Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| differences in between-reinforcer value modulate the selective-value effect in great apes (pan troglodytes, p. paniscus, gorilla gorilla, pongo abelii). | we investigated how apes allocated their choices between 2 food options that varied in terms of their quantity and quality. experiment 1 tested whether subjects preferred an ab option over an a option, where the a item is preferred to the b item (e.g., apple + carrot vs. apple). additionally, we tested whether the length of the intertrial interval (iti) affected subjects' choices. five orangutans, 4 gorillas, 7 bonobos, and 10 chimpanzees received 3 types of trials: preference (a vs. b), quantit ... | 2016 | 26460854 |
| complexity of a small non-protein coding sequence in chromosomal region 22q11.2: presence of specialized dna secondary structures and rna exon/intron motifs. | digeorge syndrome is a genetic abnormality involving ~3 mb deletion in human chromosome 22, termed 22q.11.2. to better understand the non-coding regions of 22q.11.2, a small 10,000 bp non-protein-coding sequence close to the digeorge critical region 6 gene (dgcr6) was chosen for analysis and functional entities as the homologous sequence in the chimpanzee genome could be aligned and used for comparisons. | 2015 | 26467088 |
| unconstrained cranial evolution in neandertals and modern humans compared to common chimpanzees. | a variety of lines of evidence support the idea that neutral evolutionary processes (genetic drift, mutation) have been important in generating cranial differences between neandertals and modern humans. but how do neandertals and modern humans compare with other species? and how do these comparisons illuminate the evolutionary processes underlying cranial diversification? to address these questions, we used 27 standard cranial measurements collected on 2524 recent modern humans, 20 neandertals a ... | 2015 | 26468243 |
| single-genome sequencing of hepatitis c virus in donor-recipient pairs distinguishes modes and models of virus transmission and early diversification. | despite the recent development of highly effective anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv) drugs, the global burden of this pathogen remains immense. control or eradication of hcv will likely require the broad application of antiviral drugs and development of an effective vaccine. a precise molecular identification of transmitted/founder (t/f) hcv genomes that lead to productive clinical infection could play a critical role in vaccine research, as it has for hiv-1. however, the replication schema of these ... | 2015 | 26468546 |
| differential serotonergic innervation of the amygdala in bonobos and chimpanzees. | humans' closest living relatives are bonobos (pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), yet these great ape species differ considerably from each other in terms of social behavior. bonobos are more tolerant of conspecifics in competitive contexts and often use sexual behavior to mediate social interactions. chimpanzees more frequently employ aggression during conflicts and actively patrol territories between communities. regulation of emotional responses is facilitated by the amygdala, wh ... | 2016 | 26475872 |
| progress with viral vectored malaria vaccines: a multi-stage approach involving "unnatural immunity". | viral vectors used in heterologous prime-boost regimens are one of very few vaccination approaches that have yielded significant protection against controlled human malaria infections. recently, protection induced by chimpanzee adenovirus priming and modified vaccinia ankara boosting using the me-trap insert has been correlated with the induction of potent cd8(+) t cell responses. this regimen has progressed to field studies where efficacy against infection has now been reported. the same vector ... | 2015 | 26476366 |
| how did bonobos come to range south of the congo river? reconsideration of the divergence of pan paniscus from other pan populations. | while investigating the genetic structure in wild bonobos,(1) we realized that the widely accepted scenario positing that the pleistocene appearance of the congo river separated the common ancestor of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and bonobos (p. paniscus) into two species is not supported by recent geographical knowledge about the formation of the congo river. we explored the origin of bonobos using a broader biogeographical perspective by examining local faunas in the central african region. t ... | 2015 | 26478139 |
| improvement of bcg protective efficacy with a novel chimpanzee adenovirus and a modified vaccinia ankara virus both expressing ag85a. | a replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus expressing ag85a (chadox1.85a) was assessed, both alone and in combination with modified vaccinia ankara also expressing ag85a (mva85a), for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy against a mycobacterium tuberculosis (m.tb) challenge in mice. naïve and bcg-primed mice were vaccinated or boosted with chadox1.85a and mva85a in different combinations. although intranasally administered chadox1.85a induced strong immune responses in the lungs, it fai ... | 2015 | 26478198 |
| chimpanzee cognitive control. | cognitive control processes are a feature of human cognition. recent comparative tests have shown that some nonhuman animals also might share aspects of cognitive control with humans. two of the executive processes that constitute cognitive control are metacognition and self-control, and recent experiments with chimpanzees are described that demonstrate metacognitive monitoring and control when these animals engage in an information-seeking task. chimpanzees also show strategic responding in a s ... | 2015 | 26478660 |
| the spread of a novel behavior in wild chimpanzees: new insights into the ape cultural mind. | for years, the animal culture debate has been dominated by the puzzling absence of direct evidence for social transmission of behavioral innovations in the flagship species of animal culture, the common chimpanzee. although social learning of novel behaviors has been documented in captivity, critics argue that these findings lack ecological validity and therefore may not be relevant for understanding the evolution of culture. for the wild, it is possible that group-specific behavioral difference ... | 2017 | 26479151 |
| dental calculus evidence of taï forest chimpanzee plant consumption and life history transitions. | dental calculus (calcified dental plaque) is a source of multiple types of data on life history. recent research has targeted the plant microremains preserved in this mineralised deposit as a source of dietary and health information for recent and past populations. however, it is unclear to what extent we can interpret behaviour from microremains. few studies to date have directly compared the microremain record from dental calculus to dietary records, and none with long-term observation dietary ... | 2015 | 26481858 |
| towards a computational comparative neuroprimatology: framing the language-ready brain. | we make the case for developing a computational comparative neuroprimatology to inform the analysis of the function and evolution of the human brain. first, we update the mirror system hypothesis on the evolution of the language-ready brain by (i) modeling action and action recognition and opportunistic scheduling of macaque brains to hypothesize the nature of the last common ancestor of macaque and human (lca-m); and then we (ii) introduce dynamic brain modeling to show how apes could acquire g ... | 2016 | 26482863 |
