Publications

seasonal variations of antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils extracted from three citrus limon l. burm. cultivars.	in order to investigate the seasonal variations of antimicrobial properties and chemical composition of essential oils (eos), three different cultivars of citrus limon l. burm. spp. (femminello santa teresa, monachello and femminello continella) were collected at 6-week intervals, from december 2012 to april 2013, for a total of four harvests. the eos were extracted from lemon peel by hydro-distillation. the antimicrobial activity, tested by paper disc diffusion method, was evaluated against com ...	2014	24443967
antimicrobial beeswax coated polylactide films with silver control release capacity.	although the application of silver based antimicrobial systems is a widespread technology, its implementation in areas such as food packaging is still challenging. the present paper describes the fabrication of poly(lactic acid) (pla) coated with beeswax with controlled release properties for sustained antimicrobial performance. release of silver ions from the polymers was monitored voltammetrically under various conditions (surface contact, immersion in various liquid media and at different ph ...	2014	24448276
female partner preferences enhance offspring ability to survive an infection.	it is often suggested that mate choice enhances offspring immune resistance to infectious diseases. to test this hypothesis, we conducted a study with wild-derived house mice (mus musculus musculus) in which females were experimentally mated either with their preferred or non-preferred male, and their offspring were infected with a mouse pathogen, salmonella enterica (serovar typhimurium).	2014	24450606
antimicrobial resistance in salmonella strains clinically isolated in hyogo, japan (2009-2012).	the purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents and genetic diversity of 195 clinical strains of salmonella spp., which were isolated and examined for the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) blactx-m gene and the presence of gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes mutations in hyogo, japan, from 2009 to 2012. forty-three of the 195 strains were antimicrobial resistant. two salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains, 1 serovar schwarzengrund, and 1 serova ...	2014	24451104
novel kojic acid-polymer-based magnetic nanocomposites for medical applications.	iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (mnps) were synthesized by the coprecipitation of iron salts in sodium hydroxide followed by coating separately with chitosan (cs) and polyethylene glycol (peg) to form cs-mnps and peg-mnps nanoparticles, respectively. they were then loaded with kojic acid (ka), a pharmacologically bioactive natural compound, to form ka-cs-mnps and ka-peg-mnps nanocomposites, respectively. the mnps and their nanocomposites were characterized using powder x-ray diffraction, fouri ...	2014	24453486
allelic variation in salmonella: an underappreciated driver of adaptation and virulence.	salmonella enterica causes substantial morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. infection and intestinal colonization by s. enterica require virulence factors that mediate bacterial binding and invasion of enterocytes and innate immune cells. some s. enterica colonization factors and their alleles are host restricted, suggesting a potential role in regulation of host specificity. recent data also suggest that colonization factors promote horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance ...	2013	24454310
a flagellin-derived toll-like receptor 5 agonist stimulates cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated tumor immunity.	toll-like receptor (tlr) mediated recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns allows the immune system to rapidly respond to a pathogenic insult. the "danger context" elicited by tlr agonists allows an initially non-immunogenic antigen to become immunogenic. this ability to alter environment is highly relevant in tumor immunity, since it is inherently difficult for the immune system to recognize host-derived tumors as immunogenic. however, immune cells may have encountered certain tlr ...	2014	24454895
whole-genome sequencing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cubana strains isolated from agricultural sources.	we report the draft genomes of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cubana strain cvm42234, isolated from chick feed in 2012, and s. cubana strain 76814, isolated from swine in 2004. the genome sizes are 4,975,046 and 4,936,251 bp, respectively.	2014	24459266
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar agona pulsed-field type sagoxb.0066, cause of a 2008 pan-european outbreak.	salmonella enterica serovar agona is in the top 10 most common nontyphoidal serovars reported in humans in the european union. here we report the complete genome sequence of an s. enterica serovar agona isolate, designated 24249, that was the cause of a pan-european outbreak in 2008 with 163 confirmed cases reported.	2014	24459278
first trimester typhoid fever with vertical transmission of salmonella typhi, an intracellular organism.	we report a case in which placental abruption occurred at 16 weeks following first trimester diagnosis and treatment for typhoid fever. unexpectedly salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) was found in fetal tissues at autopsy. using information from the murine model of typhoid fever in pregnancy, we draw parallels between s. typhi and l. monocytogenes to develop a plausible hypothesis to explain how this organism was able to cross the placenta in the first trimester to cause abruption, inf ...	2013	24459469
salmonella isolated from individual reptiles and environmental samples from terraria in private households in sweden.	this study investigates salmonella spp. isolated from privately kept reptiles and from environmental samples such as bedding materials or water from the floor of the enclosures (terraria). it also compares isolation of salmonella using modified semisolid rappaport-vassiliadis (msrv) medium or selective enrichment in rappaport-vassiliadis-soya (rvs) pepton broth. cloacal swabs or swabs from the cloacal area were collected from 63 individual reptiles belonging to 14 households. all reptiles were f ...	2014	24461167
fimy of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium functions as a dna-binding protein and binds the fimz promoter.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium produces type 1 fimbriae with binding specificity to mannose residues. elements involved in fimbrial structural biosynthesis, transport, and regulation are encoded by the fim gene cluster. fimz, fimy, fimw, stm0551, and an arginine transfer rna (fimu) were previously demonstrated to regulate fimbrial expression. the amino acid sequences of the c-terminal portion of fimy revealed similarity with those of luxr-like proteins. electrophoretic mobility shift as ...	2014	24462182
biofilm formation by salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- portuguese isolates: a phenotypic, genotypic, and socio-geographic analysis.	biofilm-forming ability is well established as an important virulence factor. however, there are no studies available regarding biofilm formation of salmonella typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, the new pandemic serovar in europe. to address this problem, biofilm expression by salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- was evaluated using 133 isolates from clinical, environmental and animal origins, collected in portugal from 2006 to 2011. biofilm detection was performed by phenotypic and genotypic methods, such growth ...	2014	24463530
