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schmallenberg virus: a novel viral disease in northern europe. 201222247205
schmallenberg virus detected in sheep in england. 201222287390
prevention of schmallenberg virus. 201222287396
ec calls for a unified approach to schmallenberg virus. 201222311308
prevention of schmallenberg virus. 201222311319
prevention of schmallenberg virus. 201222331788
prevention of schmallenberg virus. 201222368212
prevention of schmallenberg virus. 201222391911
epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with schmallenberg virus infection.epizootic outbreaks of congenital malformations in sheep are rare and have, to the best of our knowledge, never been reported before in europe. this paper describes relevant preliminary findings from the first epizootic outbreak of ovine congenital malformations in the netherlands. between 25 november and 20 december 2011, congenital malformations in newborn lambs on sheep farms throughout the country were reported to the animal health service in deventer. subsequently, small ruminant veterinary ...201222393844
[diarrhea and loss of production on dutch dairy farms caused by the schmallenberg virus].at the end of august and the first two weeks of september 2011 dozens of veterinary practitioners reported to gd veekijker (animal health service) several dairy herds with cows with sudden decreased milk production, watery diarrhea and sometimes fever. in the beginning these reports came from the eastern region of the netherlands, after that also from the other three regions. the percentages of diseased herds per veterinary practice varied from a few till dozens per cent. extensive bacteriologic ...201222393845
scenarios for the future spread of schmallenberg virus. 201222408095
european food safety authority publishes its second report on the schmallenberg virus. 201222516005
organ distribution of schmallenberg virus rna in malformed newborns.a novel orthobunyavirus was first detected in german dairy cows in autumn 2011 and was subsequently found in the brains of malformed lambs, kids and calves in the netherlands, germany, belgium, france, italy, great britain, luxembourg and spain. for rapid detection of this novel virus, named schmallenberg virus, a real time quantitative reverse transcription pcr (rt-qpcr) was developed at the friedrich-loeffler-institut and provided to the federal veterinary state laboratories in germany. for di ...201222516190
genetic reassortment between sathuperi and shamonda viruses of the genus orthobunyavirus in nature: implications for their genetic relationship to schmallenberg virus.the recent outbreak of malformations in ruminants in northern europe caused by schmallenberg virus induced us to analyze the genetic properties of the related orthobunyaviruses and clarify their relationship. the sequencing of three genomic rna segments of sathuperi, shamonda and douglas viruses (satv, shav and douv) revealed that the m rna segment of satv and douv had a high degree of sequence identity with that of schmallenberg virus, but the s and l rna segments closely matched those of shav. ...201222588368
schmallenberg virus in calf born at term with porencephaly, belgium. 201222607989
salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the emerging so-called schmallenberg virus in germany.the so-called schmallenberg virus (sbv), first detected in a german town of the same name in october 2011, is a novel emerging orthobunyavirus in europe causing malformations and severe economic loss in ruminants. this report describes lesions in 40 sheep, 2 goats, and 16 cattle naturally infected with sbv as determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the most common macroscopic changes were arthrogryposis, vertebral malformations, brachygnathia inferio ...201222610033
schmallenberg virus confirmed in south-east england. 201222619748
continued presentation of cases of schmallenberg virus in sheep in england. 201222634894
polioencephalo-myelitis in a calf due to infection with schmallenberg virus. 201222660855
schmallenberg virus: a new shamonda/sathuperi-like virus on the rise in europe.in the summer-fall of 2011, a nonspecific febrile syndrome characterized by hyperthermia, drop in milk production and watery diarrhea was reported in adult dairy cows from a series of farms located in north-west europe. further, in november 2011, an enzootic outbreak of abortion, stillbirth and birth at term of lambs, kids and calves with neurologic signs and/or head, spine or limb malformations emerged throughout several european countries. both syndromes were associated with the presence in th ...201222684044
seroprevalence of schmallenberg virus antibodies among dairy cattle, the netherlands, winter 2011-2012.infections with schmallenberg virus (sbv) are associated with congenital malformations in ruminants. because reporting of suspected cases only could underestimate the true rate of infection, we conducted a seroprevalence study in the netherlands to detect past exposure to sbv among dairy cattle. a total of 1,123 serum samples collected from cattle during november 2011-january 2012 were tested for antibodies against sbv by using a virus neutralization test; seroprevalence was 72.5%. seroprevalenc ...201222709656
culicoids as vectors of schmallenberg virus. 022709978
