Publications

the feasibility of using high resolution genome sequencing of influenza a viruses to detect mixed infections and quasispecies.	the rapidly expanding availability of de novo sequencing technologies can greatly facilitate efforts to monitor the relatively high mutation rates of influenza a viruses and the detection of quasispecies. both the mutation rates and the lineages of influenza a viruses are likely to play an important role in the natural history of these viruses and the emergence of phenotypically and antigenically distinct strains.	2009	19771155
isolation of mixed subtypes of influenza a virus from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus).	from april 2007 to march 2008, cloacal swabs were obtained from 246 casualty raptors recovered by various wildlife rehabilitation centers in the united states. the swabs were placed in a virus transport medium and transported to the laboratory on ice packs. at the laboratory, the samples were pooled with each pool consisting of five samples. all pools (n = 50) were screened for the presence of avian influenza virus (aiv) using a real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) ...	2010	20667110
isolation and molecular characterization of newcastle disease viruses from raptors.	the present study was undertaken to detect and characterize newcastle disease virus (ndv) in raptors. cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from 60 casualty raptors during january to march 2009 in minnesota. inoculation of all these samples (n=120) in 9-day-old embryonated hens' eggs resulted in isolation of haemagglutinating viruses in three samples from two bald eagles and one great horned owl. these three haemagglutinating viruses were confirmed as ndv by reverse transcription ...	2010	21154052
serologic evidence of exposure of raptors to influenza a virus.	serum or plasma samples from raptors that prey or scavenge upon aquatic birds were tested by a commercially available blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the evidence of antibodies to influenza a virus. samples were taken from birds (n = 616) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in the united states. in addition, samples from 472 migrating peregrine falcons (falco peregrinus) trapped on autumnal and vernal migrations for banding purposes were also tested. only bald eagles were notab ...	2012	22856203
central nervous system b-cell lymphoma in a bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus).	an adult bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus) presented for nystagmus and an inability to fly. on physical examination, the eagle was open-mouth breathing and tachycardic at 200 beats per minute, had a wrinkled cere and sunken eyes, and was an estimated 10% dehydrated. additionally, the eagle was extremely weak, with neurologic abnormalities including bilateral proprioceptive deficits, nystagmus, and no pupillary light reflex in the left eye. despite aggressive treatment, the eagle continued t ...	2018	29698076