, monty, and abbott grown in northern iran. results from elemental analysis were determined using atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy. distributions and amounts of metals for different v ...	2003	12720400
[spectral analysis of maorenshen (actinidia valvata) and its confusable materials].	this article reports the spectral analysis of maorenshen (actinidia valvata) and its confusable materials actinidia chinennsis and actinidia polygama by fluorescence test, ultraviolet spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry. strong green or blue fluorescence was observed at uv 254 nm in aqueous solutions of actinidia chinesis and actinidia polygama, and was barely seen in that of maorenshen. there were also obvious differences among the ultraviolet spectra and fluorescence spectra o ...	2003	12940006
proteolytic enzyme of actinidia chinensis.		1959	13651208
est-derived microsatellites from actinidia species and their potential for mapping.	to increase the speed and reduce the cost of constructing a genetic map of actinidia species (kiwifruit), for use in both breeding and functional genomics programmes, we sampled microsatellites from expressed sequence tags (ests) to evaluate their frequency of occurrence and level of polymorphism. perfect dinucleotide repeats were the microsatellites selected, and these were found to be numerous in both the 5' and 3' ends of the genes represented. the microsatellites were of various lengths, the ...	2004	15067386
hydraulic conductance and rootstock effects in grafted vines of kiwifruit.	whole-plant hydraulic conductance, shoot growth, and leaf photosynthetic properties were measured on kiwifruit vines with four clonal rootstocks to examine the relationship between plant hydraulic conductance and leaf stomatal conductance (gs) and to test the hypothesis that reduced hydraulic conductance can provide an explanation for reductions in plant vigour caused by rootstocks. the rootstocks were selected from four species of actinidia and grafted with actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'h ...	2004	15133051
kiwi fruit (actinidia chinensis l.) polysaccharides exert stimulating effects on cell proliferation via enhanced growth factor receptors, energy production, and collagen synthesis of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and skin equivalents.	within physiological engineering exogenous carbohydrates were recently confirmed as pharmacologically active compounds. to investigate potential dermatological activity purified polysaccharides from kiwi fruits (actinidia chinensis l., actinidiaceae) were characterized concerning monomer composition, linkage types and molecular weights and were tested under in vitro conditions for regulating activities on cell physiology of human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and skin equivalents. ten micrograms p ...	2005	15389574
ige sensitization profiles toward green and gold kiwifruits differ among patients allergic to kiwifruit from 3 european countries.	kiwifruits have become a major elicitor of plant food allergy. until recently, the only species of kiwifruit grown commercially was the common green-fleshed actinidia deliciosa cv hayward. in 1999, the yellow-fleshed cultivar actinidia chinensis cv hort16a was introduced into the international market.	2004	15536427
[an efficient macro-method of genomic dna isolation from actinidia chinensis leaves].	it is a difficult problem to isolate high quality dna from plants containing a high contents of polyphenolics and polysaccharose, such as actinidia plant. the protocol described in this paper is a modified ctab (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) method. high quality genomic dna can be isolated from actinidia plant using the improved method. the dna is good enough for southern blot and other uses in dna research. the protocol is also efficient for quick and macro-dna extraction.	2004	15640056
pectin methylesterase from kiwi and kaki fruits: purification, characterization, and role of ph in the enzyme regulation and interaction with the kiwi proteinaceous inhibitor.	pectin methylesterase was purified from kiwi (actinidia chinensis) and kaki fruit (diospyros kaki). the ph values of the fruit homogenates were 3.5 and 6.2, respectively. the kiwi enzyme is localized in the cell wall and has a neutral-alkaline pi, whereas the kaki enzyme is localized in the soluble fraction and has a neutral-acidic pi. the molecular weights of the kiwi and kaki enzymes were 50 and 37 kda, respectively. the two enzymes showed a similar salt and ph dependence of activity, and a di ...	2004	15675822
