Publications

screening antimicrobial activity of various extracts of artemisia dracunculus l.	the antimicrobial activities of chloroform, acetone and two different concentrations of methanol extracts of artemisia dracunculus l. were studied. these extracts were tested against nine bacteria and four yeasts strains by the disc diffusion method. the results indicated that the methanol extract of a. dracunculus is more effective against tested microorganisms than chloroform or acetone extracts. the chloroform and acetone extracts were inhibitory only towards pseudomonas aeruginosa (atcc 2785 ...	2007	16986171
pulsed electric fields cause bacterial envelopes permeabilization depending on the treatment intensity, the treatment medium ph and the microorganism investigated.	the relationship between membrane permeabilization and loss of viability by pulsed electric fields (pef) depending on the treatment intensity and the treatment media ph in two gram-positive (lactobacillus plantarum, listeria monocytogenes) and two gram-negative (escherichia coli, salmonella senftenberg 775w) bacterial species has been investigated. loss of membrane integrity was measured as increased uptake of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide (pi). non-permanent/reversible permeabilization w ...	2007	16987561
rapid development of a gamma interferon-secreting glycolipid/cd1d-specific valpha14+ nk1.1- t-cell subset after bacterial infection.	the phenotypic and functional changes of glycolipid presented by cd1d(glycolipid/cd1d) specific valpha14+ t cells in the liver of mice at early stages of bacterial infection were investigated. after listeria monocytogenes infection or interleukin-12 (il-12) treatment, alpha-galactosylceramide/cd1d tetramer-reactive (alpha-galcer/cd1d+) t cells coexpressing natural killer (nk) 1.1 marker became undetectable and, concomitantly, cells lacking nk1.1 emerged in both euthymic and thymectomized animals ...	2006	16988270
antimicrobial activity of extracts of chemical races of the lichen pseudevernia furfuracea and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents.	the antimicrobial activity and the mic values of the ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, and acetone extracts of the chemical races of pseudevernia furfuracea (var. furfuracea and var. ceratea) and their physodic acid, chloroatranorin, atranorin, and olivetoric acid constituents have been investigated against some microorganisms. nearly all extracts of both chemical races showed antimicrobial activity against aeromonas hydrophila, bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, listeria monocytogenes, prote ...	2006	16989308
listeria monocytogenes as a vector for tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy.	as a facultative intracellular bacterium, listeria monocytogenes has adapted to live within the cytosol of the host cell. it is actively taken up by antigen-presenting cells through phagocytosis, and as listeria survive within these cells, it is an ideal vector for the delivery of antigens to be processed and presented through both the class i and ii antigen-processing pathways. once phagocytosed, listeria produces virulence factors within the phagolysosome of the host cell, which allows it to b ...	2006	16989634
ribotype diversity of listeria monocytogenes isolates from two salmon processing plants in norway.	the purpose of this study was to use automated ribotyping procedure to track listeria monocytogenes transmission in the cold smoked fish production chain and to characterize l. monocytogenes subtypes associated with the salmon processing industry. a total of 104 isolates, which had previously been obtained from a raw fish slaughter and processing plant (plant b) and an adjacent, downstream, salmon smoking operation (plant a), were characterized. these isolates had been obtained through a longitu ...	2006	16990178
prevalence and survival of listeria monocytogenes in danish aquatic and fish-processing environments.	listeria monocytogenes contamination of ready-to-eat food products such as cold-smoked fish is often caused by pathogen subtypes persisting in food-processing environments. the purpose of the present study was to determine whether these l. monocytogenes subtypes can be found in the outside environment, i.e., outside food processing plants, and whether they survive better in the aquatic environment than do other strains. a total of 400 samples were collected from the outside environment, fish sla ...	2006	16995513
daily variability of listeria contamination patterns in a cold-smoked salmon processing operation.	an understanding of listeria transmission and contamination patterns in processing environments of ready-to-eat foods is critical for improving control of listeria monocytogenes. a cold-smoked fish processing operation was the site used to study variability in listeria contamination in a processing environment associated with a ready-to-eat food product throughout one production week (five consecutive days). intensive testing was conducted on finished products and environmental samples collected ...	2006	16995514
potassium lactate combined with sodium diacetate can inhibit growth of listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packed cold-smoked salmon and has no adverse sensory effects.	growth of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat fish products such as cold-smoked salmon is an important food safety issue. the objective of this study was to evaluate the antilisterial activity of potassium lactate (pl) in combination with sodium acetate (sa) or sodium diacetate (sda) in cold-smoked salmon and to determine whether these compounds could be incorporated easily into the formulations and technology currently used by processors. a commercial brine injector was used to inject salmon ...	2006	16995515
efficacy of electrolyzed water in the inactivation of planktonic and biofilm listeria monocytogenes in the presence of organic matter.	the ability of electrolyzed (eo) water to inactivate listeria monocytogenes in suspension and biofilms on stainless steel in the presence of organic matter (sterile filtered chicken serum) was investigated. a five-strain mixture of l. monocytogenes was treated with deionized, alkaline eo, and acidic eo water containing chicken serum (0, 5, and 10 ml/liter) for 1 and 5 min. coupons containing l. monocytogenes biofilms were also overlaid with chicken serum (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 ml/liter) and then ...	2006	16995516
comparison of media and sampling locations for isolation of listeria monocytogenes in queso fresco cheese.	listeriosis associated with hispanic-style soft cheese is an ongoing public health concern. although rapid detection methods based on molecular and immunological technologies have been applied successfully for detecting listeria monocytogenes in foods, obtaining isolates of the pathogen is a critical procedure for epidemiologic studies and regulatory analysis. oxford agar, a medium recommended by the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual (bam) to isolate l. monocyto ...	2006	16995517
