Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| enhancer-promoter communication mediated by chip during pannier-driven proneural patterning is regulated by osa. | the gata factor pannier activates proneural achaete/scute (ac/sc) expression during development of the sensory organs of drosophila through enhancer binding. chip bridges pannier with the (ac/sc)-daughterless heterodimers bound to the promoter and facilitates the enhancer-promoter communication required for proneural development. we show here that this communication is regulated by osa, which is recruited by pannier and chip. osa belongs to brahma chromatin remodeling complexes and we show that ... | 2003 | 12629041 |
| comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility between invasive and non-invasive shigella organisms. | antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for ten strains of shigella spp. comparing invasive (invasion plasmid containing) and non-invasive members of each strain. the activity of the antimicrobial agents could be classified into three types from the differences between the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) for the invasive and non-invasive shigellae. for type 1, there was no difference between the mic (an mic gap) for invasive and non-invasive organisms. for type 2, the mic for the inva ... | 2003 | 12636989 |
| virtual screening for submicromolar leads of trna-guanine transglycosylase based on a new unexpected binding mode detected by crystal structure analysis. | eubacterial trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is involved in the hypermodification of cognate trnas, leading to the exchange of g34 by preq1 at the wobble position in the anticodon loop. mutation of the tgt gene in shigella flexneri results in a significant loss of pathogenicity of the bacterium due to inefficient translation of a virulence protein mrna. herein, we describe the discovery of a ligand with an unexpected binding mode. on the basis of this binding mode, three slightly deviating ph ... | 2003 | 12646024 |
| electrophoretic analysis of salmonella typhi and other bacteria. | a comparative study involving sds-page of salmonella typhi and other bacteria was conducted. protoplasmic antigens of salmonella typhi. salmonella paratyphi a, salmonella typhimurium, proteus sp, klebsiellas sp. pseudomonas aeruginosa, shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus were separated and compared on sds-page followed by checking of their cross reactivity by gel diffusion using antisera raised against whole cell and lysates of salmonella typhi. lines of identity between salmonella typhi, s ... | 2002 | 12649947 |
| expression and purification of invasion plasmid antigen c of shigella flexneri. | to induce the expression of and purify invasion plasmid antigen c (ipac) of shigella flexneri for studying the pathogenesis of shigella flexneri. | 2003 | 12651237 |
| contribution of the shigella flexneri sit, iuc, and feo iron acquisition systems to iron acquisition in vitro and in cultured cells. | shigella flexneri possesses multiple iron acquisition systems, including proteins involved in the synthesis and uptake of siderophores and the feo system for ferrous iron utilization. we identified an additional s. flexneri putative iron transport gene, sita, in a screen for s. flexneri genes that are induced in the eukaryotic intracellular environment. sita was present in all shigella species and in most enteroinvasive escherichia coli strains but not in any other e. coli isolates tested. the s ... | 2003 | 12654809 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial activity of [2-[2-(n, n-disubstituted thiocarbamoyl-sulfanyl)-acylamino] thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid ethyl esters. | [2-[2-(n, n-disubstituted thiocarbamoyl-sulfanyl)acylamino ]thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid ethyl esters (3a-x) were synthesized by the reaction of potassium salts of n, n-disubstituted dithiocarbamoic acids with [2-(2-chloroalkanoyl)amino-thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid ethyl esters. the structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses, uv, ir, (1)h-nmr, and ei mass spectral data. the antimicrobial activities of all the compounds were investigated by microbroth dilution technique ... | 2003 | 12666252 |
| genetic modulation of shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide o antigen modal chain length reveals that it has been optimized for virulence. | the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecules of shigella flexneri 2a have o antigen (oag) polysaccharides with two modal chain length distributions. the chromosomal wzz(sf) gene results in short (s) type oag chains [11-17 oag repeat units (rus)], and the phs-2 plasmid-located wzz(phs2) gene results in very long (vl) type oag chains (>90 oag rus). s. flexneri wzz(sf) mutants are unable to form plaques on hela cell monolayers and f-actin comet tails, indicating that icsa/virg function in actin-based mot ... | 2003 | 12686635 |
| attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi and shigella flexneri 2a strains mucosally deliver dna vaccines encoding measles virus hemagglutinin, inducing specific immune responses and protection in cotton rats. | measles remains a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries. residual maternal measles antibodies and immunologic immaturity dampen immunogenicity of the current vaccine in young infants. because cotton rat respiratory tract is susceptible to measles virus (mv) replication after intranasal (i.n.) challenge, this model can be used to assess the efficacy of mv vaccines. pursuing a new measles vaccine strategy that might be effective in young infants, we used attenuated salmonella en ... | 2003 | 12692223 |
| antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri. | of 17 spices and herbs tested at 1% (wt/vol) in mueller-hinton (mh) agar, only cloves, thyme, oregano, allspice, basil, rosemary, and marjoram showed antimicrobial effects on shigella. the mics of thyme, oregano, basil, and rosemary (as determined by the agar dilution method) ranged from 0.5 to 1% (wt/vol) depending on the shigella strain used. with the use of various combinations of temperatures (12, 22, and 37 degrees c), phs (5.0, 5.5, and 6.0), and nacl concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%, wt/vo ... | 2003 | 12696694 |
| complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457t. | we determined the complete genome sequence of shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457t (4,599,354 bp). shigella species cause >1 million deaths per year from dysentery and diarrhea and have a lifestyle that is markedly different from those of closely related bacteria, including escherichia coli. the genome exhibits the backbone and island mosaic structure of e. coli pathogens, albeit with much less horizontally transferred dna and lacking 357 genes present in e. coli. the strain is distinctive ... | 2003 | 12704152 |
| morphology of temperate bacteriophage sfv and characterisation of the dna packaging and capsid genes: the structural genes evolved from two different phage families. | the entire genome of sfv, a temperate serotype-converting bacteriophage of shigella flexneri, has recently been sequenced (allison, g.e., angeles, d., tran-dinh, n., verma, n.k. 2002, j. bacteriol. 184, 1974-1987). based on the sequence analysis, we further characterised the sfv virion structure and morphogenesis. electron microscopy indicated that sfv belongs to the myoviridae morphology family. analysis of the proteins encoded by orf1, orf2, and orf3 revealed that they were homologous to small ... | 2003 | 12706095 |
| [role of shigella flexneri type-specific antigen in bacterial resistance to oxidative stressor]. | lac+ type- s. flexneri 1298 1a and s. flexneri 1338 1b hybrids has been obtained in the crosses of shigella strains with escherichia coli k-12 hfr c. the detection of in vitro survive of the bacteria of genetically linked pair strains, differing in type specific antigen synthesis is presented. the more sensitive of lac+ type- hybrids to the treatment by hydrogen peroxide of concentration 205 mm in comparison with the parent s. flexneri strains possesses the type specific antigen synthesis was sh ... | 2000 | 12712519 |
| role of lipid-mediated signal transduction in bacterial internalization. | receptor-mediated phagocytosis normally represents an important first line of immune defence. invading microbes are internalized into phagosomes and are typically killed by exposure to a battery of microbicidal agents. to some intracellular pathogens, however, receptor-mediated phagocytosis represents an opportunity to access a protected niche within the host cell. another type of intracellular pathogen, including salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and shigella flexneri, invade host cells i ... | 2003 | 12713488 |
| lipopolysaccharide o antigen chains mask icsa (virg) in shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t lipopolysaccharide (lps) has o antigen (oag) chains with two modal lengths (s-type and vl-type), and has icsa apparently located at one pole on its cell surface. treatment of y serotype derivatives of 2457t and rma696 (2457t wzz(sf)) with sf6 tailspike protein (tsp) resulted in hydrolysis of oag chains, and an increase in detection of icsa by indirect immunofluorescence staining on both the lateral and polar regions of the cell surface. newly synthesised icsa ex ... | 2003 | 12725923 |
| multicopy icsa is able to suppress the virulence defect caused by the wzz(sf) mutation in shigella flexneri. | the lipopolysaccharides (lps) of shigella flexneri are important for virulence and their o antigen (oag) polysaccharide chains affect icsa (virg)-mediated actin-based motility (abm) within mammalian cells. s. flexneri 2a 2457t has smooth lps whose oag chains have two modal lengths (short (s)-type and very long (vl)-type), and has icsa predominantly located at one pole on its cell surface. a s. flexneri 2457t wzz(sf) mutant (rma696) has vl-type oag but not s-type oag chains, less icsa detectable ... | 2003 | 12725929 |
| subunit interaction of monomeric alanine racemases from four shigella species in catalytic reaction. | bacterial alanine racemases are classified into two types of subunit structure (monomer and homodimer). to clarify the catalytic unit of monomeric alanine racemases, we examined the apparent molecular mass of the monomeric alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei by gel filtration in the presence of the substrate and inhibitor. the enzymes were eluted on gel filtration as a monomer of about 39,000 da at low protein concentration and in ... | 2003 | 12725937 |
| helicobacter pylori: an invading microorganism? a review. | in this review we evaluate the pros and cons of helicobacter pylori invasion of epithelial cells as part of the natural history of h. pylori infection. h. pylori is generally considered an extracellular microorganism. however, a growing body of evidence supports the controversial hypothesis that at least a subset of h. pylori microorganisms has an intracellular (intraepithelial) location. most significant is the fact that h. pylori invades cultured epithelial cells with invasion frequencies simi ... | 2003 | 12738380 |