variation in ascorbic acid and oxalate levels in the fruit of actinidia chinensis tissues and genotypes.	ascorbic acid and total oxalate were measured in fruit from six genotypes of actinidia chinensis. ascorbic acid was separated from oxalate in fruit extracts by hplc and quantified from absorbance at 245 nm, whereas oxalate was measured enzymatically in the hplc eluate. levels of whole fruit mean ascorbic acid in the different genotypes ranged from 98 to 163 mg/100 g of fresh weight (fw), whereas mean oxalate varied between 18 and 45 mg/100 g of fw. ascorbic acid was highest in the inner and oute ...	2005	15769175
genotypic differences in chlorophyll, lutein, and beta-carotene contents in the fruits of actinidia species.	chlorophyll, lutein, and beta-carotene contents in actinidia fruits were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in various genotypes, including five actinidia deliciosa, seven actinidia chinensis, two actinidia rufa, five actinidia arguta, and three interspecific hybrids. the concentrations of chlorophyll, lutein, and beta-carotene in the fruit of a. deliciosa hayward were 1.65, 0.418, and 0.088 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively. of a. deliciosa cultivars, koryoku showed signific ...	2005	16076125
cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci within the dioecious, polyploid genus actinidia (actinidiaceae).	microsatellite marker transfer across species in the dioecious genus actinidia (kiwifruit) could offer an efficient and time-effective technique for use during trait transfer for vine and fruit improvement in breeding programmes. we evaluated the cross-species amplification of 20 est-derived microsatellite markers that were fully informative in an actinidia chinensis mapping family. we tested all 20 markers on 120 genotypes belonging to 21 species, 5 with varieties and/or chromosome races. these ...	2005	16211378
cytotoxic phenolic constituents from the root of actinidia chinensis.	twelve phenolic compounds, including four novel skeleton phenolic compounds, planchols a-d (1-4), together with four pairs of isomeric flavanoids (5-12) were isolated from the root of actinidia chinensis planch (actinidiaceae). their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. the structure of 1 was further confirmed by a single-crystal x-ray diffraction determination. moreover, it was found that 1 and 2 showed remarkable cytotoxic activity against p-388 and a-549 ...	2005	16254829
pigments in the fruit of red-fleshed kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis and actinidia deliciosa).	kiwifruit cultivars (actinidia chinensis and a. deliciosa) generally have fruit with yellow or green flesh when ripe. a small number of genotypes also have red pigments, usually restricted to the inner pericarp but varying in intensity and in distribution within the fruit. carotenoids, chorophylls, and anthocyanins were extracted from the fruit pericarp of such red-fleshed kiwifruit selections. pigments were analyzed by hplc and identified by comparison with authentic standards and by liquid chr ...	2005	16302772
kiwellin, a novel protein from kiwi fruit. purification, biochemical characterization and identification as an allergen*.	kiwellin is a novel protein of 28 kda isolated from kiwi (actinidia chinensis) fruit. it is one of the three most abundant proteins present in the edible part of this fruit. kiwellin has been purified by ion exchange chromatography. its n-terminal amino acid sequence revealed high identity with that previously reported for a 28 kda protein described as one of the most important kiwi allergens. this observation prompted us to fully characterize this protein. the complete primary structure, elucid ...	2005	16328735
comparison of the allergenicity of actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit) and actinidia chinensis (gold kiwi).	actinidia chinensis (gold kiwi) is a newly available fruit which has been shown to have in vitro immunoglobulin e (ige) cross-reactivity with green kiwi. this is the first study to investigate clinical reactivity of gold kiwi. five patients clinically allergic to green kiwi were investigated by skin test and double-blind placebo controlled food challenge (dbpcfc) with gold kiwi fruit. ige-binding patterns of individual sera from the five challenged patients and a pool of sera from a further nine ...	2005	16343086
vigor-controlling rootstocks affect early shoot growth and leaf area development of kiwifruit.	patterns of shoot development and the production of different types of shoots were compared with scion leaf area index (lai) to identify how eight clonal actinidia rootstocks influence scion development. rootstocks selected from seven actinidia species (a. chrysantha merri., a. deliciosa (a. chev.) c. f. liang et a.r. ferguson, a. eriantha benth., a. hemsleyana dunn, a. kolomikta (maxim. et rupr.) maxim., a. kolomikta c.f. liang and a. polygama (sieb. et zucc.) maxim.) were grafted with the scio ...	2006	16414929
