Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| identification of immunodominant sites on the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus: implication for developing sars diagnostics and vaccines. | the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) is not only responsible for receptor binding and virus fusion, but also a major ag among the sars-cov proteins that induces protective ab responses. in this study, we showed that the s protein of sars-cov is highly immunogenic during infection and immunizations, and contains five linear immunodominant sites (sites i to v) as determined by pepscan analysis with a set of synthetic peptides overlapping the enti ... | 2004 | 15356154 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus on hospital surfaces. | health care workers continued to contract severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), even after barrier precautions were widely implemented. | 2004 | 15356778 |
| use of clinical criteria and molecular diagnosis to more effectively monitor patients recovering after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | 2004 | 15356838 | |
| a human in vitro model system for investigating genome-wide host responses to sars coronavirus infection. | the molecular basis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) induced pathology is still largely unclear. many sars patients suffer respiratory distress brought on by interstitial infiltration and frequently show peripheral blood lymphopenia and occasional leucopenia. one possible cause of this could be interstitial inflammation, following a localized host response. in this study, we therefore examine the immune response of sars-cov in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells ... | 2004 | 15357874 |
| highly infectious sars-cov pseudotyped virus reveals the cell tropism and its correlation with receptor expression. | studies of sars coronavirus (sars-cov)-the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-have been hampered by its high transmission rate and the pathogenicity of this virus. to permit analysis of the host range and entry mechanism of sars-cov, we incorporated the humanized sars-cov spike (s) glycoprotein into hiv particles to generate a highly infectious sars-cov pseudotyped virus. the infection on vero e6-a permissive cell line to sars-cov-could be neutralized by sera from conval ... | 2004 | 15358126 |
| nucleocapsid protein of sars coronavirus tightly binds to human cyclophilin a. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is responsible for sars infection. nucleocapsid protein (np) of sars-cov (sars_np) functions in enveloping the entire genomic rna and interacts with viron structural proteins, thus playing important roles in the process of virus particle assembly and release. protein-protein interaction analysis using bioinformatics tools indicated that sars_np may bind to human cyclophilin a (hcypa), and surface plasmon resonance (spr) technology revealed ... | 2004 | 15358143 |
| "teaching old drugs to kill new bugs": structure-based discovery of anti-sars drugs. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) main protease or 3c-like protease (3clpro) is essential for the propagation of the coronaviral life cycle and is regarded as one of the main targets for structure-based anti-sars drug design. it is an attractive approach to find new uses for old drugs as they have already been through extensive clinical testing and could easily be accelerated for clinical approval. briefly, we performed virtual screening of a database of small molecules against sars 3clpr ... | 2004 | 15358186 |
| molecular biology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the worldwide epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2003 was caused by a novel coronavirus called sars-cov. coronaviruses and their closest relatives possess extremely large plus-strand rna genomes and employ unique mechanisms and enzymes in rna synthesis that separate them from all other rna viruses. the sars epidemic prompted a variety of studies on multiple aspects of the coronavirus replication cycle, yielding both rapid identification of the entry mechanisms of sars-cov in ... | 2004 | 15358261 |
| evaluation of metal-conjugated compounds as inhibitors of 3cl protease of sars-cov. | 3c-like (3cl) protease is essential for the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) and therefore represents a key anti-viral target. a compound library consisting of 960 commercially available drugs and biologically active substances was screened for inhibition of sars-cov 3cl protease. potent inhibition was achieved using the mercury-containing compounds thimerosal and phenylmercuric acetate, as well as hexachlorophene. as well, 1-10 microm of each compound inhib ... | 2004 | 15358550 |
| characterization of trans- and cis-cleavage activity of the sars coronavirus 3clpro protease: basis for the in vitro screening of anti-sars drugs. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been globally reported. a novel coronavirus (cov), sars-cov, was identified as the etiological agent of the disease. sars-cov 3c-like protease (3clpro) mediates the proteolytic processing of replicase polypeptides 1a and 1ab into functional proteins, playing an important role in viral replication. in this study, we demonstrated the expression of the sars-cov 3clpro in escherichia coli and vero cells, and then characterized the in vitro trans-cleavage ... | 2004 | 15358553 |
| proceedings of the international symposium on the pathogenesis of sars. july 12-13, 2003, beijing, china. | 2003 | 15359486 | |