| icsb, secreted via the type iii secretion system, is chaperoned by ipga and required at the post-invasion stage of shigella pathogenicity. | shigella deliver a subset of effector proteins such as ipaa, ipab and ipac via the type iii secretion system (ttss) into host cells during the infection of colonic epithelial cells. many bacterial effectors including some from shigella require specific chaperones for protection from degradation and targeting to the ttss. in this study, we have investigated the role of the icsb gene located upstream of the ipabcda operon in shigella infection because the role of icsb as a virulence factor remains ... | 2003 | 12753186 |
| shigella flexneri bacteremia in a child. | we report an unusual and lethal case of shigella flexneri septicemia in an 8-year-old saudi handicapped child from a social home presenting with severe toxic megacolon and acute abdomen secondary to fulminant necrotizing enterocolitis. | 2003 | 12754544 |
| adipokinetic hormone enhances laminarin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade in the african migratory locust, locusta migratoria. | lom-akh-i enhances the activation in vivo of prophenoloxidase in the haemolymph of the african migratory locust, locusta migratoria, in response to challenge with laminarin. akh does not influence the speed or initial magnitude of the phenoloxidase response to laminarin, but prolongs the period of activation of the enzyme in a dose-dependent manner. injections of preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) do not activate prophenoloxidase in vivo, but co-injection of lom-akh-i with commer ... | 2002 | 12770071 |
| a method for allelic replacement in francisella tularensis. | a vector for mutagenesis of francisella tularensis was constructed based on the puc19 plasmid. by inserting the sacb gene of bacillus subtilis, orit of plasmid rp4, and a chloramphenicol resistance gene of shigella flexneri, a vector, ppv, was obtained that allowed specific mutagenesis. a protocol was developed that allowed introduction of the vector into the live vaccine strain, lvs, of f. tularensis by conjugation. as a proof of principle, we aimed to develop a specific mutant defective in exp ... | 2003 | 12770718 |
| seasonal variation in bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples in karachi, pakistan. | to determine the seasonal variation of the commonly isolated bacterial pathogens in stool samples. | 2003 | 12779031 |
| virulence factors of salmonella ser. enteritidis strains isolated in italy from food-borne outbreaks. | twelve salmonella ser. enteritidis strains phage type 4 isolated in italy from different food-borne outbreaks were characterized for the expression of different virulence traits, for antibiotic resistance, and for plasmid dna profile. all the twelve s. enteritidis strains were able to invade and multiply within hela cell monolayers, even if at a lower efficiency if compared to an invasive shigella flexneri strain. the strains were not hemolytic and produced only a moderate-level cytotoxic effect ... | 1999 | 12783651 |
| three-way interactions among the sfh, stpa and h-ns nucleoid-structuring proteins of shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t. | shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t has been found to express sfh, a new member of the h-ns-like family of nucleoid-structuring proteins. with h-ns and its paralogue, stpa, this brings to three the number of these proteins expressed in this bacterium. this raises the possibility that three-way interactions may occur in s. flexneri among these proteins and between the proteins and each other's genes. such three-way interactions among h-ns-like proteins have not been described previously. the expres ... | 2003 | 12787365 |
| protective efficacy of oral immunization with heat-killed shigella flexneri 2a in animal model: study of cross protection, immune response and antigenic recognition. | oral immunization of rabbits with four doses of 10(11) heat-killed shigella flexneri 2a showed 100% protection against challenge with virulent s. flexneri 2a. after orally immunizing guinea pigs with four doses of heat-killed s. flexneri 2a 100% protection could be shown against ocular challenge with the same virulent s. flexneri 2a strain but this conferred no protection against challenge with shigella dysenteriae type 1. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblot experiments b ... | 2003 | 12798648 |
| identification of ranbmp interacting with shigella flexneri ipac invasin by two-hybrid system of yeast. | bacillary dysentery caused by shigella flexneri is still a threat to human health. of four invasion plasmid antigen proteins (ipaa,b,c and d), ipac plays an important role in the pathogenicity of this pathogen. the purpose of this study was to investigate the proteins interacting with ipac in the host cell during the pathogenic process of this disease. | 2003 | 12800254 |
| the escherichia fergusonii iucabcd iuta genes are located within a larger chromosomal region similar to pathogenicity islands. | three strains of escherichia fergusonii (ef873, ef1496, ef939) of 50 strains tested produced the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin. screening of a cosmid library of the strain ef873 chromosomal dna (in aerobactin nonproducing escherichia coli vcs257) for aerobactin production identified iucabcd and iuta gene orthologues. the predicted iucabcd and iuta proteins showed 59-65% identity to the corresponding proteins of shigella flexneri and e. coli. aerobactin molecules synthesized by e. fergusonii ... | 2003 | 12800494 |