| percussive technology in human evolution: an introduction to a comparative approach in fossil and living primates. | percussive technology is part of the behavioural suite of several fossil and living primates. stone age ancestors used lithic artefacts in pounding activities, which could have been most important in the earliest stages of stone working. this has relevant evolutionary implications, as other primates such as chimpanzees and some monkeys use stone hammer-and-anvil combinations to crack hard-shelled foodstuffs. parallels between primate percussive technologies and early archaeological sites need to ... | 2015 | 26483526 |
| primate archaeology reveals cultural transmission in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus). | recovering evidence of past human activities enables us to recreate behaviour where direct observations are missing. here, we apply archaeological methods to further investigate cultural transmission processes in percussive tool use among neighbouring chimpanzee communities in the taï national park, côte d'ivoire, west africa. differences in the selection of nut-cracking tools between neighbouring groups are maintained over time, despite frequent female transfer, which leads to persistent cultur ... | 2015 | 26483527 |
| perspectives on object manipulation and action grammar for percussive actions in primates. | the skill of object manipulation is a common feature of primates including humans, although there are species-typical patterns of manipulation. object manipulation can be used as a comparative scale of cognitive development, focusing on its complexity. nut cracking in chimpanzees has the highest hierarchical complexity of tool use reported in non-human primates. an analysis of the patterns of object manipulation in naive chimpanzees after nut-cracking demonstrations revealed the cause of difficu ... | 2015 | 26483528 |
| percussive tool use by taï western chimpanzees and fazenda boa vista bearded capuchin monkeys: a comparison. | percussive tool use holds special interest for scientists concerned with human origins. we summarize the findings from two field sites, taï and fazenda boa vista, where percussive tool use by chimpanzees and bearded capuchins, respectively, has been extensively investigated. we describe the ecological settings in which nut-cracking occurs and focus on four aspects of nut-cracking that have important cognitive implications, namely selection of tools, tool transport, tool modification and modulati ... | 2015 | 26483529 |
| how similar are nut-cracking and stone-flaking? a functional approach to percussive technology. | various authors have suggested similarities between tool use in early hominins and chimpanzees. this has been particularly evident in studies of nut-cracking which is considered to be the most complex skill exhibited by wild apes, and has also been interpreted as a precursor of more complex stone-flaking abilities. it has been argued that there is no major qualitative difference between what the chimpanzee does when he cracks a nut and what early hominins did when they detached a flake from a co ... | 2015 | 26483533 |
| variability in an early hominin percussive tradition: the acheulean versus cultural variation in modern chimpanzee artefacts. | percussion makes a vital link between the activities of early human ancestors and other animals in tool-use and tool-making. far more of the early human actions are preserved as archaeology, since the percussion was largely used for making hard tools of stone, rather than for direct access to food. both primate tools and early hominin tools, however, offer a means to exploring variability in material culture, a strong focus of interest in recent primate studies. this paper charts such variabilit ... | 2015 | 26483536 |
| experimental studies illuminate the cultural transmission of percussive technologies in homo and pan. | the complexity of stone age tool-making is assumed to have relied upon cultural transmission, but direct evidence is lacking. this paper reviews evidence bearing on this question provided through five related empirical perspectives. controlled experimental studies offer special power in identifying and dissecting social learning into its diverse component forms, such as imitation and emulation. the first approach focuses on experimental studies that have discriminated social learning processes i ... | 2015 | 26483537 |
| hunting activity among naturalistically housed chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) at the fundació mona (girona, spain). predation, occasional consumption and strategies in rehabilitated animals. | predatory behavior in wild chimpanzees and other primates has been well documented over the last 30 years. however, as it is an opportunistic behavior, conditions which may promote such behavior are left up to chance. until now, predatory behavior among captive chimpanzees has been poorly documented. in this paper, we present five instances providing evidence of predatory behavior: four performed by isolated individuals and one carried out in cooperation. the evidence of group predation involved ... | 2012 | 26487027 |
| the "super chimpanzee": the ecological dimensions of rehabilitation of orphan chimpanzees in guinea, west africa. | to date few studies, especially among non-human primates, have evaluated or monitored rehabilitation effectiveness and identified key species-specific behavioral indicators for release success. this four-months study aimed to identify behavioral indicators of rehabilitation success among ten infant and juvenile orphaned chimpanzees cared for in peer groups at the centre for conservation of chimpanzees (ccc), guinea, west africa. behavioral data focused on foraging skills and activity budget. dur ... | 2013 | 26487312 |
| a longitudinal study on feeding behaviour and activity patterns of released chimpanzees in conkouati-douli national park, republic of congo. | wild chimpanzee populations are still declining due to logging, disease transmission and hunting. the bushmeat trade frequently leads to an increase in the number of orphaned primates. help congo was the first project to successfully release wild-born orphan chimpanzees into an existing chimpanzee habitat. a collection of post monitoring data over 16 years now offers the unique opportunity to investigate possible behavioural adaptations in these chimpanzees. we investigated the feeding and activ ... | 2013 | 26487416 |
| primate-specific orf0 contributes to retrotransposon-mediated diversity. | line-1 retrotransposons are fast-evolving mobile genetic entities that play roles in gene regulation, pathological conditions, and evolution. here, we show that the primate line-1 5'utr contains a primate-specific open reading frame (orf) in the antisense orientation that we named orf0. the gene product of this orf localizes to promyelocytic leukemia-adjacent nuclear bodies. orf0 is present in more than 3,000 loci across human and chimpanzee genomes and has a promoter and a conserved strong koza ... | 2015 | 26496605 |
| antimicrobial potential of 27 plants consumed by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus blumenbach) in ivory coast. | due to their genetic proximity, chimpanzees share with human several diseases including bacterial, fungal and viral infections, such as candidiasis, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), ebola virus disease. however, in its natural environment, chimpanzees are tolerant to several pathogens including simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), virus related to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) that contribute to the emergence of opportunistic diseases such as microbial infections. | 2015 | 26498034 |