| osteonecrosis in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | osteonecrosis is a debilitating bone disease affecting adults who have recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome in hong kong and china, but there are no data on its prevalence in children. we report 5 children with magnetic resonance imaging evidence of osteonecrosis. in view of the high prevalence and asymptomatic presentation of osteonecrosis, we suggest magnetic resonance imaging screening for osteonecrosis in children with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | 2004 | 15361738 |
| sars viral rna. | 2004 | 15362378 | |
| [construction of phage antibody library for fab fragment from a convalescent patient infected with sars coronavirus]. | to construct the phage antibody library for fab fragment from a convalescent patient infected with sars coronavirus. | 2004 | 15367356 |
| synthesis and characterization of a native, oligomeric form of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein. | we have expressed and characterized the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) spike protein in cdna-transfected mammalian cells. the full-length spike protein (s) was newly synthesized as an endoglycosidase h (endo h)-sensitive glycoprotein (gp170) that is further modified into an endo h-resistant glycoprotein (gp180) in the golgi apparatus. no substantial proteolytic cleavage of s was observed, suggesting that s is not processed into head (s1) and stalk (s2) domains as observ ... | 2004 | 15367599 |
| retroviruses pseudotyped with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein efficiently infect cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. | infection of receptor-bearing cells by coronaviruses is mediated by their spike (s) proteins. the coronavirus (sars-cov) that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) infects cells expressing the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2). here we show that codon optimization of the sars-cov s-protein gene substantially enhanced s-protein expression. we also found that two retroviruses, simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and murine leukemia virus, both expressing green fluorescent p ... | 2004 | 15367630 |
| phylogenetic analysis of the full-length sars-cov sequences: evidence for phylogenetic discordance in three genomic regions. | the origin of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) remains unclear. evidence based on bayesian scanning plots and phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood (ml) and bayesian methods indicates that sars-cov, for the largest part of the genome ( approximately 80%), is more closely related to group ii coronaviruses sequences, whereas in three regions in the orf1ab gene it shows no apparent similarity to any of the previously characterized groups of coronaviruses. there ... | 2004 | 15368527 |
| antivirals and antiviral strategies. | in recent years, the demand for new antiviral strategies has increased markedly. there are many contributing factors to this increased demand, including the ever-increasing prevalence of chronic viral infections such as hiv and hepatitis b and c, and the emergence of new viruses such as the sars coronavirus. the potential danger of haemorrhagic fever viruses and eradicated viruses such as variola virus being used as bioterrorist weapons has also increased the profile of antiviral drug discovery. ... | 2004 | 15372081 |
| identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus by chemical genetics. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) infected more than 8,000 people across 29 countries and caused more than 900 fatalities. based on the concept of chemical genetics, we screened 50,240 structurally diverse small molecules from which we identified 104 compounds with anti-sars-cov activity. of these 104 compounds, 2 target the sars-cov main protease (m(pro)), 7 target helicase (hel), and 18 target spike (s) protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2)-mediat ... | 2004 | 15380189 |
| cellular entry of the sars coronavirus. | 2004 | 15381196 | |
| [factors of avascular necrosis of femoral head and osteoporosis in sars patients' convalescence]. | to explore the factors affecting the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis of femoral head and osteoporosis of sars patients during convalescent stage. | 2004 | 15387943 |
| immunogenicity of sars inactivated vaccine in balb/c mice. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a serious infectious threat to public health. to create a novel trial vaccine and evaluate its potency, we attempted to generate a sars inactivated vaccine using sars coronavirus (sars-cov) strain f69 treated with formaldehyde and mixed with al(oh)3. three doses of the vaccine were used to challenge three groups of balb/c mice. we found that the mice exhibited specific igm on day 4 and igg on day 8. the peak titers of igg were at day 47 in low-dose gro ... | 2004 | 15388253 |
| protective humoral responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus: implications for the design of an effective protein-based vaccine. | some of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) carry major epitopes involved in virus neutralization and are essential for the induction of protective humoral responses and the development of an effective vaccine. rabbit antisera were prepared using full-length n and m proteins and eight expressed fragments covering the s protein. antisera to s and m proteins were found to have different neutralizing titres towards sars-cov infection in viv ... | 2004 | 15448374 |