virulence of listeria monocytogenes isolates from humans and smoked salmon, peeled shrimp, and their processing environments.	the virulence of 82 listeria monocytogenes isolates from human cases and cold-smoked salmon, cooked peeled shrimp, and their production environments was assessed using the plaque-forming assay and a subcutaneous inoculation test in mice. these isolates were previously typed using serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. the isolates from food-production environments were collected in several surveys over the period of 5 years. sixty-eight (99.8%) of 69 isolates tested from food and food- ...	2006	16995518
occurrence of pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected from the retail marketplace in edmonton, alberta, canada.	a total of 800 meat and poultry products were purchased from the retail marketplace in edmonton, alberta, canada. the products consisted of raw ground beef, chicken legs, pork chops, and ready-to-eat fermented sausage, roast beef, processed turkey breast, chicken wieners, and beef wieners. the samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, salmonella, campylobacter spp., and listeria monocytogenes. shiga toxin-producing e. coli 022: h8 was found in o ...	2006	16995521
survival of staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged beef jerky and related products stored at 21 degrees c.	in the manufacture of beef jerky, a thermal lethality step is followed by drying to prevent growth of pathogenic bacterial postprocessing contaminants on the finished product. recent guidelines from the u.s. department of agriculture have raised the question of the maximum water activity (a(w)) in jerky products that will inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. the survival of the potential postprocessing contaminants staphylococcus aureus and listeria monocytogenes was evaluated on 15 vacuum-pac ...	2006	16995535
activity of brassica oleracea leaf juice on foodborne pathogenic bacteria.	many vegetables of the cruciferae family have been found to possess antimicrobial properties against several microorganisms of clinical importance. in this study, we reported the antibacterial effect of brassica oleracea juice on several food-borne pathogens. the juice was found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of salmonella enteritidis, verotoxigenic escherichia coli o157:h7, e. coli hb producing thermolabile toxin, nontoxigenic e. coli, and listeria monocytogenes, but not enterococcus ...	2006	16995537
characterization of listeria monocytogenes isolated from retail foods.	listeria monocytogenes isolates recovered from retail ready-to-eat (rte) meats, raw chickens and fresh produce were characterized by serogroup identification using pcr, genotyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. five l. monocytogenes serogroups were identified. of the 167 isolates 68 (41%) belonged to serogroup 1/2b, 3b; 53 (32%) belonged to serogroup 4b, 4d, 4e; 43 (26%) belonged to serogroup 1/2a, 3a; 2 (1.2%) belonged to serogroup 1/2c, ...	2007	16996156
lymphocyte apoptosis as an immune subversion strategy of microbial pathogens.	apoptosis is a component of cellular death in several immunological reactions. lymphocyte apoptosis is a feature of negative selection of thymic lymphocytes. target cells die by apoptosis during their interaction with cytotoxic t cells. antigens derived from apoptotic cells can be cross-presented by antigen presenting cells (apcs). in these examples, apoptotic death is a beneficial feature for the individual. the apoptosis of cells also occurs during infection with a variety of microorganisms, b ...	2006	16997632
in vitro antibacterial activity of bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract.	the rapidly developing resistance of many infectious pathogenic organisms to modern drugs has spurred scientists to search for new sources of antibacterial compounds. one potential candidate, bdle (dialysis at 10 to 12 kda cut-off) and its fractions ("s" and "l" by 3.5 kda cut-off and i, ii, iii, and iv by molecular exclusion chromatography), was evaluated for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, lysteria monocytogenes, esche ...	2006	16997795
use of dna arrays for the analysis of outbreak-related strains of listeria monocytogenes.	we evaluated the discriminative power and usefulness of the dna array technology as compared to dna macrorestriction pattern analysis for monitoring epidemiologically related clusters of listeria monocytogenes strains that differ slightly in dna macrorestriction patterns. we show that this approach allows clarifying the genetic basis of the pattern variations. in the reported outbreak, the differences were due to phage excision, showing the power of this technique in epidemiological studies.	2006	17002895
antibacterial agent discovery using thymidylate synthase biolibrary screening.	thymidylate synthase (ts, thya) catalyzes the reductive methylation of 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate to 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate, an essential precursor for dna synthesis. a specific inhibition of this enzyme induces bacterial cell death. as a second round lead optimization design, new 1,2-naphthalein derivatives have been synthesized and tested against a ts-based biolibrary, including human thymidylate synthase (hts). docking studies have been performed to rationalize the experimen ...	2006	17004711
listeria monocytogenes subgroups iiia, iiib, and iiic delineate genetically distinct populations with varied pathogenic potential.	listeria monocytogenes lineage iii strains belonging to subgroups iiia (n = 8), iiib (n = 5), and iiic (n = 6) were examined along with other known serotype strains (n = 11) by pcr and southern hybridization using several recently described species-, virulence-, and serotype-specific primers and probes. the virulence of seven representative lineage iii strains was then evaluated in mice via the intraperitoneal route. the results suggest that subgroup iiia consists of typical rhamnose-positive av ...	2006	17005751
a truncated bacillus subtilis dal gene with a 3' ssra gene tag regulates the growth and virulence of racemase-deficient listeria monocytogenes.	listeria monocytogenes (lm) is a gram-positive intracellular pathogen that can elicit strong cellular immunity. an attenuated strain (lmdd) with deletions in two genes (dal and dat) required for d-alanine synthesis and viability has been shown to induce long-lived protective systemic and mucosal immune responses in mice when administered in the presence of the required amino acid. to bypass the necessity for exogenous d-alanine without compromising the safety of the original strain, the defect o ...	2006	17005988
first report of listeria monocytogenes endocarditis treated with linezolid.		2006	17008067
[a case of listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent infant].	listeria monocytogenes meningitis is a rare affection after the neonatal period, but in immunocompromised patients. listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium frequently causing infection in pregnant women, in patients with cell-mediated immunity deficit and in the early and late stages of life. we present a case of listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent nomad 8-month-child, preceded by gastroenteritis. although gastrointestinal symptoms may b ...	2006	17008849