| decontamination of seeds for seed sprout production by high hydrostatic pressure. | garden cress, sesame, radish, and mustard seeds immersed in water were treated with high pressure (250, 300, 350, and 400 mpa) for 15 min at 20 degrees c. after treatment, percentages of seeds germinating on water agar were recorded for up to 11 days. of the seeds tested, radish seeds were found to be the most pressure sensitive, with seeds treated at 250 mpa reaching 100% germination 9 days later than untreated control seeds did. garden cress seeds, on the other hand, were the most pressure res ... | 2003 | 12800989 |
| in vitro dna-binding properties of virb, the shigella flexneri virulence regulatory protein. | the dna-binding activity of the shigella flexneri virb transcription factor was studied in vitro. the protein was found to bind non-specifically to dna, but showed preferential binding to virb-dependent promoter sequences. dna binding was contingent on the presence of an intact helix-turn-helix motif. while high molecular mass protein-dna complexes were formed in both specific and non-specific interactions with dna, mutant derivatives of virb lacking a leucine zipper domain or a carboxyl-termina ... | 2003 | 12804772 |
| a role for vasp in rhoa-diaphanous signalling to actin dynamics and srf activity. | vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (vasp) is involved in multiple actin-mediated processes, including regulation of serum response factor (srf) activity. we used the srf transcriptional assay to define functional domains in vasp and to show that they coincide with those required for f-actin accumulation, as determined by a quantitative facs assay. we identified inactive vasp mutants that can interfere both with f-actin assembly and with srf activation by wild-type vasp. these vasp mutants als ... | 2003 | 12805219 |
| escherichia albertii sp. nov., a diarrhoeagenic species isolated from stool specimens of bangladeshi children. | the taxonomic position of a group of five d-sorbitol- and lactose-negative enterobacterial isolates recovered from diarrhoeal stools of children at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh (icddr,b), was investigated by dna-dna hybridization, phenotypic characterization and 16s rdna sequencing. these strains were originally identified as 'hafnia alvei-like' with the api 20e system but, in fact, show more phenotypic and genotypic resemblance to members of the genus esc ... | 2003 | 12807204 |
| the invasive phenotype of shigella flexneri directs a distinct gene expression pattern in the human intestinal epithelial cell line caco-2. | invasion of the human colonic epithelium by shigella flexneri causes inflammation that disrupts the intestinal barrier. invaded intestinal epithelial cells are the major source of mediators recruiting the inflammatory infiltrate. to better characterize the global response of intestinal epithelial cells to shigella invasion, caco-2 cells were infected by an invasive isolate of s. flexneri 5a, and their transcriptome was analyzed by affymetrix (santa clara, ca) microarrays (12,000 genes) and compa ... | 2003 | 12813033 |
| a newborn mouse model for the study of intestinal pathogenesis of shigellosis. | shigella infection is characterized by the induction of acute inflammation, which is responsible for the massive tissue destruction of the intestinal mucosa. a murine model would be a valuable tool for gaining a better understanding of the physiopathology of shigellosis and the host immune response to shigella infection, but adult mice do not develop disease upon oral inoculation. we therefore attempted to develop a model of infection in newborn mice. four-day-old mice inoculated with 50 microl ... | 2003 | 12814438 |
| a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium translocated leucine-rich repeat effector protein inhibits nf-kappa b-dependent gene expression. | nontyphoidal salmonellae are enteric pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis and colonize the intestinal tract for prolonged periods. in the intestinal epithelia, these bacteria induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-8 (il-8), which leads to a profound inflammatory response through recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. production of il-8 induced by salmonella spp. is due to the activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappa b) and a ... | 2003 | 12819095 |
| infectious agent and immune response characteristics of chronic enterocolitis in captive rhesus macaques. | chronic enterocolitis is the leading cause of morbidity in colonies of captive rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). this study's aim was to identify the common enteric pathogens frequently associated with chronic enterocolitis in normal, immunocompetent rhesus monkeys and to elucidate the influence of this clinical syndrome on the host immune system. we analyzed the fecal specimens from 100 rhesus macaques with or without clinical symptoms of chronic diarrhea. retrospective analysis revealed an inc ... | 2003 | 12819098 |
| molecular epidemiology of shigella in a taiwan township during 1996 to 2000. | a previously identified shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain was responsible for an outbreak of shigellosis in a taiwan township in august 1996. in order to find the relationship between this outbreak strain and subsequent shigella infections in the area, 59, 47, 35, and 20 shigella isolates recovered in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively, were collected and typed by serological and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) techniques. of these 161 isolates, 139 isolates were s. flexneri ser ... | 2003 | 12843047 |
