Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| metallothionein and the subcellular localization of mercury and cadmium in the california sea lion. | 1977 | 17507 | |
| characterization of two new serotypes of san miguel sea lion virus. | two new virus isolates, one from a california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus) and the other from a northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) were partially characterized. their physicochemical characteristics were similar to those of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) and san miguel sea lion virus (smsv). the virion morphology was in both instances typically calicivirus. on the basis of this and the serum cross-neutralization testing, these isolates were classed as two new t ... | 1977 | 67101 |
| acute viral hepatitis in california sea lions. | acute viral hepatitis was diagnosed in five california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded along the los angeles coast. light microscopy revealed large nuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. electron microscopy provided evidence that these inclusion bodies were composed of adenovirus-like virions. attempts to grow the virus in cell culture systems were unsuccessful. | 1979 | 521373 |
| parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the oregon coast. | forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the oregon coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. new distribution records were established for pricetrema zalophi and zalophotrema hepaticum. new host records include z. hepaticum and diphyllobothrium cordatum in the steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubatus); nanophyetus salmincola in the california sea lion ... | 1978 | 567698 |
| prevalence of vesicular exanthema of swine antibodies among feral mammals associated with the southern california coastal zones. | serum-neutralizing antibodies to both vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) and san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) were found in a number of animal species having an association with the southern california coastal zones. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) had antibodies to 9 vesv types (a48, c52, d53, e54, f54, g55, i55, j56, and k56). fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and elephant seal pups (mirounga angustirostris) were tested for antibodies to 6 vesv types and all were negative. c ... | 1978 | 629463 |
| vesicular exanthema of swine. | vesicular exanthema of swine (ves) was first recognized in 1932. at the time, eradication measures and, later, quarantine procedures were instituted and extension of the disease to surrounding farms appeared to have been prevented. between 1932 and 1936, however, seemingly unrelated epizootics continued among swine herds being fed raw garbage. in 1936, ves disappeared only to reappear in 1939. the disease was contained within california until 1952, at which time it spread to all the major swine ... | 1976 | 786969 |
| vesicular exanthema of swine and san miguel sea lion virus. | san miguel sea lion virus (smsv), recently isolated from marine mammals, and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv), which caused epizootics of vesicular exanthema of swine (ves) over a period of 24 years (1932 to 1956), may be the same virus. this finding is of particular interest because the source of the original ves epizootic was never identified, swine were the only known natural host of vesv, and vesv was thought to have been eradicated. the smsv has been shown to be enzootic in 2 speci ... | 1976 | 786970 |
| toxoplasmosis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a female california sea lion that had been used in thermoregulation studies for about 4 years while housed in a small enclosure with a fresh-water pool at the university of hawaii, honolulu. toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in and around necrotic lesions of the heart and the stomach. source of the infection was not established; however, studies on toxoplasmosis in cats were being conducted at the institution, and common caretakers attended both group ... | 1977 | 835862 |
| underwater localization of click and pulsed pure-tone signals by the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | 1975 | 1117093 | |
| an epizootic of leptospirosis in california sea lions. | between may and december 1984, an epizootic of leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) occurred along the west coast of the united states from monterey county, calif, northward to seattle, wash. clinical signs observed were severe depression, excessive thirst, and tucked-up posturing, with associated leukocytosis and increased globulin, bun, and creatinine values. effective antibiotic therapy consisted of tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours, orally) or pota ... | 1985 | 4077625 |
| premature births in california sea lions: association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels. | premature pupping in california sea lions has been noted on the breeding islands since 1968. organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues were two to eight times higher in tissues of premature parturient females and pups than in similar tissues of full-term parturient females and pups collected on san miguel island in 1970. | 1973 | 4199282 |
| survey of diseases in free-living california sea lions. | 1974 | 4373587 | |
| calicivirus antibodies in california gray whales (eschrichtius robustus) and steller sea lions (eumetopias jupatus). | 1974 | 4441258 | |
| leptospira pomona and reproductive failure in california sea lions. | 1974 | 4443311 | |
| leptospirosis in a california sea lion. | 1972 | 4481104 | |
| heartworms in captive california sea lions. | 1973 | 4795400 | |
| behavioral thermoregulation in the california sea lion. | 1974 | 4815152 | |
| verminous pneumonia in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | 2016 | 4937313 | |
| ddt in california sea lions. | 1971 | 4942890 | |
| behavioral control of body temperature in the unrestrained california sea lion. | 1971 | 5134250 | |
| isolation of leptospira pomona from a naturally infected california sea lion, sonoma county, california. | 1971 | 5156488 | |
| development of a fatted male phenomenon in california sea lions. | 1971 | 5170706 | |
