Publications

apteragia pursglovei sp. n. (trichostrongyloidea: trichostrongylidae) from the white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus.	two species of apteragia were found in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from 152 counties in 13 southeastern states. specimens previously reported as skrjabinagia odocoilei were reidentified as belonging to 2 similar species of the genus apteragia, a. odocoilei, and a. pursglovei sp. n. apteragia pursglovei sp. n. is differentiated primarily by the length, conformation, and degree of sclerotization of the spicules. of the 824 deer, a. odocoilei occurred in 76.5%, a. pursglovei in 13.8% ...	1979	448613
two species of entamoeba from white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, from georgia.	large numbers of 2 species of entamoeba, entamoeba coli and entamoeba bovis, were recovered from captive white-tailed deer from georgia. the trophozoite of the first ameba was a large form with a well-defined vesicular nucleus bearing a prominent eccentric endosome, abundant peripheral chromatin, and numerous periendosomal granules. cytoplasmic vacuoles containing bacteria and other substances were common. mature cysts were octonucleate. glycogen vacuoles and irregularly shaped chromatoids were ...	1978	564402
leptospirosis in selected wild mammals of the florida panhandle and southwestern georgia.	a group of 144 wild mammals, including white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbits, fox squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, opossums, a bobcat, and various small rodents was examined for cultural or serologic evidence of leptospiral infection. leptospires were isolated from 1 of 25 rabbits, 1 of 27 fox squirrels, 1 of 26 gray squirrels, 4 of 18 mice and rats, 8 of 21 raccoons, 7 of 17 opossums, and a bobcat. isolations were not made from 6 deer examined. serotypes isolated were leptospira interrogans ...	1975	1176352
antibodies to vesicular stomatitis new jersey type virus in white-tailed deer on ossabaw island, georgia, 1985 to 1989.	from 1985 to 1989, 491 serum samples were collected from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on ossabaw island, georgia (usa) and were tested for neutralizing antibodies to new jersey and indiana type vesicular stomatitis viruses. prevalence of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis new jersey (vsnj) virus in deer for the 5-yr period was 43%. prevalence of antibodies differed by year (p less than 0.0001), and was dependent on age class (p less than 0.0001) and location on the island (p less t ...	1991	1661786
precipitating antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue viruses in white-tailed deer in the southeastern united states.	from 1981 to 1989, sera were collected from 3,077 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in georgia and from 1,749 deer from 12 additional states in the southeastern united states. in georgia, prevalence of precipitating antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and bluetongue virus (btv), as determined by agar gel immunodiffusion tests, was dependent on physiographic region, age, and year. overall prevalence of antibodies to ehdv and/or btv was 11, 33, 48, and 14% for the mou ...	1991	1676762
antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in a barrier island white-tailed deer population.	from 1981 through 1989, serum samples from 855 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from ossabaw island, georgia (usa), were tested for antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). during this period, prevalence of precipitating antibodies to btv and ehdv as determined by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) tests decreased from 74% to 3% and from 34% to 1%, respectively. antibodies were detected in serum samples from 0.5-yr-old deer only during 1981, 198 ...	1991	1684621
antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in deer and raccoons.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, in deer (odocoileus virginianus) and raccoons (procyon lotor). blood samples were collected from these mammals in connecticut, maryland, north carolina, georgia and florida. seropositivity for deer was highest in connecticut (56% of 353 sera) and maryland (51% of 35 sera). raccoons in connecticut, maryland, north carolina, and florida also had an ...	1991	1758022
an update on the distribution of parelaphostrongylus tenuis in the southeastern united states.	an update is presented on the distribution of the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the southeastern united states. the parasite is widely distributed and common in all or much of arkansas, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, north carolina, tennessee, virginia and west virginia. it is also common in the northern half of alabama and georgia. in contrast, it is rare or absent along the atlantic and gulf coastal plains of alabama, georgia, miss ...	1991	2067060
epidemiologic features of an intracranial abscessation/suppurative meningoencephalitis complex in white-tailed deer.	case records of 683 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) submitted to the southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study (georgia, usa) for diagnostic purposes from 1971 to 1989 were reviewed for the occurrence of pyogenic infections of the central nervous system, specifically intracranial abscessation or suppurative meningoencephalitis. these conditions, either alone or in combination, were diagnosed in 24 of 683 (4%) deer. thirteen genera of bacteria were isolated; the most frequent spe ...	1990	2250322