| connexin-dependent inter-cellular communication increases invasion and dissemination of shigella in epithelial cells. | shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillar dystentery, invades the colonic mucosa where it elicits an intense inflammatory reaction responsible for destruction of the epithelium. during cell invasion, contact with host cells activates the type-iii secretion of the shigella ipab and ipac proteins. ipab and ipac are inserted into host cell plasma membranes and trigger initial signals that result in actin polymerization, while allowing cytosolic access of other bacterial effectors that furt ... | 2003 | 12844145 |
| the glutamate-dependent acid resistance system of escherichia coli and shigella flexneri is inhibited in vitro by l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid. | strains of escherichia coli k-12, o157:h7, and shigella flexneri grown to stationary phase in complex unbuffered media can survive for several hours at ph 2.5. this stationary-phase acid resistance phenotype is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor sigmas and the supplementation of either glutamate or glutamine in the acidified media used for acid challenge. acid resistance under these defined conditions can be inhibited by the glutamate analog l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid which ... | 2003 | 12855178 |
| the actin-based motility defect of a shigella flexneri rmld rough lps mutant is not due to loss of icsa polarity. | shigella flexneri requires the outer membrane protein icsa(virg) and lipopolysaccharide (lps) for efficient actin-based motility (abm) within mammalian cells which is essential for virulence. wild type strains of s. flexneri 2a such as 2457t have smooth lps whose o antigen (oag) chains have two modal lengths and icsa predominantly located at one pole on their cell surface. in contrast, rough lps mutants lack oag chains, have icsa on lateral and polar regions of the cell surface, and are defectiv ... | 2003 | 12860454 |
| rickettsial actin-based motility: behavior and involvement of cytoskeletal regulators. | actin-based motility (abm) is employed by spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae, such as rickettsia rickettsii, to promote cell-to-cell spread. time-lapse video microscopy revealed that abm is not strictly confined to sfg rickettsiae as typhus group r. typhi moved at approximately the same rate as r. rickettsii (approximately 4 micro m/min), but in a highly erratic fashion. a number of common behaviors were observed between abm of r. typhi and r. rickettsii, such as entrance into plasma membrane ... | 2003 | 12860687 |
| mxik and mxin interact with the spa47 atpase and are required for transit of the needle components mxih and mxii, but not of ipa proteins, through the type iii secretion apparatus of shigella flexneri. | the type iii secretion (tts) pathway is used by numerous gram-negative pathogens to inject virulence factors into eukaryotic cells. the shigella flexneri tts apparatus (ttsa) spans the bacterial envelope and its assembly requires the products of approximately 20 mxi and spa genes. we present a functional analysis of the mxik, mxin and mxil genes. inactivation of mxik and mxin, but not mxil, resulted in the assembly of a non-functional ttsa that lacked the outer needle. the amounts of needle comp ... | 2003 | 12864857 |
| trna-guanine transglycosylase from e. coli: a ping-pong kinetic mechanism is consistent with nucleophilic catalysis. | trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is a key enzyme in the post-transcriptional modification of certain trnas with the pyrrolopyrimidine base queuine. tgt is required for pathogenicity in shigella flexneri, a human pathogen, and therefore is potentially a novel antibacterial target. previous work has indicated that the tgt reaction proceeds through a covalent enzyme-trna complex [biochemistry 40 (2001) 14123]. to further substantiate this mechanism, the determination of the kinetic mechanism for ... | 2003 | 12877882 |
| [alteration of phagocyte functional activity depending on the presence of pr50 plasmid in bacteria]. | the relationship between the presence, or the absence, of conjugative plasmid pr50 detected in klebsiella oxytoca 89, in the isogenic pairs of attenuated strains shigella flexneri 2a 516 near and salmonella typhimurium 129 rifr and the regeneration of the active forms of oxygen by mouse peritoneal phagocytizing cells was studied. as indicated by the data obtained in the course of the experiment, plasmids pr50 could influence the chemiluminescent response of phagocytes. the inhibition of the synt ... | 2003 | 12886622 |
| conversion of shigella flexneri serotype 2a to serotype y in a shigellosis patient due to a single amino acid substitution in the protein product of the bacterial glucosyltransferase gtrii gene. | conversion of serotype from 2a to y was demonstrated with five shigella flexneri isolates recovered from an infected patient. when introduced into the serotype y isolate, the glucosyltransferase (gtr) ii gene of the serotype 2a isolate is capable of inducing the conversion from serotype y to 2a. in contrast, the gtrii of the serotype y isolate lacks the capacity to change serotype, resulting from a cys-->tyr substitution in its predicted protein sequence. the protein product of the gtrii gene wa ... | 2003 | 12892893 |