listeria: a foodborne pathogen that knows how to survive.	the foodborne pathogen listeria is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe disease with high hospitalization and case fatality rates. listeria monocytogenes can survive and grow over a wide range of environmental conditions such as refrigeration temperatures, low ph and high salt concentration. this allows the pathogen to overcome food preservation and safety barriers, and pose a potential risk to human health. this review focuses on the key issues such as survival of the pathogen in advers ...	2007	17010463
the crystal structure of the bacteriophage psa endolysin reveals a unique fold responsible for specific recognition of listeria cell walls.	bacteriophage murein hydrolases exhibit high specificity towards the cell walls of their host bacteria. this specificity is mostly provided by a structurally well defined cell wall-binding domain that attaches the enzyme to its solid substrate. to gain deeper insight into this mechanism we have crystallized the complete 314 amino acid endolysin from the temperate listeria monocytogenes phage psa. the crystal structure of plypsa was determined by single wavelength anomalous dispersion methods and ...	2006	17010991
resistance of listeria monocytogenes biofilms to sanitizing agents in a simulated food processing environment.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of biofilms of listeria monocytogenes to sanitizing agents under laboratory conditions simulating a food processing environment. biofilms were initially formed on stainless steel and teflon coupons using a five-strain mixture of l. monocytogenes. the coupons were then subjected to repeated 24-h daily cycles. each cycle consisted of three sequential steps: (i) a brief (60 s) exposure of the coupons to a sanitizing agent (a mixture of pero ...	2006	17012587
construction of a multiple fluorescence labelling system for use in co-invasion studies of listeria monocytogenes.	existing virulence models are often difficult to apply for quantitative comparison of invasion potentials of listeria monocytogenes. well-to-well variation between cell-line based in vitro assays is practically unavoidable, and variation between individual animals is the cause of large deviations in the observed capacity for infection when animal models are used. one way to circumvent this problem is to carry out virulence studies as competition assays between 2 or more strains. this, however, r ...	2006	17014739
h2-m3-restricted t cells participate in the priming of antigen-specific cd4+ t cells.	h2-m3-restricted cd8+ t cells provide early protection against bacterial infections. in this study, we demonstrate that activated h2-m3-restricted t cells provide early signals for efficient cd4+ t cell priming. c57bl/6 mice immunized with dendritic cells coated with the mhc class ii-restricted listeriolysin o peptide llo(190-201) (llo) generated cd4+ t cells capable of responding to listeria monocytogenes (lm) infection. inclusion of a h2-m3-restricted formylated peptide fmigwii (fmig), but not ...	2006	17015693
detection of listeria monocytogenes from food samples by pcr after ims-plating.	for rapid, accurate and sensitive detection of listeria monocytogenes in food samples, colonies developed on the selective agar (oxford agar) after immunomagnetic separation (ims) were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with the prf a1-2 primer pair. the proposed assay system was shown experimentally to be capable of specifically detecting the bacteria from food samples contaminated at more than 10(2) cfu/g. however, the enrichment culture after a short period of 16 h with the ap ...	2006	17017131
novel method to identify source-associated phylogenetic clustering shows that listeria monocytogenes includes niche-adapted clonal groups with distinct ecological preferences.	while phylogenetic and cluster analyses are often used to define clonal groups within bacterial species, the identification of clonal groups that are associated with specific ecological niches or host species remains a challenge. we used listeria monocytogenes, which causes invasive disease in humans and different animal species and which can be isolated from a number of environments including food, as a model organism to develop and implement a two-step statistical approach to the identificatio ...	2006	17021104
general model, based on two mixed weibull distributions of bacterial resistance, for describing various shapes of inactivation curves.	cells of listeria monocytogenes or salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium taken from six characteristic stages of growth were subjected to an acidic stress (ph 3.3). as expected, the bacterial resistance increased from the end of the exponential phase to the late stationary phase. moreover, the shapes of the survival curves gradually evolved as the physiological states of the cells changed. a new primary model, based on two mixed weibull distributions of cell resistance, is proposed to describe ...	2006	17021197
a homolog of bacillus subtilis trigger factor in listeria monocytogenes is involved in stress tolerance and bacterial virulence.	molecular chaperones play an essential role in the folding of nascent chain polypeptides, as well as in the refolding and degradation of misfolded or aggregated proteins. they also assist in protein translocation and participate in stress functions. we identified a gene, designated tig, encoding a protein homologous to trigger factor (tf), a cytosolic ribosome-associated chaperone, in the genome of listeria monocytogenes. we constructed a chromosomal delta tig deletion and evaluated the impact o ...	2006	17021213
clinical features, prognostic and risk factors of central nervous system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.	the purpose of this study is to describe the etiology, characteristics and outcomes of central nervous system (cns) infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), while also identifying prognostic and risk factors. thirty-eight sle patients with cns infections were identified from review of all charts of patients with sle hospitalized from january 1995 to june 2005. these patients were divided into 3 groups, i.e., mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb), non-tb bacterial and fungal infe ...	2007	17021668
plasmid dna delivery by d-alanine-deficient listeria monocytogenes.	optimal dna vaccine efficacy requires circumventing several obstacles, including low immunogenicity, a need for adjuvant, and the costs of purifying injection grade plasmid dna. bacterial delivery of plasmid dna may provide an efficient and low-cost alternative to plasmid purification and injection. also, the bacterial vector may exhibit potential as an immune adjuvant in vivo. thus, we elected to examine the use of cell-wall-deficient listeria monocytogenes as a dna delivery vehicle in vitro. f ...	2006	17022679
modulation of cell adhesion and motility in the immune system by myo1f.	although class i myosins are known to play a wide range of roles, the physiological function of long-tailed class i myosins in vertebrates remains elusive. we demonstrated that one of these proteins, myo1f, is expressed predominantly in the mammalian immune system. cells from myo1f-deficient mice exhibited abnormally increased adhesion and reduced motility, resulting from augmented exocytosis of beta2 integrin-containing granules. also, the cortical actin that co-localizes with myo1f was reduced ...	2006	17023661