| 'impact hunters' catalyse cooperative hunting in two wild chimpanzee communities. | even when hunting in groups is mutually beneficial, it is unclear how communal hunts are initiated. if it is costly to be the only hunter, individuals should be reluctant to hunt unless others already are. we used 70 years of data from three communities to examine how male chimpanzees 'solve' this apparent collective action problem. the 'impact hunter' hypothesis proposes that group hunts are sometimes catalysed by certain individuals that hunt more readily than others. in two communities (kasek ... | 2015 | 26503679 |
| hiv-1 adapts to replicate in cells expressing common marmoset apobec3g and bst2. | previous studies have shown that a major block to hiv-1 replication in common marmosets operates at the level of viral entry and that this block can be overcome by adaptation of the virus in tissue-cultured cells. however, our current studies indicate that hiv-1 encounters additional postentry blocks in common marmoset peripheral blood mononuclear cells. here, we show that the common marmoset apobec3g (a3g) and bst2 proteins block hiv-1 in cell cultures. using a directed-evolution method that ta ... | 2015 | 26512082 |
| persistent hepatitis c viral replication despite priming of functional cd8+ t cells by combined therapy with a vaccine and a direct-acting antiviral. | exhaustion of antiviral cd8(+) t cells contributes to persistence of hepatitis c viral (hcv) infection. this immune response has proved difficult to restore by therapeutic vaccination, even when hcv replication is suppressed using antiviral regimens containing type i interferon. because immunomodulatory effects of type i interferon may be a factor in poor t-cell priming, we undertook therapeutic vaccination in two chronically infected chimpanzees during treatment with a direct-acting antiviral ( ... | 2016 | 26513111 |
| environmental variables across pan troglodytes study sites correspond with the carbon, but not the nitrogen, stable isotope ratios of chimpanzee hair. | diet influences the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ(13) c and δ(15) n values) in animal tissue; but here we explore the influences of particular aspects of the local environment on those values in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). in this article we present new δ(13) c and δ(15) n values in gombe chimpanzees using hairs collected from night nests in 1989. then, we explore the influence of environmental factors by comparing our gombe data to those from eight additional pan study site ... | 2016 | 26513527 |
| combination recombinant simian or chimpanzee adenoviral vectors for vaccine development. | recombinant adenoviral vector (rad)-based vaccines are currently being developed for several infectious diseases and cancer therapy, but pre-existing seroprevalence to such vectors may prevent their use in broad human populations. in this study, we investigated the potential of low seroprevalence non-human primate rad vectors to stimulate cellular and humoral responses using hiv/siv env glycoprotein (gp) as the representative antigen. mice were immunized with novel simian or chimpanzee rad (rsav ... | 2015 | 26514419 |
| is there any evidence for vocal learning in chimpanzee food calls? | in their study "vocal learning in the functionally referential food grunts of chimpanzees", watson et al.[1] claimed that they "provide the first evidence for vocal learning in a referential call in non-humans". we challenge this conclusion, on two counts. for one, we are not convinced that the authors controlled for arousal (or at least they did not report such data); furthermore, the vocal characteristics of the two groups largely overlapped already at the beginning of the study. accordingly, ... | 2015 | 26528740 |
| reply to fischer et al. | we welcome the correspondence from fischer and colleagues regarding our recent paper on vocal learning in chimpanzee food grunts [1]. fischer et al. make two challenges to our paper's conclusions, which we address here. | 2015 | 26528741 |
| humans but not chimpanzees vary face-scanning patterns depending on contexts during action observation. | human and nonhuman primates comprehend the actions of other individuals by detecting social cues, including others' goal-directed motor actions and faces. however, little is known about how this information is integrated with action understanding. here, we present the ontogenetic and evolutionary foundations of this capacity by comparing face-scanning patterns of chimpanzees and humans as they viewed goal-directed human actions within contexts that differ in whether or not the predicted goal is ... | 2015 | 26535901 |
| gestural communication and mating tactics in wild chimpanzees. | the extent to which primates can flexibly adjust the production of gestural communication according to the presence and visual attention of the audience provides key insights into the social cognition underpinning gestural communication, such as an understanding of third party relationships. gestures given in a mating context provide an ideal area for examining this flexibility, as frequently the interests of a male signaller, a female recipient and a rival male bystander conflict. dominant chim ... | 2015 | 26536467 |
| whole genome sequence analysis of mycobacterium suricattae. | tuberculosis occurs in various mammalian hosts and is caused by a range of different lineages of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc). a recently described member, mycobacterium suricattae, causes tuberculosis in meerkats (suricata suricatta) in southern africa and preliminary genetic analysis showed this organism to be closely related to an mtbc pathogen of rock hyraxes (procavia capensis), the dassie bacillus. here we make use of whole genome sequencing to describe the evolution of th ... | 2015 | 26542221 |
| tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges. | african apes and humans share a genetic mutation that enables them to effectively metabolize ethanol. however, voluntary ethanol consumption in this evolutionary radiation is documented only in modern humans. here, we report evidence of the long-term and recurrent ingestion of ethanol from the raffia palm (raphia hookeri, arecaceae) by wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) at bossou in guinea, west africa, from 1995 to 2012. chimpanzees at bossou ingest this alcoholic beverage, often in large ... | 2015 | 26543588 |
| production of grooming-associated sounds by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) at ngogo: variation, social learning, and possible functions. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) use some communicative signals flexibly and voluntarily, with use influenced by learning. these signals include some vocalizations and also sounds made using the lips, oral cavity, and/or teeth, but not the vocal tract, such as "attention-getting" sounds directed at humans by captive chimpanzees and lip smacking during social grooming. chimpanzees at ngogo, in kibale national park, uganda, make four distinct sounds while grooming others. here, i present data on two ... | 2016 | 26546459 |
| use of chad3-ebo-z ebola virus vaccine in malian and us adults, and boosting of malian adults with mva-bn-filo: a phase 1, single-blind, randomised trial, a phase 1b, open-label and double-blind, dose-escalation trial, and a nested, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | the 2014 west african zaire ebola virus epidemic prompted worldwide partners to accelerate clinical development of replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus 3 vector vaccine expressing zaire ebola virus glycoprotein (chad3-ebo-z). we aimed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of chad3-ebo-z in malian and us adults, and assess the effect of boosting of malians with modified vaccinia ankara expressing zaire ebola virus glycoprotein and other filovirus antigens (mva-bn-filo ... | 2016 | 26546548 |