absence of intestinal pparγ aggravates acute infectious colitis in mice through a lipocalin-2-dependent pathway.	to be able to colonize its host, invading salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium must disrupt and severely affect host-microbiome homeostasis. here we report that s. typhimurium induces acute infectious colitis by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparγ) expression in intestinal epithelial cells. interestingly, this pparγ down-regulation by s. typhimurium is independent of tlr-4 signaling but triggers a marked elevation of host innate immune response genes, including ...	2014	24465207
different efficiency of ozonated water washing to inactivate salmonella enterica typhimurium on green onions, grape tomatoes, and green leaf lettuces.	ozonated water washing is one of the emerging techniques to inactivate foodborne pathogens on produce, and limited information is available to optimize processing parameters (treatment time, temperature, and ph) to improve ozone efficacy on salmonella inactivation for different produce. the efficacy of ozonated water washing for inactivation of salmonella enterica typhimurium on green onions, grape tomatoes and green leaf lettuces were studied in our research. surface inoculated fresh produce we ...	2014	24467482
a gene knock-in method used to purify plasmid pspi12 from salmonella enterica serovar pullorum and characterization of ipaj.	a small plasmid with 4080 bp long, designated pspi12, was purified from salmonella enterica serovar pullorum using a gene knock-in method by inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette in the plasmid. the g+c content of the plasmid was 51.8%, which is in the range of salmonella genomic dna. a sequence analysis revealed that pspi12 had 99.1% homology to psfd10, which was first reported in the vaccine strain s. enterica serovar chloreaesuis c500, but not prevalent among other strains of s. chloreaes ...	2014	24468333
oxa-48 carbapenemase-producing salmonella enterica serovar kentucky isolate of sequence type 198 in a patient transferred from libya to switzerland.	here, we report a case of oxa-48-producing salmonella enterica serovar kentucky of sequence type 198 (st198) from perianal screening cultures of a patient transferred from libya to switzerland. the blaoxa-48 gene was carried by tn1999.2 and located on an ∼60-kb incl/m plasmid. this salmonella strain also possessed the blaveb-8, aac(6)-ib, tet(a), sul1, and mpha resistance genes and substitutions in gyra (ser83phe and asp87asn) and parc (ser80ile). this finding emphasizes that prompt screening st ...	2014	24468781
distribution of gifsy-3 and of variants of st64b and gifsy-1 prophages amongst salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates: evidence that combinations of prophages promote clonality.	salmonella isolates harbour a range of resident prophages which can influence their virulence and ability to compete and survive in their environment. phage gene profiling of a range of phage types of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) indicates a significant level of correlation of phage gene profile with phage type as well as correlation with genotypes determined by a combination of multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) typing and clustered regu ...	2014	24475087
nosocomial outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium primarily affecting a pediatric ward in south africa in 2012.	we describe a nosocomial outbreak of diarrheal disease caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, focused on a pediatric ward in south africa. the outbreak peaked between may 2012 and july 2012. person-to-person transmission was the most likely mechanism of spread of the infection, expedited due to a breakdown in hand-washing and hygiene, suboptimal infection control practices, overcrowding of hospital wards, and an undesirable ...	2014	24478499
lack of efflux mediated quinolone resistance in salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.	salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a isolates from human patients in france displaying different levels of resistance to quinolones or fluoroquinolones were studied for resistance mechanisms to these antimicrobial agents. all resistant isolates carried either single or multiple target gene mutations (i.e., in gyra, gyrb, or parc) correlating with the resistance levels observed. active efflux, through upregulation of multipartite efflux systems, has also been previously reported as ...	2014	24478769
characterization of blacmy plasmids and their possible role in source attribution of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infections.	salmonella is an important cause of foodborne illness; however, identifying the source of these infections can be difficult. this is especially true for salmonella serotype typhimurium, which is found in diverse agricultural niches. extended-spectrum cephalosporins (esc) are one of the primary treatment choices for complicated salmonella infections. in salmonella, esc resistance in the united states is mainly mediated by blacmy genes carried on various plasmids. in this study, we examined whethe ...	2014	24484290
evaluation of efficacy, biodistribution and safety of antibiotic-free plasmid encoding somatostatin genes delivered by attenuated salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis.	we describe here a balanced-lethal system using an asd(+) expression plasmid pvgs/2ss-asd encoding two copies of somatostatin (ss) genes carried by δasd/δcrp double mutant salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (named c501). the advantage of this novel system is the use of asd (aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) gene as selection marker to replace the antibiotic resistance markers, thus eliminating the industrial cultivation and environmental problems. we then evaluated the efficacy, biodis ...	2014	24486312
in-feed use of heavy metal micronutrients in u.s. swine production systems and its role in persistence of multidrug-resistant salmonellae.	the study aimed to characterize the role of heavy metal micronutrients in swine feed in emergence of heavy-metal-tolerant and multidrug-resistant salmonella organisms. we conducted a longitudinal study in 36 swine barns over a 2-year period. the feed and fecal levels of cu(2+) and zn(2+) were measured. salmonella was isolated at early and late finishing. mics of copper sulfate and zinc chloride were measured using agar dilution. antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the kirby-bauer metho ...	2014	24487542
the salmonella spi1 virulence regulatory protein hild directly activates transcription of the flagellar master operon flhdc.	infection of intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 (spi1)-encoded type iii injectisome system and flagellar motility. thus, the expression of virulence and flagellar genes is subject to tight regulatory control mechanisms in order to ensure the correct spatiotemporal production of the respective gene products. in this work, we reveal a new level of cross-regulation between the spi1 and flagellar regulatory systems. transpos ...	2014	24488311
