Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the effect of date of sowing and plant spacing on yield of seed and volatile oil of fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.). | wider spacing produced taller fennel plants. the compound umbels per plant increased as the distance between plants increased. the yield of seed per plant was greater in wider spacing. on the other hand, the medium space (30 cm) produced higher seed and oil contant per acre. early sown plants produced taller plants, with higher compound umbels. the oil percentage was not affected while higher yield of seed and oil were significantly obtained. | 1978 | 733879 |
| the effect of fertilizer treatments on yield of seed and volatile oil of fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.). | nitrogen fertilization gave higher number of compound umbels and increased oil percentage, seed yield and oil yield with increase in dose. phosphorus and potassium produced significant increase in the previons aspects with the second dose only. | 1978 | 733880 |
| [isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-o-glycosides in caraway (carum carvi l.), fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.), anise (pimpinella anisum l.), and coriander (coriandrum sativum l.), and of flavon-c-glycosides in anise. i. phenolics of spices (author's transl)]. | the flavonoid constituents of various spices were separated by means of chromatography on cellulose colums, and the following compounds were obtained crystalline: quercetin 3-glucuronide from caraway, fennel, anise, and coriander; isoquercitrin from caraway and fennel; rutin from fennel and anise; quercetin 3-o-caffeylglucoside and kaempferol 3-glucoside from caraway; quercetin 3-arabinoside from fennel, and luteolin 7-glucoside, isoorientin and isovitexin from anise. other constitutents which w ... | 1977 | 910554 |
| toxicity studies in mice of ethanol extracts of foeniculum vulgare fruit and ruta chalepensis aerial parts. | acute (24-h) and chronic (90-day) oral toxicity studies on the ethanolic extracts of foeniculum vulgare fruit and ruta chalepensis aerial parts were carried out in mice. acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0 and 3 g/kg while the chronic dosage was 100 mg/kg per day of extract. all external morphological, haematological and spermatogenic changes, in addition to body and vital organ weights were recorded. the extracts caused no significant acute or chronic mortality as compared to controls during this inves ... | 1991 | 1795520 |
| monoterpene biosynthesis: mechanistic evaluation of the geranyl pyrophosphate:(-)-endo-fenchol cyclase from fennel (foeniculum vulgare). | geranyl pyrophosphate:(-)-endo-fenchol cyclase catalyzes the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (-)-endo-fenchol by a process thought to involve the initial isomerization of the substrate to the tertiary allylic isomer, linalyl pyrophosphate, and the subsequent cyclization of this bound intermediate. studies with 18o-labeled acyclic precursors and h2(18)o, followed by mass spectrometric analysis of the cyclic product, confirmed that water was the sole source of the carbinol oxygen atom of en ... | 1989 | 2919880 |
| effect of foeniculum vulgare seed extracts on cervix & vagina of ovariectomised rats. | 1988 | 3169890 | |
| biosynthesis of monoterpenes. stereochemistry of the enzymatic cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to (-)-endo-fenchol. | the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (-)-endo-fenchol is considered to proceed by the initial isomerization of the substrate to (-)-(3r)-linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization of this bound intermediate. incubation of (1r)-[2-14c,1-3h]- and (1s)-[2-14c,1-3h]geranyl pyrophosphate with a preparation of (-)-endo-fenchol cyclase (synthase) from common fennel (foeniculum vulgare) gave labeled product of unchanged 3h:14c ratio in both cases, and each was dehydrated to a mixture of ... | 1988 | 3170591 |
| the vascular action of aqueous extracts of foeniculum vulgare leaves. | the vascular effects of aqueous extracts of foeniculum vulgare leaves were tested using pentobarbital-anaesthetised rats. an intravenous administration of the lyophilized boiled water extract of leaves produced a significant dose-related reduction in arterial blood pressure, without affecting the heart rate or respiratory rate. in contrast the non-boiled aqueous extract showed very little hypotensive activity. the hypotensive effect of the boiling water extract appeared not to be mediated via ad ... | 1988 | 3253492 |
| effect of foeniculum vulgare mill. seed extract on the genital organs of male and female rats. | following the oral administration of acetone extract of foeniculum vulgare (fennel) seeds for 15 days is male rats, total protein concentration was found to be significantly decreased in testes and vas deferens and increased in seminal vesicles and prostate gland. there was a decrease in activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase in all these regions, except that alkaline phosphatase was unchanged in vasa. in female rats, oral administration of the extract for 10 days led to vaginal cornificati ... | 1985 | 4055014 |
| biosynthesis of monoterpenes. enantioselectivity in the enzymatic cyclization of linalyl pyrophosphate to (-)-endo-fenchol. | the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to (-)-endo-fenchol is considered to proceed by the initial isomerization of the substrate to (-)-(3r)-linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization of this bound intermediate. to test this stereochemical scheme, phosphatase-free preparations of (-)-endo-fenchol cyclase from fennel (foeniculum vulgare m.) fruit were repeatedly incubated with a sample of (3rs)-[1-3h2]linalyl pyrophosphate until approximately 50% of this precursor was converted to the ... | 1985 | 4055764 |
| anethole and fenchone in the developing fruits of foeniculum vulgare mill. | 1968 | 4386530 | |
| [recent studies on fennel (foeniculum vulgare m.) 2. the volatile oil of the fruit, herbs and roots of fruit-bearing plants]. | 1972 | 4647561 | |
| [residues of herbicides in medicinal and spice plants. residues of methylparathion in fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) and in peppermint (mentha piperita l.)]. | 1972 | 5084574 | |
| [recent studies in foeniculum vulgare. organic acids, especially phenyl carbonic acids]. | 1971 | 5137746 | |
| [contents of fennel root (foeniculum vulgare mill.)]. | 1969 | 5379026 | |
| [studies on the etheric oil of foeniculum vulgare. ii. changes of different fennel oils beforeand after harvest]. | 1967 | 5603480 | |
| [studies on the essential oil from foeniculum vulgare. i. composition of fruit- and root oil]. | 1967 | 5608992 | |
| [studies on the essential oil from foeniculum vulgare. i. composition of fruit-and root oil]. | 1967 | 5615933 | |