schmallenberg virus infection of adult type i interferon receptor knock-out mice.schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus, was discovered in europe in late 2011. it causes mild and transient disease in adult ruminants, but fetal infection can lead to abortion or severe malformations. there is considerable demand for sbv research, but in vivo studies in large animals are complicated by their long gestation periods and the cost of high containment housing. the goal of this study was to investigate whether type i interferon receptor knock-out (ifnar(-/-)) mice are a s ...201222792298
responsibility for assessing the risk of spread of schmallenberg virus. 201222821934
identity and diversity of blood meal hosts of biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae: culicoides latreille) in denmark.host preference studies in haematophagous insects e.g. culicoides biting midges are pivotal to assess transmission routes of vector-borne diseases and critical for the development of veterinary contingency plans to identify which species should be included due to their risk potential. species of culicoides have been found in almost all parts of the world and known to live in a variety of habitats. several parasites and viruses are transmitted by culicoides biting midges including bluetongue viru ...201222824422
genetic characterization and molecular identification of the bloodmeal sources of the potential bluetongue vector culicoides obsoletus in the canary islands, spain.culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) biting midges are vectors for a diversity of pathogens including bluetongue virus (btv) that generate important economic losses. btv has expanded its range in recent decades, probably due to the expansion of its main vector and the presence of other autochthonous competent vectors. although the canary islands are still free of bluetongue disease (btd), spain and europe have had to face up to a spread of bluetongue with disastrous consequences. therefore, it ...201222827913
lack of evidence for schmallenberg virus infection in highly exposed persons, germany, 2012.schmallenberg virus, a novel orthobunyavirus, is spreading among ruminants, especially sheep, throughout europe. to determine the risk for human infection, we conducted a survey among shepherds to assess possible exposure and symptoms. we also performed serologic and molecular assays. no evidence of transmission to humans was detected.201222840657
dnase sispa-next generation sequencing confirms schmallenberg virus in belgian field samples and identifies genetic variation in europe.in 2011, a novel orthobunyavirus was identified in cattle and sheep in germany and the netherlands. this virus was named schmallenberg virus (sbv). later, presence of the virus was confirmed using real time rt-pcr in cases of congenital malformations of bovines and ovines in several european countries, including belgium. in the absence of specific sequencing protocols for this novel virus we confirmed its presence in rt-qpcr positive field samples using dnase sispa-next generation sequencing (ng ...201222848676
development of a virus neutralisation test to detect antibodies against schmallenberg virus and serological results in suspect and infected herds.at the end of 2011, a new orthobunyavirus, tentatively named schmallenberg virus (sbv), was discovered in germany. this virus has since been associated with clinical signs of decreased milk production, watery diarrhoea and fever in dairy cows, and subsequently also with congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids. in affected countries, initial surveillance for the infection was based on examination of malformed progeny. these suspicions were followed up by real-time reverse transcri ...201222871162
fetal deformities detected during surveillance for schmallenberg virus. 201222872623
government support in understanding schmallenberg virus. 201222872626
schmallenberg virus 'still circulating' in the uk. 201222890393
preliminary estimate of schmallenberg virus infection impact in sheep flocks - france. 201222892402
schmallenberg virus antibodies in bovine and ovine fetuses. 201222922706
schmallenberg virus: lessons from related viruses. 201222923085
schmallenberg virus in domestic cattle, belgium, 2012.to determine prevalence of antibodies against schmallenberg virus in adult cows and proportion of infection transmitted to fetuses, we tested serum samples from 519 cow/calf pairs in belgium in spring 2012. of cattle within 250 km of location where the virus emerged, ≈91% tested positive for igg targeting nucleoprotein. risk for fetal infection was ≈28%.201222932523
schmallenberg virus 'likely to spread to new areas'. 201222934305
bluetongue serotype 2 and 9 modified live vaccine viruses as causative agents of abortion in livestock: a retrospective analysis in italy.the recent outbreak caused by schmallenberg virus, which affected sheep, goats and cattle in europe, highlighted the importance of having a robust surveillance plan capable of monitoring abortions and malformations in the livestock offspring. in this context, bluetongue viruses (btvs) represented and represent one of the major threats to the european livestock industry. aiming to improve the understanding on btv cross placental transmission and serotype involvement, in this retrospective study f ...201422937914