antibiotic stress-induced modulation of the endoribonucleolytic activity of rnase iii and rnase g confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in escherichia coli.	here, we report a resistance mechanism that is induced through the modulation of 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) processing on the exposure of escherichia coli cells to aminoglycoside antibiotics. we observed decreased expression levels of rnase g associated with increased rnase iii activity on rng mrna in a subgroup of e. coli isolates that transiently acquired resistance to low levels of kanamycin or streptomycin. analyses of 16s rrna from the aminoglycoside-resistant e. coli cells, in addition to mu ...	2014	24489121
curli synthesis and biofilm formation in enteric bacteria are controlled by a dynamic small rna module made up of a pseudoknot assisted by an rna chaperone.	rydc pseudoknot aided by hfq is a dynamic regulatory module. we report that rydc reduces expression of curli-specific gene d transcription factor required for adhesion and biofilm production in enterobacteria. during curli formation, csgd messenger rna (mrna) synthesis increases when endogenous levels of rydc are lacking. in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, stimulation of rydc expression also reduces biofilm formation by impairing curli synthesis. inducing rydc early on in growth lowers ...	2014	24489123
a low gastric ph mouse model to evaluate live attenuated bacterial vaccines.	the low ph of the stomach serves as a barrier to ingested microbes and must be overcome or bypassed when delivering live bacteria for vaccine or probiotic applications. typically, the impact of stomach acidity on bacterial survival is evaluated in vitro, as there are no small animal models to evaluate these effects in vivo. to better understand the effect of this low ph barrier to live attenuated salmonella vaccines, which are often very sensitive to low ph, we investigated the value of the hist ...	2014	24489912
potential interactions between salmonella enterica and ralstonia solanacearum in tomato plants.	over the past decade, the eastern shore of virginia (esv) has been implicated in at least four outbreaks of salmonellosis associated with tomato, all originating from the same serovar, salmonella enterica serovar newport. in addition to salmonella newport contamination, the devastating plant disease bacterial wilt, caused by the phytopathogen ralstonia solanacearum, threatens the sustainability of esv tomato production. bacterial wilt is present in most esv tomato fields and causes devastating y ...	2014	24490928
bacterial population structure and dynamics during the development of almond drupes.	to describe the bacterial populations and their dynamics during the development of almond drupes.	2014	24494712
influence of the treatment of listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with citral on the efficacy of various antibiotics.	the main goal of this work was to study the bacterial adaptive responses to antibiotics induced by sublethal concentration of citral on first-and second-generation cells of listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b (cect 4032) and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (cect 443). the first-generation cells were not pretreated with citral, while the second-generation cells were obtained from cells previously exposed to citral during 5 h. the trials were conducted at 37°c. the presence of citral in the ...	2014	24494856
antimicrobial function of shβap, a novel hemoglobin β chain-related antimicrobial peptide, isolated from the liver of skipjack tuna, katsuwonus pelamis.	a 2.3 kda of antimicrobial peptide was purified from an acidified liver extract of skipjack tuna, katsuwonus pelamis, by preparative acid-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and c18 reversed-phase hplc. a comparison of the amino acid sequence of the purified peptide with those of other known polypeptides revealed high homology with the c-terminus of hemoglobin β-chain; thus, this peptide was designated as the skipjack hemoglobin β chain-related antimicrobial peptide (shβap). shβap showed pot ...	2014	24495783
spatial segregation of virulence gene expression during acute enteric infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	to establish a replicative niche during its infectious cycle between the intestinal lumen and tissue, the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium requires numerous virulence genes, including genes for two type iii secretion systems (t3ss) and their cognate effectors. to better understand the host-pathogen relationship, including early infection dynamics and induction kinetics of the bacterial virulence program in the context of a natural host, we monitored the subcellular locali ...	2014	24496791
laser optical sensor, a label-free on-plate salmonella enterica colony detection tool.	we investigated the application capabilities of a laser optical sensor, bardot (bacterial rapid detection using optical scatter technology) to generate differentiating scatter patterns for the 20 most frequently reported serovars of salmonella enterica. initially, the study tested the classification ability of bardot by using six salmonella serovars grown on brain heart infusion, brilliant green, xylose lysine deoxycholate, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 (xlt4) agar plates. highly accurate discrim ...	2014	24496794
dietary supplementation with soluble plantain non-starch polysaccharides inhibits intestinal invasion of salmonella typhimurium in the chicken.	soluble fibres (non-starch polysaccharides, nsp) from edible plants but particularly plantain banana (musa spp.), have been shown in vitro and ex vivo to prevent various enteric pathogens from adhering to, or translocating across, the human intestinal epithelium, a property that we have termed contrabiotic. here we report that dietary plantain fibre prevents invasion of the chicken intestinal mucosa by salmonella. in vivo experiments were performed with chicks fed from hatch on a pellet diet con ...	2014	24498347
crispr is an optimal target for the design of specific pcr assays for salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a.	serotype-specific pcr assays targeting salmonella enterica serotypes typhi and paratyphi a, the causal agents of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, are required to accelerate formal diagnosis and to overcome the lack of typing sera and, in some situations, the need for culture. however, the sensitivity and specificity of such assays must be demonstrated on large collections of strains representative of the targeted serotypes and all other bacterial populations producing similar clinical symptoms.	2014	24498453
variations in motility and biofilm formation of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) exhibits unique characteristics as an intracellular human pathogen. it causes both acute and chronic infection with various disease manifestations in the human host only. the principal factors underlying the unique lifestyle of motility and biofilm forming ability of s. typhi remain largely unknown. the main objective of this study was to explore and investigate the motility and biofilm forming behaviour among s. typhi strains of diverse background.	2014	24499680