| effects of fungal metabolites on the germination of sweet fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) seeds. | the metabolites of some test fungi adversely affected the seed germination. the maximum reduction was caused by a culture filtrate of penicillium citrinum followed by fusarium moniliforme and f. equiseti, while the minimum was caused by mucor sp. a gradual increase in effective metabolite production was observed by all the fungi up to 15 days. | 1983 | 6623513 |
| fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. | fennel, foeniculum vulgare, and anise, pimpinella anisum, are plants which have been used as estrogenic agents for millennia. specifically, they have been reputed to increase milk secretion, promote menstruation, facilitate birth, alleviate the symptoms of the male climacteric, and increase libido. in the 1930s, some interest was shown in these plants in the development of synthetic estrogens. the main constituent of the essential oils of fennel and anise, anethole, has been considered to be the ... | 1980 | 6999244 |
| [treatment of chronic colitis with an herbal combination of taraxacum officinale, hipericum perforatum, melissa officinaliss, calendula officinalis and foeniculum vulgare]. | twenty four patients with chronic non-specific colitis were treated with a herb combination. as a result from the treatment, the spontaneous and palpable pains along the large intestine disappeared in 95.83 per cent of the patients by the 15th day of their admission to the clinic. defecation became daily in the patients with obstipation syndrome, but a combination of rhamus frangula, citrus aurantium, c. carvi was added to the herb combination already indicated. defecation was normalized in pati ... | 1981 | 7336706 |
| biosynthesis of monoterpenes: conversion of the acyclic precursors geranyl pyrophosphate and neryl pyrophosphate to the rearranged monoterpenes fenchol and fenchone by a soluble enzyme preparation from fennel (foeniculum vulgare). | 1980 | 7436420 | |
| biosynthesis of monoterpenes: preliminary characterization of i-endo-fenchol synthetase from fennel (foeniculum vulgare) and evidence that no free intermediate is involved in the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to the rearranged product. | 1980 | 7436421 | |
| influence of spices on protein utilisation of winged bean (psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and horsegram (dolichos biflorus). | the influence of a mixture of eleven spices commonly consumed in india on the utilisation of protein from boiled winged bean (psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and horsegram (dolichos biflorus) was studied at 10 and 20 percent level of protein intake in experimental rats. spices used in the mixture include red chillies (capsicum annum), black pepper (piper nigrum), coriander (coriandrum sativum), cumin (cuminum cyminum), garlic (allium sativum), ajowan (carum copticum), turmeric (curcuma longa), cara ... | 1994 | 7855088 |
| effect of oral administration of fennel (foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. | the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of a drug-drug interaction between ciprofloxacin and fennel (foeniculum vulgare) in a rat model. pharmacokinetic assessment of ciprofloxacin was performed in two groups of male sprague-dawley rats. one group (n = 5) received 20 mg kg(-1) antibiotic orally with concomitant oral dosing of the aqueous fennel extract (2 g herb kg(-1)) whereas the controls (n = 5) received 20 mg kg(-1) oral ciprofloxacin. blood and urine samples were collected ... | 1999 | 10678493 |
| influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats. | the effect of spices on gastric acid secretion is variable. their mechanism of action is also not well established. | 2000 | 10812814 |
| identification by hplc-dad and hplc-ms analyses and quantification of constituents of fennel teas and decoctions. | qualitative and quantitative differences among the constituents in various fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill., family apiaceae) teas prepared by classical infusion, microwave decoction, and dissolution are reported. different commercial starting materials, such as fruit (unbroken and crushed), four herbal teas, and two instant herbal teas were evaluated. chlorogenic acid (1), quercetin-3-o-beta-d-glucuronide (2), p-anisaldehyde (3), and trans-anethole (4) were identified by hplc-dad and hplc-ms as ... | 2000 | 11052726 |
| characterization of some italian types of wild fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.). | wild samples of foeniculum vulgare mill. (fennel) were collected from thirteen italian localities at different latitudes and grown in field trials to evaluate their morphological and agronomic characteristics and essential oil compositions. all the parameters were recorded at full bloom stage, and the essential oils (obtained by steam distillation) were characterized by gas chromatography (gc) and gc/mass spectrometry (gc/ms). the morphological characteristics showed positive relations among the ... | 2001 | 11170583 |
| antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of foeniculum vulgare and crithmum maritimum essential oils. | the essential oils obtained from crithmum maritimum l. (marine fennel) and two samples of foeniculum vulgare miller (common fennel) were analysed by gc and gc-ms and assayed for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. the antioxidant activity of the oils was evaluated by two lipid model systems: a modified thiobarbituric acid reactive species (tbars) assay and a spectrophotometric detection of hydroperoxydienes from linoleic acid in a micellar system. the oils demonstrated antioxidant ca ... | 2000 | 11199122 |
| pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of marrubium vulgare and foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat. | the hypotensive effects of the water extract of marrubium vulgare l. and foeniculum vulgare l. were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr) and in normotensive wistar-kyoto rats (wky). oral administration of marrubium or foeniculum extract lowered the systolic blood pressure of shr but not of wky. in shr, foeniculum but not marrubium treatment increased water, sodium and potassium excretion. ex vivo as well as in vitro, marrubium extract inhibited the contractile responses of rat a ... | 2001 | 11349824 |
| contact and fumigant activities of constituents of foeniculum vulgare fruit against three coleopteran stored-product insects. | the insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel, foeniculum vulgare, against adults of sitophilus oryzae, callosobruchus chinensis and lasioderma serricorne were examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods. the biologically active constituents of the foeniculum fruits were characterized as the phenylpropenes (e)-anethole and estragole, and the monoterpene (+)-fenchone, by spectroscopic analysis. responses varied with insect species, compound, dose a ... | 2001 | 11455661 |