[comparison of the antibiotics sensibility pattern of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp. strains isolated from food with clinical origin samples].	the actual use of antibiotics includes, not just its therapeutic cases, but also for disease prevention and as a growth promoter in animals. these practices have resulted in the propagation of resistance to antibiotics, representing a threat for public health. in this work, the antibiotic sensibility pattern of 20 listeria monocytogenes and 40 salmonella spp. strains, isolated from foodstuff was studied and compared with the antibiotic sensibility patterns of 20 l. monocytogenes and 100 salmonel ...	2006	17024963
cd8alpha+ dendritic cells are required for efficient entry of listeria monocytogenes into the spleen.	in addition to their bridging function between innate and adaptive immunity, dendritic cells (dcs) may also contribute to primary resistance against infection. here we analyzed the role of dcs during infection with listeria monocytogenes by performing systemic in vivo depletion of these cells. we showed that cd8alpha(+) dcs were crucial for l. monocytogenes spreading and proliferation in the spleen. efficient and rapid uptake of l. monocytogenes by cd8alpha(+) dcs required the small gtpase rac1 ...	2006	17027298
[listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent child].		2006	17029934
increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfection as a consequence of innate antiviral responses.	the reason why severe localized or systemic virus infections enhance and aggravate bacterial superinfection is poorly understood. here we show that virus-induced ifn type i caused apoptosis in bone marrow granulocytes, drastically reduced granulocyte infiltrates at the site of bacterial superinfection, caused up to 1,000-fold higher bacterial titers in solid organs, and increased disease susceptibility. the finding that the innate antiviral immune response reduces the antibacterial granulocyte d ...	2006	17030789
molecular evidence for vertical transmission of listeriosis, taiwan.	the case is presented of a pregnant woman at the 31st week of gestation with listeria monocytogenes bacteraemia and microabscess formation in the endometrium, who delivered an infant with disseminated infection (meningitis and bacteraemia). the two patients were successfully treated with intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin. molecular typing using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis disclosed that three isolates from the mother (blood) and infant (blood and cerebrospinal fluid) had ...	2006	17030924
prevalence and lineages of listeria monocytogenes in chinese food products.	this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence and lineages of listeria monocytogenes in different kinds of food products in local chinese markets.	2006	17032231
detection and characterization of listeria monocytogenes in sao jorge (portugal) cheese production.	listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can cause serious invasive disease in humans. because human listeriosis cases have previously been linked to consumption of contaminated cheese, control of this pathogen throughout the cheese production chain is of particular concern. to understand the potential for l. monocytogenes transmission via são jorge cheese, a portuguese artisanal cheese variety that bears a protected denomination of origin classification, 357 raw milk, curd, natural w ...	2006	17033035
isolation of pathogenic listeria monocytogenes in faeces of wild animals in captivity.	the isolation of pathogenic listeria spp. in faecal samples of captive wild animals was studied. isolation of the pathogen was attempted from the samples by selective enrichment in university of vermont medium and plating onto dominguez-rodriguez isolation agar, palcam agar and modified mcbride listeria agar. pathogenicity of the isolates was tested by christie, atkins, munch petersen test, phosphotidylinositol-specific phospholipase c assay, mice inoculation test and chick embryo bioassay. list ...	2006	17034860
dna fingerprinting by eric-pcr for comparing listeria spp. strains isolated from different sources in san luis, argentina.	in this study, a total of 24 listeria spp. strains were analyzed. twenty-two isolates were obtained in san luis (argentina) from human, animal, and food samples. two types of strains, listeria monocytogenes clip 22762 and listeria innocua clip 74915, were included as reference strains. all isolates were biochemically identified and characterized by serotyping, phage typing, and amplification of the flaa gene by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). repetitive intergenic consensus (eric) sequence-base ...	2006	17037249
is listeria monocytogenes an important pathogen for prosthetic joints?	listeria monocytogenes usually causes meningitis or bacteremia, often in immunocompromised adults, pregnant women, or infants. we report a case of septic arthritis caused by l. monocytogenes in a patient with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (ra) whose hip replacement was infected. she subsequently died, probably secondary to an adult respiratory distress syndrome, a rare complication of listerial infection. we also reviewed all 18 previously reported cases of septic arthritis caused by l. mono ...	2001	17039086
combined effect of mild heat and acetic acid treatment for inactivating escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium in an asparagus puree.	this study was conducted to validate combined heat and acid treatments for inactivating escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium in an acidified brine containing, or pickled, asparagus model food.	2006	17040238
inactivation of lgt allows systematic characterization of lipoproteins from listeria monocytogenes.	lipoprotein anchoring in bacteria is mediated by the prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (lgt), which catalyzes the transfer of a diacylglyceryl moiety to the prospective n-terminal cysteine of the mature lipoprotein. deletion of the lgt gene in the gram-positive pathogen listeria monocytogenes (i) impairs intracellular growth of the bacterium in different eukaryotic cell lines and (ii) leads to increased release of lipoproteins into the culture supernatant. comparative extracellular prote ...	2007	17041050
the mprf protein is required for lysinylation of phospholipids in listerial membranes and confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) on listeria monocytogenes.	pathogenic bacteria have to cope with defence mechanisms mediated by adaptive and innate immunity of the host cells. cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps) represent one of the most effective components of the host innate immune response. here we establish the function of lmo1695, a member of the virr-dependent virulence regulon, recently identified in listeria monocytogenes. lmo1695 encodes a membrane protein of 98 kda with strong homology to the multiple peptide resistance factor (mprf) of st ...	2006	17042784