evaluation of whole genome sequencing for outbreak detection of salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica is a common cause of minor and large food borne outbreaks. to achieve successful and nearly 'real-time' monitoring and identification of outbreaks, reliable sub-typing is essential. whole genome sequencing (wgs) shows great promises for using as a routine epidemiological typing tool. here we evaluate wgs for typing of s. typhimurium including different approaches for analyzing and comparing the data. a collection of 34 s. typhimurium isolates was sequenced. this consisted of ...	2014	24505344
rapid salmonella detection in experimentally inoculated equine faecal and veterinary hospital environmental samples using commercially available lateral flow immunoassays.	salmonella enterica is the most commonly reported cause of outbreaks of nosocomial infections in large animal veterinary teaching hospitals and the closure of equine hospitals. rapid detection may facilitate effective control practices in equine populations. shipping and laboratory testing typically require ≥48 h to obtain results. lateral flow immunoassays developed for use in food-safety microbiology provide an alternative that has not been evaluated for use with faeces or environmental sample ...	2015	24506224
the cytokine il-22 promotes pathogen colonization by suppressing related commensal bacteria.	interleukin-22 (il-22) is highly induced in response to infections with a variety of pathogens, and its main functions are considered to be tissue repair and host defense at mucosal surfaces. here we showed that il-22 has a unique role during infection in that its expression suppressed the intestinal microbiota and enhanced the colonization of a pathogen. il-22 induced the expression of antimicrobial proteins, including lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, which sequester essential metal ions from micr ...	2014	24508234
risk factors for the development of severe typhoid fever in vietnam.	typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhi. age, sex, prolonged duration of illness, and infection with an antimicrobial resistant organism have been proposed risk factors for the development of severe disease or fatality in typhoid fever.	2014	24512443
quantitative proteomic analysis of the salmonella-lettuce interaction.	human pathogens can internalize food crops through root and surface uptake and persist inside crop plants. the goal of the study was to elucidate the global modulation of bacteria and plant protein expression after salmonella internalizes lettuce. a quantitative proteomic approach was used to analyse the protein expression of salmonella enterica serovar infantis and lettuce cultivar green salad bowl 24 h after infiltrating s. infantis into lettuce leaves. among the 50 differentially expressed pr ...	2014	24512637
presence of salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pseudotuberculosis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in wild boars.	the european wild boar populations are growing and spreading to new areas, which might constitute a threat to public health, since wild boar can harbour pathogens with the potential to cause serious illness in humans. tonsils, ileocaecal lymph nodes and faecal samples were collected from 88 swedish wild boars and analysed for the presence of the zoonotic pathogens salmonella spp., yersinia enterocolitica, y. pseudotuberculosis and enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 (ehec). a combination ...	2014	24512817
high-level expression, purification and characterisation of porcine β-defensin 2 in pichia pastoris and its potential as a cost-efficient growth promoter in porcine feed.	porcine β-defensin 2 (pbd2), a recently discovered porcine defensin that is produced by the intestine, exerts antimicrobial activities and innate immune effects that are linked to intestinal diseases in pigs. here, we report a codon-optimised protein corresponding to mature pbd2 cdna that was expressed and purified in pichia pastoris yeast. the highest amount of secreted protein (3,694.0 mg/l) was reached 144 h into a 150-h induction during high-density cultivation. precipitation followed by gel ...	2014	24515729
control of a salmonella virulence operon by proline-charged trna(pro).	the intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium requires the mgtc gene to cause disease. the mgtc transcript includes a long leader region that harbors a short proline codon-rich orf--termed mgtp--the translation of which is predicted to favor formation of one of two alternative stem-loop structures. we now report that the mgtp proline codons are critical for expression of the mgtc coding region inside host cells, for salmonella survival inside macrophages, and for virulence i ...	2014	24516160
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin.	salmonella serovar dublin causes disease in cattle and leads to considerable production losses. in humans, severe invasive disease and high mortality rates are reported. the presently available typing methods provide insufficient discrimination within salm. dublin for epidemiological investigations. in this study, we developed a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) scheme for high discriminatory typing of salm. dublin.	2014	24517207
investigation of a food-borne salmonella oranienburg outbreak in a mexican prison.	gastroenteritis outbreaks in prisons represent a public health risk worldwide. identifying and characterizing the etiological agents of gastroenteritis outbreaks in prisons is important for implementing effective prevention and infection control measures. we present the first studied case of a gastroenteritis outbreak in a mexican prison.	2014	24518623
jcti-i: a novel trypsin inhibitor from jatropha curcas seed cake with potential for bacterial infection treatment.	jatropha curcas seed cake is a low-value by-product resulting from biodiesel production. the seed cake is highly toxic, but it has great potential for biotechnology applications as it is a repository of biomolecules that could be important in agriculture, medicine, and industry. to explore this potential, a novel trypsin inhibitor called jcti-i was purified by fractionation of the crude extract with trichloroacetic acid (2.5%, v/v) followed by affinity chromatography (trypsin-sepharose 4b) and m ...	2014	24523715
process optimization for increased yield of surface-expressed protein in escherichia coli.	the autotransporter family of gram-negative protein exporters has been exploited for surface expression of recombinant passenger proteins. while the passenger in some cases was successfully translocated, a major problem has been low levels of full-length protein on the surface due to proteolysis following export over the cytoplasmic membrane. the aim of the present study was to increase the surface expression yield of the model protein sefa, a salmonella enterica fimbrial subunit with potential ...	2014	24525833
toll-like receptor-deficient mice reveal how innate immune signaling influences salmonella virulence strategies.	pathogens utilize features of the host response as cues to regulate virulence gene expression. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) sense toll-like receptor (tlr)-dependent signals to induce salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2), a locus required for intracellular replication. to examine pathogenicity in the absence of such cues, we evaluated st virulence in mice lacking all tlr function (tlr2(-/-)xtlr4(-/-)xunc93b1(3d/3d)). when delivered systemically to tlr-deficient mice, st do not ...	2014	24528866