| non-destructive nir-ft-raman analyses in practice. part i. analyses of plants and historic textiles. | non-destructive analysis of natural substances in plants as well as of old dyed textiles by raman spectroscopy has not been possible using conventional techniques. exciting lines from the visible part of the spectrum produced photochemical and thermal decomposition of the objects as well as strong fluorescence. using nd:yag laser excitation at 1,064 nm together with a special sample arrangement and interferometric recording, various polyacetylenes in aethusa cynapium and in chamomile (chamomilla ... | 2001 | 11769790 |
| antimicrobial constituents of foeniculum vulgare. | a phenyl propanoid derivative, dillapional(1) was found to be a antimicrobial principle of the stems of foeniculum vulgare (umbelliferae) with mic values of 125, 250 and 125/ against bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and cladosporium cladosporioides, respectively. a coumarin derivative, scopoletin(2) was also isolated as marginally antimicrobial agent along with inactive compounds, dillapiol(3), bergapten(4), imperatorin(5) and psolaren(6) from this plant. the isolates 1-6 were not active aga ... | 2002 | 12009028 |
| antimycotic activities of selected plant flora, growing wild in lebanon, against phytopathogenic fungi. | petroleum ether (pe) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. the efficacy of pe extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than that of methanolic extracts. wild marjoram (origanum syriacum) pe extract showed the highest and widest range of activity. it resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete inhibition of spore germinatio ... | 2002 | 12009988 |
| spme determination of volatile aldehydes for evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity. | the in-vitro antioxidant activity of natural (essential oils, vitamin e) or synthetic substances ( tert-butyl hydroxy anisole (bha), trolox) has been evaluated by monitoring volatile carbonyl compounds released in model lipid systems subjected to peroxidation. the procedure employed methodology previously developed for the determination of carbonyl compounds as their pentafluorophenylhydrazine derivatives which were quantified, with high sensitivity, by means of capillary gas chromatography with ... | 2002 | 12012174 |
| [influence of spiced feed additives on taste of hen's eggs]. | the effect of the spices garlic (allium sativum), extract from garlic, sage (salvia officinalis), caraway (carum carvi), peppermint (mentha piperita), fennel (foeniculum vulgare), thyme (thymus vulgaris), paprika (capsicum annuum), marjoram (majorana hortensis), cardamom (elettaria cardamomum) and sausage-mix fed to white hybrides on the quality of eggs (n = 705) was tested by 10 qualified persons. changes in smell or taste were partly significant; a direct improvement is hard to induce. a well ... | 2002 | 12058595 |
| studies on essential oils: part 10; antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. | the essential oils extracted from the seeds of seven spices, anethum graveolens, carum capticum, coriandrum sativum, cuminum cyminum, foeniculum vulgare, pimpinella anisum and seseli indicum have been studied for antibacterial activity against eight pathogenic bacteria, causing infections in the human body. it has been found that the oil of c. capticum is very effective against all tested bacteria. the oil of c. cyminum and a. graveolens also gave similar results. these oils are equally or more ... | 2002 | 12410554 |
| repellent activity of constituents identified in foeniculum vulgare fruit against aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | the repellent activity of materials derived from the methanol extract of fruits from foeniculum vulgareagainst hungry aedes aegypti females was examined using skin and patch tests and compared with that of the commercial n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) and (z)-9-octadecenoic acid. the biologically active constituents of the foeniculum fruits were characterized as (+)-fenchone and (e)-9-octadecenoic acid by spectroscopic analyses. responses varied according to compound, dose, and exposure time. in ... | 2002 | 12428949 |
| antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils. | in this study the composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained from origanum onites, mentha piperita, juniperus exalsa, chrysanthemum indicum, lavandula hybrida, rosa damascena, echinophora tenuifolia, foeniculum vulgare were examined. to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activities of these eight aromatic extracts; their in vitro antimicrobial activities were determined by disk diffusion testing, according to the nccls criteria. escherichia coli (attc 25922), staphyloco ... | 2002 | 12510839 |
| comparison of fennel and mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. | to compare the effect of foeniculum vulgare variety dulce (sweet fennel) vs. mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. | 2003 | 12566188 |
| [selective isolation of anethole from volatile oil of foeniculum vulgare mill by inclusion crystalline with chela-shape host]. | to isolate the components from the volatile oil of foeniculum vulgare mill. | 2001 | 12580105 |
| essential oil composition and antifungal activity of foeniculum vulgare mill obtained by different distillation conditions. | the influence of different hydrodistillation conditions was evaluated from the standpoint of essential oil yield, chemical composition and antifungal activity from seeds of foeniculum vulgare mill. three hydrodistillation conditions were considered. the main constituents of the oils were: (e)-anethole (72.27%-74.18%), fenchone (11.32%-16.35%) and methyl chavicol (3.78%-5.29%). the method of distillation significantly effected the essential oil yield and quantitative composition, although the ant ... | 2003 | 12722142 |
| hepatoprotective effect of foeniculum vulgare essential oil. | hepatoprotective activity of foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oil (feo) was studied using carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4)) induced liver injury model in rats. the hepatotoxicity produced by acute ccl(4) administration was found to be inhibited by feo with evidence of decreased levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanine aminotransferase (alt), alkaline phosphatase (alp) and bilirubin. the results of this study indicate that feo has a potent hepatoprotective action against ccl(4)- ... | 2003 | 12727504 |