| aerial and underwater visual acuity in the california sea lion (zalophus califernianus) as a function of luminance. | 1971 | 5288866 | |
| leptospirosis epizootic among california sea lions. | a leptospira species is suspected of being the etiological agenit in a recent epizootic among california sea lions. the disease was confined to subadult males of the species zalophus c. californianus. | 1971 | 5576161 |
| a new species of dipetalonema from the california sea lion and a report of microfilariae from a steller sea lion (nematoda: filarioidea). | 1967 | 6062061 | |
| serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (felis concolor) in california. | serum samples from 58 mountain lions (felis concolor) in california (usa) were collected between april 1987 and february 1990. nineteen serum samples were used for serum biochemistry determinations; the ranges were similar to reference values in domestic cats, captive exotic felidae and free-ranging mountain lions. a serological survey was conducted to determine whether antibodies were present against selected infectious agents. fifty-four (93%) of 58 sera had antibodies against feline panleukop ... | 1994 | 8028105 |
| findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern california coast, 1984-1990. | personnel at the marine mammal center (the center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern california (usa) coast from 1984 through 1990, including california sea lions (zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and guadalupe fur seals (arctocephalus townsendi). the primary disease findings in st ... | 1993 | 8355344 |
| metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin in 66 free-living california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 1979 to 1994. | sixty-six (18%) cases of widely metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional cell origin were identified in 370 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded alive along the central california (usa) coast, between january 1979 and december 1994. live animals were usually emaciated and anorectic, with perineal edema and occasionally hind-flipper paralysis or paresis. large yellow caseous masses were observed in the sub-lumbar lymph nodes, often extending around the ureters resulting in ... | 1996 | 8722262 |
| leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded along the central california coast, 1981-1994. | prevalence of leptospirosis was determined in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded live along the central california (usa) coast between january 1981 and december 1994. clinical signs of renal disease were seen in 764 (33%) of 2338 animals examined; 545 (71%) of these 764 animals died, with similar gross lesions of nephritis. in silver impregnation stains of sections of formalin-fixed kidney, numerous loosely coiled spiral organisms were observed. leptospira pomona kenniwicki w ... | 1996 | 9359054 |
| coccidioidomycosis in free-living california sea lions (zalophus californianus) in central california. | coccidioidomycosis is described in seven california sea lions (zalophus californianus) admitted to the marine mammal center, sausalito, california (usa), between january 1986 and december 1994. diagnoses were confirmed by histology in all seven cases, culture in three cases, and serology in one case. these are believed to be the first published cases of coccidioidomycosis in free-ranging california sea lions. | 1996 | 9359077 |
| uncinariasis in northern fur seal and california sea lion pups from california. | northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) (n = 25) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) (n = 53) pups, found dead on rookeries on san miguel island (california, usa), were examined for adult uncinaria spp. prevalence of these nematodes was 96% in fur seal pups and 100% in sea lion pups. mean intensity of uncinaria spp. per infected pup was 643 in fur seals and 1,284 in sea lions. eggs of uncinaria spp. from dead sea lion pups underwent embryonation in an incubator; development to the f ... | 1997 | 9391970 |
| bartonella henselae antibody prevalence in free-ranging and captive wild felids from california. | in order to determine the importance of wild felids in the epidemiology of bartonella spp. infection, 136 nobuto strips or serum samples from free-ranging mountain lions (felis concolor) and bobcats (felis rufus) captured in california (usa) between 1985 and 1996 were tested for b. henselae antibodies (titer > or = 1:64) using an immunofluorescence test. similarly, 124 serum samples from 114 captive wild cats representing 26 species or subspecies collected between 1991 and 1995 were retrieved fr ... | 1998 | 9476226 |
| leptospirosis in rehabilitated pacific harbor seals from california. | renal disease was observed in two rehabilitated pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii) from a facility in california (usa). the seals had leukocytosis and high serum phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. a retrospective study of leptospiral antibody serum titers indicated both seals had elevated titers to leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa. a third seal, which died about the time when the index cases occurred, also had elevated titers to l. interrogan ... | 1998 | 9577797 |
| isolation of reptilian calicivirus crotalus type 1 from feral pinnipeds. | ten virus isolates were obtained from three species of marine mammals sampled on san miguel island (california, usa) and 1,200 km north on rogue reef (oregon, usa) during tagging operations in 1986-87. seven of these 10 were derived from 30 sampled steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus pups, while two of 10 were isolated from one of 19 sampled california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus pups, and the remaining isolate was derived from 30 sampled northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinu ... | 1998 | 9706554 |
| coccidioidomycosis in a bottlenose dolphin. | a stranded bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus gilli) succumbed to a pulmonary infection of coccidioides immitis. the dolphin initially presented with mild inspiratory dyspnea that rapidly worsened over 48 hr to include buoyancy abnormalities and finally death. at necropsy, caseous nodules were observed throughout the lungs and perihilar lymph nodes. on histological examination of tissues, double walled organisms containing endospores characteristic of c. immitis were observed in lung, perihi ... | 1998 | 9706575 |