| analysis of t cell responses to chimpanzee adenovirus vectors encoding hiv gag-pol-nef antigen. | adenoviruses have been shown to be both immunogenic and efficient at presenting hiv proteins but recent trials have suggested that they may play a role in increasing the risk of hiv acquisition. this risk may be associated with the presence of pre-existing immunity to the viral vectors. chimpanzee adenoviruses (chad) have low seroprevalence in human populations and so reduce this risk. chad3 and chad63 were used to deliver an hiv gag, pol and nef transgene. elispot analysis of t cell responses i ... | 2015 | 26546736 |
| new species of torque teno miniviruses infecting gorillas and chimpanzees. | anelloviridae family is comprised of small, non-enveloped viruses of various genome lengths, high sequence diversity, sharing the same genome organization. infections and co-infections by different genotypes in humans are ubiquitous. related viruses were described in number of mammalian hosts, but very limited data are available from the closest human relatives - great apes and non-human primates. here we report the 100% prevalence determined by semi-nested pcr from fecal samples of 16 captive p ... | 2016 | 26547037 |
| early maternal loss affects social integration of chimpanzees throughout their lifetime. | the long-term effects of early adverse experiences on later psychosocial functioning are well described in humans, but sparsely documented for chimpanzees. in our earlier studies, we investigated the effects of maternal and social deprivation on three groups of ex-laboratory chimpanzees who experienced either an early or later onset of long-term deprivation. here we expand our research by adding data on subjects that came from two stable zoo groups. the groups comprised of early maternally depri ... | 2015 | 26552576 |
| an observation of a severely disabled infant chimpanzee in the wild and her interactions with her mother. | we report the physical and behavioral development of one severely disabled female infant chimpanzee (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the well-habituated m group in the mahale mountains national park. we documented interactions between the infant and its mother and with other group members. congenital disabilities occur in many primate species, including chimpanzees. however, there have been only a few case studies of congenitally disabled chimpanzee infants and no reports examining how a chim ... | 2016 | 26553203 |
| the degradome database: expanding roles of mammalian proteases in life and disease. | since the definition of the degradome as the complete repertoire of proteases in a given organism, the combined effort of numerous laboratories has greatly expanded our knowledge of its roles in biology and pathology. once the genomic sequences of several important model organisms were made available, we presented the degradome database containing the curated sets of known protease genes in human, chimpanzee, mouse and rat. here, we describe the updated degradome database, featuring 81 new prote ... | 2016 | 26553809 |
| spinal cord evolution in early homo. | the discovery at nariokotome of the homo erectus skeleton knm-wt 15000, with a narrow spinal canal, seemed to show that this relatively large-brained hominin retained the primitive spinal cord size of african apes and that brain size expansion preceded postcranial neurological evolution. here we compare the size and shape of the knm-wt 15000 spinal canal with modern and fossil taxa including h. erectus from dmanisi, homo antecessor, the european middle pleistocene hominins from sima de los hueso ... | 2015 | 26553817 |
| the effectiveness of using carbonate isotope measurements of body tissues to infer diet in human evolution: evidence from wild western chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus). | changes in diet throughout hominin evolution have been linked with important evolutionary changes. stable carbon isotope analysis of inorganic apatite carbonate is the main isotopic method used to reconstruct fossil hominin diets; to test its effectiveness as a paleodietary indicator we present bone and enamel carbonate carbon isotope data from a well-studied population of modern wild western chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) of known sex and age from taï, cote d'ivoire. we found a significant ... | 2015 | 26553819 |
| [diversity of faecal bacteria in several mammals by 454 high-throughput sequencing]. | the aim of this study was to analyze the diversities and differences of several mammalian' s faecal bacteria, to understand the relationships between bacterium diversities and animals' evolutionary and animals' feeds. | 2015 | 26562992 |
| adaptive evolution coupled with retrotransposon exaptation allowed for the generation of a human-protein-specific coding gene that promotes cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in both haematological malignancies and solid tumours: the extraordinary case of myeov gene. | the incidence of cancer in human is high as compared to chimpanzee. however previous analysis has documented that numerous human cancer-related genes are highly conserved in chimpanzee. till date whether human genome includes species-specific cancer-related genes that could potentially contribute to a higher cancer susceptibility remains obscure. this study focuses on myeov, an oncogene encoding for two protein isoforms, reported as causally involved in promoting cancer cell proliferation and me ... | 2015 | 26568894 |
| deciphering h3k4me3 broad domains associated with gene-regulatory networks and conserved epigenomic landscapes in the human brain. | regulators of the histone h3-trimethyl lysine-4 (h3k4me3) mark are significantly associated with the genetic risk architecture of common neurodevelopmental disease, including schizophrenia and autism. typical h3k4me3 is primarily localized in the form of sharp peaks, extending in neuronal chromatin on average only across 500-1500 base pairs mostly in close proximity to annotated transcription start sites. here, through integrative computational analysis of epigenomic and transcriptomic data base ... | 2015 | 26575220 |
| differential immunogenicity between hadv-5 and chimpanzee adenovirus vector chadox1 is independent of fiber and penton rgd loop sequences in mice. | replication defective adenoviruses are promising vectors for the delivery of vaccine antigens. however, the potential of a vector to elicit transgene-specific adaptive immune responses is largely dependent on the viral serotype used. hadv-5 (human adenovirus c) vectors are more immunogenic than chimpanzee adenovirus vectors from species human adenovirus e (chadox1 and adc68) in mice, though the mechanisms responsible for these differences in immunogenicity remain poorly understood. in this study ... | 2015 | 26576856 |
| asymmetries in the production of self-directed behavior by chimpanzees and gorillas during a computerized cognitive test. | self-directed behaviors (sdbs) are a commonly used behavioral indicator of arousal in nonhuman primates. experimental manipulations, designed to increase arousal and uncertainty, have been used to elicit sdb production in primates. beyond measuring rates of sdb production, researchers have also recorded their lateralized production by primates, thought to reflect laterality of hemispheric brain control and response to emotion. although a handful of such studies exist, all have been conducted wit ... | 2016 | 26577088 |