| the effect of fennel (foeniculum vulgare) seed oil emulsion in infantile colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. | despite its benign, natural course, colic is a significant problem in infants and imparts a psychological, emotional, and physical burden to parents. dicyclomine hydrochloride is the only pharmacological treatment for infantile colic that has been consistently effective. unfortunately, 5% of infants treated with dicyclomine hydrochloride develop serious side effects, including death. fennel seed oil has been shown to reduce intestinal spasms and increase motility of the small intestine. however, ... | 2006 | 12868253 |
| antihirsutism activity of fennel (fruits of foeniculum vulgare) extract. a double-blind placebo controlled study. | idiopathic hirsutism is defined as the occurrence of excessive male pattern hair growth in women who have a normal ovulatory menstrual cycle and normal levels of serum androgens. it may be a disorder of peripheral androgen metabolism. in this study we evaluated the clinical response of idiopathic hirsutism to topical fennel extract. fennel, foeniculum vulgare, is a plant, which has been used as an estrogenic agent. the ethanolic extract of fennel was obtained by using a soxhlete apparatus. in a ... | 2003 | 13678227 |
| evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain spices in vitro: a preliminary study. | the plant extracts of some commonly used spices were examined for their possible regulatory effect on nitric oxide (no) levels using sodium nitroprusside as a no donor in vitro. most of the extracts tested demonstrated direct scavenging of no and exhibited significant activity and the potency of scavenging activity was in the following order: foeniculum vulgare (aqueous) > citrus limettiodes > murraya koenigii (seed, aqueous) > murraya koenigii (leaf, aqueous) > curcuma aromatica (aqueous) > mur ... | 2003 | 13678266 |
| biogenetic studies of natural products. viii. biosynthesis of anethole by foeniculum vulgare. (4). | 1962 | 13962204 | |
| near-infrared analysis of fennel (foeniculum vulgare miller) on different spectrometers--basic considerations for a reliable network. | the aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and transferability of near-infrared (nir) calibrations for estimating the content and composition of the volatile fraction in fennel fruits (foeniculum vulgare miller) as an example of medicinal and spice plants. a master calibration with spectra obtained on a scanning monochromator was generated using 345 samples from three different harvests (1997-1999). a subset of 70 samples from 1999 was also measured on a dispersive grating and a scann ... | 2012 | 14516000 |
| radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities of some greens used as traditional dishes in mediterranean diet. | this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activity of nine different families of greens. raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), anchusa azurea (bugloss), daucus carota (wild carrot), sonchus oleraceus (sowthistle), papaver rhoeas (corn poppy), malva sylvestris (blue mallow), foeniculum vulgare (fennel), cichorium intybus (chicory) and salicornia europaea (jointed glasswort) are native to the mediterranean and are commonly consumed as a salad or an ingredient in some recipes. the antioxidati ... | 2004 | 14630594 |
| [investigations on the effect of foeniculum vulgare, carum carvi, anisum vulgare, crataegus oxyacanthus, and galga officinalis on lactation]. | 1951 | 14888359 | |
| bioguided isolation and identification of the nonvolatile antioxidant compounds from fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) waste. | a bioguided isolation of an aqueous extract of fennel waste led to the isolation of 12 major phenolic compounds. liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (lc/uv/apci-ms) combined with spectroscopic methods (nmr) was used for compound identification. radical scavenging activity was tested using three methods: dpph*, superoxide nitro-blue tetrazolium hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, and *oh/luminol chemiluminescence. in addition to products describe ... | 2004 | 15053525 |
| improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in foeniculum vulgare mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with p-fertilizer. | two arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi glomus macrocarpum and glomus fasciculatum significantly improved growth and essential oil concentration of foeniculum vulgare mill. however, am inoculation of plants along with phosphorus fertilization significantly enhanced growth, p-uptake and essential oil content of plants compared to either of the components applied separately. among the two fungal inoculants, g. fasciculatum registered the highest growth at both levels of phosphorus used with up to 78 ... | 2004 | 15062827 |
| acaricidal activity of constituents identified in foeniculum vulgare fruit oil against dermatophagoides spp. (acari: pyroglyphidae). | acaricidal activities of components derived from foeniculum vulgare fruit oil against dermatophagoides farinae and dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were examined using direct contact application and compared with that of the commercial repellent benzyl benzoate. the major biologically active constituent of foeniculum fruit oil was characterized as (+)-fenchone by spectroscopic analyses. on the basis of ld(50) values, the compound most toxic to d. farinae was p-anisaldehyde (11.3 mg/m(2)) followed ... | 2004 | 15137830 |
| separation and characterization of phenolic compounds in fennel (foeniculum vulgare) using liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. | liquid chromatography (lc) diode array detection (dad) coupled to negative electrospray ionization (esi) tandem mass spectrometry (ms/ms) was used for the rapid and sensitive identification of water-soluble phenolic compounds in fennel waste. the plant material was first extracted and then chromatographed on sephadex lh-20 to afford seven fractions, each of them being subjected to lc-ms analysis. identification of the compounds was carried out by interpretation of uv, ms, and ms/ms spectra. fort ... | 2004 | 15186082 |
| possible mechanism(s) for relaxant effects of foeniculum vulgare on guinea pig tracheal chains. | in a previous study the relaxant (bronchodilatory) effect of foeniculum vulgare on isolated guinea pig tracheal chains was demonstrated. to study mechanisms responsible for this effect the present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of this plant on contracted tracheal chains of guinea pig. the relaxant effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts and an essential oil from foeniculum vulgare were compared to negative controls (saline for aqueous extract and essential oil and ethanol for ethanol ext ... | 2004 | 15296096 |
| antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of foeniculum vulgare. | oral administration (200 mg/kg) of foeniculum vulgare fruit methanolic extract exhibited inhibitory effects against acute and subacute inflammatory diseases and type iv allergic reactions and showed a central analgesic effect. moreover, it significantly increased the plasma superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase activities and the high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. on the contrary, the malondialdehyde (mda) (as a measure of lipid peroxidation) level was significantly decreased in f. vu ... | 2004 | 15351109 |
| antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of spicy food additives--evaluation and comparison with ascorbic acid in in-vitro systems. | the antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of five umbelliferous fruits--caraway (carum carvi), coriander (coriandrum sativum), cumin (cuminum cyminum), dill (anethum graveolens) and fennel (foeniculum vulgare)--were investigated in comparison with the known antioxidant ascorbic acid in in vitro studies. the amount of aqueous extract of these five umbelliferous fruits and ascorbic acid needed for 50% scavenging of superoxide radicals was found to be 105 microg (caraway), 370 microg (corian ... | 2004 | 15364640 |
| repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. | the repellency of fennel (foeniculum vulgare miller)-containing products (5% aerosol and 8% cream) against mosquitoes was compared with those of citronella oil, geranium oil and deet, as well as three commercial repellents, baby keeper cream containing ir3535, meimei cream containing citronella and geranium oils, and repellan s aerosol containing 19% n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) under laboratory and field conditions. in a laboratory study with female aedes aegypti (l), fennel oil exhibited goo ... | 2004 | 15532688 |
| antibacterial activity of coriandrum sativum l. and foeniculum vulgare miller var. vulgare (miller) essential oils. | essential oils were extracted from the fruits of coriandrum sativum l. and foeniculum vulgare miller var. vulgare (miller) and assayed in vitro for antibacterial activity to escherichia coli and bacillus megaterium, bacteria routinely used for comparison in the antimicrobial assays, and 27 phytopathogenic bacterial species and two mycopathogenic ones responsible for cultivated mushroom diseases. a significant antibacterial activity, as determined with the agar diffusion method, was shown by c. s ... | 2004 | 15612768 |
| chemical compositions and antibacterial effects of essential oils of turkish oregano (origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (laurus nobilis), spanish lavender (lavandula stoechas l.), and fennel (foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens. | chemical compositions and inhibitory effects of essential oils of turkish oregano (origanum minutiflorum o. schwarz & p. h. davis), bay laurel (laurus nobilis l.), spanish lavender (lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas l.), and fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus were determined. after the essential oils were applied on the foodborne pathogens at doses of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 80 ... | 2004 | 15612826 |
| repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito culex pipiens molestus (diptera: culicidae). | the insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves, flowers and roots of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens molestus forskal were determined. extracts of foeniculum vulgare mill were the most toxic, followed by those of ferula hermonis boiss, citrus sinensis osbeck, pinus pinea l, laurus nobilis l and eucalyptus spp with lc50 values of 24.5, 44.0, 60.0, 75.0, 117.0 and 120.0 mg litre(-1), respectively. combination tests between the lc50 and ... | 2005 | 15662650 |
| study on the transfer of components of aetheroleum carvi and aetheroleum foeniculi oils. | the transfer through a membrane of the main organic components and mineral elements of carum carvi and foeniculum vulgare volatile oils was studied. the transfer was studied from buffer solution ph 1.1 (stomach) and ph 6.5 (intestine) to ph 7.5 (plasma) in a sartorius model. the transferred components were measured by gc-ms for volatile components and icp-oes for inorganic elements. the main components (trans-anethole and fenchone from f. vulgare, carvone and d-limonene from c. carvi), as well a ... | 2005 | 15752626 |
| folk phytotherapeutical plants from maratea area (basilicata, italy). | field ethnobotanical survey was undertaken for the period of 2002-2003 in the tyrrhenian part of the basilicata region of southern italy. data of 56 species of plants belonging to 29 families where gathered through interviews; among the species, 47 are used in human therapy, 6 as insect repellents, 15 in veterinary medicine, 1 for its ichthyotoxic properties and 3 for magic therapeutic purposes. the most important findings in ethnomedicine relate to nasturtium officinale (renal colic, liver dise ... | 2005 | 15878246 |
| determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in turkey. | fourteen mineral and trace elements (al, ba, ca, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, mg, mn, ni, pb, sr and zn) were determined in the herbs and their infusions consumed for medical purposes in turkey such as chamomile (matricaria chammomile l.), fennel (foeniculum vulgare), linden (tilia vulgaris), nettle (urtica dioical), rosehip (fr.rosa caninae), sage (salvia officinalis) and senna tea (cassia anqustifolia). microwave digestion procedure was applied under optimized conditions for dissolution of medicinal he ... | 2006 | 15907975 |
| volatile components and key odorants of fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) and thyme (thymus vulgaris l.) oil extracts obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. | volatile oil extracts of fennel seeds (foeniculum vulgare mill.) and thyme leaves (thymus vulgaris l.) were obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction (sde) and supercritical fluid extraction (sfe) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). in general, fennel oil extracted by sde and sfe showed similar compositions, with trans-anethole, estragole, and fenchone as the main components. in contrast, thymol and p-cymene, the most abundant compounds in thyme leaves, showed bi ... | 2005 | 15969523 |
| a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of matricariae recutita, foeniculum vulgare and melissa officinalis (colimil) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants. | the aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to investigate the effectiveness and side effects of a phytotherapeutic agent with matricariae recutita, foeniculum vulgare and melissa officinalis in the treatment of infantile colic. | 2005 | 16041731 |
| the use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the sikh community in london. | attitudes and practice concerning complementary and alternative medicine (cam) are currently an area of considerable interest. however, little is known about the overall importance of such practices, for example, in immigrant communities such as the sikh (punjabi) british. the use of cam in immigrants belonging to the sikh religion in london was studied. the primary objective was to analyse the extent to which traditional medicine is used and understood by this population. traditional sikh medic ... | 2005 | 16161027 |
| comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. | essential oils extracted from different plants (anthemis nobilis l., artemisia dracunculus l., cannabis sativa l., cupressus sempervirens l., cymbopogon citratus (dc.) stapf., curcuma longa l., foeniculum vulgare l., hypericum perforatum l., hyssopus officinalis l., mentha spicata l., monarda didyma l., ocimum basilicum l., ocotea quixos kosterm., origanum vulgare l., pinus nigra j.f. arnold, pinus silvestris l., piper crassinervium kunth., rosmarinus officinalis l., salvia officinalis l., salvi ... | 2006 | 16274702 |
| in vitro susceptibility of helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. | the gram-negative bacterium helicobacter pylori (hp), identified in 1982, is now recognized as the primary etiological factor associated with the development of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. in addition, hp infections are also associated with chronic gastritis, gastric carcinoma and primary gastric b-cell lymphoma. for centuries, herbals have been used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of ailments, including gastrointestinal (gi) disorders such as dyspepsia, gastritis and pepti ... | 2005 | 16317658 |
| exchangeable sodium induced changes in yield, water relation and cation composition of fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill). | a pot experiment was conducted with the objectives to assess the adaptation potential of fennel crop grown at 10, 20, 25, 35 and 40 esp (exchangeable sodium percentage) levels. results showed that the rate of seed germination, plant growth including branching pattern, umbels per plant and 1000 test seed weight were adversely affected by sodic soils. assuming that fifty percent reduction in seed yield and na+/k+ ratio in leaf tissue as an index of alkali tolerance revealed that fennel was toleran ... | 2005 | 16334263 |
| [antioxidant properties of essential oils: autoxidation of essential oils from laurel and fennel and effects of mixing with essential oil from coriander]. | changes in the composition of essential oils from the seeds of laurel (laurus nobilis l.) and fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill., var. dulce thelling) and their mixture with essential oil from coriander were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography during storage in the dark and in light. under these conditions, essential oil of laurel retained its composition for 12 months. essential oil of fennel was rapidly oxidized in light. however, the rate of its oxidation in the dark was lower. the m ... | 2012 | 16358762 |
| mechanism-based inhibition of cyp3a4 and cyp2d6 by indonesian medicinal plants. | thirty samples of indonesian medicinal plants were tested for their mechanism-based inhibition on cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4) and cyp2d6 via erythromycin n-demethylation and dextromethorphan o-demethylation activities in human liver microsomes. from screening with 0 and 20min preincubation at 0.5mg/ml of methanol extracts, five plants (cinnamomum burmani bark, foeniculum vulgare seed, strychnos ligustrina wood, tinospora crispa stem, and zingiber cassumunar rhizome) showed more than 30% increas ... | 2006 | 16414224 |
| antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato late blight disease agent phytophthora infestans. | the aim of this study was to find an alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating oomycete pathogen phytophthora infestans, causal agent of late blight disease of tomato. antifungal activities of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of aromatic plants such as oregano (origanum syriacum var. bevanii), thyme (thymbra spicata subsp. spicata), lavender (lavandula stoechas subsp. stoechas), rosemary (rosmarinus officinalis), fennel (foeniculum vulgare), and la ... | 2006 | 16463095 |
| headspace solvent microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile compounds from foeniculum vulgare mill. | a novel and rapid headspace solvent microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (hsme-gc-ms) for the analysis of the volatile compounds of foeniculum vulgare mill is described. hsme parameters including extracting solvent, extraction temperature and time, headspace volume and particle size were optimized. as a result, benzyl alcohol was finally used for the extraction at 70 degrees c for 20 min with headspace volume of 12.1 ml and particle size of 120 mesh. under the determi ... | 2006 | 16488098 |
| seed germination in response to chemicals: effect of nitrogen and ph in the media. | seed germination generally presents a peak in the next growing season after a fire. among other factors associated with fire are the increase of soil nitrogen and changes in the ph of the soil. in this study, we addressed the question, whether or not the germination response of eight species is linked with the increase in ph and nitrogenous compounds in the germination media? we assessed the separate and combined effects of nitrogenous compounds and ph on the percentage and rate of germination o ... | 2006 | 16850869 |
| determination of phenolic compounds in fennel by hplc and hplc-ms using a monolithic reversed-phase column. | a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) method for analyzing phenolic compounds in fennel (foeniculum vulgare) has been developed. the use of a monolithic column with short dimensions in combination with optimized chromatographic conditions allows over 100 samples per day to be analyzed. chromatographic parameters such as column temperature and injection volume, were found to be crucial in obtaining adequate selectivity and resolution, consequently allowing short run times ... | 2007 | 16930913 |
| comparison of the volatile composition of wild fennel samples (foeniculum vulgare mill.) from central spain. | comparison of the volatile composition of fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) has been carried out using direct thermal desorption (dtd) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. forty-two wild fennel stem samples were collected in two different geographical areas of central spain. dtd allowed a high recovery of volatiles from small sample sizes without thermal decomposition. trans-anethole was the main volatile compound for most cases, although a high variability was found among samples, s ... | 2006 | 16939344 |
