Publications

studies on the leishmaniases in the sudan. 2. clinical and parasitological studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis.	in the omdurman hospital for tropical diseases, sudan, from 6 october to 1 december 1986, 736 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) were studied. the duration of the lesions varied from a few days to 4 months, usually (56%) 1-3 months. multiple lesions ranging from one to 50 (mean = 4) were present in 80% of cases. ulcerative lesions were found in 44%, nodulo-ulcerative in 31%, nodular in 31% and others, including infiltrated, fungating and warty lesions, in 5% of patients. the lower limbs ...	1991	1661450
concurrent infection with leishmania donovani and leishmania major in a kenyan patient: clinical description and parasite characterization.	leishmania isolates aspirated a few months apart from the spleen of an indigenous adult male kala-azar patient from baringo district, kenya, were biochemically characterized and compared. the patient lived within a dual focus of l. donovani kalazar and l. major cutaneous leishmaniasis. a primary leishmania isolate from splenic aspirates was cryopreserved (nlb-294). the patient was treated with sodium stibogluconate for kala-azar and discharged. three months later, he had clinical relapse and ret ...	1991	1928563
isolation of leishmania major from a naturally infected vervet monkey (cercopithecus aethiops) caught in kiambu district, kenya.		1987	3437365
cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major in baringo district, kenya.	leishmania major was isolated from lesions of a patient suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis in baringo district of kenya. isoenzyme mobilities of this strain were compared with those of l. major, l. donovani, l. aethiopica and l. tropica reference strains and also l. major from a sand fly, phlebotomus duboscqi, and a rodent, arvicanthis niloticus, trapped in the same region. the patient's isolate had similar banding patterns to the l. major reference strain and also the rodent and the sand fl ...	1987	3445343
laboratory investigations on the survival and fecundity of phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera, psychodidae), a vector of leishmania major in kenya.	the gonotrophic cycle, survival and reproductive potential of adult female phlebotomus duboscqi, a vector of leishmania major in baringo district, kenya was investigated in the laboratory. the sandflies were fed on hamster and apples as a sugar source and were placed in vials for oviposition. the feeding and care for oviposition was repeated for as long as the flies lived. the longest period p. duboscqi survived after taking the first blood meal was 45 days. the flies completed up to eight gonot ...	1987	3629141
characterization of kenyan leishmania spp. and identification of mastomys natalensis, taterillus emini and aethomys kaiseri as new hosts of leishmania major.	a survey to examine rodents for leishmanias was initiated in the perkerra settlement scheme, marigat, baringo district, kenya, 789 rodents of ten different species were trapped and examined. leishmanial parasites were isolated from the spleen and liver of 17 animals of five different species: seven from tatera robusta, five from arvicanthis niloticus, two from mastomys natalensis, two from taterillus emini and one from aethomys kaiseri. these were identified as l. major by enzyme electrophoresis ...	1986	3632097
rapid enzymological identification of leishmanial isolates in kenya.	leishmanial isolates from kenya were identified as being either leishmania major, l. donovani or l. aethiopica by using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. species determination is based on the electrophoretic pattern for glucose phosphate isomerase alone. this report describes the technique and presents data on its reliability as a rapid identification test for leishmania isolates from the same geographical region.	1985	4082254
[a comparative serologic study of leishmania tropica major and leishmania tropics minor].		1972	4653698
the isolation of leishmania major from rodents in baringo district, kenya.		1984	6464123
cutaneous leishmaniasis in kenya: transmission of leishmania major to man by the bite of a naturally infected phlebotomus duboscqi.	one leishmanial stock was isolated from a phlebotomus duboscqi female captured in baringo district, kenya, and others from papular lesions that developed at sites where this sandfly had fed on a man. when characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (eight enzymes examined), these isolates proved to be identical to known leishmania major strains from man and a rodent (arvicanthis sp.) and different from l. donovani and l. adleri, which also occur in baringo. this is the first case of human ...	1984	6533846