| the phosphatidylinositol (pi)-5-phosphate 4-kinase type ii enzyme controls insulin signaling by regulating pi-3,4,5-trisphosphate degradation. | phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (pi-5-p) is a newly identified phosphoinositide with characteristics of a signaling lipid but no known cellular function. pi-5-p levels are controlled by the type ii pi-5-p 4-kinases (pip4k iis), a family of kinases that converts pi-5-p into phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (pi-4,5-p2). the pi-5-p pathway is an alternative route for pi-4,5-p2 synthesis as the bulk of this lipid is generated by the canonical pathway in which phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate ( ... | 2003 | 12897244 |
| shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457t expresses three members of the h-ns-like protein family: characterization of the sfh protein. | shigella flexneri 2a is known to express the h-ns nucleoid-structuring protein and the paralogous protein stpa. using bioinformatic analysis we have now discovered a third member of the h-ns protein family, sfh (shigella flexneri h-ns-like protein), in strain 2457t. this protein is encoded by the sfh gene, which is located on a high-molecular-mass plasmid that is closely related to the self-transmissible plasmid r27. when expressed in escherichia coli, the sfh protein can complement an hns null ... | 2003 | 12898223 |
| identification of the promoter regions and sigma(s)-dependent regulation of the gada and gadbc genes associated with glutamate-dependent acid resistance in shigella flexneri. | resistance to killing by low ph is a common feature of both escherichia coli and shigella flexneri. the most effective e. coli acid resistance system utilizes two isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase encoded by gada and gadb, and a putative glutamate/gamma-amino butyric acid antiporter encoded by gadc. expression of the gad system is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor, sigma(s). we confirm that gada, gadb, and gadc are also all dependent upon sigma(s) for their expression in s. flexneri. - ... | 2003 | 12900035 |
| safety and immunogenicity of shigella sonnei-crm9 and shigella flexneri type 2a-repasucc conjugate vaccines in one- to four-year-old children. | shigella conjugate vaccines have been shown to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious in adult volunteers. we have now investigated the safety and immunogenicity of investigational shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri 2a conjugate vaccines in 1- to 4-year-old children, the age group at greatest risk for shigellosis. | 2003 | 12913770 |
| duplication is more common among laterally transferred genes than among indigenous genes. | recent developments in the understanding of paralogous evolution have prompted a focus not only on obviously advantageous genes, but also on genes that can be considered to have a weak or sporadic impact on the survival of the organism. here we examine the duplicative behavior of a category of genes that can be considered to be mostly transient in the genome, namely laterally transferred genes. using both a compositional method and a gene-tree approach, we identify a number of proposed laterally ... | 2003 | 12914657 |
| the factor c3 conversion in human complement by smooth shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharides. | shigella flexneri rods play an important role in human intestinal infections. in the presented studies we have shown that o-acetyl and glucose residues, substituted in main galnac-rha chains of lipopolysaccharide (lps) are important for the bactericidal effect of human serum. by dot-blot, immunoblotting and elisa with immobilized lps we have shown correlation of c3 fragments deposition and serum resistance. lpss isolated from a serum-sensitive strain deposited more c3 fragments than lpss from se ... | 2003 | 12916727 |
| conformational studies of the o-specific polysaccharide of shigella flexneri 5a and of four related synthetic pentasaccharide fragments using nmr and molecular modeling. | as part of a program for the development of synthetic vaccines against the pathogen shigella flexneri, we used a combination of nmr and molecular modeling methods to study the conformations of the o-specific polysaccharide (o-sp) of s. flexneri 5a and of four related synthetic pentasaccharide fragments. the nmr study, based on the analysis of 1h and 13c chemical shifts, the evaluation of inter-residue distances, and the measurement of one- and three-bond heteronuclear coupling constants, showed ... | 2003 | 12925526 |
| [dysentery in poland in 2001]. | the notified number of dysentery cases is still very low, similar to the number reported in 2000. only 128 cases were notified in the year 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000 population) while 121 cases were notified in 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000). no death due to dysentery was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. only one outbreak of foodborne infection due to s. sonnei involving 28 patients was registered, less than in 2000 when 2 outbreaks, one due to s. flexneri and one due ... | 2003 | 12926313 |
| ipac of shigella binds to the c-terminal domain of beta-catenin. | ipac of shigella is essential for initial bacterial entry into epithelial cells. we report here that ipac interacts with beta-catenin and destabilizes the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion complex. using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified beta-catenin as a binding partner of ipac within the host cell after cell entry, but not in the initial entry. co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and gst pull-down experiments confirmed the intracellular and cell-free interactions between these tw ... | 2003 | 12927518 |