experimental salmonellosis challenge model in older calves.	non-typhoidal salmonella serovars (nts) are the leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide and the leading cause of hospitalization and death due to foodborne illnesses in the united states. while there has been some progress in vaccine development against salmonella spp., there are no broadly protective vaccines. a compounding factor in the development of these vaccines is the lack of a natural model. most vaccine research is performed utilizing a mouse typhoid model. unlike mice, calves in ...	2014	24529790
structure and expression of propanediol utilization microcompartments in acetonema longum.	numerous bacteria assemble proteinaceous microcompartments to isolate certain biochemical reactions within the cytoplasm. the assembly, structure, contents, and functions of these microcompartments are active areas of research. here we show that the gram-negative sporulating bacterium acetonema longum synthesizes propanediol utilization (pdu) microcompartments when starved or grown on 1,2-propanediol (1,2-pd) or rhamnose. electron cryotomography of intact cells revealed that pdu microcompartment ...	2014	24532773
the consequences of a sudden demographic change on the seroprevalence pattern, virulence genes, identification and characterisation of integron-mediated antibiotic resistance in the salmonella enterica isolated from clinically diarrhoeic humans in egypt.	the present study was undertaken to identify and characterise integrons and integrated resistance gene cassettes among eight multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella serovars isolated from humans in egypt. virulotyping by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used for the detection of the presence of virulence genes. integron pcr was used to detect the presence of class 1 in the mdr strains. the associated individual resistance gene cassettes were identified using specific pcrs. the isolated serovars ...	2014	24535570
design of a comprehensive biochemistry and molecular biology experiment: phase variation caused by recombinational regulation of bacterial gene expression.	scientific experiments are indispensable parts of biochemistry and molecular biology. in this study, a comprehensive biochemistry and molecular biology experiment about salmonella enterica serovar typhi flagellar phase variation has been designed. it consisted of three parts, namely, inducement of bacterial flagellar phase variation, antibody agglutination test, and pcr analysis. phase variation was observed by baterial motility assay and identified by antibody agglutination test and pcr analysi ...	2014	24535961
practical considerations of surveillance of salmonella serovars other than enteritidis and typhimurium.	non-typhoid salmonella serovars other than salmonella enterica serovars s. enteritidis (se) and s.typhimurium (st) are isolated throughout the world with huge variations in prevalence. besides the more generally occurring serovars, such as s. infantis and s. hadar, there are many examples of serovars that are principally reported from the regions and are most probably associated with local reservoirs. in most countries of the world, no formal surveillance systems for human salmonellosis are in p ...	2013	24547654
isolation and characterization of salmonella enterica in day-old ducklings in egypt.	importing day-old ducklings (dod) unknowingly infected with non-typhoid salmonella (nts) may be associated with disease risk. domestic and international trade may enhance this risk. salmonella enterica serovars, their virulence genes combinations and antibiotic resistance, garner attention for their potentiality to contribute to the adverse health effects on populations throughout the world. the aim of this study was to estimate the risk of imported versus domestic dod as potential carriers of n ...	2014	24548159
outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype infantis infection in humans linked to dry dog food in the united states and canada, 2012.	case description--in april 2012, salmonella enterica serotype infantis was detected in an unopened bag of dry dog food collected during routine retail surveillance. pulsenet, a national bacterial subtyping network, identified humans with salmonella infantis infection with the same genetic fingerprint as the dog food sample. clinical findings--an outbreak investigation identified 53 ill humans infected with the outbreak strain during january 1 to july 5, 2012, in 21 states and 2 provinces in cana ...	2014	24548229
a new ultrasonic high-throughput instrument for rapid dna release from microorganisms.	rapid detection methods for microbiological contamination are requested by many industries that respond to public health concerns. the control laboratories are replacing traditional culturing methods with faster assays based on nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as real-time pcr. however, an optimal nucleic acid sample preparation method is critical for the sensitivity and specificity of such tools. a high-throughput automated external ultrasonic device was developed for rapid lysing ...	2014	24548895
response of medicago truncatula seedlings to colonization by salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7.	disease outbreaks due to the consumption of legume seedlings contaminated with human enteric bacterial pathogens like escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica are reported every year. besides contaminations occurring during food processing, pathogens present on the surface or interior of plant tissues are also responsible for such outbreaks. in the present study, surface and internal colonization of medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa, by salmonella enterica and escherichia ...	2014	24551073
comparison of salmonella typhi and paratyphi a occurrence in a tertiary care hospital.	enteric fever is an important public health problem in many underdeveloped and developing countries. in india, though salmonella enterica serotype typhi remains the predominant salmonella species causing enteric fever, isolation of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a is increasing. it occurs in all age groups and more common in summer season affecting mainly children.	2013	24551623
influence of moisture content on inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in powdered red and black pepper spices by radio-frequency heating.	the influence of moisture content during radio-frequency (rf) heating on heating rate, dielectric properties, and inactivation of foodborne pathogens was investigated. the effect of rf heating on the quality of powdered red and black pepper spices with different moisture ranges was also investigated. red pepper (12.6%, 15.2%, 19.1%, and 23.3% dry basis, db) and black pepper (10.1%, 17.2%, 23.7%, and 30.5% db) inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium we ...	2014	24555992
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum strain fcav198, a brazilian chicken pathogen.	salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum is a bird-restricted pathogen which causes pullorum disease. the strain fcav198 was isolated from a pool of chicken ovaries in brazil, and its genome may be helpful for studies involving molecular mechanisms related to pathogenesis and other related applications.	2014	24558231