| [current topics on sars coronavirus]. | the serious respiratory disease, sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome), outbreaking in winter of 2003 to 2004 remained in a sporadic patient's generating at this winter. however, there is also a possibility that wild animals as the source of infection may not be specified and that it may be much in fashion again. the paper regarding sars and sars-cov is published at one per day now which has passed since fashion of sars in one or so year. there are many papers which the researchers of other v ... | 2004 | 15449910 |
| the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is cleaved in virus infected vero-e6 cells. | spike protein is one of the major structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. it is essential for the interaction of the virons with host cell receptors and subsequent fusion of the viral envelop with host cell membrane to allow infection. some spike proteins of coronavirus, such as mhv, hcov-oc43, aibv and bcov, are proteolytically cleaved into two subunits, s1 and s2. in contrast, tgv, fipv and hcov-229e are not. many studies have shown that the cleavage of spike prot ... | 2004 | 15450134 |
| application of real-time pcr for testing antiviral compounds against lassa virus, sars coronavirus and ebola virus in vitro. | this report describes the application of real-time pcr for testing antivirals against highly pathogenic viruses such as lassa virus, sars coronavirus and ebola virus. the test combines classical cell culture with a quantitative real-time pcr read-out. the assay for lassa virus was validated with ribavirin, which showed an ic(50) of 9 micrograms/ml. small-scale screening identified a class of imidazole nucleoside/nucleotide analogues with antiviral activity against lassa virus. the analogues cont ... | 2004 | 15451189 |
| detection of antibodies against sars-cov in serum from sars-infected donors with elisa and western blot. | recombinant fragments of s proteins from the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sara-cov) were generated and used in a western blot (wb) assay that was compared to a commercial sars elisa method. in 85% of confirmed sars cases (n = 20), the s2 recombinant fragment based wb was positive and this was comparable to the commercial elisa using heat killed sars-cov. wb using the other four recombinant fragments in confirmed sars cases generated lower rates of detection (s1--75%, s1- ... | 2004 | 15451470 |
| detecting specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes against sars-coronavirus with dimerx hla-a2:ig fusion protein. | to assess specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus, a modified dimerx flow cytometry assay was performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) from hla-a2+ sars-recovered donors at different time points post disease. cd8+dimerx-s1203+ ctls were detected in the pbmc from these donors up to 3 months after recovery. the percentages of cd8+dimerx-s1203+ cells paralleled the numbers of interferon-gamma-positive spots in an elispot as ... | 2004 | 15451471 |
| small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is the pathogen of sars, which caused a global panic in 2003. we describe here the screening of chinese herbal medicine-based, novel small molecules that bind avidly with the surface spike protein of sars-cov and thus can interfere with the entry of the virus to its host cells. we achieved this by using a two-step screening method consisting of frontal affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with a viral infection assay based on ... | 2004 | 15452254 |
| macaque model for severe acute respiratory syndrome. | rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were challenged with 10(7) pfu of a clinical isolate of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus. some of the animals developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans with sars. the macaque model as it currently exists will have limited utility in the study of sars and the evaluation of therapies. | 2004 | 15452262 |
| macaque model for severe acute respiratory syndrome. | rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were challenged with 10(7) pfu of a clinical isolate of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus. some of the animals developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans with sars. the macaque model as it currently exists will have limited utility in the study of sars and the evaluation of therapies. | 2004 | 15452262 |
| resolution of primary severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection requires stat1. | intranasal inhalation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) in the immunocompetent mouse strain 129svev resulted in infection of conducting airway epithelial cells followed by rapid clearance of virus from the lungs and the development of self-limited bronchiolitis. animals resistant to the effects of interferons by virtue of a deficiency in stat1 demonstrated a markedly different course following intranasal inhalation of sars cov, one characterized by replication of vi ... | 2004 | 15452265 |
| efficient replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mouse cells is limited by murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. | replication of viruses in species other than their natural hosts is frequently limited by entry and postentry barriers. the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) utilizes the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) to infect cells. here we compare human, mouse, and rat ace2 molecules for their ability to serve as receptors for sars-cov. we found that, compared to human ace2, murine ace2 less efficiently bound the s1 domain of sars-cov and supported less-eff ... | 2004 | 15452268 |