serologic surveillance for vesicular stomatitis virus on ossabaw island, georgia.	seventeen species of mammals and seven species of birds from ossabaw island, georgia, were tested for vesicular stomatitis (vs) neutralizing antibodies. seropositive results were restricted to mammals with six of 17 species testing seropositive for vs (new jersey type) neutralizing antibodies. seropositive species included: raccoons (procyon lotor), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), feral swine (sus scrofa), cattle (bos taurus), horses (equus caballus), and donkeys (equus asinus). all ...	1985	2987546
bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in ruminants in georgia: survey by serotest and virologic isolation.	the frequencies of precipitating antibodies to bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in domestic ruminants and white-tailed deer (wtd) in georgia were 36% and 32%, respectively (n = 2,200). the frequencies of seropositivity to btv and ehdv were high among cattle (47% and 42%, respectively [n = 1,068]) and less so in wtd (36% and 34% [n = 414]). the frequencies among sheep were 34% for btv and 29% for ehdv (n = 286), whereas among goats, seropositivity was 8% for b ...	1985	2998240
leptostrongylus alpenae in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) of georgia and louisiana.		1974	4277553
parelaphostrongylus andersoni sp. n. (metastrongyloidea: protostrongylidae) from the musculature of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).		1972	5078596
hosts of lutzomyia shannoni (diptera: psychodidae) in relation to vesicular stomatitis virus on ossabaw island, georgia, u.s.a.	hosts of lutzomyia shannoni dyar, a suspected biological vector of the new jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis (vsnj) virus, were determined using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) of 333 blood-fed female sandflies collected from their diurnal resting shelters on ossabaw island, georgia, u.s.a. sandflies had fed primarily on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) (81%) and to a lesser extent on feral swine (sus scrofa) (16%), two species of host infected annually with ...	1994	7841487
white-tailed deer as a potential reservoir of ehrlichia spp.	we determined the antibody prevalence to ehrlichia spp., in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and the geographic distribution of seropositive animals in 84 counties in alabama, arkansas, florida, georgia, illinois, kentucky, louisiana, maryland, massachusetts, mississippi, missouri, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, texas, virginia, and west virginia (usa). using an indirect fluorescent antibody test we detected antibodies (> or = 1:128) to this bacterium in 544 (43%) of 1269 d ...	1994	8028099
serologic survey for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in georgia.	a serologic survey for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was conducted on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) serum samples collected in georgia (usa) from 1979 to 1990. serologic results from four regions (barrier islands, coastal plain, piedmont, and mountain) and three age classes (0.5, 1.5, and > or = 2.5 yr) were compared. antibody prevalence, as determined by positive results at a 1:64 dilution or higher, was 36% in the barrier ...	1993	8487372
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus serotype distribution in white-tailed deer in georgia.	serum samples collected from 1,396 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in five areas of georgia (usa) from 1989 to 1991 were tested for precipitating and serum neutralizing (sn) antibodies to the enzootic north american epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes. precipitating antibodies to the ehdv or btv serogroups, as detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) tests, were present in 35%, 29%, and 39% of deer sampled in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respect ...	1995	8592353
ticks (acari: ixodidae) in bulloch county, georgia.	an 18-mo study was conducted in bulloch county, georgia, to determine tick species composition, seasonal activity of individual tick species, and host-tick associations. the following 7 methods of tick collection were included: (1) live trapping of potential host animals, (2) checking wild game, (3) drag sampling, (4) carbon dioxide attraction, (5) checking livestock, road kills, nests, and burrows, (6) samples submitted from veterinarians, and (7) ticks collected by local residents and submitte ...	1996	8742526
monitoring of culicoides spp. at a site enzootic for hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in georgia, usa.	biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were monitored at a georgia (usa) site where epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and bluetongue (bt) viruses are enzootic among white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). collections were made using a captive white-tailed deer and light traps from june 1993 through november 1994. we collected 210,482 females from the captive deer during morning and evening periods. predominant species were c. lahillei (73%), c. stellifer (16%), c. ...	1996	9359063