| bacterial isolates from california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central california coast, 1994-1995. | in 2 yr of bacteriologic culturing of 297 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 154 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and 89 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded alive along the california coast, the most frequent isolates from inflammatory lesions in live animals were escherichia coli, streptococcus viridans, listeria ivanovii, beta-hemolytic streptococcus spp., and enterococcus spp. this is the first report of l. ivanovii isolation from a marine mammal. the common i ... | 1998 | 9732032 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern california. | over a 2-yr period (1994-1995), the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 129 bacterial isolates recovered from live stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) were studied. nineteen genera of bacteria were isolated from various sites of inflammation; abscesses and umbilici were the most common sites. seventy-two percent of the bacterial isolated were gram negative, and the enterobacteriaceae (escherich ... | 1998 | 9809600 |
| peritoneal coccidioidomycosis in a mountain lion in california. | an adult mountain lion (felis concolor) from the vicinity of weldon, california (usa) was necropsied following euthanasia due to emaciation and proximity to semi-rural housing. there were spherules consistent with coccidioides immitis within peritoneal surfaces with granulomatous inflammation and fungi consistent with c. immitis were cultured from abdominal fluid. this is the first reported case of coccidioidomycosis in a wild mountain lion. | 1999 | 10073349 |
| granulocytic ehrlichiosis and tick infestation in mountain lions in california. | forty-seven mountain lions (puma concolor) collected year-round in 1996 to 1998 from the sierra nevada foothills, the northern coast ranges, and in monterey county (california, usa) were examined for infestation with ixodes pacificus and dermacentor variabilis ticks. ticks were found predominantly in winter and spring. the seroprevalence of granulocytic ehrlichiae (ge) antibodies (ehrlichia equi or the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis) was 17% and the pcr-prevalence of dna characteristic ... | 1999 | 10574529 |
| mortality of sea lions along the central california coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. | over 400 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) died and many others displayed signs of neurological dysfunction along the central california coast during may and june 1998. a bloom of pseudo-nitzschia australis (diatom) was observed in the monterey bay region during the same period. this bloom was associated with production of domoic acid (da), a neurotoxin that was also detected in planktivorous fish, including the northern anchovy (engraulis mordax), and in sea lion body fluids. these ... | 2000 | 10638756 |
| prevalence of bartonella henselae antibody in florida panthers. | serum samples from 28 free-ranging florida panthers (puma concolor coryi) and seven mountain lions from texas (p. concolor stanleyana) living in south florida (usa) between 1997 to 1998 were tested for antibodies to bartonella henselae. twenty percent (7/35) of the samples were reactive to b. henselae antisera with a subspecies prevalence of 18% (5/ 28) for florida panthers and 28% (2/7) for cougars from texas (usa). there was not a significant sex related difference in infection rates among the ... | 2000 | 10682759 |
| molecular tracking of mountain lions in the yosemite valley region in california: genetic analysis using microsatellites and faecal dna. | twelve microsatellite loci were characterized in california mountain lions (puma concolor) and sufficient polymorphism was found to uniquely genotype 62 animals sampled at necropsy. microsatellite genotypes obtained using mountain lion faecal dna matched those from muscle for all of 15 individuals examined. dna from potential prey species and animals whose faeces could be misidentified as mountain lion faeces were reliably distinguished from mountain lions using this microsatellite panel. in a f ... | 2000 | 10736046 |
| first findings of cryptosporidium and giardia in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | we report the detection and identification of cryptosporidium and giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. fecal samples were collected from pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) in the northern california coastal area. by means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from california sea lions, 1 of which also contained giardia c ... | 2000 | 10864244 |
| epizootic vesicular disease in captive california sea lions. | an epizootic of vesicular disease occurred in a group of semi-domesticated california sea lions (zalophus californianus) during the months of april and may 1997. ten castrated mature male sea lions, ages 12 to 19 yr, were housed in three adjacent open-ocean net enclosures in san diego bay (california, usa). four animals (40%) developed oral and extremity vesicles, anorexia, and were reluctant to perform learned behaviors. one animal developed vesicles but maintained a normal appetite and behavio ... | 2000 | 10941736 |
| molecular and morphometric evidence for separate species of uncinaria (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) in california sea lions and northern fur seals: hypothesis testing supplants verification. | california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) are each believed to host distinct hookworm species (uncinaria spp.). however, a recent morphometric analysis suggested that a single species parasitizes multiple pinniped hosts, and that the observed differences are host-induced. to explore the systematics of these hookworms and test these competing hypotheses, we obtained nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal dna (d2/d3 28s, d18/d19 28s, and internal ... | 2000 | 11128487 |