| composition of the volatile fraction of ocotea bofo kunth (lauraceae) calyces by gc-ms and nmr fingerprinting and its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. | the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the floral calyces of ocotea bofo kunth (lauraceae) was studied by means of gc, gc-ms, and 1h, 13c, and bidimensional nmr (cosy, hsqc, hmbc). twenty-five constituents were identified, and estragole (48.7%), alpha-phellandrene (19.6%) and sabinene (10.4%) were found to be the major components. antimicrobial activity against six aerobic bacteria and five yeasts and antioxidant activity performed by photochemiluminescen ... | 2006 | 17002452 |
| cholinergic basis of memory-strengthening effect of foeniculum vulgare linn. | alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with a decline in cognitive abilities. dementia is one of the age-related mental problems and a characteristic symptom of alzheimer's disease. nootropic agents are used in situations where there is organic disorder in learning abilities. the present work was undertaken to assess the potential of foeniculum vulgare linn. extract as a nootropic and anticholinesterase agent in mice. methanolic extract of the whole plant of f. vulgare li ... | 2006 | 17004908 |
| comparative chemical composition and antioxidant activities of wild and cultivated laurus nobilis l. leaves and foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (ucria) coutinho seeds. | the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of wild and cultivated laurus nobilis leaves and foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum seeds were determined. differences were found in the total phenolic content of fennel. gc-ms analysis of the non polar fractions showed a different composition between wild and cultivated plants. cultivated laurel had a high content of terpenes such as linool, alpha-terpinol, alpha-terpinyl acetate, thymol, caryophyllene, aromandrene, selinene, farnesene, and c ... | 2006 | 17015951 |
| comparative essential oil composition and antifungal effect of bitter fennel (foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) fruit oils obtained during different vegetation. | the chemical composition of the flower and unripe and ripe fruits from fennel (bitter) (foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) has been examined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the main identified components of the flower and unripe and ripe fruit oils were estragole (53.08%, 56.11%, and 61.08%), fenchone (13.53%, 19.18%, and 23.46%), and alpha-phellandrene (5.77%, 3.30%, and 0.72%), respectively. minor qualitative and major quantitative variations for some compounds ... | 2006 | 17201644 |
| [determination of thirteen metal elements in the plant foeniculum vulgare mill. by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry]. | the objective of the paper is to determine the amount of metal elements of na, k, mg, ca, cu, zn, mn, fe, co, ni, cd, cr and pb in the planted foeniculum vulgare mill. by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (faas), after the cinefaction and the digestion with hno3-hclo4 (phi 4:1) at 90-95 degrees c and normal pressure. the optimum parameters of faas and the effects of solution medium on the results were investigated. the analytical results show that the amount of na, k, mg, ca, mn, fe, cu, ... | 2006 | 17205757 |
| chemical variation among indigenous populations of foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare in israel. | the composition of hexane extract constituents of ripe mericarps ("achenes") of eleven indigenous populations of foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare (apiaceae) was studied. natural populations were selected along a gradient of annual rainfall from ca. 1000 mm in the northern region down to 125 mm in the negev desert. eighteen constituents, with estragole, trans-anethole, fenchone, limonene and alpha-pinene as the major components were separated by gc-ms. characterized by the level of estragole and t ... | 1999 | 17260278 |
| extraction and characterization of foeniculum vulgare pectins and their use for preparing biopolymer films in the presence of phaseolin protein. | pectins from foeniculum vulgare were extracted under acidic conditions. the obtained pectins were mainly composed of uronic acid but also contained traces of rhamnose, galactose, and arabinose. extracted pectins were used as a carbohydrate source to prepare biopolymer films in the absence and in the presence of phaseolin protein. the swelling characteristics of the films were examined as a function of ionic strength, ph, and the applied osmotic stress. the swelling behavior was dominated by a do ... | 2007 | 17261013 |
| beneficial effects of foeniculum vulgare on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. | to examine the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of foeniculum vulgare (fve) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. | 2007 | 17278229 |
| comparison of various extraction techniques for isolation and determination of isoflavonoids in plants. | in the present paper, the following extraction techniques have been used for extracting isoflavonoids from the species matricaria recutita, rosmarinus officinalis, foeniculum vulgare, and agrimonia eupatoria l.: supercritical fluid extraction (sfe), pressurized fluid extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion, ultrasonic extraction in an ultrasonic bath (use) and by means of an ultrasonic homogeniser (hom), extraction by means of soxhlet apparatus (sox), and solid phase extraction. experimental o ... | 2007 | 17313151 |
| aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control. | five aromatic plants, carum carvi (caraway), apium graveolens (celery), foeniculum vulgare (fennel), zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. two laboratory-reared mosquito species, anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in thailand, and aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. all of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal acti ... | 2007 | 17337133 |
| simulation of germination of pioneer species along an experimental drought gradient. | the germination of ten plant species from the iberian peninsula was assessed along a water deficit gradient between -0. 1652 (moist) and -0.4988 mpa (dry) of osmotic potential, created by addition of increasing concentrations of polyethylene glycol (peg 6000) to distilled water in which plants were grown hydroponically. the level and rate of germination of daucus carota and thapsia villosa significantly decreased with decreasing psi. seeds of dactylis glomerata and dittrichia viscosa had positiv ... | 2006 | 17405330 |
| the importance of a taste. a comparative study on wild food plant consumption in twenty-one local communities in italy. | a comparative food ethnobotanical study was carried out in twenty-one local communities in italy, fourteen of which were located in northern italy, one in central italy, one in sardinia, and four in southern italy. 549 informants were asked to name and describe food uses of wild botanicals they currently gather and consume. data showed that gathering, processing and consuming wild food plants are still important activities in all the selected areas. a few botanicals were quoted and cited in mult ... | 2007 | 17480214 |