influence of particle size on drug delivery to rat alveolar macrophages following pulmonary administration of ciprofloxacin incorporated into liposomes.	in order to confirm the efficacy of ciprofloxacin (cpfx) incorporated into liposomes (cpfx-liposomes) for treatment of respiratory intracellular parasite infections, the influence of particle size on drug delivery to rat alveolar macrophages (ams) following pulmonary administration of cpfx-liposomes was investigated. cpfx-liposomes were prepared with hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (hspc), cholesterol (ch) and dicetylphosphate (dcp) in a lipid molar ratio of 7/2/1 by the hydration metho ...	2006	17043040
hybridoma ped-2e9 cells cultured under modified conditions can sensitively detect listeria monocytogenes and bacillus cereus.	lymphocyte origin hybridoma ped-2e9 cell-based cytotoxicity assay can detect virulent listeria or bacillus species, and its application in a cell-based biosensor for onsite use would be very attractive. however, maintaining enough viable cells on a sensor platform for a prolonged duration is a challenging task. in this study, key factors affecting the survival and growth of ped-2e9 cells under modified conditions were investigated. when the ped-2e9 cells were grown in media containing 5% fetal b ...	2007	17043821
a field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce of domestic and mexican origin.	produce is responsible for an increasingly larger proportion of foodborne disease outbreaks. in particular, the globalization of the food supply may introduce new food safety risks and allow widespread distribution of contaminated food, particularly produce. the objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the overall quality of domestic and mexican produce throughout the packing process; (ii) examine changes in microbiological quality of both domestic and mexican produce at each stage of produ ...	2006	17045687
an important role of tyk2 in apc function of dendritic cells for priming cd8+ t cells producing ifn-gamma.	tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2) contributes to the signals triggered by il-12 for ifn-gamma production by nk cells and t cells. we found in this study that tyk2-deficient (-/-) mice showed increased susceptibility at the early stage after an i.p. infection with listeria monocytogenes, accompanied by impaired ifn-gamma production. the numbers of both mhc class ib (h2-m3)- or mhc class ia (kb)-restricted cd8+ t cells producing ifn-gamma and exhibiting cytotoxicity were significantly decreased in tyk2-/- ...	2006	17048270
an in vitro cell-culture model demonstrates internalin- and hemolysin-independent translocation of listeria monocytogenes across m cells.	an ability to translocate the mucosal epithelia through m cells provides invasive pathogens with a rapid means of accessing the mucosal lymphoid tissues. in order to determine the role of m cells in listeria monocytogenes infection, we initially assessed colonization of peyer's patch (pp) epithelium in balb/c mice by vibrio cholerae eltor, wild-type l. monocytogenes and an isogenic hemolysin mutant (lo28deltahly). it was observed that both wild-type l. monocytogenes and deltahly showed preferent ...	2006	17049432
community-acquired listeria monocytogenes meningitis in adults.	listeria monocytogenes is the third most common cause of bacterial meningitis.	2006	17051485
listeria monocytogenes induces the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene-i.	retinoic acid-inducible gene-i (rig-i) is considered to play a role in innate immunity against virus infections. we showed by immunohistochemical study that rig-i expression is upregulated in vivo in hepatic kupffer cells and in splenic reticular cells of mice infected with listeria monocytogenes. both heat-killed l. monocytogenes and live l. monocytogenes induced the expression of rig-i in cultured raw264.7 murine macrophage-like cells in vitro. rig-i may also be involved in innate immunity aga ...	2006	17053317
listeriosis in portugal: an existing but under reported infection.	listeriosis is a rare disease caused by the bacterium listeria monocytogenes, the normal vehicle of which is food. the disease, which is largely confined to its risk groups of pregnant women, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals, has increased in incidence in recent years. in portugal, listeriosis is not a notifiable infection and available data are scarce. the objective of this work was to collate the available information concerning listeriosis in portugal by compiling a retrospective ...	2006	17054782
immunoproteasomes are essential for clearance of listeria monocytogenes in nonlymphoid tissues but not for induction of bacteria-specific cd8+ t cells.	microbial infections induce the replacement of constitutive proteasomes by immunoproteasomes (i-proteasomes). i-proteasomes support efficient generation of mhc class i epitopes and influence immunodominance hierarchies of cd8(+) t cells. recently, the function of i-proteasomes in antimicrobial responses was challenged by showing that the lack of i-proteasomes has no effect on induction and function of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific cd8(+) t cells. here, we show that infection with l ...	2006	17056553
structure of internalin c from listeria monocytogenes.	the crystal structure of internalin c (inlc) from listeria monocytogenes has been determined at 2.0 a resolution. several observations implicate inlc in infection: inlc has the same transcriptional activator as other virulence genes, it is only present in pathogenic listeria strains and an inlc deletion mutant is significantly less virulent. while the extended concave receptor-binding surfaces of the leucine-rich repeat (lrr) domains of internalins a and b have aromatic clusters involved in rece ...	2006	17057330
compartmentalization of the broad-range phospholipase c activity to the spreading vacuole is critical for listeria monocytogenes virulence.	listeria monocytogenes is a bacterial pathogen that multiplies in the cytosol of host cells and spreads directly from cell to cell by using an actin-based mechanism of motility. the broad-range phospholipase c (pc-plc) of l. monocytogenes contributes to bacterial escape from vacuoles formed upon cell-to-cell spread. pc-plc is made as an inactive proenzyme whose activation requires cleavage of an n-terminal propeptide. during infection, pc-plc is activated specifically in acidified vacuoles. to a ...	2007	17060464
rapid actin monomer-insensitive depolymerization of listeria actin comet tails by cofilin, coronin, and aip1.	actin filaments in cells depolymerize rapidly despite the presence of high concentrations of polymerizable g actin. cofilin is recognized as a key regulator that promotes actin depolymerization. in this study, we show that although pure cofilin can disassemble listeria monocytogenes actin comet tails, it cannot efficiently disassemble comet tails in the presence of polymerizable actin. thymus extracts also rapidly disassemble comet tails, and this reaction is more efficient than pure cofilin whe ...	2006	17060499
mixture cure model with an application to interval mapping of quantitative trait loci.	when censored time-to-event data are used to map quantitative trait loci (qtl), the existence of nonsusceptible subjects entails extra challenges. if the heterogeneous susceptibility is ignored or inappropriately handled, we may either fail to detect the responsible genetic factors or find spuriously significant locations. in this article, an interval mapping method based on parametric mixture cure models is proposed, which takes into consideration of nonsusceptible subjects. the proposed model ...	2006	17063400