evaluation of ige binding to proteins of hardy (actinidia arguta), gold (actinidia chinensis) and green (actinidia deliciosa) kiwifruits and processed hardy kiwifruit concentrate, using sera of individuals with food allergies to green kiwifruit.	allergy to green kiwifruit has become common since the fruit was introduced in north america and europe 30 years ago. gold kiwifruit, more recently introduced commercially, has been shown to bind ige from some individuals allergic to green kiwifruit. hardy kiwifruit is a third species that is now cultivated in north america with potential application as a fresh fruit and in processed foods.	2006	16481086
zeatin biosynthesis from n-(delta-isopentenyl)adenine in actinidia and other woody plants.	tissue cultures of actinidia kolomikta can be maintained as callus through repeated passages on a nutrient medium devoid of cytokinin but containing inorganic nutrients, sucrose, and other basal organics plus auxin. under these conditions, actively growing callus contained 2 and 0.5 nmol of the cytokinins zeatin [io(6)ade; 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino)purine] and n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine (i(6)ade), respectively, per gram (fresh weight). when tissues were transferred from cytoki ...	1986	16593660
absolute structure of kiwiionoside as a precursor of loliolide and actinidiolide, from actinidia chinensis.		1992	17226448
specific detection of potentially allergenic kiwifruit in foods using polymerase chain reaction.	kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa and actinidia chinensis) is allergenic to sensitive patients, and, under japanese regulations, it is one of the food items that are recommended to be declared on food labeling as much as possible. to develop pcr-based methods for the detection of trace amounts of kiwifruit in foods, two primer pairs targeting the its-1 region of the actinidia spp. were designed using pcr simulation software. on the basis of the known distribution of a major kiwifruit allergen (acti ...	2007	17288438
screening a bac library with nonradioactive overlapping oligonucleotide (overgo) probes.	comparative mapping has been the primary approach for analyzing genomes of divergent species because gene linkage is often conserved over evolutionary time, a phenomenon known as synteny. comparisons are based on computational detection of orthologous sequences between species. small overlapping oligonucleotide (overgo) probes, consisting of two self-annealing oligonucleotides at the 3'-end, are filled in with labeled deoxynucleotides. overgo probes are designed against highly conserved regions ...	2007	17332634
the missing step of the l-galactose pathway of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants, an l-galactose guanyltransferase, increases leaf ascorbate content.	the gene for one postulated enzyme that converts gdp-l-galactose to l-galactose-1-phosphate is unknown in the l-galactose pathway of ascorbic acid biosynthesis and a possible candidate identified through map-based cloning is the uncharacterized gene at4g26850. we identified a putative function for at4g26850 using psi-blast and motif searching to show it was a member of the histidine triad superfamily, which includes d-galactose uridyltransferase. we cloned and expressed this arabidopsis gene and ...	2007	17485667
[chemical constituents from root of actinidia chinensis].	to study the chemical constituents from the root of actinidia chinensis.	2007	18027663
antibacterial activity in actinidia chinensis, feijoa sellowiana and aberia caffra.	the antibacterial activity of extracts from various parts of plants (leaves, fruits and stems) was studied in actinidia chinensis, feijoa sellowiana and aberia caffra. these are tropical plants used for food. the fruits (subdivided into skin, pulp and seeds), leaves and stems were separately extracted and tested, in triplicate, against eight gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. all the extracts, except from the leaves of a. caffra, showed activity against all the strains employed. ...	1997	18611802
characterization of bet v 1-related allergens from kiwifruit relevant for patients with combined kiwifruit and birch pollen allergy.	allergy to kiwifruit appears to have become more common in europe and elsewhere during the past several years. seven allergens have been identified from kiwifruit so far, with actinidin, kiwellin and the thaumatin-like protein as the most relevant ones. in contrast to other fruits, no bet v 1 homologues were characterized from kiwifruit so far. we cloned, purified, and characterized recombinant bet v 1-homologous allergens from green (actinidia deliciosa, act d 8) and gold (actinidia chinensis, ...	2008	18925615