in vivo evaluation of immune responses in leishmaniasis: the use of cross-species leishmanin preparations for skin testing.	skin test reactivity to two commercial preparations of leishmania major leishmanin was evaluated in leishmaniasis patents from ethiopia (l. aethiopica) and nicaragua (probably l. braziliensis complex). the purpose of using different preparations of l. major was to evaluate whether l. major skin test antigens could generally be used to detect leishmaniasis due to l. aethiopica and l. braziliensis. one preparation was superior in identifying the majority (83-90%) of confirmed cases of local cutane ...	1995	7625529
the pathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major in sudan.	the pathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sudan, where the disease is caused by leishmania major, was studied by light and electron microscopy. lesions were classified into four distinct groups based on the ratio of different cell types, especially lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells in the inflammatory infiltrate, and the formation of compact epithelioid granulomas or the presence of necrosis. in the lesions, there was a positive correlation between the number of lymphocytes and the nu ...	1995	7771611
endemic kala-azar in eastern sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.	between april 1991 and april 1993, a longitudinal study was performed in the village of um-salala (1,430 inhabitants) in the endemic area of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in eastern sudan. during the two years, a total of 92 kala-azar cases were diagnosed (male:female ratio = 1.8:1, mean age 6.6 years). the annual incidence rates were 38.4/1,000 and 38.5/1,000 person-years, respectively. the ratio of clinical to subclinical cases was 1.6:1 in the first year and 2.4:1 in the second year. pos ...	1994	7810819
cutaneous leishmaniasis in kenya: sergentomyia garnhami (diptera psychodidae), a possible vector of leishmania major in kitui district: a new focus of the disease.	investigations on phlebotomine sandflies in tseikuru, kitui district, kenya were carried out to determine the vectors of leishmania major. sandflies were trapped from animal burrows over a period of one year using castor oil-smeared sticky traps. nineteen phlebotomine sandfly species were identified and their prevalence in this habitat determined. dissections on the parous sandflies resulted in the isolation of leishmania parasites from phlebotomus martini and sergentomyia garnhami. the isolated ...	1994	7828493
experimental infection of domestic goats with leishmania major through bites of infected phlebotomus duboscqi and needle inoculation of culture-derived promastigotes.		1994	7831760
epidemiology and clinical manifestations of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in baringo district, rift valley, kenya. a literature review.	visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by leishmania donovani, is endemic in baringo district, kenya. the disease has a focal distribution in the dry, hot areas below 1500 metres. infections may be characterized as follows: 1) asymptomatic, 2) subclinical and self-limiting (not medically identifiable), and 3) clinically manifest disease (that is medically identifiable). half of the reported vl patients are between 5 and 14 years of age and 66% of them are males. the reasons for the focal distributi ...	1994	7940999
sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania major of different zymodemes in the sudan and saudi arabia: a comparative study.	sporotrichoid cutaneous leishmaniasis is due to dissemination of amastigotes via the lymphatics to the subcutaneous tissues. a comparison was made between the potential to disseminate by this route of 2 parasites of different zymodemes in sudan and saudi arabia. in sudan cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by leishmania major zymodeme lon-1, and in saudi arabia by l. major lon-4. sporotrichoid leishmaniasis was significantly more common in sudan, occurring in 23% of patients compared with 10% in s ...	1994	7992336
phlebotomus (phlebotomus) duboscqi (diptera: phlebotominae), naturally infected with leishmania major in southern ethiopia.	in a survey of leishmania infections in phlebotomine sandflies in visceral leishmaniasis focus at aba roba, segen valley, southern ethiopia, phlebotomus duboscqi was found naturally infected with l. major (zymodeme mon-74). this is the first isolation of l. major from a vector sandfly in ethiopia, from an area where human and/or rodent infections with l. major are, so far, unknown.	1993	8465376
animal reservoirs of leishmaniasis in marigat, baringo district, kenya.	a total of 1128 rodents belonging to seven genera were examined for leishmanial parasites over a period of sixteen months. parasites were isolated from 36 (12.5%) tatera robusta, 3 (0.5%) arvicanthis niloticus, and 2 (0.8%) mastomys natalensis. all isolates were characterised by isoenzyme analysis using nine enzymes. the enzymes examined were: malate dehydrogenase (mdh), phosphoglucomutase (pgm), glucose phosphate isomerase (gpi), isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd), nucleoside hydrolase (nh), glucos ...	1996	8625862