effect of ozone on the inactivation of yersinia enterocolitica and the reduction of natural flora on potatoes.	fresh vegetables contaminated with yersinia enterocolitica have been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks. surfaces of vegetables can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms through contact with soil, irrigation water, fertilizers, equipment, humans, and animals. one approach to reduce this contamination is to treat fresh produce with sanitizers. in this study, the ability of ozone to inactivate y. enterocolitica inoculated in water and on potato surfaces was evaluated. furthermo ...	2006	17066913
control of listeria monocytogenes in goat's milk and goat's jben by the bacteriocinogenic enterococcus faecium f58 strain.	the bacteriocinogenic enterococcus faecium f58 strain, a natural goat's jben cheese isolate, lacks decarboxylase activity involved in most biogenic amine formation. it was also sensitive to 13 antibiotics assayed and free of virulence and vancomycin resistance genes. the f58 strain reached the stationary phase after 12 h of growth in sterile goat's milk, and the production of enterocin f-58 (ent l50) was first detected after 48 h (400 au/ml), thereafter remaining stable up to 5 days. the effecti ...	2006	17066915
linking quantitative exposure assessment and risk management using the food safety objective concept: an example with listeria monocytogenes in different cross-contamination scenarios.	a practical approach was used to achieve specified food safety objectives (fsos) by incorporating risk assessment methodology. a series of cross-contamination scenarios at the retail level were evaluated in a spreadsheet and ranked according to their level of risk, and the degree to which they exceeded an fso for listeria monocytogenes (100 cfu/g) was determined. percentiles and analyses of variance were used to identify which scenarios would be most likely not to achieve the fso. it was also po ...	2006	17066917
evaluation of chemical and physical (high-pressure and temperature) treatments to improve the safety of minimally processed mung bean sprouts during refrigerated storage.	the objective of this study was to compare the effects of combined high hydrostatic pressure and temperature treatments with different chemical sanitation treatments (water, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide) on the microbiological properties of mung bean sprouts. in a first study, the raw product was subjected to several combined high-pressure and temperature treatments for calculating a mathematical model by a response surface methodology. the number of pressure-temperature (150 to 40 ...	2006	17066918
radiation sensitivity and postirradiation growth of foodborne pathogens on a ready-to-eat frankfurter on a roll product in the presence of modified atmosphere and antimicrobials.	intervention technologies including ionizing radiation, antimicrobials, and modified atmospheres (ma) can be used to inhibit the growth of or inactivate foodborne pathogens on complex ready-to-eat foods such as sandwiches. however, the effect of these technologies when used in combination (the hurdle concept) on the survival of foodborne pathogens is unknown. the ability of ionizing radiation to inactivate escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus in ...	2006	17066924
microbiological evaluation of sprouts marketed in mumbai, india, and its suburbs.	a study was undertaken to assess the microbiological quality of sprouts marketed in mumbai and its suburbs. a total of 124 sprout samples of four different legumes--mung (phaseolus aureus), matki (phaseolus aconitifolius), chana (cicer arietinum), and vatana (pisum sativum)--were analyzed over a period of 12 months for aerobic plate counts, coliforms, yeast and mold counts, staphylococci, salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, e. coli o157:h7, and coagulase-positive staphylococcus ...	2006	17066937
isolation and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of listeria monocytogenes from modified atmosphere packaged fresh-cut vegetables collected in ireland.	the incidence of listeria monocytogenes in modified atmosphere packaged fresh-cut fruits and vegetables from chill cabinets of a supermarket in ireland was investigated over a 2-year period. overall, 9.58% of fresh-cut produce was contaminated with listeria spp. various species of listeria were isolated from samples, including l. monocytogenes, l. seeligeri, l. innocua, l. welshimeri, and l. ivanovii. no fruit samples contained detectable l. monocytogenes. overall, a total of 21 l. monocytogenes ...	2006	17066939
effect of high-pressure treatment on the survival of listeria monocytogenes scott a in sliced vacuum-packaged iberian and serrano cured hams.	high-pressure treatment is useful for increasing the microbiological safety of ready-to-eat foods. with dry-cured hams, this treatment can be applied to the finished product after slicing and vacuum packaging. the effect of high-pressure treatment on the survival of inoculated listeria monocytogenes scott a and on the sensory characteristics of two spanish dry-cured hams, iberian and serrano, was investigated. ham slices were inoculated with l. monocytogenes at 6 x 10(6) cfu/g and held at 4 degr ...	2006	17066942
[prosthetic knee infection caused by listeria monocytogenes in a woman with rheumatoid arthritis and waldenström s macroglobulinemia].	listeria are gram-positive bacilli that can be isolated from soil and in the normal fecal flora of many mammals. it is a uncommon pathogen in the general population, but immunocompromised individuals can develop several focal infections, most notably meningoencephalitis and sepsis. nevertheless, infectious arthritis caused by listeria monocytogenes is a exceptional event. we report a new case of prosthetic knee arthritis due to listeria in a woman with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and walde ...	2006	17067220
fda approves use of bacteriophages to be added to meat and poultry products.		2006	17067600
failure of listeria monocytogenes keratitis to respond to topical ofloxacin.	the purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the need for identification of the offending pathogen in bacterial keratitis to guide appropriate treatment.	2006	17068464
gliotoxin-mediated suppression of innate and adaptive immune functions directed against listeria monocytogenes.	gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive apoptogenic mycotoxin produced by a number of fungi including important human pathogens as aspergillus fumigatus. in order to elucidate the potential role of gliotoxin as immunoevasive fungal virulence factor we studied the effects of gliotoxin on the innate and adaptive t cell-mediated immune response against the facultatively intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes. gliotoxin induced apoptosis of bone marrow-derived macrophages, dendritic cells and cd8 ...	2006	17071552
cla-1 and its splicing variant cla-2 mediate bacterial adhesion and cytosolic bacterial invasion in mammalian cells.	cd36 and limpii analog 1, cla-1, and its splicing variant, cla-2 (sr-bi and sr-bii in rodents), are human high density lipoprotein receptors with an identical extracellular domain which binds a spectrum of ligands including bacterial cell wall components. in this study, cla-1- and cla-2-stably transfected hela and hek293 cells demonstrated several-fold increases in the uptake of various bacteria over mock-transfected cells. all bacteria tested, including both gram-negatives (escherichia coli k12 ...	2006	17071747