| comparative biology of uncinaria spp. in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and the northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) in california. | studies on several aspects of the life cycle of hookworms (uncinaria spp.) in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus) and northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) were conducted on material collected on san miguel island (smi), california and at the marine mammal center, sausalito, california in 1997, 1998, and 1999. examination of z. californianus intestines for adult hookworms and feces for eggs revealed that longevity of these parasites in pups is about 6-8 mo, and infections are prob ... | 2000 | 11191915 |
| organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber and livers of stranded california sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal california, usa. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts (p,p'-dde, p,p'-ddd, p,p'-ddt), chlordanes (chls; cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh), and mono- (mbt), di-(dbt), and tri-butyltin (tbt) were determined in blubber and livers of 15 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 6 northern elephant seals (mirounga augustirost ... | 2001 | 11385594 |
| current prevalence of adult uncinaria spp. in northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island, california, with notes on the biology of these hookworms. | a prevalence survey for hookworms (uncinaria spp.) was done in northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island, ca, in 2000. intestines of dead pups were examined for adult hookworms in july. these parasites were found in 95% of 20 fur seal pups and 100% of 31 sea lion pups. the number of hookworms varied from 4 to 2142 (mean = 760) in fur seal pups and from 20 to 2634 (mean = 612) in sea lion pups. a direct relationship was evid ... | 2001 | 11390084 |
| diagnosis and seroprevalence of leptospirosis in california sea lions from coastal california. | the sensitivity and specificity of the microscopic agglutination test (mat) as a method for detection of exposure to leptospira spp. in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) were determined. sera came from individuals that demonstrated clinical signs of renal disease, had lesions suggestive of leptospirosis at necropsy, and had visible leptospires in silver stained kidney sections as positive controls. sera from unexposed captive individuals were used as negative controls. the test was 1 ... | 2002 | 11838231 |
| domoic acid toxicity in californian sea lions (zalophus californianus): clinical signs, treatment and survival. | eighty-one californian sea lions (zalophus californianus) with signs of domoic acid toxicity stranded along the coast of california in 1998 when there were blooms of the domoic acid-producing alga pseudonitzschia australis off-shore. in 2000, a further 184 sea lions stranded with similar clinical signs, but the strandings occurred both during detectable algal blooms and after the blooms had subsided. the clinical signs in these 265 californian sea lions included seizures, ataxia, head weaving, d ... | 2002 | 11995679 |
| molecular characterization of expressed dqa and dqb genes in the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | to date, there are no published mhc sequences from the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), a thriving species that, by feeding high on the marine food web, could be a sentinel for disturbances in marine and coastal ecosystems. in this study, degenerate primers and race technology were used to amplify near-full-length (mhczaca- dqb) and full-length (mhczaca- dqa) expressed class ii mhc gene products from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two california sea lions in rehabilitatio ... | 2002 | 12185537 |
| organochlorine pollutants [corrected] in california sea lions revisited. | dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been banned in most countries, but considerable amounts continue to cycle the ecosphere. top trophic level predators, like sea birds and marine mammals, bioaccumulate these lipophilic compounds, reflecting their presence in the environment. | 2002 | 12479795 |
| inbreeding: disease susceptibility in california sea lions. | 2003 | 12621424 | |
| characterization and clinical manifestations of arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central california coast. | between 1994 and 2000, 141 arcanobacterium phocae isolates were recovered from marine mammals that stranded along the central california coast (usa). arcanobacterium phocae was cultured from tissue sites with abnormal discharge or evidence of inflammation in 66 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 50 pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii), 19 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), five southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis), and one common dolphin (delphinus d ... | 2003 | 12685077 |
| evidence of leptospira interrogans infection in california sea lion pups from the gulf of california. | forty-two urine and 96 blood and serum samples were obtained from california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups from the gulf of california during the 2000 reproductive season. antibody prevalence to 13 serovars of leptospira interrogans was determined by microagglutination tests (mat); presence of pathogenic leptospires was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). samples with antibody titers > or = 1:25 or 115 bp fragments on ethidium bromidestained 1.5% agarose gels were considered po ... | 2003 | 12685078 |
| intestinal disaccharidases: absence in two species of sea lions. | pups of both the california and stellar sea lions have no intestinal enzymes for hydrolysis of sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, or trehalose. if these animals were given lactose or sucrose, they developed severe fermentative diarrhea and weight loss similar to the clinical syndrome encountered in infants with either hereditary or acquired intolerance to disaccharides. quired intolerance to disaccharides. | 1964 | 14149396 |
| parathion poisoning from flannelette sheets. | two small boys were admitted to the lions gate hospital in coma and acute respiratory distress. they improved and the first boy was sent home; after two nights he was back in hospital in a worsened state. poisoning with organic phosphate was suspected, and after investigation some flannelette sheets were taken from his home for testing. they proved to have been contaminated with parathion ("nerve gas") in the hold of a ship sailing from antwerp to vancouver; the parathion had been offloaded in c ... | 1965 | 14272498 |