| survival, growth, and inactivation of acid-stressed shigella flexneri as affected by ph and temperature. | a study was done to determine the survival, growth, and inactivation characteristics of unadapted, acid-adapted, and acid-shocked shigella flexneri 2a cells as affected by ph and temperature. the pathogen was grown at 37 degrees c for 18 h in tryptic soy broth containing no glucose (tsbng) (unadapted cells) and tsbng supplemented with 1% glucose (tsbg) (acid-adapted cells). cells grown in tsbng were acid-shocked by adjusting 18-h cultures to ph 4.5+/-0.05 with lactic acid. all three cell types w ... | 2003 | 12927715 |
| a two-dimensional proteome map of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative facultatively intracellular pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. in this study, extracellular proteins from the culture medium and whole cell proteins in cellular extracts of s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t were examined by two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis using immobilized ph gradient (ipg) technology. proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) in combination with mascot search ... | 2003 | 12929182 |
| shigella-induced necrosis and apoptosis of u937 cells and j774 macrophages. | it is currently unclear whether shigella kills its phagocytic host cells by apoptosis or necrosis. this study shows that rapid necrosis ensues in macrophage-like cell lines (u937 cells differentiated by all-trans-retinoic acid and j774 cells) infected with the shigella flexneri strain ysh6000. the infected cells rapidly lose membrane integrity, a typical feature of necrosis, as indicated by the release of the cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase and the exposure of phosphatidylserine (ps) associate ... | 2003 | 12949176 |
| comparative study of three different dna fingerprint techniques for molecular typing of shigella flexneri strains isolated in romania. | in this study, 97 epidemiologically unrelated shigella flexneri strains isolated during 1994 (69 isolates) and 1997 (28 isolates) were characterised by ribotyping, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based pcr typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. number of strains belonging to each of the six serotypes is selected equal to their distribution in romania. the isolates comprise 24 ribotypes based on combination of two restriction patterns obtained with hindlii and psti ... | 2003 | 12952147 |
| [effect of a polyoxydonium immunoregulator on the biological properties of microorganisms]. | the effect of the synthetic immunomodulator polyoxydonium (po) on some biological properties of pathogenic bacteria (shigella flexneri, salmonella enteritidis), opportunistic bacteria (klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, bacteroides fragilis, peptostreptococcus anaerobius, prevotella melaninogenica, propionibacterium propionicum, clostridium difficile) and fungi (candida albicans), isolated during enteric infections, enteric dysbiosis, pyoinfla ... | 2003 | 12966885 |
| phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of polyhydroxy compounds by class a bacterial acid phosphatases. | nonspecific acid phosphatases share a conserved active site with mammalian glucose-6-phosphatases (g6pase). in this work we examined the kinetics of the phosphorylation of glucose and dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate (g6p) catalysed by the acid phosphatases from shigella flexneri (phon-sf) and salmonella enterica (phon-se). phon-sf is able to phosphorylate glucose regiospecifically to g6p, glucose-1-phosphate is not formed. the k(m) for glucose using pyrophosphate (ppi) as a phosphate do ... | 2003 | 12968332 |
| [demonstration of a thermolabile antigen in shigella (shigella flexneri type 6)]. | 1952 | 12995772 | |
| [serological affinity of shigella flexneri type 6 and the species paracolobactrum]. | 1952 | 12995776 | |
| quantitative studies of cross reactions between shigella flexneri types 1a, 1b, and 31. | 1953 | 13035116 | |
| an aldoheptose phosphate in a polysaccharide isolated from shigella flexneri. | 1953 | 13055985 | |
| [circulatory collapse and morphological changes in poisoning with shigella flexneri dysentery endotoxin]. | 1953 | 13078835 | |
| the polysaccharide of shigella flexneri, type 3. | 1953 | 13084652 | |
| [note on a strain of shigella flexneri isolated by hemoculture]. | 1953 | 13124952 | |
| [cerebral hemorrhage during shigella flexneri infection]. | 1953 | 13126225 | |
| laboratory infections with shigella flexneri 3 and shigella sonnei. | 1954 | 13151869 | |
| [method of mass cultivation of shigella paradysenteriae]. | 1953 | 13152957 | |
| mannitol negative varieties of shigella flexneri serotypes. | 1954 | 13163415 | |
| [modifications induced in shigella flexneri strain by cultivation in homologous immune serum]. | 1953 | 13168108 | |
| shigella flexneri enzootic in captive rhesus monkeys. | 1954 | 13172519 | |
| [acute enterocolitis due to shigella flexneri associated with bronchopneumonia and complicated by peritonitis]. | 1954 | 13181966 | |
| studies on the transfer of lymph node cells. iv. effects of x-irradiation of recipient rabbits on the appearance of antibody after cell transfer. | cells of the popliteal lymph node were teased 3 days after the injection of shigella paradysenteriae into the hind foot pads of rabbits. these cells were transferred to normal and x-irradiated recipients. it was noted that the serum titers of dysentery agglutinins in irradiated recipients were higher than in normal recipients. this was represented both in a higher peak: titer and a tendency to remain higher for a longer period than in normal animals. recipients were x-irradiated within 1 hour af ... | 1954 | 13192253 |