diagnostics for schmallenberg virus. 201223001174
pcr identification of culicoid biting midges (diptera, ceratopogonidae) of the obsoletus complex including putative vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses.biting midges of the obsoletus species complex of the ceratopogonid genus culicoides were assumed to be the major vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) in northern and central europe during the 2006 outbreak of bluetongue disease (bt). most recently, field specimens of the same group of species have also been shown to be infected with the newly emerged schmallenberg virus (sbv) in europe. a reliable identification of the cryptic species of this group is fundamental for both understanding the epidemi ...201223013614
schmallenberg virus as possible ancestor of shamonda virus.schmallenberg virus (sbv), an orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, recently emerged in europe and has been suggested to be a shamonda/sathuperi virus reassortant. results of full-genome and serologic investigations indicate that sbv belongs to the species sathuperi virus and is a possible ancestor of the reassortant shamonda virus.201223017842
detection of schmallenberg virus in different culicoides spp. by real-time rt-pcr.to identify possible vectors of schmallenberg virus (sbv), we tested pools containing heads of biting midges (culicoides) that were caught during the summer and early autumn of 2011 at several places in belgium by real-time rt-pcr. pools of heads originating from following species: c. obsoletus complex, c. dewulfi and c. chiopterus were found positive, strongly indicating that these species are relevant vectors for sbv.201223025501
schmallenberg virus: responding to the challenge. 201223026715
the challenge of schmallenberg virus emergence in europe.the large-scale outbreak of disease across northern europe caused by a new orthobunyavirus known as schmallenberg virus has caused considerable disruption to lambing and calving. although advances in technology and collaboration between veterinary diagnostic and research institutes have enabled rapid identification of the causative agent and the development and deployment of tests, much remains unknown about this virus and its epidemiology that make predictions of its future impact difficult to ...201223026716
schmallenberg virus antibodies detected in cattle in wales. 201223043003
'schmallenberg virus'--a novel orthobunyavirus emerging in europe.in 2011, a novel orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, the schmallenberg virus (sbv), was discovered using a metagenomic approach. sbv caused a large epidemic in europe in ruminants. as with related viruses such as akabane virus, it appears to be transmitted by biting midges. transplacental infection often results in the birth of malformed calves, lambs and goat kids. in more than 5000 farms in germany, the netherlands, belgium, france, uk, italy, spain, luxembourg, denmark and switzerland acu ...201323046921
lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission of schmallenberg virus.the emergence of schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus, in ruminants in europe triggered a joint veterinary and public health response to address the possible consequences to human health. use of a risk profiling algorithm enabled the conclusion that the risk for zoonotic transmission of sbv could not be excluded completely. self-reported health problems were monitored, and a serologic study was initiated among persons living and/or working on sbv-affected farms. in the study set-up ...201223092696
schmallenberg virus milk antibody elisa. 201223161934
epizootic spread of schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, belgium, fall 2011.schmallenberg virus was detected in cattle and sheep in northwestern europe in 2011. to determine whether wild ruminants are also susceptible, we measured antibody seroprevalence in cervids (roe deer and red deer) in belgium in 2010 and 2011. findings indicated rapid spread among these deer since virus emergence ≈250 km away.201223171763
schmallenberg virus cases identified in ireland. 201223180713
[monitoring of schmallenberg virus in switzerland]. 201223188767
detection of schmallenberg virus serum neutralising antibodies.schmallenberg virus (sbv) emerged in continental europe in late 2011, and further work is required to assess the prevalence of sbv throughout europe. since its detection in germany, sbv has now been detected in other european countries, including the united kingdom. infection with sbv can cause mild clinical signs in ruminants, including diarrhoea and reduced milk yield. however, the virus can have a devastating effect on the developing foetus leading to malformation in newborn offspring. this i ...201323201289
basing policy on available evidence.in his regular update for veterinary record, nigel gibbens, the uk chief veterinary officer, revisits the basis for the proposed badger culling policy and provides an overview of other current issues, including surveillance for schmallenberg virus, dealing with equine infectious anaemia and the uk's stance on proposed changes to eu pet import rules.201223204341