parelaphostrongylus tenuis on wassaw island, georgia: a result of translocating white-tailed deer.	meningeal worms (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were found in each of five white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) examined from wassaw island, chatham county, georgia, in september 1993. this represents the first reported occurrence of the parasite on a southeastern barrier island and extends its geographic distribution approximately 140 km beyond the nearest known infected mainland deer population. according to an anecdotal account, six white-tailed deer were imported from pennsylvania and rel ...	1996	9359075
natural history of ehrlichia chaffeensis (rickettsiales: ehrlichieae) in the piedmont physiographic province of georgia.	the roles of wild mammals and ticks in the epidemiology of ehrlichia chaffeensis at a suspected endemic site were investigated using serologic testing, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) supported by restriction endonuclease analysis and dna sequencing. antibodies reactive to e. chaffeensis (> or = 1:64) were detected in 92% of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 21% of raccoons (procyon lotor), and 8% of opossums (didelphis virginianus), but not in 8 other species of mammals. ...	1997	9379294
ehrlichia spp. in cervids from california.	blood samples from six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 15 black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus), and 29 elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) were assayed for human monocytic and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing, and serology to determine whether or not cervids are involved in the maintenance of these potential human pathogens in california (usa). the deer were sampled in august to october 1992-95. the 29 tule elk from point reyes n ...	1998	9813842
ehrlichia chaffeensis in archived tissues of a white-tailed deer.	white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) play an integral role in the natural history of ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis (hme). paraffinized tissues from a white-tailed deer submitted as a diagnostic case to the southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study (athens, georgia, usa) in october of 198.5 and originally described as infected with an unidentified rickettsial organisim were re-examined by specific nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for ...	1999	10479099
dynamics of maternal antibodies to hemorrhagic disease viruses (reoviridae: orbivirus) in white-tailed deer.	enzootic stability, potentially associated with acquired resistance and subsequent transfer of maternal antibodies, innate resistance, or both, has been hypothesized to explain the lack of reports of hemorrhagic disease (hd) in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from texas. the objectives of this research were to determine the following: how long maternal antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and bluetongue (bt) viruses persist; whether fawns from an enzootic site are natural ...	2002	12038122
ehrlichia ewingii infection in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).	two closely related zoonotic ehrlichiae, ehrlichia chaffeensis and e. ewingii, are transmitted by amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick. because white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are critical hosts for all mobile stages of a. americanum and are important vertebrate reservoirs of e. chaffeensis, we investigated whether deer may be infected with e. ewingii, a cause of granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis in humans and dogs. to test for e. ewingii infection, we used polymerase chain reaction ...	2002	12095432
molecular and biologic characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the united states.	toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. type i isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types ii and iii isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. little is known of genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wild animals. in the present report, genotypes of isolates of t. gondii from wildlife in the united states are described. ...	2004	15040668
disease agents in amblyomma americanum from northeastern georgia.	amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) is known or suspected to vector several organisms that are implicated as human pathogens, including ehrlichia chaffeensis, e. ewingii, and borrelia lonestari. these three agents have also been detected in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). because northeastern georgia has a high abundance of both lone star ticks and white-tailed deer, and one of these organisms, e. chaffeensis, is already known to be endemic in the area, we assayed individual adult ...	2004	15311471
culture and serologic survey for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among southeastern white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).	from july 1998 through october 2002, radiometric culture (ileocecal lymph node, mesenteric lymph node, and feces) and serologic testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were used to survey white-tailed deer (odocoilens virgianus) from the soutlheastern united states for infection by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb), the causative agent of paratuberculosis (johne's disease). mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from the ileocecal lymph node of one ...	2004	15362831