activity of an atypical arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase.	an arabidopsis thaliana pectin methylesterase that was not predicted to contain any signaling sequence was produced in e. coli and purified using a his tag added at its n-terminus. the enzyme demethylesterified citrus pectin with a km of 0.86 mg/ml. the enzyme did not require salt for activity and was found to be relatively temperature-sensitive. the precipitation of enzyme-treated pectin by cacl2 suggested that the enzyme had a blockwise mode of pectin demethylesterification. a purified kiwi (a ...	2009	18936961
trinucleotide repeats as bait for vectorette pcr: a tool for developing genetic mapping markers.	trinucleotide repeats are common within gene coding regions and could serve as beacons to locate genes. five of the most common trinucleotide repeats in an actinidia (kiwifruit) expressed sequence tag (est) database were found to be (acc)(4), (cac)(4), (cca)(4), (ctc)(4), and (tgg)(4). these repeats, with or without an artificial 5'-end tail, were tested by vectorette pcr against genomic dna from actinidia chinensis. eighty-nine randomly selected clones showed an average insert size of 383 bp, w ...	2009	19277911
a gene-rich linkage map in the dioecious species actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) reveals putative x/y sex-determining chromosomes.	the genus actinidia (kiwifruit) consists of woody, scrambling vines, native to china, and only recently propagated as a commercial crop. all species described are dioecious, but the genetic mechanism for sex-determination is unknown, as is the genetic basis for many of the cluster of characteristics making up the unique fruit. it is, however, an important crop in the new zealand economy, and a classical breeding program would benefit greatly by knowledge of the trait alleles carried by both fema ...	2009	19284545
triterpenoids from the roots of actinidia chinensis.	two new triterpenoids, 1 and 2, were isolated from the hepatoprotective acoet fraction of the roots of actinidia chinensis, together with eight known 12-en-28-oic acids of oleanane or ursane type, 3-10. the two new compounds were elucidated as 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28,30-olide (1) and 2alpha,3beta,24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28,30-olide (2), on the basis of spectroscopic (ir, nmr, and ms) analyses. the chemotaxonomic significances of some triterpenoids were also discussed.	2009	19697338
development of flat and fan-shaped fruit in actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and actinidia deliciosa.	we describe and quantify development of flat and fan-shaped fruit of actinidia chinensis var. chinensis from inception to maturity. flat fruit arise from particularly large and flat floral meristems. after bract initiation, the terminal flower remains elliptic in cross section, produces elliptic whorls of floral organs, and forms a flat-shaped ovary. the allometry of the ovary does not change from inception to maturity. fan-shaped fruit develop from exceptionally flat floral meristems. they resu ...	1994	19700463
(methylsulfanyl)alkanoate ester biosynthesis in actinidia chinensis kiwifruit and changes during cold storage.	four 3-(methylsulfanyl)propionate esters, ethyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)prop-2-enoate, two 2-(methylsulfanyl)acetate esters and their possible precursors 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethanol, 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanol and 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal were quantified from the headspace of actinidia chinensis 'hort 16a' kiwifruit pulp by gc-ms-tof analysis. the majority of these compounds were specific for eating-ripe fruit and their levels increased in parallel with the climacteric rise in ethylene, accumulating t ...	2010	20189207
two new triterpenoids from the roots of actinidia chinensis.	two new triterpenoids (1, 2), together with one flavonoid glycoside and thirteen known triterpenoids were isolated from the roots of actinidia chinensis planch (actinidiaceae). the structures of the new constituents were elucidated as 12α-chloro-2α, 3β, 13β, 23-tetrahydroxyolean-28-oic acid-13-lactone (1), 2α, 3α, 19α, 23, 24-pentahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (2). structure elucidation was accomplished by 1d, 2d nmr spectra (hmqc, hmbc, (1)h-(1)h cosy, tocsy, and noesy) and mass spectrometry (es ...	2010	20550955
modified carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase8 expression correlates with altered branching in kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis).	• carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (ccd) genes have been demonstrated to play an integral role in the control of branch development in model plants, including arabidopsis, pea (pisum sativum), petunia (petunia hybrida) and rice (oryza sativa). • actinidia chinensis is a woody perennial plant grown for commercial production of kiwifruit. ccd7 and ccd8 genes were isolated from a. chinensis and these genes are predominantly expressed in the roots of kiwifruit. acccd7 and acccd8 were able to compleme ...	2010	20659299