large-scale cross-sectional serological survey of schmallenberg virus in belgian cattle at the end of the first vector season.a cross-sectional survey was conducted in the belgian cattle population after the first period of infection of the emerging schmallenberg virus. a total number of 11 635 cattle from 422 herds sampled between 2 january and 7 march 2012 were tested for the presence of schmallenberg-specific antibodies using an elisa kit. between-herd seroprevalence in cattle was estimated at 99.76% (95% ci: 98.34-99.97) and within-herd seroprevalence at 86.3% (95% ci: 84.75-87.71). an intraclass correlation coeffi ...201323206240
schmallenberg virus, a novel orthobunyavirus infection in ruminants in europe: potential global impact and preventive measures.in autumn 2011, schmallenberg virus was the first orthobunyavirus detected in europe. the virus belongs to the simbu serogroup. like other orthobunyaviruses, it is apparently transmitted by arthropod vectors, primarily by biting midges (culicoides spp.). ruminants and new-world camelids (alpacas) are susceptible to infection. adult animals may develop mild disease, if any. however, transplacental infection can lead to severe congenital malformations such asarthrogryposis, malformation of the ver ...201323215779
schmallenberg virus continuing to spread, says efsa. 201223223461
schmallenberg virus challenge models in cattle: infectious serum or culture-grown virus?schmallenberg virus (sbv), discovered in europe in 2011, causes mild transient disease in adult ruminants, but fetal infection can lead to severe malformation in cattle, sheep and goats.to elucidate the pathogenesis of this novel orthobunyavirus, considerable efforts are required. a reliable and standardized infection model is essential for in vivo studies. in the present study, two groups of four cattle were inoculated with either serum passaged in cattle only or cell culture-grown virus. the r ...201223231006
establishment of a reverse genetics system for schmallenberg virus, a newly emerged orthobunyavirus in europe.schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a newly emerged orthobunyavirus that has caused widespread disease in cattle, sheep and goats in europe. like other orthobunyaviruses, sbv is characterized by a tripartite negative-sense rna genome that encodes four structural and two non-structural proteins. this study showed that sbv has a wide in vitro host range, and that bhk-21 cells are a convenient host for both sbv propagation and assay by plaque titration. the sbv genome segments were cloned as cdna and a th ...201223255627
schmallenberg virus in culicoides spp. biting midges, the netherlands, 2011.to determine which species of culicoides biting midges carry schmallenberg virus (sbv), we assayed midges collected in the netherlands during autumn 2011. sbv rna was found in c. scoticus, c. obsoletus sensu stricto, and c. chiopterus. the high proportion of infected midges might explain the rapid spread of sbv throughout europe.023260040
schmallenberg virus in central nervous system of ruminants. 201323260872
schmallenberg virus in 2012/13. 201223264388
diagnosis of schmallenberg virus infection in malformed lambs and calves and first indications for virus clearance in the fetus.since mid-december 2011, samples from malformed lambs and calves are sent to coda-cerva in belgium for diagnosis of schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus that was first detected by researchers of the friedrich-loeffler-institut (fli, germany) in german cattle in autumn 2011 and was later shown to be involved in congenital malformations in lambs, goat kids and calves. surprisingly, by making use of real time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr) assays developed by the fli, presence of sbv rna could only ...201323265245
rna interference targets arbovirus replication in culicoides cells.arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by biting arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. these viruses replicate in both arthropods and vertebrates and are thus exposed to different antiviral responses in these organisms. rna interference (rnai) is a sequence-specific rna degradation mechanism that has been shown to play a major role in the antiviral response against arboviruses in mosquitoes. culicoides midges are important vectors of arboviruses, known to transmit pat ...201223269795
field veterinary survey on clinical and economic impact of schmallenberg virus in belgium.we implemented a questionnaire-based methodology targeting veterinary field practitioners to evaluate clinical and economic impact of schmallenberg virus in belgium. first suspicious cases were detected as soon as july 2011. the mean cost for individual symptomatic treatment was 65 or 107 euros, in case of fatal outcome or apparent recovery, respectively.201423279714
preliminary survey on the impact of schmallenberg virus on sheep flocks in south of belgium.between late february and may 2012, a preliminary anonym survey was conducted among sheep farmers in south of belgium in order to contribute to future estimations of the economic losses caused by schmallenberg virus (sbv). based on clinical signs consistent with sbv infection, this survey involved 13 meat sheep flocks considered as positive flocks with subsequent sbv detection by rt-qpcr [sbv-positive flocks (pf); total of 961 animals], and 13 meat sheep flocks considered as negative flocks (nf; ...201423294537