| can old-world and new-world monkeys judge spatial above/below relations to be the same or different? some of them, but not all of them. | chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) with the aid of token training can achieve analogical reasoning, or the ability to understand relations-between-relations (e.g., premack, 1976; thompson, oden, & boysen, 1997). however, extraordinarily few numbers of old- and new-world monkeys have demonstrated this ability in variants of relational matching to sample tasks. moreover, the rarity of replications leaves open the question of whether the results are normative for other captive colonies of the same speci ... | 2016 | 26581319 |
| methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus prevalence among captive chimpanzees, texas, usa, 2012(1). | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) infection in humans and animals is concerning. in 2012, our evaluation of a captive chimpanzee colony in texas revealed mrsa prevalence of 69%. animal care staff should be aware of possible zoonotic mrsa transmission resulting from high prevalence among captive chimpanzees. | 2015 | 26583847 |
| blood transmission studies of prion infectivity in the squirrel monkey (saimiri sciureus): the baxter study. | four secondary transmissions of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) infectivity have been associated with the transfusion of nonleukoreduced red blood cells collected from vcjd patients during the asymptomatic phase of the disease. establishing efficient experimental models for assessing the risk of future transmissions of vcjd infectivity via blood transfusion is of paramount importance in view of a study of archived appendix samples in which the prevalence of asymptomatic vcjd infection i ... | 2016 | 26594017 |
| early hominin auditory capacities. | studies of sensory capacities in past life forms have offered new insights into their adaptations and lifeways. audition is particularly amenable to study in fossils because it is strongly related to physical properties that can be approached through their skeletal structures. we have studied the anatomy of the outer and middle ear in the early hominin taxa australopithecus africanus and paranthropus robustus and estimated their auditory capacities. compared with chimpanzees, the early hominin t ... | 2015 | 26601261 |
| a horse's eye view: size and shape discrimination compared with other mammals. | mammals have adapted to a variety of natural environments from underwater to aerial and these different adaptations have affected their specific perceptive and cognitive abilities. this study used a computer-controlled touchscreen system to examine the visual discrimination abilities of horses, particularly regarding size and shape, and compared the results with those from chimpanzee, human and dolphin studies. horses were able to discriminate a difference of 14% in circle size but showed worse ... | 2015 | 26601679 |
| cochlear labyrinth volume in krapina neandertals. | research with extant primate taxa suggests that cochlear labyrinth volume is functionally related to the range of audible frequencies. specifically, cochlear volume is negatively correlated with both the high and low frequency limits of hearing so that the smaller the cochlea, the higher the normal range of audible frequencies. the close anatomical relationship between the membranous cochlea and the bony cochlear labyrinth allows for the determination of cochlear size from fossil specimens. this ... | 2016 | 26603101 |
| the conditions favoring between-community raiding in chimpanzees, bonobos, and human foragers. | chimpanzees, bonobos, and human foragers share a fission-fusion social system and a mating system of joint male resource defense polygyny. within-community skew in male strength varies among and within species. in this study, we extend a mathematical model of within-group male coalition formation among primates to derive the conditions for between-community conflicts in the form of raids. we show that the main factor affecting the presence of successful raiding is the likelihood of major discrep ... | 2016 | 26613587 |
| how chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) perform in a modified emotional stroop task. | the emotional stroop task is an experimental paradigm developed to study the relationship between emotion and cognition. human participants required to identify the color of words typically respond more slowly to negative than to neutral words (emotional stroop effect). here we investigated whether chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) would show a comparable effect. using a touch screen, eight chimpanzees were trained to choose between two simultaneously presented stimuli based on color (two identical ... | 2016 | 26613593 |
| genetic and phylogenetic characterization of novel bocaparvovirus infecting chimpanzee. | primate bocaparvoviruses were first described in 2005, since then further human and gorilla bocaparvoviruses have been identified. to uncover diversity of non-human primates' bocaparvoviruses, their phylogenetic relationship and potential to cross the host species barrier, we tested 153 fecal samples from 17 captive primate species. the only one captive female of central chimpanzee (coded cpzh2) has been identified as bocaparvovirus positive. based on the full genome phylogenetic analyses, cpzh2 ... | 2016 | 26616676 |
| human-specific derived alleles of cd33 and other genes protect against postreproductive cognitive decline. | the individuals of most vertebrate species die when they can no longer reproduce. humans are a rare exception, having evolved a prolonged postreproductive lifespan. elders contribute to cooperative offspring care, assist in foraging, and communicate important ecological and cultural knowledge, increasing the survival of younger individuals. age-related deterioration of cognitive capacity in humans compromises these benefits and also burdens the group with socially costly members. we investigated ... | 2016 | 26621708 |
| relaxed genetic control of cortical organization in human brains compared with chimpanzees. | the study of hominin brain evolution has focused largely on the neocortical expansion and reorganization undergone by humans as inferred from the endocranial fossil record. comparisons of modern human brains with those of chimpanzees provide an additional line of evidence to define key neural traits that have emerged in human evolution and that underlie our unique behavioral specializations. in an attempt to identify fundamental developmental differences, we have estimated the genetic bases of b ... | 2015 | 26627234 |
| handedness for unimanual grasping in 564 great apes: the effect on grip morphology and a comparison with hand use for a bimanual coordinated task. | a number of factors have been proposed to influence within and between species variation in handedness in non-human primates. in the initial study, we assessed the influence of grip morphology on hand use for simple reaching in a sample of 564 great apes including 49 orangutans pongo pygmaeus, 66 gorillas gorilla gorilla, 354 chimpanzees pan troglodytes and 95 bonobos pan paniscus. overall, we found a significant right hand bias for reaching. we also found a significant effect of the grip morpho ... | 2015 | 26635693 |