| globalization and risks to health. | 2004 | 15459728 | |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome surveillance in australia. | in march 2003, the world health organization (who) issued a global alert recommending active worldwide surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). this paper describes the epidemiological features of cases reported by australian states and territories to the australian government department of health and ageing between 17 march and 31 july 2003. there were 138 people investigated for sars: 111 as suspect and 27 as probable. five probable cases were reported to who after review of ... | 2004 | 15460954 |
| american society for virology-23rd annual meeting. vaccines and antiviral agents 10-14 july 2004, montreal canada. | 2004 | 15470595 | |
| antibody world summit 2004-sri conference 19-21 july 2004, philadelphia, pa, usa. | overall, the sessions were well attended and a lot of questions were asked. two-thirds of the speakers were from industry and the rest from academia. of particular note, the academics presented cutting-edge science in the antibody discovery and development area. business representatives from various therapeutic antibody companies discussed in detail various aspects and challenges of building a viable therapeutic antibody company. | 2004 | 15470596 |
| temporal relationship of viral load, ribavirin, interleukin (il)-6, il-8, and clinical progression in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | although viral replication and overwhelming immune responses are believed to contribute to the progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), little is known about the temporal relationship between viral load, ribavirin, proinflammatory cytokines, and clinical progression. we report that ribavirin was not effective in reducing the sars coronavirus load in 3 of 8 probable cases studied and that elevated levels of interleukin (il)-6 and il-8 subsequent to the peak viral load were found i ... | 2004 | 15472864 |
| efficient assembly and release of sars coronavirus-like particles by a heterologous expression system. | virus-like particles (vlps) produced by recombinant expression of the major viral structural proteins could be an attractive method for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) control. in this study, using the baculovirus system, we generated recombinant viruses that expressed s, e, m and n structural proteins of sars-cov either individually or simultaneously. the expression level, size and authenticity of each recombinant sars-cov protein were determined. in addition, immunofluorescence and fa ... | 2004 | 15474033 |
| a novel auto-cleavage assay for studying mutational effects on the active site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3c-like protease. | the 3c-like protease (3clpro) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been proposed as an attractive target for drug design. his41 and cys145 were essential for the active site as the principal catalytic residues. in this study, we mutated the two sites, expressed four resulting mutants in escherichia coli and characterized. all mutants showed undetectable activity in trans-cleavage assay. in addition, we introduced a 31-mer peptide containing an auto-cleavage site to the n-terminal of t ... | 2004 | 15474466 |
| immunological, structural, and preliminary x-ray diffraction characterizations of the fusion core of the sars-coronavirus spike protein. | the sars-cov spike protein, a glycoprotein essential for viral entry, is a primary target for vaccine and drug development. two peptides denoted hr-n(sn50) and hr-c(sc40), corresponding to the leu/ile/val-rich heptad-repeat regions from the n-terminal and c-terminal segments of the sars-cov spike s2 sequence, respectively, were synthesized and predicted to form trimeric assembly of hairpin-like structures. the polyclonal antibodies produced by recombinant s2 protein were tested for antigenicity ... | 2004 | 15474492 |
| receptor-binding domain of sars-cov spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine. | the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov), a type i transmembrane envelope glycoprotein, consists of s1 and s2 domains responsible for virus binding and fusion, respectively. the s1 contains a receptor-binding domain (rbd) that can specifically bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), the receptor on target cells. here we show that a recombinant fusion protein (designated rbd-fc) containing 193-amino acid rbd (residues 318-510) and a human igg1 fc ... | 2004 | 15474494 |
| medical treatment of viral pneumonia including sars in immunocompetent adult. | since no randomized controlled trials have been conducted on the treatment of viral pneumonia by antivirals or immunomodulators in immunocompetent adults, a review of such anecdotal experience are needed for the more rational use of such agents. case reports (single or case series) with details on their treatment and outcome in the english literature can be reviewed for pneumonia caused by human or avian influenza a virus (50 patients), varicella zoster virus (120), adenovirus (29), hantavirus ( ... | 2004 | 15474623 |