necrotizing and suppurative lymphadenitis in leishmania major infections.	the pathology of lymph nodes and subcutaneous nodules in 6 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) due to leishmania major is described in this paper. in 3 patients enlarged epitrochlear lymph nodes were found to be associated with primary skin lesions in the forearm. the lymph node in one patient showed a necrotizing granulomatous reaction that simulated tuberculous lymphadenitis. leishmania parasites were, however, found in sections of the node, and staining for mycobacteria was ...	1996	8665392
the pathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the sudan: a comparison with that in other geographical areas.	the pathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) caused by leishmania major zymodeme lon 1 in the sudan was compared with that caused by l. major zymodeme lon 4 in saudi arabia and with that already described for l. tropica infections in iran and for localized cl in the new world. the lesions were classified according to ridley's five histological types. most of the lesions in the sudan and saudi arabia were of types b and c, characterized, respectively, by diffuse macrophage necrosis and focalized ...	1996	8915124
use of leishmania major derived leishmanin for skin test surveys of visceral leishmaniasis in ethiopia.	the potential use of leishmania major derived leishmanin in surveys of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was examined. the study was conducted in konso sub-district, southwest ethiopia involving 51 vl patients, 18 vl contacts, four localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (lcl) cases and 15 healthy controls. sixty three percent of treated vl patients, 44.4% of vl contacts, all of lcl cases and none of untreated vl patients were positive to the test. leishmanin skin test (lst) induration sizes of 41 treated v ...	1997	9145577
the leishmania promastigote surface antigen-2 (psa-2) is specifically recognised by th1 cells in humans with naturally acquired immunity to l. major.	the promastigote surface antigen-2 (psa-2) is a leishmania parasite antigen, which can induce th1-mediated protection against murine leishmaniasis when used as a vaccine. to evaluate psa-2 as a human vaccine candidate the specific t-cell response to psa-2 was characterised in individuals immune to cutaneous leishmaniasis. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from sudanese individuals with a past history of self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis proliferated vigorously in response to psa-2 isolated f ...	1998	9566492
autoclaved leishmania major vaccine for prevention of visceral leishmaniasis: a randomised, double-blind, bcg-controlled trial in sudan.	visceral leishmaniasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the sudan. drug treatment is expensive, and drug resistance is becoming increasingly common. safe, effective, and cheap vaccines are needed. we report the results of a vaccine trial against human visceral leishmaniasis.	2000	11075771
immunogenicity and safety of autoclaved leishmania major plus bcg vaccine in healthy sudanese volunteers.	in a longitudinal study in the epidemiology of leishmania donovani infection in an endemic focus in eastern sudan, we observed that previous exposure or infection with leishmania major appeared to protect against visceral leishmaniasis caused by l. donovani. we therefore conducted a study to test the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine consisting of autoclaved l. major (alm) plus bcg in inducing protection in vaccinated individuals. leishmanin-negative healthy sudanese volunteers were enrolle ...	2001	11228382
leishmaniasis in sudan. cutaneous leishmaniasis.	cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in sudan is caused by leishmania major, zymodeme lon-1. the disease is endemic in many parts of the country. the vector is phlebotomus papatasi and the animal reservoir is probably the nile rat arvicanthis niloticus. clinically, patients usually present with papules, nodules, or nodulo-ulcerative lesions, mainly on the exposed parts of the skin. in 20% of cases the parasite disseminates through the lymphatics, producing sporotrichoid-like lesions. the pathology of th ...	2001	11370248
the origin and evolution of the leishmania donovani complex as inferred from a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequence.	members of the leishmania donovani complex are parasites of the reticulo-endothelial system that are often associated with serious epidemics of a life threatening disease known as visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. twenty-two leishmania isolates representative of the geographical range of the parasite were analysed for sequence variations in their cytochrome oxidase ii gene. in performing phylogenetic analysis, the maximum parsimonious, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood trees were congr ...	2001	12798051