| nasal temperature drop in response to a playback of conspecific fights in chimpanzees: a thermo-imaging study. | emotion is one of the central topics in animal studies and is likely to attract attention substantially in the coming years. recent studies have developed a thermo-imaging technique to measure the facial skin temperature in the studies of emotion in humans and macaques. here we established the procedures and techniques needed to apply the same technique to great apes. we conducted two experiments respectively in the two established research facilities in germany and japan. total twelve chimpanze ... | 2016 | 26657470 |
| chimpanzee food preferences, associative learning, and the origins of cooking. | a recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (warneken & rosati, 2015). we offer alternate explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, without invoking the understanding of cooking as a process. we discuss broader issues surrounding the use of chimpanzees in modeling hominid behavior and understanding aspects of human evolution. | 2016 | 26659967 |
| successful surgical treatment of obstructive liver disease caused by a biliary calculus in a captive chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | a 40-yr-old female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) presented with intermittent, short-duration episodes of nonspecific clinical signs that included lethargy and reduced responsiveness to external stimuli. clinical examination and diagnostics suggested obstructive hepatic disease, which was confirmed by subsequent ultrasonographic examination. during routine laparotomy, a biliary calculus was removed from the distal common bile duct and the gallbladder was removed, which resulted in complete clinica ... | 2015 | 26667553 |
| clinical development of ebola vaccines. | the ongoing outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa highlighted the lack of a licensed drug or vaccine to combat the disease and has renewed the urgency to develop a pipeline of ebola vaccines. a number of different vaccine platforms are being developed by assessing preclinical efficacy in animal models and expediting clinical development. over 15 different vaccines are in preclinical development and 8 vaccines are now in different stages of clinical evaluation. these vaccines include dna ... | 2015 | 26668751 |
| ecological factors influencing habitat use by chimpanzees at ngogo, kibale national park, uganda. | although numerous ecological and social factors influence range use in vertebrates, the general assumption is that ranging patterns typically accord with principles of optimal foraging theory. however, given temporal variability in resource abundance, animals can more easily meet nutritional needs at some times than at others. for species in which sociality is particularly important for fitness, such as chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and other group-living primates, the influences of social facto ... | 2015 | 26670217 |
| the time scale of recombination rate evolution in great apes. | we present three linkage-disequilibrium (ld)-based recombination maps generated using whole-genome sequence data from 10 nigerian chimpanzees, 13 bonobos, and 15 western gorillas, collected as part of the great ape genome project (prado-martinez j, et al. 2013. great ape genetic diversity and population history. nature 499:471-475). we also identified species-specific recombination hotspots in each group using a modified ldhot framework, which greatly improves statistical power to detect hotspot ... | 2016 | 26671457 |
| disease association and inter-connectivity analysis of human brain specific co-expressed functional modules. | in the recent studies, it is suggested that the analysis of transcriptomic change of functional modules instead of individual genes would be more effective for system-wide identification of cellular functions. this could also provide a new possibility for the better understanding of difference between human and chimpanzee. | 2015 | 26671687 |
| integrative genomic analysis of interleukin-36rn and its prognostic value in cancer. | interleukin (il)-36rn, previously known as il1-f5 and il-1δ, shares a 360-kb region of chromosome 2q13 with members of il-1 systems. il-36rn encodes an anti-inflammatory cytokine, il-36 receptor antagonist (il-36ra). in spite of il-36ra showing the highest homology to il-1 receptor (il-1r) antagonist, it differs from the latter in aspects including its binding to il-lrrp2 but not to il-1r1. il-36rn is mainly expressed in epithelial cells and has important roles in inflammatory diseases. in the p ... | 2016 | 26676204 |
| destabilization of the gut microbiome marks the end-stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild chimpanzees. | enteric dysbiosis is a characteristic feature of progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection but has not been observed in simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac)-infected macaques, including in animals with end-stage disease. this has raised questions concerning the mechanisms underlying the hiv-1 associated enteropathy, with factors other than virus infection, such as lifestyle and antibiotic use, implicated as playing possible causal roles. simian immunodeficiency virus of ... | 2015 | 26676710 |
| mural dissections of brain-supplying arteries in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | we describe the pathologic features of mural arterial dissection involving brain-supplying arteries in a 31-y-old female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). several hours after examination for a possible respiratory tract infection, the chimpanzee became unresponsive, developed seizures, and died within 18 h. at necropsy, the occipital cortex of the brain had a small area of congestion, and the cerebellar cortex contained a small necrotic area. histologic evaluation confirmed the cortical lesions and ... | 2015 | 26678371 |
| the constrained maximal expression level owing to haploidy shapes gene content on the mammalian x chromosome. | x chromosomes are unusual in many regards, not least of which is their nonrandom gene content. the causes of this bias are commonly discussed in the context of sexual antagonism and the avoidance of activity in the male germline. here, we examine the notion that, at least in some taxa, functionally biased gene content may more profoundly be shaped by limits imposed on gene expression owing to haploid expression of the x chromosome. notably, if the x, as in primates, is transcribed at rates compa ... | 2015 | 26685068 |
| social network and decision-making in primates: a report on franco-japanese research collaborations. | sociality is suggested to evolve as a strategy for animals to cope with challenges in their environment. within a population, each individual can be seen as part of a network of social interactions that vary in strength, type and dynamics (sueur et al. 2011a). the structure of this social network can strongly impact upon not only on the fitness of individuals and their decision-making, but also on the ecology of populations and the evolution of a species. our franco-japanese collaboration allowe ... | 2016 | 26691746 |
| kinetics of genetic variation of the mycoplasma genitalium mg192 gene in experimentally infected chimpanzees. | mycoplasma genitalium, a human pathogen associated with sexually transmitted diseases, is capable of causing chronic infections, though mechanisms for persistence remain unclear. previous studies have found that variation of the mgpa operon occurs by recombination of repetitive chromosomal sequences (known as mgpars) into the mg191 and mg192 genes carried on this operon, which may lead to antigenic variation and immune evasion. in this study, we determined the kinetics of mg192 sequence variatio ... | 2015 | 26712208 |