| chronic aortitis in the california sea-lion, zalophus californianus. | 1960 | 14405285 | |
| class ii multiformity generated by variable mhc- drb region configurations in the california sea lion ( zalophus californianus). | in light of the immunological importance of molecules encoded within the major histocompatibility complex ( mhc), there are numerous studies examining the variability of these genes in wildlife populations. an underlying assumption in many of these studies is that mhc diversity invariably arises from a high level of allelic variation at a single gene locus, leading to widespread descriptions of thriving species with apparently limited mhc polymorphism. indeed, in a previous study we failed to fi ... | 2004 | 14997355 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| temporal changes in the prevalence of parasites in two oregon estuary-dwelling fishes. | the parasite faunas of juvenile english sole (parophrys vetulus) in 1971-1972 and staghorn sculpin (leptocottus armatus) in 1971 from yaquina bay, oregon, were compared with faunas found in the same estuary in 1997-2000 (english sole) and 1999-2000 (staghorn sculpin). the 7 most commonly occurring parasites in 1971 were compared with the same species observed during the same month and sampling sites in 1997-2000. multivariate community analysis of juvenile english sole parasites supported the su ... | 2004 | 15270100 |
| pcbs and ddt in the serum of juvenile california sea lions: associations with vitamins a and e and thyroid hormones. | top-trophic predators like california sea lions bioaccumulate high levels of persistent fat-soluble pollutants that may provoke physiological impairments such as endocrine or vitamins a and e disruption. we measured circulating levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) in 12 healthy juvenile california sea lions captured on año nuevo island, california, in 2002. we investigated the relationship between the contamination by pcbs and ddt and the circulati ... | 2005 | 15589659 |
| the role of organochlorines in cancer-associated mortality in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | wild california sea lions (zalophus californianus) have an unusually high prevalence of neoplasms (18% of stranded dead adults) and high levels of contaminants. the contribution of organochlorine (oc) tissue burdens to the probability of sea lions dying from carcinoma was explored using a logistic regression model. levels of pcbs and ddts were determined in blubber of sea lions diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma and animals that had died from non-carcinoma-related incidents (e.g., gunshot, domo ... | 2005 | 15664031 |
| seasonal prevalence and intensity of hookworms (uncinaria spp.) in california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups born in 2002 on san miguel island, california. | intestines of california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups (n= 204), born in 2002 on san miguel island, california, were examined for hookworms (uncinaria spp.) as part of a seasonal mortality study from june through december 2002 and january 2003. the investigation was planned to coincide with most of the previously established hookworm infection period of the pups. prevalence of hookworms in dead pups was 100% for each month of the study. the geometric mean intensity of infections per mon ... | 2005 | 15824900 |
| leptospirosis in northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the california coast. | leptospirosis was identified in six northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) that were stranded in 1995 along the coast of california (usa). histologic lesions in all seals included tubulointerstitial nephritis with tubular degeneration and necrosis. infection was confirmed through identification of spirochetes using an immunohistochemical stain for leptospira sp. antigens. one affected seal had an elevated titer to leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. four of the six seals developed ... | 2005 | 16107678 |
| risk factors associated with development of poxvirus lesions in hospitalized california sea lions. | to identify risk factors that may predispose california sea lions (zalophus californianus) to development of cutaneous poxvirus nodules during hospitalization in a rehabilitation center. | 2005 | 16121616 |
| transmission of toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. | toxoplasma gondii affects a wide variety of hosts including threatened southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) which serve as sentinels for the detection of the parasite's transmission into marine ecosystems. toxoplasmosis is a major cause of mortality and contributor to the slow rate of population recovery for southern sea otters in california. an updated seroprevalence analysis showed that 52% of 305 freshly dead, beachcast sea otters and 38% of 257 live sea otters sampled along the califo ... | 2005 | 16157341 |
| metastrongyloid nematode (otostrongylus circumlitus) infection in a stranded california sea lion (zalophus californianus)--a new host-parasite association. | a stranded yearling male california sea lion was admitted to a rehabilitation center june 2003. on presentation, the sea lion was emaciated and had diarrhea and neutrophilia. two weeks later, the animal became anorexic, blood and mucus were observed around the oral cavity, and corneal opacity was noted in the right eye. hematology results at that time included leukocytosis consisting of neutrophilia with a left shift, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. despite supportive care, the sea lion died. on p ... | 2005 | 16244070 |
| california sea lions (zalophus californianus californianus) have lower chlorinated hydrocarbon contents in northern baja california, méxico, than in california, usa. | chlorinated hydrocarbons (chs) were determined in blubber samples of 18 california sea lions (zalophus californianus californianus) that stranded dead along todos santos bay, ensenada, baja california, méxico, january 2000-november 2001. summation operatorddts were the dominant group (geometric mean 3.8 microg/g lipid weight), followed by polychlorinated biphenyls ( summation operatorpcbs, 2.96 microg/g), chlordanes (0.12 microg/g) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (0.06 microg/g). the summation operat ... | 2006 | 16297516 |