muscodor fengyangensis sp. nov. from southeast china: morphology, physiology and production of volatile compounds.	the fungal genus muscodor was erected on the basis of muscodor albus, an endophytic fungus originally isolated from cinnamomum zeylanicum. it produces a mixture of volatile organic compounds (vocs) with antimicrobial activity that can be used as mycofumigants. the genus currently comprises five species. here we describe the isolation and characterization of a new species of muscodor on the basis of five endophytic fungal strains from leaves of actinidia chinensis, pseudotaxus chienii and an unid ...	2010	20943189
advances in understanding pectin methylesterase inhibitor in kiwi fruit: an immunological approach.	in order to gain insight into the in situ properties and localisation of kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor (pmei), a toolbox of monoclonal antibodies (ma) towards pmei was developed. out of a panel of ma generated towards kiwi pmei, three ma, i.e. ma-ki9a8, ma-ki15c12 and ma-ki15g7, were selected. thorough characterisation proved that these ma bind specifically to kiwi pmei and kiwi pmei in complex with plant pme and recognise a linear epitope on pmei. extract screening of green kiwi (actinid ...	2011	21046145
ethylene-regulated (methylsulfanyl)alkanoate ester biosynthesis is likely to be modulated by precursor availability in actinidia chinensis genotypes.	the limiting steps of ethylene-dependent (methylsulfanyl)alkanoate ester biosynthesis have been investigated in this study, using closely related actinidia chinensis genotypes and the commercial cultivar 'hort16a'. quantification of methylsulfanyl-compounds from the headspace of ethylene-producing kiwifruits revealed little variation in their volatile composition but remarkable differences in the magnitude of the fruit volatile levels. to test whether the variations in fruit volatile levels can ...	2011	21071110
identification and characterisation of f3gt1 and f3ggt1, two glycosyltransferases responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-fleshed kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis).	much of the diversity of anthocyanins is due to the action of glycosyltransferases, which add sugar moieties to anthocyanidins. we identified two glycosyltransferases, f3gt1 and f3ggt1, from red-fleshed kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) that perform sequential glycosylation steps. red-fleshed genotypes of kiwifruit accumulate anthocyanins mainly in the form of cyanidin 3-o-xylo-galactoside. genes in the anthocyanin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were identified and shown to be expressed in fru ...	2011	21175894
gold kiwifruit ( actinidia chinensis 'hort16a') for immune support.	kiwifruit is a good source of several vitamins and minerals and dietary fibre, and contains a number of phytochemicals; so kiwifruit potentially provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. consumption of green kiwifruit can have positive effects on cardiovascular health through antioxidant activity, inhibition of platelet aggregation and lowered tag levels, and gut health through improving laxation, aiding digestion and promoting a healthy gut microflora. the importance of nutrition on immu ...	2011	21349229
dissecting the role of climacteric ethylene in kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) ripening using a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase knockdown line.	during climacteric fruit ripening, autocatalytic (type ii) ethylene production initiates a transcriptional cascade that controls the production of many important fruit quality traits including flavour production and softening. the last step in ethylene biosynthesis is the conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) to ethylene by the enzyme acc oxidase (aco). ten independent kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) lines were generated targeting suppression of fruit ripening-related aco gen ...	2011	21511911
determining consumer purchase intentions: the importance of dry matter, size, and price of kiwifruit.	knowledge of the relative importance of food quality attributes in determining consumer purchase intention is critical for robust assessment of economic opportunities for industry growth. the aim of this study is to demonstrate how conjoint analysis methodology that incorporates tasting of fruit can be used to collect such information. three hundred japanese consumers took part in research designed to measure the importance of dry matter (dm), size, and price of kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa "h ...	2011	21535857