| interferon-beta and interferon-gamma synergistically inhibit the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). | recent studies have shown that interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) synergizes with ifn-alpha/beta to inhibit the replication of both rna and dna viruses. we investigated the effects of ifns on the replication of two strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). while treatment of vero e6 cells with 100 u/ml of either ifn-beta or ifn-gamma marginally reduced viral replication, treatment with both ifn-beta and ifn-gamma inhibited sars-cov plaque formation by 30-fold and ... | 2004 | 15476870 |
| natural course of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus immunoglobulin after infection. | 2004 | 15478079 | |
| dc-sign and dc-signr interact with the glycoprotein of marburg virus and the s protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the lectins dc-sign and dc-signr can augment viral infection; however, the range of pathogens interacting with these attachment factors is incompletely defined. here we show that dc-sign and dc-signr enhance infection mediated by the glycoprotein (gp) of marburg virus (marv) and the s protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and might promote viral dissemination. signr1, a murine dc-sign homologue, also enhanced infection driven by marv and ebola virus gp and could be targeted to ... | 2004 | 15479853 |
| testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the sars-associated coronavirus. | the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (sars-cov) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the sars outbreak. in this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that sars-cov might have been derived from a recombinant virus. first, we blasted the whole sars-cov genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques wel ... | 2005 | 15480857 |
| novel and re-emerging respiratory infections. | over the last decade a number of novel viral respiratory pathogens have appeared or been recognized. most of these are zoonoses, which have the capacity to infect humans directly or via an intermediate host. all but metapneumovirus are known to have caused epidemics of severe disease and at least two (the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and influenza h5n1) have the potential to cause global pandemics. possible preventive measures and treatment options against these new diseases are ... | 2004 | 15482205 |
| evaluation of a peptide-based enzyme immunoassay for anti-sars coronavirus igg antibody. | high throughput assays for anti-sars-cov igg antibody detection are need for large-scale epidemiologic studies. the performance of a microplate enzyme immunoassay, detect-sars was evaluated for the detection of anti-sars-cov igg antibody. this assay is based on synthetic peptides derived from the nucleocapsid and spike proteins. the results showed that the assay provided a high degree of sensitivity (95.9%) for convalescent serum samples. the level of specificity was close to 90%, and did not sh ... | 2004 | 15484283 |
| comprehensive detection and identification of human coronaviruses, including the sars-associated coronavirus, with a single rt-pcr assay. | the sars-associated human coronavirus (sars-hcov) is a newly described, emerging virus conclusively established as the etiologic agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). this study presents a single-tube rt-pcr assay that can detect with high analytical sensitivity the sars-hcov, as well as several other coronaviruses including other known human respiratory coronaviruses (hcov-oc43 and hcov-229e). species identification is provided by sequencing the amplicon, although a rapid scree ... | 2004 | 15488617 |
| molecular mimicry of acth in sars - implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis. | for a virus to survive and replicate in an organism, it must employ strategies to evade and misdirect the host's immune response. there is compelling evidence that the primary immunoevasive strategy utilized by the sars virus, like influenza, is to inhibit its host's corticosteroid stress response. this is accomplished by viral expression of amino acid sequences that are molecular mimics of the host's adrenocorticotropin hormone (acth). when the host produces antibodies against these viral antig ... | 2004 | 15488660 |
| molecular characterization of a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies specific for the sars-coronavirus. | the availability of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the sars-coronavirus (sars-cov) is important for the development of both diagnostic tools and treatment of infection. a molecular characterization of nine monoclonal antibodies raised in immune mice, using highly purified, inactivated sars-cov as the inoculating antigen, is presented in this report. these antibodies are specific for numerous viral protein targets, and six of them are able to effectively neutralize sars-cov in vitro, i ... | 2005 | 15488951 |
| high-throughput screening identifies inhibitors of the sars coronavirus main proteinase. | the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been identified as a novel coronavirus, sars-cov. the main proteinase of sars-cov, 3clpro, is an attractive target for therapeutics against sars owing to its fundamental role in viral replication. we sought to identify novel inhibitors of 3clpro to advance the development of appropriate therapies in the treatment of sars. 3clpro was cloned, expressed, and purified from the tor2 isolate. a quenched fluorescence resonance energy t ... | 2004 | 15489171 |