the pcs20 pcr assay for ehrlichia ruminantium does not cross-react with the novel deer ehrlichial agent found in white-tailed deer in the united states of america.	white-tailed deer are susceptible to heartwater (ehrlichia [cowdria] ruminantium infection) and are likely to suffer high mortality if the disease spreads to the united states. it is vital, therefore, to validate a highly specific and sensitive detection method for e. ruminantium infection that can be reliably used in testing white-tailed deer, which are reservoirs of antigenically or genetically related agents such as ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma (ehrlichia) phagocytophilum (hge agent) and ...	2004	15373331
eastern equine encephalitis in a free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).	eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was diagnosed in a free-ranging, adult, male white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from houston county, georgia, usa, in july 2001. the yearling buck had neurologic disease and died during transport to our diagnostic facility. eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) was isolated in vero cell culture and identified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; as well, eeev antigen was detected in brain by immunohistochemistry. this is the first repor ...	2005	15827230
leptospiral antibodies in white-tailed deer of the southeastern united states.	serum samples from 1,544 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected in nine southeastern states were examined for leptospiral antibodies. significant titers of 1:100 or greater were found in 292 deer. the highest prevalence of leptospiral antibodies was in virginia, where 108 of 351 deer had significant titers. the most frequently encountered serotypes of leptospira interrogans were: grippotyphosa (210 positive), pomona (81), and canicola (26). other serotypes disclosed were australis ...	1970	16512130
survey for vesicular stomatitis virus neutralizing antibodies in serums of white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus of the southeastern united states.	new jersey type vesicular stomatitis (vs) antibodies were found in 14 of 677 deer serums tested by neutralization tests in embryonated chicken eggs. twelve positive serums were received from louisiana and two from georgia. eight of the positive deer serums from louisiana were collected in the area of the only reported case of vs during 1967. clinical vs has not been diagnosed in the east coast states since 1964. two positive deer serums were collected on ossabaw island, georgia, and three positi ...	1970	16512162
bartonella spp. in deer keds, lipoptena mazamae (diptera: hippoboscidae), from georgia and south carolina, usa.	deer keds, lipoptena mazamae (diptera: hippoboscidae), were collected from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and humans in georgia and south carolina, usa (1 october 2001-6 january 2005) and screened for the presence of dna from bartonella spp. forty deer keds were screened for bartonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific to the riboflavin synthase gene (ribc) of bartonella. bartonella species closely related to bartonella schoenbuchensis and to the etiologic agen ...	2006	16870863
molecular characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 associated with a 1999 epizootic in white-tailed deer in the eastern united states.	during the autumn of 1999 (mid-august-late september), an outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 (ehdv-1) occurred along the east coast of the united states from georgia to new jersey. an ehdv-1 epizootic of such magnitude had not been described in this region since 1975. to determine the genetic relatedness among the 1999 viruses, as well as among additional ehdv-1 isolates from the eastern and weste ...	2006	17092892
transmission of bacterial agents from lone star ticks to white-tailed deer.	amblyomma americanum (l.), the lone star tick, is an aggressive ixodid tick that has been implicated as a vector for several bacteria. among these bacteria are the disease agents ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii, and the putative disease agent "borrelia lonestari." the hypothesis in this study was that wild lone star ticks from northeastern georgia are capable of transmitting all three agents to white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, a known reservoir host for e. chaffeensis. in t ...	2007	17547234
synanthropic flies as vectors of cryptosporidium and giardia among livestock and wildlife in a multispecies agricultural complex.	the capacity of synanthropic flies belonging to the families calliphoridae, sarcophagidae, and muscidae to serve as mechanical vectors of cryptosporidium and giardia among livestock and wildlife in a multispecies agricultural complex in northwest georgia (usa) was studied using fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) techniques. flies from all three families were carrying viable cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts internally and externally, and deposit ...	2007	17979535