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain sth2370.	we report the draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain sth2370, isolated from a typhoid fever patient in santiago, chile. this clinical isolate has been used as the reference wild-type strain in numerous studies conducted in our laboratories during the last 15 years.	2014	24558245
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium slows down to dodge antibiotics.		2014	24558352
molecular epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar kottbus isolated in germany from humans, food and animals.	salmonella enterica serovar kottbus has been continuously isolated from poultry and poultry meat, especially from turkey. we investigated by comparative molecular typing 95 s. kottbus isolates obtained in germany between 2000 and 2011 from poultry/poultry meat, pig/pork, cattle, reptiles, the environment as well as from human cases to identify potential infection sources for humans, especially the role of poultry and poultry products as vehicle in transmission of s. kottbus isolates to humans. m ...	2014	24559660
novel synergistic approach to exploit the bactericidal efficacy of commercial disinfectants on the biofilms of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	combined effect of malic acid and ozone as sanitizer to inhibit the biofilm formation by salmonella typhimurium on different food contact surfaces was investigated in this study. different surfaces used in food industry including pvc pipes, polyethylene bags, plastic surfaces and fresh produce were analyzed for the biofilm formation by s. typhimurium st1 and st2. malic acid alone was not able to inhibit biofilm formation in all the samples. however, combination of malic acid with ozone reduced t ...	2014	24560666
the flagellar soluble protein flik determines the minimal length of the hook in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the length of the flagellar hook is controlled by the soluble protein flik. flik is structurally divided into two halves with distinct functions; the n-terminal half determines hook length, while the c-terminal half switches the secretion substrate specificity, consequently terminating hook elongation. flik properly achieves both functions only when it is secreted. in a previous paper, we showed that a temperature-sensitive flge mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, sjw2219, produce ...	2014	24563036
salmonella enterica arthritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy.	anti-tumour necrosis factor (tnf) monoclonal antibodies have become an invaluable treatment against chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (ra). however, due to increased risk of opportunistic infections, patients receiving anti-tnf therapy should be closely monitored for serious infections. here, we describe a case of acute salmonella_enteritidis infection of a joint arthroplasty that previously was functioning well, in a patient receiving infliximab treatment for ra. after ...	2013	24564054
investigation of the use of pooled faecal and environmental samples following an enrichment step for the detection of salmonella enterica by real-time pcr.		2014	24570410
bacteriophage-induced reduction in salmonella enteritidis counts in the crop of broiler chickens undergoing preslaughter feed withdrawal.	salmonella food poisoning is a public health problem. feed withdrawal from broiler chickens before slaughter can favor the multiplication of salmonella in the cecum and crop of contaminated animals and subsequently lead to contamination of carcasses in the processing plant. in the present study, a cocktail of lytic bacteriophages isolated from sewage water was orally administered to 45-d-old broiler chickens 1 h after they received an oral dose of 10(7) cfu/ml salmonella enterica subspecies ente ...	2014	24570442
survival of salmonella enterica in poultry feed is strain dependent.	feed components have low water activity, making bacterial survival difficult. the mechanisms of salmonella survival in feed and subsequent colonization of poultry are unknown. the purpose of this research was to compare the ability of salmonella serovars and strains to survive in broiler feed and to evaluate molecular mechanisms associated with survival and colonization by measuring the expression of genes associated with colonization (hila, inva) and survival via fatty acid synthesis (cfa, faba ...	0	24570467
il-35-producing b cells are critical regulators of immunity during autoimmune and infectious diseases.	b lymphocytes have critical roles as positive and negative regulators of immunity. their inhibitory function has been associated primarily with interleukin 10 (il-10) because b-cell-derived il-10 can protect against autoimmune disease and increase susceptibility to pathogens. here we identify il-35-producing b cells as key players in the negative regulation of immunity. mice in which only b cells did not express il-35 lost their ability to recover from the t-cell-mediated demyelinating autoimmun ...	2014	24572363
genetic diversity and evolution of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with different phage types.	phage typing has been used for the epidemiological surveillance of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis for over 2 decades. however, knowledge of the genetic and evolutionary relationships between phage types is very limited, making differences difficult to interpret. here, single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) identified from whole-genome comparisons were used to determine the relationships between some s. enteritidis phage types (pts) commonly associated with food-borne outbreaks in the un ...	2014	24574287
the agricultural antibiotic carbadox induces phage-mediated gene transfer in salmonella.	antibiotics are used for disease therapeutic or preventative effects in humans and animals, as well as for enhanced feed conversion efficiency in livestock. antibiotics can also cause undesirable effects in microbial populations, including selection for antibiotic resistance, enhanced pathogen invasion, and stimulation of horizontal gene transfer. carbadox is a veterinary antibiotic used in the us during the starter phase of swine production for improved feed efficiency and control of swine dyse ...	2014	24575089
the stability of rrna in heat-killed salmonella enterica cells and its detection by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (fish).	differentiation of viable cells from non-viable cells is a major concern in the detection of foodborne microbial pathogens. fluorescent in situ hybridisation (fish) has been utilised as a promising method in this regard. the ability of fish to differentiate viable cells from non-viable cells depends on the rapid degradation of rrna in non-viable cells. in our work, salmonella enterica that were heat-killed at 80°c, 100°c and 121°c were examined for the presence of rrna using fish at various time ...	2010	24575189
antibiogram profile of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in india - a two year study.	typhoid fever continues to remain a major health problem in the developing world, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) strains has further reduced therapeutic options for treatment of the disease. the national salmonella and escherichia centre in kasauli, india received 128 salmonella typhi isolates during 2008-2009. these were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance, prevalent resistotypes and the proportion of mdr strains, using standard methods for 11 antimicrobials. an abrupt decrea ...	2013	24575241