schmallenberg virus antibodies detected in poland.between 24 and 30 july 2012 230 adult goats from three western provinces of poland bordering on germany (western pomerania, lubuskie and lower silesia) were blood-sampled and tested for antibodies to schmallenberg virus (sbv) using indirect immunoenzymatic test (id screen® schmallenberg virus indirect, idvet innovative diagnostics). the elisa test identified 21 seropositive goats - 15 in western pomerania (16% of all goats tested in this province), five in lubuskie (6%) and one in lower silesia ...201323302324
distribution of schmallenberg virus and seroprevalence in belgian sheep and goats.a serological survey to detect schmallenberg virus (sbv)-specific antibodies by elisa was organized in the belgian sheep population to study the seroprevalence at the end of the epidemic. one thousand eighty-two sheep samples which were collected from 83 herds all over belgium between november 2011 and april 2012 were tested. the overall within-herd seroprevalence and the intraclass correlation coefficient were estimated at 84.31% (95% ci: 84.19-84.43) and 0.34, respectively. the overall between ...201423305427
schmallenberg virus pathogenesis, tropism and interaction with the innate immune system of the host.schmallenberg virus (sbv) is an emerging orthobunyavirus of ruminants associated with outbreaks of congenital malformations in aborted and stillborn animals. since its discovery in november 2011, sbv has spread very rapidly to many european countries. here, we developed molecular and serological tools, and an experimental in vivo model as a platform to study sbv pathogenesis, tropism and virus-host cell interactions. using a synthetic biology approach, we developed a reverse genetics system for ...201323326235
first report of schmallenberg virus infection in cattle and midges in poland.two outbreaks of schmallenberg virus (sbv) infection that coincided with the introduction of two bulls imported from france into two herds located in west pomerania and silesia provinces in poland are described in detail. the first sbv real-time rt-pcr-positive result was obtained during routine testing of one of the imported bulls. the second bull and the affected farms were tracked by further investigation. transmission of sbv into polish cattle herds where the bulls were imported was confirme ...201323331471
validation of a commercially available indirect elisa using a nucleocapside recombinant protein for detection of schmallenberg virus antibodies.a newly developed enzym like immuno sorbant assay (elisa) based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (n) of schmallenberg virus (sbv) was evaluated and validated for the detection of sbv-specific igg antibodies in ruminant sera by three european reference laboratories. validation data sets derived from sheep, goat and bovine sera collected in france and germany (n = 1515) in 2011 and 2012 were categorized according to the results of a virus neutralization test (vnt) or an indirect immuno-fluo ...201323335964
a mutation 'hot spot' in the schmallenberg virus m segment.in the autumn of 2011, schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, was identified by metagenomic analysis in germany. sbv has since been detected in ruminants all over europe, and investigations on phylogenetic relationships, clinical signs and epidemiology have been conducted. however, until now, only comparative sequence analysis of sbv genome segments with other species of the simbu serogroup have been performed, and detailed data on the s and m segments, releva ...201323364189
in vivo and in vitro identification of a hypervariable region in schmallenberg virus.detected for the first time in 2011, schmallenberg virus (sbv) is an orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup that caused a large outbreak in european ruminants. in a tight time frame, data have been obtained on sbv epidemiology and the clinical pictures associated with this new viral infection, but little information is available on the molecular biology of sbv. in this study, sbv sequence variability was characterized from the central nervous system of two stillborn lambs in a naturally infected ...201323364190
epidemic potential of an emerging vector borne disease in a marginal environment: schmallenberg in scotland.during 2011 schmallenberg virus (sbv) presented as a novel disease of cattle and sheep that had apparently spread through northern europe over a relatively short period of time, but has yet to infect scotland. this paper describes the development of a model of sbv spread applied to scotland in the event of an incursion. this model shows that sbv spread is very sensitive to the temperature, with relatively little spread and few reproductive losses predicted in years with average temperatures but ...201323378911
could drought conditions trigger schmallenberg virus and other arboviruses circulation?in 2011, a new orthobunyavirus, named the schmallenberg virus (sbv), was discovered in europe. like the related shamonda virus, sbv is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). after its discovery, the virus was detected in a wide area in north-western europe, an unexpected finding in a territory where climatic conditions would not seem ideal for arbovirus transmission. this sudden expansion suggests the effect of 2011 drought as a key factor that may have triggered sbv circulation. the possible inf ...201323409725