uncommon clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis in sudan.	cutaneous leishmaniasis in sudan is caused by leishmania major zymodeme lon1. self-healing usually occurs within 1 year but occasionally its duration is prolonged and treatment is required. the clinical forms are ulcers, nodules and noduloulcerative lesions. here we describe seven patients with uncommon lesions that were difficult to recognize as leishmania infections. these included mycetoma-like lesions, lesions that resembled l. tropica infection and others. one hiv/aids patient had kaposi's ...	2005	16099005
effects of anti-leishmania monoclonal antibodies on the development of leishmania major in phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae).	research in our laboratory has previously shown that immune-mediated transmission blocking may be applied to leishmania infections and that the lpg molecule and anti-lpg monoclonal antibodies was found to be an excellent candidate against l. major infections.	2006	16708877
immunochemotherapy of persistent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a novel approach to treatment.	post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is a recognized dermatosis that follows successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in the sudan. this randomized and double-blind study aimed to assess safety, immunogenicity and curative potentials of a novel immunochemotherapy regimen in patients with persistent pkdl. following informed consent, 30 patients were randomized to receive alum-precipitated autoclaved leishmania major (alum/alm) vaccine+bacille calmette-guérin (bcg) and sodium stibogluc ...	2008	17963805
prevalence of antibodies and cell mediated immune response against leishmania major in feral nonhuman primates from kenya.	in kenya, leishmania major is responsible for human cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). natural infection with l. major of a vervet monkey and experimental susceptibility of some nonhuman primates (nhps) from kenya has been established. however, there has been no comprehensive study of the prevalence of zoonotic cl in kenya. and also, no investigation has been done to assess whether nhps could be potential reservoir hosts of l. major even when the involvement of reservoir animals is obligatory in tran ...	2009	18983806
in vivo efficacy of oral and intraperitoneal administration of extracts of warburgia ugandensis (canellaceae) in experimental treatment of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major.	the antileishmanial activity of extracts of warburgia ugandensis spraque (canellaceae), a known traditional therapy in kenya was evaluated in vivo. treatment of infected balb/c mice with w. ugandensis extracts orally resulted in a reduction of the size of lesions compared to the untreated control. the lesion sizes differed significantly for the four extracts (p=0.039) compared to the untreated control. for mice treated by intraperitoneal injection, the lesion sizes increased initially for the he ...	2009	20209014
first report on leishmania major/hiv coinfection in a sudanese patient.		2010	20799602
evidence for genetic differentiation at the microgeographic scale in phlebotomus papatasi populations from sudan.	cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is endemic in sudan. it is caused by leishmania major parasites and transmitted by phlebotomus papatasi sandflies. recently, uncommon clinical manifestations of cl have been reported. moreover, l. donovani parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (vl) have been isolated from cl lesions of some patients who contracted the disease in khartoum state, central sudan with no history of travelling to vl endemic sites on south-eastern sudan. because different clinical man ...	2012	23146340
evaluation of pcr procedures for detecting and quantifying leishmania donovani dna in large numbers of dried human blood samples from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in northern ethiopia.	visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by leishmania donovani parasites which affects almost half a million persons annually. most of these are from the indian sub-continent, east africa and brazil. our study was designed to elucidate the role of symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmania donovani infected persons in the epidemiology of vl in northern ethiopia.	2013	23530965
natural infection of bats with leishmania in ethiopia.	the leishmaniases, a group of diseases with a worldwide-distribution, are caused by different species of leishmania parasites. both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis remain important public health problems in ethiopia. epidemiological cycles of these protozoans involve various sand fly (diptera: psychodidae) vectors and mammalian hosts, including humans. in recent years, leishmania infections in bats have been reported in the new world countries endemic to leishmaniasis. the aim of this study ...	2015	26232657