the ectopic expression of a pectin methyl esterase inhibitor increases pectin methyl esterification and limits fungal diseases in wheat.	cell wall pectin methyl esterification can influence plant resistance because highly methyl esterified pectin can be less susceptible to the hydrolysis by pectic enzymes such as fungal endopolygalacturonases (pgs). pectin is secreted into the cell wall in a highly methyl esterified form and here is de-methyl esterified by pectin methyl esterase (pme). the activity of pme is controlled by specific protein inhibitors called pmeis, consequently an increased inhibition of pme by pmei might modify th ...	2011	21585271
supplementation of a western diet with golden kiwifruits (actinidia chinensis var.'hort 16a':) effects on biomarkers of oxidation damage and antioxidant protection.	abstract: background: the health positive effects of diets high in fruits and vegetables are generally not replicated in supplementation trials with isolated antioxidants and vitamins, and as a consequence the emphasis of chronic disease prevention has shifted to whole foods and whole food products. methods: we carried out a human intervention trial with the golden kiwifruit, actinidia chinensis, measuring markers of antioxidant status, dna stability, plasma lipids, and platelet aggregation. our ...	2011	21586177
kiwifruit extracts inhibit cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from il10 gene deficient mice.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal microorganisms in a genetically susceptible host. this study examined the effects of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (actinidia deliciosa) using in vitro models of ibd. these models comprised primary macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from c57bl/5j and interleukin- ...	2011	21600571
characterization of 15 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the actinidia chinensis species complex (actinidiaceae).	based on the ests database, we report here for the first time 15 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the actinidia chinensis species complex that can be used to study population genetic variation.	2011	21613173
hydraulic responses of whole vines and individual roots of kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) following root severance.	whole vine (k(plant)) and individual root (k(root)) hydraulic conductances were measured in kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis planch. var. chinensis 'hort16a') vines to observe hydraulic responses following partial root system excision. heat dissipation and compensation heat pulse techniques were used to measure sap flow in trunks and individual roots, respectively. sap flux and measurements of xylem pressure potential (ψ) were used to calculate k(plant) and k(root) in vines with zero and ∼80% of r ...	2011	21636692
botanical briefs: kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis).		2011	21699120
phylogenetic relationships of rhododendroideae (ericaceae).	the rhododendroideae are usually recognized as a subfamily within ericaceae. this group has been considered primitive (i.e., occupying the ancestral or basal position relative to all other ericaceae) due to the occurrence of separate petals in several taxa, deciduous corollas, and septicidally dehiscent capsules. previous molecular studies using rbcl and nr18s sequences have indicated that rhododendroideae may be paraphyletic and cladistically derived (i.e., the relative position in the geneolog ...	1997	21708652
metabolomic analysis reveals differences in urinary excretion of kiwifruit-derived metabolites in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease.	the interleukin-10-deficient (il-10(-/-)) mouse, a model of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), develops intestinal inflammation unless raised in germ-free conditions. the metabolic effects of consuming extracts from the fruits of yellow (actinidia chinensis) or green-fleshed (a. deliciosa) kiwifruit that displayed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity were investigated in il-10(-/-) mice by metabolomic analysis of urine samples. kiwifruit-derived metabolites were detected at significantly higher le ...	2011	21957058
induced polyploidy dramatically increases the size and alters the shape of fruit in actinidia chinensis.	some otherwise promising selections of actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) have fruit that are too small for successful commercialization. we have therefore made the first detailed study in diploid kiwifruit of the effects of chromosome doubling induced by colchicine on fruit size, shape and crop loading.	2012	21980192
mapping, complementation, and targets of the cysteine protease actinidin in kiwifruit.	cysteine proteases (cps) accumulate to high concentration in many fruit, where they are believed to play a role in fungal and insect defense. the fruit of actinidia species (kiwifruit) exhibit a range of cp activities (e.g. the actinidia chinensis variety yellowa shows less than 2% of the activity of actinidia deliciosa variety hayward). a major quantitative trait locus for cp activity was mapped to linkage group 16 in a segregating population of a. chinensis. this quantitative trait locus coloc ...	2012	22039217