natural and experimental infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from the united states with an ehrlichia sp. closely related to ehrlichia ruminantium.	an ehrlichia sp. (panola mountain [pm] ehrlichia sp.) closely related to ehrlichia ruminantium was recently detected in a domestic goat experimentally infested with lone star ticks (lsts, amblyomma americanum) collected from georgia, usa. the infected goat exhibited pyrexia and mild clinical pathologic abnormalities consistent with ehrlichiosis. at least two other ehrlichia species (ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii) are maintained in nature by a cycle involving lsts as the primary vec ...	2008	18436670
population health of fallow deer (dama dama) on little st. simons island, georgia, usa.	fallow deer (dama dama) were introduced to little st. simons island, georgia, usa in the 1920s and thrive at high population densities, to the exclusion of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginina). the presence of introduced pathogens and parasites as a result of their introduction is currently unknown, as is the impact of native disease on the exotic fallow deer. hunter-killed fallow deer from 2003-2005 were necropsied and surveyed for evidence of infectious disease, parasitic agents, and toxic ...	2009	19395750
apparent disappearance of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus from ossabaw island, georgia.	abstract ossabaw island, georgia, is the only reported endemic focus of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus (vsnjv) in the united states. based on recent negative serologic results of white-tailed deer and feral swine and the failure to isolate vsnjv from lutzomyia shannoni, it appears that vsnjv is no longer present at this site. this apparent disappearance does not appear to be related to a change in l. shannoni habitat, specifically to the density of tree holes in the maritime and mixed har ...	2010	20954866
spatial-temporal model of haemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in south-east usa, 1983 to 2000.	the present study constructed a spatial-temporal statistical model to identify the risk and protective factors for haemorrhagic disease (hd) in white-tailed deer in the five states of alabama, georgia, south carolina, north carolina and tennessee. the response variable was binary, indicating the presence or absence of hd in an individual county, measured annually from 1983 to 2000. predictor variables included climatic factors of temperature, rainfall, wind speed and dew point, remotely sensed d ...	2012	22266681
spatial and spatial-temporal clustering analysis of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in the southeastern usa: 1980-2003.	we used the space-time k function and kulldorff's scan statistic to analyze the spatial and spatial-temporal clustering of hemorrhagic disease (hd) in white-tailed deer in alabama, georgia, south carolina, north carolina, and tennessee. the hd occurrence data were binary presence/absence data acquired annually on a county basis from 1980 to 2003. space-time k function was employed to globally examine the existence of spatial-temporal clustering in the hd data. three approaches of kulldorff's sca ...	2012	22554813
the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the state of georgia, southeastern united states.	the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in free-ranging white-tailed deer (wtd, odocoileus virginianus) in the state of georgia was evaluated using ear notches collected from hunter-harvested deer during the hunting season of 2010-2011. from september to december 2010, 367 ear samples from wtd were collected from 37 counties in georgia. the samples were from 178 (48.5%) female deer, 187 (51%) male deer, and 2 (0.5%) of unknown sex. the age of the animals varied from 6 months to 6.5 ...	2012	23019244
diversity of piroplasms detected in blood-fed and questing ticks from several states in the united states.	piroplasms in the genera babesia, theileria, and cytauxzoon are tick-borne parasites that may be animal and human pathogens. most piroplasms with known life cycles are transmitted by ixodid ticks; however, for many species, the vector is unknown. this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and diversity of piroplasms in ticks from several us states. piroplasm-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were used to test 1631 ticks from georgia (n=486), kentucky (n=103), pennsylvania ...	2014	24709338
epizootiology of cranial abscess disease in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) of georgia, usa.	intracranial abscess disease is a cause of natural mortality for mature male white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). most cases of abscesses are associated with bacterial infection by trueperella (arcanobacterium) pyogenes, but a complete understanding of the epidemiology of this disease is lacking. we quantified the effects of individual characteristics, site-specific herd demographics, land cover, and soil variables in estimating the probability of this disease. we examined 7,545 white-tai ...	2015	25984774
the first 10 years (2006-15) of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in the usa.	epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a culicoides biting midge-transmitted orbivirus (family reoviridae) of wild and domestic ruminants and is an important pathogen of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). historically, only two serotypes, ehdv-1 and ehdv-2, have been known to be endemic in the us. however, in 2006, an exotic serotype (ehdv-6) was first detected in the united states by a long-term passive surveillance system for ehdv and bluetongue viruses. here we report ehdv-6 d ...	2017	28657859