| testicular receptor 2, nr2c1, is associated with stem cells in the developing olfactory epithelium and other cranial sensory and skeletal structures. | comparative genomic analysis of the nuclear receptor family suggests that the testicular receptor 2, nr2c1, undergoes positive selection in the human-chimpanzee clade based upon a significant increase in nonsynonymous compared to synonymous substitutions. previous in situ analyses of nr2c1 lacked the temporal range and spatial resolution necessary to characterize cellular expression of this gene from early to mid gestation, when many nuclear receptors are key regulators of tissue specific stem o ... | 2016 | 26712358 |
| human-specific increase of dopaminergic innervation in a striatal region associated with speech and language: a comparative analysis of the primate basal ganglia. | the dopaminergic innervation of the striatum has been implicated in learning processes and in the development of human speech and language. several lines of evidence suggest that evolutionary changes in dopaminergic afferents of the striatum may be associated with uniquely human cognitive and behavioral abilities, including the association of the human-specific sequence of the foxp2 gene with decreased dopamine in the dorsomedial striatum of mice. to examine this possibility, we quantified the d ... | 2016 | 26715195 |
| molecular identification of oesophagostomum spp. from 'village' chimpanzees in uganda and their phylogenetic relationship with those of other primates. | oesophagostomum spp. are parasitic nematodes of mammals, including humans and other primates. to identify species and determine phylogeny, we analysed dna sequences of adult and larval oesophagostomum from wild chimpanzees in bulindi, uganda, which inhabit degraded forest fragments amid villages. oesophagostome larvae and/or eggs from baboons in tanzania and south africa and from a japanese macaque were also sequenced. based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of nuclear ribosomal dna an ... | 2015 | 26716002 |
| translating chimpanzee personality to humans: investigating the transportability of chimpanzee-derived personality scales to humans. | there is a growing interest in the study of personality in chimpanzees with repeated findings of a similar structure of personality in apes to that found in humans. to date, however, the direct translational value of instruments used to assess chimpanzee personality to humans has yet to be explicitly tested. as such, in the current study we sought to determine the transportability of factor analytically-derived chimpanzee personality scales to humans in a large human sample (n = 301). human info ... | 2016 | 26716761 |
| origins of de novo genes in human and chimpanzee. | the birth of new genes is an important motor of evolutionary innovation. whereas many new genes arise by gene duplication, others originate at genomic regions that did not contain any genes or gene copies. some of these newly expressed genes may acquire coding or non-coding functions and be preserved by natural selection. however, it is yet unclear which is the prevalence and underlying mechanisms of de novo gene emergence. in order to obtain a comprehensive view of this process, we have perform ... | 2015 | 26720152 |
| comparative pathology of aging great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. | the great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain ... | 2016 | 26721908 |
| evidence for expansion of the precuneus in human evolution. | the evolution of neurocranial morphology in homo sapiens is characterized by bulging of the parietal region, a feature unique to our species. in modern humans, expansion of the parietal surface occurs during the first year of life, in a morphogenetic stage which is absent in chimpanzees and neandertals. a similar variation in brain shape among living adult humans is associated with expansion of the precuneus. using mri-derived structural brain templates, we compare medial brain morphology betwee ... | 2017 | 26725108 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored ebola vaccine in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 1/2a study. | the ongoing ebola outbreak led to accelerated efforts to test vaccine candidates. on the basis of a request by who, we aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the monovalent, recombinant, chimpanzee adenovirus type-3 vector-based ebola zaire vaccine (chad3-ebo-z). | 2016 | 26725450 |
| the hominins: a very conservative tribe? last common ancestors, plasticity and ecomorphology in hominidae. or, what's in a name? | in the early 20th century the dominant paradigm for the ecological context of the origins of human bipedalism was arboreal suspension. in the 1960s, however, with recognition of the close genetic relationship of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, and with the first field studies of mountain gorillas and common chimpanzees, it was assumed that locomotion similar to that of common chimpanzees and mountain gorillas, which appeared to be dominated by terrestrial knuckle-walking, must have given rise t ... | 2016 | 26729562 |
| origins and evolution of hepatitis b virus and hepatitis d virus. | members of the family hepadnaviridae fall into two subgroups: mammalian and avian. the detection of endogenous avian hepadnavirus dna integrated into the genomes of zebra finches has revealed a deep evolutionary origin of hepadnaviruses that was not previously recognized, dating back at least 40 million and possibly >80 million years ago. the nonprimate mammalian members of the hepadnaviridae include the woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv), the ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and arctic squirrel he ... | 2016 | 26729756 |
| cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere. | the density of cells and neurons in the neocortex of many mammals varies across cortical areas and regions. this variability is, perhaps, most pronounced in primates. nonuniformity in the composition of cortex suggests regions of the cortex have different specializations. specifically, regions with densely packed neurons contain smaller neurons that are activated by relatively few inputs, thereby preserving information, whereas regions that are less densely packed have larger neurons that have m ... | 2016 | 26729880 |
| the macaque social responsiveness scale (msrs): a rapid screening tool for assessing variability in the social responsiveness of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | understanding the biological mechanisms underlying human neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (asd), has been hindered by the lack of a robust, translational animal model. rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) display many of the same social behaviors that are affected in asd, making them an excellent animal species in which to model social impairments. however, the social impairments associated with asd may reflect extreme ends of a continuous distribution of traits. thus, to ... | 2016 | 26731103 |
| novel conserved-region t-cell mosaic vaccine with high global hiv-1 coverage is recognized by protective responses in untreated infection. | an effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vaccine is the best solution for halting the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic. here, we describe the design and preclinical immunogenicity of t-cell vaccine expressing novel immunogens thivconsvx, vectored by dna, simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus, and poxvirus modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva), a combination highly immunogenic in humans. the thivconsvx immunogens combine the three leading strategies for elicitation of effectiv ... | 2016 | 26743582 |