| transfer to x-irradiated rabbits of lymph node cells incubated in vitro with shigella paradysenteriae. | 1954 | 13194717 | |
| immunochemical study of a bacterial endotoxin: shigella flexneri type z. | the endotoxins of the gram-negative bacteria have similar biological and chemical properties. the toxic antigen of shigella flexneri type z was selected as a representative endotoxin, and it was confirmed that the antigen consists of a polysaccharide conjugated with phospholipid and protein. by the technique of zone electrophoresis, the polysaccharide of the purified endotoxin was shown to be conjugated with each of three different proteins, and each conjugate proved toxic and antigenic for the ... | 1954 | 13201716 |
| [explosive epidemic of dysentery caused by sulfonamide-resistant strain of shigella flexneri ii]. | 1954 | 13226728 | |
| [shigella flexneri food poisoning]. | 1955 | 13266611 | |
| a serological relationship between shigella flexneri and some strains of bacterium coli. | 1955 | 13272143 | |
| studies on the transfer of lymph node cells in relation to the formation of agglutinins to shigella paradysenteriae. | 1955 | 13273110 | |
| non-mannitol fermenting strains of shigella flexneri 4 isolated in hong kong. | 1955 | 13278951 | |
| [effect of vaccination on purification of the organism from shigella paradysenteriae]. | 1955 | 13282473 | |
| the survival of shigella in sewage. i. an effect of sewage and fecal suspensions on shigella flexneri. | 1956 | 13283537 | |
| [two strains of shigella flexneri isolated by hemoculture]. | 1955 | 13284444 | |
| demonstration of shigella flexneri antigens by means of hemagglutination test. | 1956 | 13295629 | |
| studies on the o antigen of shigella flexneri type mita, with special emphasis on the biologically active factor. | 1955 | 13318776 | |
| [resistence of shigella flexneri to synthomycin, streptomycin and biomycin]. | 1956 | 13325908 | |
| [history of shigella flexneri 6 (l) and several newer types of the boyd group]. | 1956 | 13353547 | |
| experimental enteric shigella and vibrio infections in mice and guinea pigs. | a method has been devised for inhibiting the normal enteric flora, permitting long term asymptomatic enteric infections of mice and guinea pigs with streptomycin-resistant strains of shigella flexneri or vibrio cholerae. introduction of a streptomycin-resistant strain of e. coli into the intestinal tract of experimental animals resulted in a rapid elimination of the enteric pathogens studied. no in vitro production of antibiotic substances by this coli strain could be demonstrated. active and or ... | 1956 | 13357693 |
| studies on the transfer of lymph node cells. vii. transfer of cells incubated in vitro with filtrates of trypsin-treated suspensions of shigella paradysenteriae. | shigella paradysenteriae organisms were incubated in a solution of trypsin and then removed from the suspension by seitz filtration. serologic tests with anti whole shigella serum indicated that the filtrate contained antigenic material derived from the organisms. when lymph node cells from rabbits not previously injected with shigella were incubated in vitro with such filtrates and then transferred to irradiated recipients, agglutinins to shigella appeared in the sera of the latter. the transfe ... | 1956 | 13367335 |
| studies on the transfer of lymph node cells. viii. the transfer of cells from blood and peritoneal exudates incubated in vitro with antigenic material derived from shigella paradysenteriae. | leucocytes were obtained from the blood of rabbits, incubated in vitro with soluble antigenic material derived from shigella paradysenteriae, washed, and transferred to irradiated recipient animals. on the 4th day after cell transfer, agglutinins to shigella appeared in the sera of the majority of such recipients. the distribution of maximum agglutinin titers was substantially lower in these animals than in recipients of lymph node cells similarly incubated, as reported in earlier studies. recip ... | 1956 | 13367336 |
| oxidative dissimilation of amino acids and related compounds by shigella flexneri. | 1956 | 13376520 | |
| [antigenic relations between proteus morganii and shigella flexneri]. | 1957 | 13411697 | |
| inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by fractions of the shigella paradysenteriae type iii-somatic antigen. | 1957 | 13412131 | |
| studies on the metabolism of shigella. i. the occurrence of a tricarboxylic acid cycle in shigella flexneri. | 1957 | 13416203 | |
| new mannitol negative variety of shigella flexneri 2a. | 1956 | 13421654 | |
| agglutinating efficiency and combining capacity of shigella and vibrio antisera from rabbits at different stages of immunization. | studies of the relative combining capacities of different antisera to vibrio cholerae and shigella flexneri were carried out using the talmage test. in this test the absorption of an i(131) labelled antibody preparation by antigen is blocked by the addition of unlabelled unknown serum. sera from rabbits in the early stages of immunization ("early antisera") had a high agglutinin titer, but low combining capacity. sera from hyperimmune rabbits ("late antisera") had higher combining capacities tha ... | 1957 | 13428929 |
| microscopic characteristics of colonies of shigella flexneri 2a and 2b and their relation to antigenic composition, mouse virulence and immunogenicity. | 1957 | 13429082 | |
| a study of the tannic acid hemagglutination test with antigenic substances of shigella flexneri. | 1957 | 13439207 |