prevalence of quinolone resistance determinants in non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from human origin in extremadura, spain.	resistance to the quinolones nalidixic acid (nal) and ciprofloxacin (cip) and the occurrence of quinolone resistance determinants have been investigated in 300 non-typhoidal salmonella from human origin, isolated in the years between 2004 and 2008, in 6 hospitals within extremadura (spain). salmonella enteritidis was the major serotype found among quinolone-resistant isolates, most of which were clustered by clonal analysis to a single clone, which presented d87 or s83 substitutions in gyra. ele ...	2014	24581744
conformational changes of the histidine atp-binding cassette transporter studied by double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy.	the conformational dynamics of the histidine abc transporter hisqmp2 from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, reconstituted into liposomes, is studied by site-directed spin labeling and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy in the absence of nucleotides, in the atp-bound, and in the post-hydrolysis state. the results show that the inter-dimer distances as measured between the q-loops of hisp2 in the intact transporter resemble those determined for the maltose transporter in all th ...	2014	24583084
effects of leachate from crumb rubber and zinc in green roofs on the survival, growth, and resistance characteristics of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium.	the use of green roofs is a growing practice worldwide, particularly in densely populated areas. in an attempt to find new methods for recycling crumb rubber, incorporation of crumb rubber into artificial medium for plant growth in green roofs and similar engineered environments has become an attractive option for the recycling of waste tires. though this approach decreases waste in landfills, there are concerns about the leaching of zinc and other heavy metals, as well as nutrient and organic c ...	2014	24584242
epidemiological evidence that garden birds are a source of human salmonellosis in england and wales.	the importance of wild bird populations as a reservoir of zoonotic pathogens is well established. salmonellosis is a frequently diagnosed infectious cause of mortality of garden birds in england and wales, predominantly caused by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium definitive phage types 40, 56(v) and 160. in britain, these phage types are considered highly host-adapted with a high degree of genetic similarity amongst isolates, and in some instances are clonal. pulsed fie ...	2014	24586464
discovery of selective inhibitors of the clostridium difficile dehydroquinate dehydratase.	a vibrant and healthy gut flora is essential for preventing the proliferation of clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. in fact, most c. difficile infections (cdis) occur after broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, which, by eradicating the commensal gut bacteria, allows its spores to proliferate. hence, a c. difficile specific antibiotic that spares the gut flora would be highly beneficial in treating cdi. towards this goal, we set out to disc ...	2014	24586713
diversity of plasmids encoding virulence and resistance functions in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains circulating in europe.	plasmids encoding resistance and virulence properties in multidrug resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica (s.) serovar typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- isolates recovered from pigs and humans (2006-2008) in europe were characterised. the isolates were selected based on the detection by pcr-amplification of s. typhimurium virulence plasmid pslt genes and were analysed by multi-locus sequence typing (mlst). the resistance genes present in the isolates and the association of these genes wit ...	2014	24586926
establishment of a bacterial infection model using the european honeybee, apis mellifera l.	injection of human pathogenic bacteria (pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, salmonella enterica, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes) into the hemocoel of honeybee (apis mellifera l.) workers kills the infected bees. the bee-killing effects of the pathogens were affected by temperature, and the ld₅₀ values at 37°c were more than 100-fold lower than those at 15°c. gene-disrupted s. aureus mutants of virulence genes such as agra, saes, arlr, srta, hla, and hlb had attenuated ...	2014	24587122
serotype-associated polymorphisms in a partial rpob gene sequence of salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica is a zoonotic bacterium with more than 2500 serotypes, which affect a wide range of hosts and produce diverse clinical outcomes. strain identification usually involves costly and time-demanding procedures. this paper describes the sequencing of a rpob hypervariable gene segment (847 bp) that allows identification of serotypes in s. enterica strains isolated from several hosts. the nucleotide similarity values among s. enterica serotypes ranged from 98.23% to 99.88%, with pote ...	2014	24588392
sublethal amounts of origanum vulgare l. essential oil and carvacrol cause injury and changes in membrane fatty acid of salmonella typhimurium cultivated in a meat broth.	this study aimed to evaluate whether sublethal concentrations of the essential oil of origanum vulgare l. (oveo) and its major compound carvacrol (car) cause injury to the cell membrane and outer membrane of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium atcc 14028 grown in a meat broth and to assess the effect of these substances on membrane fatty acid (fa) composition. exposure of salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028 to sublethal concentrations of oveo or car caused damage to the cytoplasmic membrane an ...	2014	24588810
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.	measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...	2014	24588853
salmonella typhi liver abscess overlying a metastatic melanoma.	pyogenic liver abscesses caused by salmonella enterica serotype typhi, although rare, can occur especially in patients with pre-existing hepatobiliary disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastatic liver tumors. we present a case of salmonella liver abscesses complicating metastatic melanoma in a 24-year-old alcoholic male.	2014	24591434
ygae regulates out membrane proteins in salmonella enterica serovar typhi under hyperosmotic stress.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is a human-specific pathogen that causes typhoid fever. in this study, we constructed δygae mutant and a microarray was performed to investigate the role of ygae in regulation of gene expression changes in response to hyperosmotic stress in s. typhi. qrt-pcr was performed to validate the microarray results. our data indicated that ygae was the repressor of gab operon in s. typhi as in escherichia coli (e. coli), though the sequence of ygae is totally ...	2014	24592164