an important step in listeria lipoprotein research.		2007	17071755
changing pattern of human listeriosis, england and wales, 2001-2004.	microbiologic and epidemiologic data on 1,933 cases of human listeriosis reported in england and wales from 1990 to 2004 were reviewed. a substantial increase in incidence occurred from 2001 to 2004. ten clusters (60 cases), likely to represent common-source outbreaks, were detected. however, these clusters did not account for the upsurge in incidence, which occurred sporadically, predominantly in patients > or =60 years of age with bacteremia and which was independent of sex; regional, seasonal ...	2006	17073084
essential role of ccl2 in clustering of splenic ertr-9+ macrophages during infection of balb/c mice by listeria monocytogenes.	early interactions between pathogens and host cells are often decisive for the subsequent course of infection. here we investigated early events during infection by listeria monocytogenes, a ubiquitously occurring facultative intracellular microorganism that exhibits severe pathogenicity, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. we show that the inflammatory chemokine ccl2 is highly up-regulated early after listeria infection in spleens of balb/c mice. ertr-9+ macrophages of the marginal zone we ...	2007	17074847
antimicrobial leucocin analogues with a disulfide bridge replaced by a carbocycle or by noncovalent interactions of allyl glycine residues.	the type iia bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides isolated from lactic acid bacteria that act as food preservation agents and have nanomolar activity against pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes. previous reports with mutant bacteriocins indicate that the conserved disulfide bridge between cysteine residues 9 and 14 in bacteriocins such as leucocin a (1) is critical for antibiotic properties, which are mediated by target membrane receptor proteins belonging to the mannose phosphotransfera ...	2006	17076487
cd8 t cell recall responses are regulated by the tissue tropism of the memory cell and pathogen.	whether memory cd8 t cells can be reactivated in nonlymphoid tissues is unclear. using mice lacking the spleen, lymph nodes, or both, we show that the secondary t cell response, but not homeostatic maintenance of memory cells, required lymphoid tissue. whereas primary and secondary cd8 t cell responses to vesicular stomatitis virus infection were lymph node dependent, responses to listeria monocytogenes infection were driven primarily in the spleen. memory cell subset reactivation was also regul ...	2006	17082587
cytosolic localization of listeria monocytogenes triggers an early ifn-gamma response by cd8+ t cells that correlates with innate resistance to infection.	ifn-gamma is critical for innate immunity against listeria monocytogenes (l. monocytogenes), and it has long been thought that nk cells are the major source of ifn-gamma during the first few days of infection. however, it was recently shown that a significant number of cd44highcd8+ t cells also secrete ifn-gamma in an ag-independent fashion within 16 h of infection with l. monocytogenes. in this report, we showed that infection with other intracellular pathogens did not trigger this early ifn-ga ...	2006	17082632
interference of components of the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system with the central virulence gene regulator prfa of listeria monocytogenes.	analysis of listeria monocytogenes ptsh, hprk, and ccpa mutants defective in carbon catabolite repression (ccr) control revealed significant alterations in the expression of prfa-dependent genes. the hprk mutant showed high up-regulation of prfa-dependent virulence genes upon growth in glucose-containing medium whereas expression of these genes was even slightly down-regulated in the ccpa mutant compared to the wild-type strain. the ptsh mutant could only grow in a rich culture medium, and here ...	2007	17085572
a single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based multilocus genotyping assay for subtyping lineage i isolates of listeria monocytogenes.	listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for food-borne disease with high mortality rates in humans and is the leading microbiological cause of food recalls. lineage i isolates of l. monocytogenes are a particular public health concern because they are responsible for most sporadic cases of listeriosis and the vast majority of epidemic outbreaks. rapid, reproducible, and sensitive methods for differentiating pathogens below the species level are required for eff ...	2007	17085705
listeria monocytogenes peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: first description in brazil.	two cases of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (sbp) caused by listeria monocytogenes in cirrhotic patients are reported. in one of the cases, the microorganism was isolated from pleural effusion and ascites. sbp is a serious and common complication of patients with ascites caused by hepatic cirrhosis and the culture of the ascitic fluid is an important tool for the diagnosis and for the more appropriate treatment. although a third generation cephalosporin has usually been employed for empiric t ...	2006	17086320
[regulation of nitrogen metabolism in gram-positive bacteria].	we searched for new members of the tnra and glnr regulons controlling assimilation of nitrogen in gram-positive bacteria. we identified the regulatory signals for these transcription factors with consensuses atgtnawwwwwwwtnacat for glnr and tgtnawwwwwwwtnaca for tnra. we described the structure and found new potential members for the tnra/glnr regulons in bacillus subtilis, b. licheniformis, geobacillus kaustophilus, oceanobacillus iheyensis, for the tnra regulon in b. halodurans and for the gln ...	2006	17086994
genetic analysis of bacteriocin 43 of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium.	a total of 636 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vre) isolates obtained between 1994 and 1999 from the medical school hospital of the university of michigan were tested for bacteriocin production. of the 277 (44%) bacteriocinogenic strains, 21 were active against e. faecalis, e. faecium, e. hirae, e. durans, and listeria monocytogenes. of those 21 strains, a representative bacteriocin of strain vre82, designated bacteriocin 43, was found to be encoded on mobilizable plasmid pdt1 (6.2 kb ...	2006	17088377
markov chain approach to analyze the dynamics of pathogen fecal shedding--example of listeria monocytogenes shedding in a herd of dairy cattle.	fecal shedding is an important mechanism of spreading of a number of human and animal pathogens. understanding of the dynamics of pathogen fecal shedding is critical to be able to control or prevent the spread of diseases caused by these pathogens. the objective of this study was to develop a model for analysis of the dynamics of pathogen fecal shedding. fecal shedding of listeria monocytogenes in dairy cattle was used as a model system. a markov chain model (mcm) with two states, shedding and n ...	2007	17092523