low-temperature-modulated fruit ripening is independent of ethylene in 'sanuki gold' kiwifruit.	fruit ripening in response to treatments with propylene, 1-methycyclopropene (1-mcp), and low temperature was characterized in 'sanuki gold' kiwifruit, actinidia chinensis planch. propylene treatment immediately induced rapid fruit softening, increased ac-pg (polygalacturonase) and ac-exp (expansin) mrna accumulation, and stimulated an increase in the soluble solid concentration (ssc) and a decrease in titratable acidity (ta). after 3 d exposure to propylene, ethylene production and ac-pl (pecta ...	2012	22058408
allergenic lipid transfer proteins from plant-derived foods do not immunologically and clinically behave homogeneously: the kiwifruit ltp as a model.	food allergy is increasingly common worldwide. tools for allergy diagnosis measuring ige improved much since allergenic molecules and microarrays started to be used. ige response toward allergens belonging to the same group of molecules has not been comprehensively explored using such approach yet.	2011	22114713
Enhancing ascorbate in fruits and tubers through over-expression of the l-galactose pathway gene GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase.	Ascorbate, or vitamin C, is obtained by humans mostly from plant sources. Various approaches have been made to increase ascorbate in plants by transgenic means. Most of these attempts have involved leaf material from model plants, with little success reported using genes from the generally accepted l-galactose pathway of ascorbate biosynthesis. We focused on increasing ascorbate in commercially significant edible plant organs using a gene, GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP or VTC2), that we had ...	2011	22129455
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Draft Genomes Comparison Reveal Strain-Specific Features Involved in Adaptation and Virulence to Actinidia Species.	A recent re-emerging bacterial canker disease incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is causing severe economic losses to Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa cultivations in southern Europe, New Zealand, Chile and South Korea. Little is known about the genetic features of this pathovar. We generated genome-wide Illumina sequence data from two Psa strains causing outbreaks of bacterial canker on the A. deliciosa cv. Hayward in Japan (J-Psa, type-strain of the pathovar) and in Italy ...	2011	22132095
effects of kiwifruit extracts on colonic gene and protein expression levels in il-10 gene-deficient mice.	inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a collective term for conditions characterised by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal micro-organisms in a genetically susceptible host. previously, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (a. deliciosa) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro models of ibd. the present study examined whether these kiwifruit extracts ...	2011	22152591
vascular functioning and the water balance of ripening kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis) berries.	indirect evidence suggests that water supply to fleshy fruits during the final stages of development occurs through the phloem, with the xylem providing little water, or acting as a pathway for water loss back to the plant. this inference was tested by examining the water balance and vascular functioning of ripening kiwifruit berries (actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'hort16a') exhibiting a pre-harvest 'shrivel' disorder in california, and normal development in new zealand. dye labelling and m ...	2012	22155631
identification, functional characterization, and regulation of the enzyme responsible for floral (e)-nerolidol biosynthesis in kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis).	flowers of the kiwifruit species actinidia chinensis produce a mixture of sesquiterpenes derived from farnesyl diphosphate (fdp) and monoterpenes derived from geranyl diphosphate (gdp). the tertiary sesquiterpene alcohol (e)-nerolidol was the major emitted volatile detected by headspace analysis. contrastingly, in solvent extracts of the flowers, unusually high amounts of (e,e)-farnesol were observed, as well as lesser amounts of (e)-nerolidol, various farnesol and farnesal isomers, and linalool ...	2012	22162874
consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces severity and duration of selected upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and increases plasma vitamin c concentration in healthy older adults.	in the elderly, immunosenescence and malnourishment can contribute to increased risk and severity of upper respiratory tract infections (urti). gold kiwifruit (actinidia chinensis 'hort16a') contains nutrients important for immune function and mitigation of symptoms of infection, including vitamins c and e, folate, polyphenols and carotenoids. the objective of the present study was to evaluate whether regular consumption of gold kiwifruit reduces symptoms of urti in older people, and determine t ...	2012	22172428
fruit development of the diploid kiwifruit, actinidia chinensis 'hort16a'.	with the advent of high throughput genomic tools, it is now possible to undertake detailed molecular studies of individual species outside traditional model organisms. combined with a good understanding of physiological processes, these tools allow researchers to explore natural diversity, giving a better understanding of biological mechanisms. here a detailed study of fruit development from anthesis through to fruit senescence is presented for a non-model organism, kiwifruit, actinidia chinensi ...	2011	22204446
detection and characterisation of two novel vitiviruses infecting actinidia.	two co-infecting novel vitiviruses from actinidia chinensis were identified from mechanically inoculated nicotiana occidentalis. both virus genomes were sequenced and share 64% nucleotide identity. their overall structure is typical of vitiviruses, with five open reading frames (orfs) and a polyadenylated 3' end. open reading frame 4 (orf4) encodes the coat protein, the most conserved gene of the vitiviruses, in which they share 75% amino acid identity, 61-68% with grapevine virus b, 55-59% with ...	2012	22274622
characterization of the complete genome of ribgrass mosaic virus isolated from plantago major l. from new zealand and actinidia spp. from china.	the complete genomes of tobamovirus isolates from plantago major l. from new zealand (nz-439), plantago sp. from germany (kons 1105), actinidia chinensis (actinidia-ac) and a. deliciosa (actinidia-ad) from china were sequenced and compared to previously published tobamovirus genomes. their genome organization and phylogenetic analysis of the putative replicase component, replicase readthrough component, movement protein, coat protein and complete genome placed all four isolates in subgroup 3 of ...	2012	22456910
the effect of 2n gametes on sex ratios in actinidia.	sex can sometimes lead to complications. in some crops, 2n gametes have been exploited by plant breeders to transfer genetic variation between taxa of different ploidy levels. however, their role and use in dioecious genera have received relatively little attention. in the dioecious genus actinidia (kiwifruit), seedling populations usually segregate equally for females and males as sex is determined by an xx female/xy male system. while fertilization involving 2n egg cells is not expected to aff ...	2012	22739644
evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of three actinidia (actinidia kolomikta, actinidia arguta, actinidia chinensis) extracts in vitro.	the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, vitamin c content, and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from different kiwifruit varieties (actinidia kolomikta, actinidia arguta, actinidia chinensis) were determined in this study. multiple scavenging activity assays including the hydroxyl radical, o(2) (-)·radical, dpph, and the abts(+) radical scavenging activity assays were used to identify the antioxidant activities of actinidia extracts. the cell viability of hepg2 and ht-29 c ...	2012	22754311
antiangiogenic triterpenes isolated from chinese herbal medicine actinidia chinensis planch.	actinidia chinensis planch. is a famous chinese herbal medicine to treat many diseases such as cancers. triterpenes, polyphenols and anthraquinones are normally considered as the main constituents for its effects. in this study, eleven known triterpenes were isolated from the root of actinidia chinensis., and were examined for its antiangiogenic activities. their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including ir, uv, hr-esi-ms, and 1d and 2d nmr techniques. the elev ...	2013	22934692
green and gold kiwifruit peel ethanol extracts potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice via a gabaergic mechanism.	kiwifruit is one of the most popular fruits worldwide, and it has various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-allergic, and cardiovascular protective effects. the peel of kiwifruit, which is a by-product of processing, is a good source of flavonoids; however, its bioactivity has not been widely investigated. in this study, we evaluated the hypnotic effects of green (grpe, actinidia deliciosa) and gold (gope, actinidia chinensis) kiwifruit peel ethanol extracts and their solvent fr ...	2013	23017407