virus genetics: schmallenberg virus reveals its secrets. 201323411856
testing for schmallenberg virus. 201323418226
testing for schmallenberg virus. 201323418227
spatial abundance and clustering of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) on a local scale.biting midges, culicoides, of the obsoletus group and the pulicaris group have been involved in recent outbreaks of bluetongue virus and the former was also involved in the schmallenberg virus outbreak in northern europe.201323433251
oral exposure, reinfection and cellular immunity to schmallenberg virus in cattle.schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus, was discovered in germany in 2011. in adult ruminants sbv causes mild transient disease, but foetal infection can lead to severe malformations. owing to its recent discovery, the knowledge about the pathogenesis is limited. in this study, two heifers seroconverted after a previous sbv infection and five sbv antibody-negative calves were subcutaneously inoculated, another two animals received sbv orally and three were kept as controls. in naïve ...201323452751
acute schmallenberg virus infections, france, 2012. 201323460989
structure of schmallenberg orthobunyavirus nucleoprotein suggests a novel mechanism of genome encapsidation.schmallenberg virus (sbv), a newly emerged orthobunyavirus (family bunyaviridae), has spread rapidly across europe and has caused congenital abnormalities in the offspring of cattle, sheep, and goats. like other orthobunyaviruses, sbv contains a tripartite negative-sense rna genome that encodes four structural and two nonstructural proteins. the nucleoprotein (n) encapsidates the three viral genomic rna segments and plays a crucial role in viral rna transcription and replication. here we report ...201323468499
the range of attraction for light traps catching culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae).culicoides are vectors of e.g. bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus in northern europe. light trapping is an important tool for detecting the presence and quantifying the abundance of vectors in the field. until now, few studies have investigated the range of attraction of light traps.201323497628
schmallenberg virus circulation in belgium in 2012. 201323504170
survey of schmallenberg virus (sbv) infection in german goat flocks.animal losses due to abortion and malformed offspring during the lambing period 2011/2012 amounted to 50% in ruminants in europe. a new arthropod-borne virus, called schmallenberg virus (sbv), was identified as the cause of these losses. blood samples were obtained from 40 goat flocks and tested for antibodies against sbv by elisa, with 95% being seropositive. the calculated intra-herd seroprevalence (median 36·7%, min-max 0-93·3%) was smaller than in cattle or sheep flocks. only 25% of the farm ...201323507373
implicating culicoides biting midges as vectors of schmallenberg virus using semi-quantitative rt-pcr.the recent unprecedented emergence of arboviruses transmitted by culicoides biting midges in northern europe has necessitated the development of techniques to differentiate competent vector species. at present these techniques are entirely reliant upon interpretation of semi-quantitative rt-pcr (sqpcr) data in the form of cq values used to infer the presence of viral rna in samples.201323520481
schmallenberg virus outbreak in the netherlands: routine diagnostics and test results.at the end of 2011, a new orthobunyavirus was discovered in germany and named schmallenberg virus (sbv). in the netherlands malformations in new-born ruminants were made notifiable from the 20th of december 2011. after a notification, malformed new-borns were necropsied and brain tissue was sampled for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). in addition, blood samples from mothers of affected new-borns were tested for antibodies in a virus neutralization test (vnt). the aim of ...201323528650
schmallenberg virus circulating in scotland. 201323564848
nucleocapsid protein structures from orthobunyaviruses reveal insight into ribonucleoprotein architecture and rna polymerization.all orthobunyaviruses possess three genome segments of single-stranded negative sense rna that are encapsidated with the virus-encoded nucleocapsid (n) protein to form a ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex, which is uncharacterized at high resolution. we report the crystal structure of both the bunyamwera virus (bunv) n-rna complex and the unbound schmallenberg virus (sbv) n protein, at resolutions of 3.20 and 2.75 å, respectively. both n proteins crystallized as ring-like tetramers and exhibit a hi ...201323595147
culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) is not a competent vector of cache valley virus (family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus).we investigated the susceptibility of culicoides sonorensis to cache valley virus (cvv) (family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus) infection and the potential that it could be a vector or site of virus reassortment. cvv is native to the new world and causes disease in livestock. infected blood meals were fed to both a competent vector, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and culicoides sonorensis. all anopheles mosquitoes were infected as expected, but only 21 % of the c. sonorensis insects were suscep ...201323636406