| social variables exert selective pressures in the evolution and form of primate mimetic musculature. | mammals use their faces in social interactions more so than any other vertebrates. primates are an extreme among most mammals in their complex, direct, lifelong social interactions and their frequent use of facial displays is a means of proximate visual communication with conspecifics. the available repertoire of facial displays is primarily controlled by mimetic musculature, the muscles that move the face. the form of these muscles is, in turn, limited by and influenced by phylogenetic inertia ... | 2016 | 26750637 |
| maternal effects on offspring stress physiology in wild chimpanzees. | early life experiences are known to influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis development, which can impact health outcomes through the individual's ability to mount appropriate physiological reactions to stressors. in primates, these early experiences are most often mediated through the mother and can include the physiological environment experienced during gestation. here, we investigate stress physiology of dependent offspring in wild chimpanzees for the first time and examine wheth ... | 2016 | 26757681 |
| framing the debate on human-like framing effects in bonobos and chimpanzees: a comment on krupenye et al. (2015). | 2016 | 26763216 | |
| diversity and evolution of the primate skin microbiome. | skin microbes play a role in human body odour, health and disease. compared with gut microbes, we know little about the changes in the composition of skin microbes in response to evolutionary changes in hosts, or more recent behavioural and cultural changes in humans. no studies have used sequence-based approaches to consider the skin microbe communities of gorillas and chimpanzees, for example. comparison of the microbial associates of non-human primates with those of humans offers unique insig ... | 2016 | 26763711 |
| comparative and evolutionary insights into cd4 gene across mammalian and avian taxa. | the present day genetic architecture of a species bears much significance to its closely related species which is due to species-specific differences, shaped by different evolutionary forces across time scale. with the availability of whole genome sequence of several closely related species, it is now possible to infer evolutionary patterns of genes and genomes in specific lineages. to this respect, cd4 gene, primarily responsible for defensive mechanism in human, is conserved across a few taxa, ... | 0 | 26767121 |
| reproductive state and rank influence patterns of meat consumption in wild female chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). | an increase in faunivory is a consistent component of human evolutionary models. animal matter is energy- and nutrient-dense and can provide macronutrients, minerals, and vitamins that are limited or absent in plant foods. for female humans and other omnivorous primates, faunivory may be of particular importance during the costly periods of pregnancy and early lactation. yet, because animal prey is often monopolizable, access to fauna among group-living primates may be mediated by social factors ... | 2016 | 26767956 |
| placentophagy in wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) at bossou, guinea. | despite intensive observation of nonhuman great apes during long-term field studies, observations of great ape births in the wild are rare. research on wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) at bossou in the republic of guinea has been ongoing for 35 years, yet chimpanzee parturitions have been observed on only two occasions. here we provide information regarding both chimpanzee births, with detailed information from the close observation of one. during this birth, the mother built a day nest ... | 2016 | 26769192 |
| chimpanzees trust their friends. | the identification and recruitment of trustworthy partners represents an important adaptive challenge for any species that relies heavily on cooperation [1, 2]. from an evolutionary perspective, trust is difficult to account for as it involves, by definition, a risk of non-reciprocation and defection by cheaters [3, 4]. one solution for this problem is to form close emotional bonds, i.e., friendships, which enable trust even in contexts where cheating would be profitable [5]. little is known abo ... | 2016 | 26776735 |
| a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) model of triarchic psychopathy constructs: development and initial validation. | the current work sought to operationalize constructs of the triarchic model of psychopathy in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), a species well-suited for investigations of basic biobehavioral dispositions relevant to psychopathology. across three studies, we generated validity evidence for scale measures of the triarchic model constructs in a large sample (n=238) of socially-housed chimpanzees. using a consensus-based rating approach, we first identified candidate items for the chimpanzee triarchic ... | 2016 | 26779396 |
| long bone cross-sectional properties reflect changes in locomotor behavior in developing chimpanzees. | recent studies indicate that the locomotor behavior of wild chimpanzees changes during development. before transitioning to quadrupedal knuckle-walking in adulthood, young chimpanzees engage in a significant amount of upper limb loading suspensory behavior. we investigated whether these dramatic changes in locomotion influence the strength and shape of chimpanzee long bones. | 2016 | 26780478 |
| the fecal virome of south and central american children with diarrhea includes small circular dna viral genomes of unknown origin. | viral metagenomics of feces collected from 58 peruvian children with unexplained diarrhea revealed several small circular ssdna genomes. two genomes related to sequences previously reported in feces from chimpanzees and other mammals and recently named smacoviruses were characterized and then detected by pcr in 1.7 % (1/58) and 19 % (11/58) of diarrheal samples, respectively. another three genomes from a distinct small circular ssdna viral group provisionally called pecoviruses encoded cap and r ... | 2016 | 26780893 |
| it all adds up …. or does it? numbers, mathematics and purpose. | no chimpanzee knows what a square root is, let alone a complex number. yet not only our closest ape cousins but even some invertebrates, possess a capacity for numerosity, that is the ability to assess relative numerical magnitudes and distances. that numerosity should confer adaptive advantages, such as social species that choose shoal size, is obvious. moreover, it is widely assumed that numerosity and mathematics are seamlessly linked, as would be consistent with darwinian notions of descent ... | 2016 | 26783082 |
| molecular determinants of gs-9620-dependent tlr7 activation. | gs-9620 is an orally administered agonist of toll-like receptor (tlr)7 currently being evaluated in clinical studies for the treatment of chronic hbv and hiv patients. gs-9620 has shown antiviral efficacy in preclinical models of chronic hepadnavirus infection in woodchuck as well as chimpanzee. however, the molecular determinants of gs-9620-dependent activation of tlr7 are not well defined. the studies presented here elucidate gs-9620 subcellular distribution and characterize its molecular inte ... | 2016 | 26784926 |