| phenolic glycosides from foeniculum vulgare fruit and evaluation of antioxidative activity. | two diglucoside stilbene trimers and a benzoisofuranone derivative were isolated from foeniculum vulgare fruit together with nine known compounds. their structures were elucidated by spectral methods including 1d, 2d nmr and ms and chemical methods. antioxidant activity was tested using three methods: dpph(), total antioxidant capacity and assay of lipid peroxidation. | 2007 | 17498761 |
| effects of the herbal formulation colimil on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice in vivo. | clinical evidence suggests that the herbal formulation colimil (which contains matricaria recutita flowers extract, foeniculum vulgare fruit extract and melissa officinalis aerial parts extract) is effective in the treatment of breastfed colic in infants. therefore the effect of this phytotherapeutic formulation and its herbal constituents on upper gastrointestinal transit was investigated in mice in vivo. oral administration of the herbal formulation (0.4-0.8 ml/mice) dose-dependently delayed u ... | 2007 | 17582592 |
| protective effect of foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis. | in a previous screening work, foeniculum vulgare essential oil emerged from a pool of 24 essential oils for its antiplatelet properties and its ability to destabilize the retraction of the coagulum. in the present work the main component of the oil, anethole, tested in guinea pig plasma was as potent as fennel oil in inhibiting arachidonic acid-, collagen-, adp- and u46619-induced aggregation (ic(50) from 4 to 147 microg ml(-1)). it also prevented thrombin-induced clot retraction at concentratio ... | 2007 | 17709257 |
| screening of indigenous palestinian medicinal plants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. | organic extracts of 24 selected plant species, used by palestinian traditional healers to treat different illnesses and diseases, were tested for their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumoral activities. the plant selection was based on existing ethnobotanic information and interviews with local healers. the extracts of the plants under investigation were tested for their potential anti-tumor (cytotoxic) effect on the murine fibrosarcoma l929sa cells, and on the human breast cancer cells mda-mb231 an ... | 2007 | 17716845 |
| activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis strains of plants used in mexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. | tuberculosis (tb) kills about 3 million people per year worldwide. furthermore, tb is an infectious disease associated with hiv patients, and there is a rise in multidrug-resistant tb (mdr-tb) cases around the world. there is a need for new anti-tb agents. the study evaluated the antimycobacterial activity of nine plants used in mexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. nasturtium officinale showed the best activity (mic = 100 microg/ml) against the sensi ... | 2008 | 17726732 |
| herbal medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence. | there is increasing interest in the health and wellness benefits of herbs and botanicals. this is with good reason as they might offer a natural safeguard against the development of certain conditions and be a putative treatment for some diseases. one such area may be the lowering of blood pressure in those where it is elevated (i.e., hypertension). one class of clinical medicines used to lower blood pressure are known as diuretics and work by increasing the excretion of urine from the body as w ... | 2007 | 17804183 |
| antifungal effects of essential oils from oregano and fennel on sclerotinia sclerotiorum. | the antifungal effects of essential oils of oregano (origanum syriacum var. bevanii) and fennel (foeniculum vulgare) were evaluated against sclerotinia sclerotiorum. effects of the essential oils on morphological structures of hyphae and sclerotia were studied under light and scanning electron microscopes (sem). | 2007 | 17897206 |
| inhibition on human liver cytochrome p450 3a4 by constituents of fennel (foeniculum vulgare): identification and characterization of a mechanism-based inactivator. | fennel, a seed of foeniculum vulgare, is used as a culinary spice and traditional medicine. the methanolic extract of fennel showed a characteristic of mechanism-based inactivation on erythromycin n-demethylation mediated by human liver microsomal cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4). the present study was conducted to identify the fennel constituent having the inhibition. thirteen compounds have been isolated from a methanol extract of fennel and tested for their inhibition on cyp3a4. among them, 5-met ... | 2007 | 17988092 |
| determination of chemopreventive role of foeniculum vulgare and salvia officinalis infusion on trichloroacetic acid-induced increased serum marker enzymes lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense systems in rats. | today's world is increasingly seeking ways to replace the synthetic drugs with the therapeutic power of natural products. this study was designed to investigate the protective effects of foeniculum vulgare (fv) and salvia officinalis (so) waters infusions against carcinogen chemical trichloroacetic acid (tca)-exposure in rats. the chemopreventive potential of the plant infusions were evaluated by measuring levels of serum marker enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanin aminotransferase ... | 2008 | 17999340 |
| the effect of essential oils of sweet fennel and pignut on mortality and learning in africanized honeybees (apis mellifera l.) (hymenoptera: apidae). | it was recently discovered that exposure to small concentrations of the essential oils of sweet fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill) or pignut [hyptis suaveolens (l.) poit] can be used to control aphids. what is not known is whether these oils also influence honeybee behavior. experiments using both harnessed and free-flying foragers at concentrations used to control aphids showed that bees readily associated the odors with a reward, discriminated between them, and were not repelled. honeybees, howe ... | 2008 | 18246255 |
| antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different mediterranean countries. | fennel (foeniculum vulgare mill.) is a typical aromatic plant of the mediterranean area, long used as a medicinal and spice herb. fennel is also well-known for its essential oil, which has been extensively studied for many years owing to its commercial importance. in this work, the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the quantitative determination of individual flavonoids and phenolic acids of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different mediterran ... | 2008 | 18303817 |