| mhc gene configuration variation in geographically disparate populations of california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii drb genotypes were examined in two geographically isolated populations of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) (gulf of california and california coastal pacific ocean). genomic dna from 227 california sea lions was examined using eight sequence-specific primer (ssp) pairs flanking the putative peptide-binding site. a total of 40 different zaca-drb genotype configurations were identified among the 227 individuals. using ssp-pcr, significan ... | 2006 | 16448418 |
| molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum from northern pacific marine mammals. | individual specimens of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 anisakis taxa, 8 pseudoterranova taxa, 4 contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. partial 28s (lsu) and complete internal transcribed spacer (its-1, 5.8s, its-2) ribosomal dna was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and seq ... | 2005 | 16539026 |
| contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in california sea lion pups. | low genetic heterozygosity is associated with loss of fitness in many natural populations. however, it remains unclear whether the mechanism is related to general (i.e. inbreeding) or local effects, in particular from a subset of loci lying close to genes under balancing selection. here we analyse involving heterozygosity-fitness correlations on neonatal survival of california sea lions and on susceptibility to hookworm (uncinaria spp.) infection, the single most important cause of pup mortality ... | 2006 | 16689912 |
| pathology and preliminary characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | cutaneous pox-like lesions are a common complication in the rehabilitation of pinnipeds. however, the exact identity, taxonomy, and host range of pinniped parapoxviruses remain unknown. during a poxvirus outbreak in may 2003 in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) at a marine mammal rehabilitation facility, multiple raised, firm, 1-3-cm skin nodules from the head, neck, and thorax of one sea lion weanling pup that spontaneously died were collected. histologically, the nodules were chara ... | 2006 | 16699145 |
| lesions associated with a novel mycoplasma sp. in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. | from july 1999 to november 2001, mycoplasma sp. was cultured from lesions in 16 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. the mycoplasma sp. was the likely cause of death of four animals in which it was associated with either pneumonia or polyarthritis. the most common lesion associated with this bacterium was subdermal abscessation, found in 12 animals. other lesions included intramuscular abscesses, septic arthritis, and lymphadenopathy. infection was associated ... | 2006 | 16699147 |
| tissue heavy metal concentrations of stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus) in southern california. | concentrations of nine heavy metals (as, cd, cu, fe, hg, pb, mn, mo and zn) were determined in the hepatic and renal tissues of 80 stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus). significant age-dependant increases were observed in liver and kidney concentrations of cadmium and mercury, and renal zinc concentrations. hepatic iron concentrations were significantly higher in females than males. animals with suspected domoic acid associated pathological findings had significantly higher con ... | 2007 | 17116350 |
| age-prevalence of otarine herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and possibility of its sexual transmission in california sea lions. | otarine herpesvirus-1 (othv-1) is a gammaherpesvirus routinely detected in urogenital tumor tissues of adult sea lions dying during rehabilitation, to investigate the epidemiology of this virus and guide the development of a mathematical model of its role in the multifactorial etiology of cancer in california sea lions, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of an othv-1 specific fragment of the dna polymerase gene was used to look for evidence of othv-1 infection in urogenital and pharyn ... | 2007 | 17208394 |
| total body oxygen stores and physiological diving capacity of california sea lions as a function of sex and age. | a defining physiological capability for air-breathing marine vertebrates is the amount of oxygen that can be stored in tissues and made available during dives. to evaluate the influence of oxygen storage capacity on aerobic diving capacity, we examined the extent to which blood and muscle oxygen stores varied as a function of age, body size and sex in the sexually dimorphic california sea lion, zalophus californianus. we measured total body oxygen stores, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, mchc, ... | 2007 | 17210964 |
| relation of dental wear to the concentrations of essential minerals in teeth of the california sea lion zalophus californianus californianus. | tooth wear in marine mammals has been attributed to age, feeding habits, behavior, and contaminants. advanced tooth wear in some california sea lions, including some of very young age (<5 yr), in the gulf of california, suggests that there are variations in chemical composition of tooth parts, wherein the concentrations of certain trace minerals might be anomalous, making them more susceptible to erosion. the concentrations of the essential minerals ca, p, k, na, fe, mg, and zn in the dentition ... | 2007 | 17435255 |
| urate nephrolithiasis in a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | nephrolithiasis has rarely been reported in marine mammals. during 2004 and 2005, two cases of nephrolithiasis were diagnosed during routine necropsy examination, one in a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and one in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). nephroliths were found throughout both kidneys during necropsy examination, varying in size from 1-10 mm in diameter in the northern elephant seal and from 1-15 mm in diameter in the california sea lion. necropsy and his ... | 2007 | 17469285 |