antibodies to schmallenberg virus in domestic livestock in turkey.this, partly retrospective study, was designed to determine the seroprevalence of schmallenberg virus (sbv), a new orthobunyavirus first reported in germany in late 2011, in domestic ruminants from the middle black sea, west, and southeast regions of turkey. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to screen serum samples collected from slaughterhouse animals between 2006 and 2013. the overall seroprevalence was 335/1,362 (24.5 %) with 325/816 (39.8 %), 5/307 (1.6 %), 3/109 (2.8 %) ...201323645515
immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells associated with schmallenberg virus infection of the central nervous system of ruminants.schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a recently discovered bunyavirus associated mainly with abortions, stillbirths and malformations of the skeletal and central nervous system (cns) in newborn ruminants. in this study, a detailed immunophenotyping of the inflammatory cells of the cns of affected animals was carried out in order to increase our understanding of sbv pathogenesis. a total of 82 sbv-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) positive neonatal ruminants (46 sheep lambs, 34 calves and 2 goat kids) were ...201323667545
epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of schmallenberg virus, an emerging orthobunyavirus in europe.after the unexpected emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) in northern europe in 2006, another arbovirus, schmallenberg virus (sbv), emerged in europe in 2011 causing a new economically important disease in ruminants. the virus, belonging to the orthobunyavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family, was first detected in germany, in the netherlands and in belgium in 2011 and soon after in the united kingdom, france, italy, luxembourg, spain, denmark and switzerland. this review describes t ...201323675914
development and validation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against schmallenberg virus in blood samples from ruminants.to detect schmallenberg virus (sbv) infections in ruminants and to perform sbv epidemiological studies a cost-effective serological test is required. for these purposes an indirect whole virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of sbv specific antibodies in ruminant blood samples was developed. schmallenberg virus antigen was produced by propagation on vero cells, partly purified and coated onto elisa plates. the indirect elisa procedure included the subsequent incubation of ...201323683732
schmallenberg virus.in late 2011 a novel virus of the simbu serogroup, family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus, was discovered at the german-dutch border and named "schmallenberg virus" (sbv). since then, the virus has spread rapidly to other european countries, and the involvement of biting midges has been demonstrated. affected adult ruminants show none or only mild clinical signs including fever, reduced milk production or diarrhoea. however, in keeping with related viruses, an infection of sbv-naive cows and ...201323689895
no evidence for the persistence of schmallenberg virus in overwintering mosquitoes.in 2011, schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel member of the simbu serogroup, genus orthobunyavirus, was identified as the causative agent of a disease in ruminants in europe. based on the current knowledge on arthropods involved in the transmission of simbu group viruses, a role of both midges and mosquitoes in the sbv transmission cycle cannot be excluded beforehand. the persistence of sbv in mosquitoes overwintering at sbv-affected farms in the netherlands was investigated. no evidence for the p ...201423692132
inactivated schmallenberg virus prototype vaccines.schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus, is an insect-transmitted pathogen and was first described in europe in 2011. sbv causes a mild transient disease in adult ruminants, but severe foetal malformation and stillbirth were observed after an infection of naive cows and ewes, which is responsible for considerable economic losses. the virus is now widely distributed in europe, and no vaccines were available to stop transmission and spread. in the present study, 16 calves and 25 sheep, ...201323707449
schmallenberg virus continues to spread across europe. 201323709393
schmallenberg virus--is it present in south africa?in july 2006, a case of two out of three lambs born to one ewe in a flock of 45 had signs that, in retrospect, were possibly consistent with schmallenberg virus infection. this occurred in the onderstepoort area (gauteng province) but a definitive diagnosis was not made. then, in may 2008, a farmer in the delmas area (mpumalanga province) reported that deformed lambs had been born to several ewes in the flock. six of the approximately 50 mated ewes gave birth to lambs showing varying degrees of ...201323718876
presence of antibodies to schmallenberg virus in a dog in sweden. 201323740729
reemerging schmallenberg virus infections, germany, 2012. 201323750360
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