partial purification and characterization of protease of bacillus proteolyticus cfr3001 isolated from fish processing waste and its antibacterial activities.	bacillus proteolyticus cfr3001 isolated from fish processing wastes (both fresh water and marine) produced an alkaline protease. the optimum conditions for cell growth and protease production were 37 degrees c, 96 h, agitation speed of 100 rpm and medium ph 9. the partially purified protease obtained from had specific activity of 22.05 at 37 degrees c was active between 40 degrees c and 50 degrees c and lost >20% of its activity around 60 degrees c. its molecular weight was approximately 29 kda ...	2007	17092708
surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks--united states, 1998-2002.	since 1973, cdc has maintained a collaborative surveillance program for collection and periodic reporting of data on the occurrence and causes of foodborne-disease outbreaks (fbdos) in the united states.	2006	17093388
listeria monocytogenes: food-borne pathogen and hygiene indicator.	in the past 25 years, listeria monocytogenes has become increasingly important as a food-associated pathogen. most european union countries have an annual incidence of human listeriosis of between two and ten reported cases per million. because of its high case fatality rate, listeriosis ranks among the most frequent causes of death due to food-borne illness. listeria monocytogenes infections are responsible for the highest hospitalisation rates (91%) amongst known food-borne pathogens and have ...	2006	17094698
proteinase-activated receptors induce nonoxidative, antimicrobial peptides and increased antimicrobial activity in human mononuclear phagocytes.	as thrombin and sfllrnpndkyepf (sfllrn-14), a synthetic ligand, mainly of the proteinase-activated receptor-1 (par-1), induce in monocytes the synthesis and secretion of chemokines, the par pathway can be viewed as a mononuclear phagocyte-activating principle. classically, antimicrobial activity of mononuclear phagocytes is the measure for activation. here, we investigated whether thrombin or sfllrn-14 increases the antimicrobial activity of human monocytes and compared these effects to those of ...	2007	17095611
estimation of microbial contamination of food from prevalence and concentration data: application to listeria monocytogenes in fresh vegetables.	a normal distribution and a mixture model of two normal distributions in a bayesian approach using prevalence and concentration data were used to establish the distribution of contamination of the food-borne pathogenic bacteria listeria monocytogenes in unprocessed and minimally processed fresh vegetables. a total of 165 prevalence studies, including 15 studies with concentration data, were taken from the scientific literature and from technical reports and used for statistical analysis. the pre ...	2007	17098926
brain abscess due to listeria monocytogenes: first case report in thailand.	brain abscess with bacteremia caused by listeria monocytogenes in a young woman with immune thrombocytopenic purpura was reported. the clinical features included fever, headache, and left-side weakness. computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a large single abscess at the right frontoparietal area. l. monocytogenes was isolated from a blood culture. the patient promptly received a surgical drainage. because she had a history of penicillin allergy, and the organism ...	2006	17100394
adjuvant properties of listeriolysin o protein in a dna vaccination strategy.	the use of infectious agents as vaccine adjuvants has shown utility in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations. listeria monocytogenes has been used extensively as a vaccine vehicle due to its ability to initiate both cd4(+) and cd8(+) immune responses. previous work from this laboratory has used transgenic listeria to deliver vaccine constructs. a chimeric protein composed of tumor antigen and a non-hemolytic variant of the listeria protein, listeriolysin o (llo), has demonstrated effect ...	2007	17102978
single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the enterocin p structural gene of enterococcus faecium strains isolated from nonfermented animal foods.	the bacteriocins produced by two lactic acid bacteria isolated from nonfermented fresh meat and fish, respectively, and exhibiting a remarkable antilisterial activity, were characterized. bacteriocinogenic strains were identified as enterococcus faecium and the maximum bacteriocin production by both strains was detected in the stationary phase of growth. the activity against listeria monocytogenes was maintained in ph range of 3-7 and was stable in both strains after heating at 100 or 121 degree ...	2006	17103378
the effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli o157, listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus and staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems.	to investigate the effectiveness of oils and vapours of lemon (citrus limon), sweet orange (citrus sinensis) and bergamot (citrus bergamia) and their components against a number of common foodborne pathogens.	2006	17105553
efficacy of lactic acid against listeria monocytogenes attached to poultry skin during refrigerated storage.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactic acid washing on the growth of listeria monocytogenes on poultry legs stored at 4 degrees c for 7 days.	2006	17105564
listeria monocytogenes translocates throughout the digestive tract in asymptomatic sheep.	ruminants are fed forage which is often contaminated with listeria, and frequently shed listeria monocytogenes with their faeces. the present study was designed to localize the sites of infection in the digestive tract concomitant with listeria faecal excretion in a sheep model. ten listeria-free sheep were inoculated per os with a dose of 10(10) c.f.u. of a pathogenic l. monocytogenes strain. listeria received by two of the ten animals were radiolabelled with (111)indium oxine. the disseminatio ...	2006	17108277
more than one variant of listeria monocytogenes isolated from each of two human cases of invasive listeriosis.	two variants of listeria monocytogenes were isolated from blood cultures from each of two patients with listeriosis. each variant displayed a two-band difference in dna profile from the other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. although this difference in profile is insufficient to distinguish clearly between the variants, the possibility of co-infection with different strains of l. monocytogenes needs to be considered. we suggest that more than one colony should be selected for molecular typin ...	2007	17109771
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing dendritic cells form suppurative granulomas following listeria monocytogenes infection.	control of pathogens by formation of abscesses and granulomas is a major strategy of the innate immune system, especially when effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity are insufficient. we show in human listeriosis that dcs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (ido), together with macrophages, are major cellular components of suppurative granulomas in vivo. induction of ido by dcs is a cell-autonomous response to listeria monocytogenes infection and was also observed in other granulomatous inf ...	2006	17111046