| hookworm enteritis with bacteremia in california sea lion pups on san miguel island. | large breeding populations of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) are located on san miguel and san nicolas islands in the southern california bight. in 2001, there was a substantial increase in pup mortality in late summer and fall. from june 2002 to january 2003, 208 freshly dead pups were examined on san miguel island, the most western of the channel islands off the coast of southern california. tissues from 186 of these pups were examined histologically. the primary lesions in 133 ... | 2007 | 17495302 |
| notoedric mange in two free-ranging mountain lions (puma concolor). | two mountain lions (puma con-color) were found dead in the simi hills area of southern california (ventura county). postmortem examination and toxicological analyses indicated that the cause of death was anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. in addition, both lions had marked alopecia and skin crusts, caused by notoedres cati. the diagnosis of notoedric mange was confirmed by histology and direct examination of mites obtained from skin scrapings of the two animals. histologically, the affected ... | 2007 | 17495313 |
| cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in california sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host species? | leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease infecting a broad range of mammalian hosts, and is re-emerging globally. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) have experienced recurrent outbreaks of leptospirosis since 1970, but it is unknown whether the pathogen persists in the sea lion population or is introduced repeatedly from external reservoirs. | 2007 | 17986335 |
| novel symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus): an increasing risk to marine mammal health. | harmful algal blooms are increasing worldwide, including those of pseudo-nitzschia spp. producing domoic acid off the california coast. this neurotoxin was first shown to cause mortality of marine mammals in 1998. a decade of monitoring california sea lion (zalophus californianus) health since then has indicated that changes in the symptomatology and epidemiology of domoic acid toxicosis in this species are associated with the increase in toxigenic blooms. two separate clinical syndromes now exi ... | 2008 | 18006409 |
| type x toxoplasma gondii in a wild mussel and terrestrial carnivores from coastal california: new linkages between terrestrial mammals, runoff and toxoplasmosis of sea otters. | sea otters in california are commonly infected with toxoplasma gondii. a unique type x strain is responsible for 72% of otter infections, but its prevalence in terrestrial animals and marine invertebrates inhabiting the same area was unknown. between 2000 and 2005, 45 terrestrial carnivores (lions, bobcats, domestic cats and foxes) and 1396 invertebrates (mussels, clams and worms) were screened for t. gondii using pcr and dna sequencing to determine the phylogeographic distribution of t. gondii ... | 2008 | 18452923 |
| a behaviorally explicit demographic model integrating habitat selection and population dynamics in california sea lions. | although there has been a call for the integration of behavioral ecology and conservation biology, there are few tools currently available to achieve this integration. explicitly including information about behavioral strategies in population viability analyses may enhance the ability of conservation biologists to understand and estimate patterns of extinction risk. nevertheless, most behavioral-based pva approaches require detailed individual-based data that are rarely available for imperiled s ... | 2008 | 18680502 |
| contaminants still high in top-level carnivores in the southern california bight: levels of ddt and pcbs in resident and transient pinnipeds. | highly industrialized areas, such as the southern california bight, often have high levels of contaminants in marine sediments, which can cause chronic exposure to organisms long after their use has ceased. tddt and tpcb were analyzed in the blubber of 145 stranded pinnipeds that died at local marine mammal centers between 1994 and 2006. resident species (california sea lion and pacific harbor seal) had significantly higher concentrations of tddt and tpcb than the transient species (northern ele ... | 2008 | 18835609 |
| risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) in california, 2004. | leptospirosis has been reported in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) since 1970; however, the source of infection and mode of transmission remain unknown. to elucidate these features, demographic and environmental risk factors for leptospirosis were evaluated. california sea lion stranding records from northern california for 2004 were used to identify cases of leptospirosis (n = 316) and controls (n = 143). demographic characteristics (age class, sex) and environmental factors, repr ... | 2008 | 18957639 |
| conserving connectivity: some lessons from mountain lions in southern california. | habitat corridors can be essential for persistence of wildlife populations in fragmented landscapes. although much research has focused on identifying species and places critical for conservation action, the conservation literature contains surprisingly few examples of corridors that actually have been protected and so provides little guidance for moving from planning through implementation. we examined a case study from southern california that combines monitoring of radio-collared mountain lio ... | 2009 | 18983604 |
| ddt exposure of zebrafish embryos enhances seizure susceptibility: relationship to fetal p,p'-dde burden and domoic acid exposure of california sea lions. | california sea lions have a large body burden of organochlorine pesticides, and over the last decade they have also been subject to domoic acid poisoning. domoic acid poisoning, previously recognized in adult animals, is now viewed as a major cause of prenatal mortality. the appearance of a chronic juvenile domoic acid disease in the sea lions, characterized by behavioral abnormalities and epilepsy, is consistent with early life poisoning and may be potentiated by organochlorine burden. | 2009 | 19165389 |