direct ros scavenging activity of cuep from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is an intracellular pathogen that has evolved to survive in the phagosome of macrophages. the periplasmic copper-binding protein cuep was initially known to confer copper resistance to s. typhimurium. crystal structure and biochemical studies on cuep revealed a putative copper binding site surrounded by the conserved cysteine and histidine residues. a recent study reported that cuep supplies copper ions to periplasmic cu, zn-superoxide dis ...	2014	24598994
highly specific salt bridges govern bacteriophage p22 icosahedral capsid assembly: identification of the site in coat protein responsible for interaction with scaffolding protein.	icosahedral virus assembly requires a series of concerted and highly specific protein-protein interactions to produce a proper capsid. in bacteriophage p22, only coat protein (gp5) and scaffolding protein (gp8) are needed to assemble a procapsid-like particle, both in vivo and in vitro. in scaffolding protein's coat binding domain, residue r293 is required for procapsid assembly, while residue k296 is important but not essential. here, we investigate the interaction of scaffolding protein with a ...	2014	24600011
polyamines are essential for virulence in salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum despite evolutionary decay of polyamine biosynthesis genes.	serovars of salmonella enterica exhibit different host-specificities where some have broad host-ranges and others, like s. gallinarum and s. typhi, are host-specific for poultry and humans, respectively. with the recent availability of whole genome sequences it has been reported that host-specificity coincides with accumulation of pseudogenes, indicating adaptation of host-restricted serovars to their narrow niches. polyamines are small cationic amines and in salmonella they can be synthesized t ...	2014	24602405
synthesis and immunogenicity evaluation of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a o-specific polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid.	salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) is a human restricted pathogen that can cause systemic infection (paratyphoid fever) with recently increased incidence particularly in developing countries. currently there is no licensed vaccine for prevention of infection from s. paratyphi a. in this study the o-specific polysaccharide (osp) of s. paratyphi a was conjugated to diphtheria toxoid (dt) with and without adipic acid dihydrazide (adh) as a linker. binding of the osp to a carri ...	2014	24603090
shifts in geographic distribution and antimicrobial resistance during a prolonged typhoid fever outbreak--bundibugyo and kasese districts, uganda, 2009-2011.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi is transmitted by fecally contaminated food and water and causes approximately 22 million typhoid fever infections worldwide each year. most cases occur in developing countries, where approximately 4% of patients develop intestinal perforation (ip). in kasese district, uganda, a typhoid fever outbreak notable for a high ip rate began in 2008. we report that this outbreak continued through 2011, when it spread to the neighboring district of bundibugyo.	2014	24603860
salmonella infections including typhoid disease.	it is estimated that more than 20 million cases of salmonella enterica serotype typhi and 6 million cases of paratyphoid disease occur worldwide annually, with typhoid disease alone causing more than 200,000 deaths. the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination guidelines are discussed.	2014	24604446
whole-genome sequences of six salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans isolates associated with a 2011 multistate hummus-borne outbreak.	we present six draft genome sequences of salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans from isolates associated with the 2011 hummus-borne multistate outbreak. all six genome sequences indicate the presence of two plasmids, one of which demonstrates similarity to the 93-kb pslt2 incf-type plasmid of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	2014	24604659
draft genome sequences of nine salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans isolates from various sources.	the sequences of nine genomes of salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans were compared to study the diversity and distribution of this emerging virulent serovar. these whole-genome sequences fill some gaps in knowledge of the diversity of the isolates used in this investigation.	2014	24604660
selection for pro-inflammatory mediators yields chickens with increased resistance against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness and can be transmitted through consumption of contaminated poultry; therefore, increasing a flock's natural resistance to salmonella could improve food safety. previously, we characterized the heterophil-mediated innate immune response of 2 parental broiler lines and f1 reciprocal crosses and showed that increased heterophil function and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators corresponds with increased resistance against diverse pathogens. a p ...	2014	24604845
contamination of eggs by salmonella enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages.	both epidemiologic analyses and active disease surveillance confirm an ongoing strong association between human salmonellosis and the prevalence of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis in commercial egg flocks. the majority of human illnesses caused by this pathogen are attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs. animal welfare concerns have increasingly influenced commercial poultry production practices in recent years, but the food safety implications of differen ...	2014	24604868
detection of salmonella enterica serovar dublin by polymerase chain reaction in multiplex format.	s. dublin has caused widespread concerns in cattle produce. using a comparative genomic method, two specific targets like sed_a1118 and sed_a2283 for s. dublin identification were firstly obtained. an efficient multiplex pcr for s. dublin detection based on the two novel specific genes and inva was therefore developed.	2014	24607499
integration of hydrogenase expression and hydrogen sensing in bacterial cell physiology.	hydrogenases are ubiquitous in ecosystems and widespread in microorganisms. in bacteria, hydrogen metabolism is a facultative trait that is tightly regulated in response to both external factors (e.g. gas concentrations) and internal factors (e.g. redox state). here we consider how environmental and pathogenic bacteria regulate [nife]-hydrogenases to adapt to chemical changes and meet physiological needs. we introduce this concept by exploring how ralstonia eutropha switches between heterotrophi ...	2014	24607643
immune response of pigs to salmonella enterica serovar derby and typhimurium infections.	interaction between pigs and salmonella enterica serovar derby (salmonella derby) is much less understood in comparison with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium). to study interactions of weaned piglets with salmonella derby, we compared the course of infections with salmonella derby de1 and salmonella typhimurium dt104 strains, both isolated from pig herds with a long history of asymptomatic infection. salmonella derby strain used was shed during the 28-day experimen ...	2014	24613290