| geographical dissemination of leptospira interrogans serovar pomona during seasonal migration of california sea lions. | leptospirosis is one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses in the world and affects most mammalian species. although leptospirosis is well documented and characterized in terrestrial species, less information is available regarding the distribution and impact of leptospirosis in marine mammals. additionally, the role of animal migrations on the geographical spread of leptospirosis has not been reported. periodic epizootic outbreaks of acute leptospirosis among california sea lions (zalophus ... | 2009 | 19186009 |
| the role of domoic acid in abortion and premature parturition of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) on san miguel island, california. | domoic acid is a glutaminergic neurotoxin produced by marine algae such as pseudo-nitzschia australis. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) ingest the toxin when foraging on planktivorous fish. adult females comprise 60% of stranded animals admitted for rehabilitation due to acute domoic acid toxicosis and commonly suffer from reproductive failure, including abortions and premature live births. domoic acid has been shown to cross the placenta exposing the fetus to the toxin. to determin ... | 2009 | 19204339 |
| association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern california coastline. | during 2002, 2,239 marine mammals stranded in southern california. this unusual marine mammal stranding event was clustered from april to june and consisted primarily of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and long-beaked common dolphins (delphinus capensis) with severe neurologic signs. intoxication with domoic acid (da), a marine neurotoxin produced during seasonal blooms of pseudo-nitzschia spp., was suspected. definitively linking harmful algal blooms to large-scale marine mammal m ... | 2009 | 19204340 |
| tumor morphology and immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53, and ki67 in urogenital carcinomas of california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | metastatic carcinoma of urogenital origin is a common cause of mortality in free-ranging california sea lions (zalophus californianus). the etiology of this cancer is likely multifactorial, with viral infection, genetic factors, and exposure to environmental organochlorine contaminants possible contributing factors. in this study, expression of estrogen receptor alpha (er alpha), progesterone receptor (pr), p53, and ki67 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 12 sea lions with metastatic carc ... | 2009 | 19276047 |
| entanglements of marine mammals and seabirds in central california and the north-west coast of the united states 2001-2005. | entanglement records for seabirds and marine mammals were investigated for the period 2001-2005. the entanglement records were extracted from databases maintained by seven organizations operating along the west coast of the united states of america. their programmes included beach monitoring surveys, rescue and rehabilitation and regional pinniped censuses. records of 454 entanglements were documented in live animals and in carcasses for 31 bird species and nine marine mammal species. the most f ... | 2009 | 19344921 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern california coast. | little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern california (usa) coast. fourteen pbde congeners were determined by gc-ecni-ms in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. total pbde concentrations (sigmapbde) in california sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). to our knowledge, these are the highest reported pbde levels in marine mammals to dat ... | 2009 | 19487060 |
| the effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult california sea lions (zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance. | as highly mobile marine predators, many pinniped species routinely encounter a wide range of water temperatures during foraging and in association with seasonal, geographical and climatic changes. to determine how such variation in environmental temperature may impact energetic costs in otariids, we determined the thermal neutral zone of adult and juvenile california sea lions (zalophus californianus) by measuring resting metabolic rate using open-flow respirometry. five adult female (body mass ... | 2009 | 19946075 |
| undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | a tumour located in the pectoral region and the left front flipper was observed in a 29-year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) that died following signs of respiratory disease and inappetence. metastases were present in the lung and adrenal gland. the histological pattern of the tumour was variable. in some areas the tumour consisted of pleomorphic fibroblast-like cells arranged in a storiform pattern, while in other areas it comprised oval or polygonal cells with round to ... | 2011 | 20708196 |
| novel hemotrophic mycoplasma identified in naturally infected california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the hemoplasmas are the trivial name for a group of erythrocyte-parasitizing, non-cultivable in vitro bacteria of the genus mycoplasma that have been described in several mammalian hosts worldwide. this study is the first report of hemoplasmas in marine mammals. edta anticoagulated whole blood samples from 137 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and 20 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to the marine mammal center (sausalito, ca; www.marinemammalcenter.org) or l ... | 2010 | 21111543 |
| segniliparus rugosus-associated bronchiolitis in california sea lion. | 2011 | 21291617 | |
| metagenomic identification of a novel anellovirus in pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardsii) lung samples and its detection in samples from multiple years. | to investigate viral pathogens potentially involved in a mortality event of 21 pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii) in california in 2000, viral metagenomics was performed directly on lung samples from five individuals. metagenomics revealed a novel seal anellovirus (sealav), which clusters phylogenetically with anelloviruses from california sea lions and domestic cats. using specific pcr, sealav was identified in lung tissue from two of five animals involved in the 2000 mortality ev ... | 2011 | 21402596 |