| [genetic variation analysis of sars coronavirus]. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) has been verified as the causative agent of a worldwide outbreak of sars. since the observed per-base replication error-rate of rna polymerase is about 3 x 10(-5), rna virus populations typically contain genetic variants that form a heterogeneous virus pool. this feature confers great adaptability on viruses and is partly responsible for current difficulties of viral disease prevention and control, such as of hiv and hcv ... | 2004 | 15490884 |
| structure-based discovery of a novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is considered an important therapeutic target for controlling cardiovascular diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreaks. recently solved high-resolution crystal structures of the apo-bound and inhibitor-bound forms of ace2 have provided the basis for a novel molecular docking approach in an attempt to identify ace2 inhibitors and compounds that block sars coronavirus spike protein-mediated cell fusion. in this study, approximately 140 0 ... | 2004 | 15492138 |
| diarrhea in medical care workers with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | several known coronavirus species cause a variety of diseases, including respiratory or enteric diseases. the purpose of this study was to investigate the interesting enteric symptoms of the medical care workers who were evidently infected with sars by means of respiratory transmission. | 2004 | 15492605 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: a retrospective view. | severe acute respiratory syndrome, or sars, which has created panic in asia and in some parts of north america, is the first epidemic of the new century. although it has been well-contained, sporadic cases continue to emerge. | 2004 | 15493394 |
| effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma sars-associated coronavirus rna concentrations in adult patients. | the effect of corticosteroid treatment on the viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) patients is unknown. | 2004 | 15494274 |
| assessment of synthetic peptides of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus recognized by long-lasting immunity. | in order to determine highly immunogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) epitope peptides capable of inducing long-lasting immunity, we first screened immunoglobulin-g (igg) antibodies reactive to 197 different overlapping 15-mers from the sars-cov proteins in the sera of three infected patients. forty-two peptides among them were reactive to the sera from all three patients. consequently, we tested for the reactivity of these 42 peptides to patients' sera (n = 45) at 6- ... | 2004 | 15496204 |
| sars risk perception, knowledge, precautions, and information sources, the netherlands. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-related risk perceptions, knowledge, precautionary actions, and information sources were studied in the netherlands during the 2003 sars outbreak. although respondents were highly aware of the sars outbreak, the outbreak did not result in unnecessary precautionary actions or fears. | 2004 | 15496256 |
| cd209l (l-sign) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is a receptor for sars-cov, the novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome [li, w. moore, m. j., vasilieva, n., sui, j., wong, s. k., berne, m. a., somasundaran, m., sullivan, j. l., luzuriaga, k., greenough, t. c., et al. (2003) nature 426, 450-454]. we have identified a different human cellular glycoprotein that can serve as an alternative receptor for sars-cov. a human lung cdna library in vesicular stomatitis virus g pseudotyped ret ... | 2004 | 15496474 |
| cd209l (l-sign) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is a receptor for sars-cov, the novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome [li, w. moore, m. j., vasilieva, n., sui, j., wong, s. k., berne, m. a., somasundaran, m., sullivan, j. l., luzuriaga, k., greenough, t. c., et al. (2003) nature 426, 450-454]. we have identified a different human cellular glycoprotein that can serve as an alternative receptor for sars-cov. a human lung cdna library in vesicular stomatitis virus g pseudotyped ret ... | 2004 | 15496474 |
| quantitation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus genome by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using minor groove binder dna probe technology. | the ability to rapidly recognize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) as a cause of infections is critical to quickly limiting further spread of the disease. a rapid, sensitive, and specific laboratory diagnostic test is needed to confirm outbreaks of sars-cov infection and distinguish it from other diseases that can cause similar clinical symptoms. an improved taqman technology using minor groove binder (mgb) probes was used to detect and quantify sars-cov in suspected patie ... | 2004 | 15497005 |
| is new jersey ready for a resurgence of sars? | 2004 | 15497735 | |
| viral loads in clinical specimens and sars manifestations. | a retrospective viral load study was performed on clinical specimens from 154 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars); the specimens were prospectively collected during patients' illness. viral load in nasopharyngeal aspirates (n = 142) from day 10 to day 15 after onset of symptoms was associated with oxygen desaturation, mechanical ventilation, diarrhea, hepatic dysfunction, and death. serum viral load (n = 53) was associated with oxygen desaturation, mechani ... | 2004 | 15498155 |
| sars antibody test for serosurveillance. | a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) can be used for retrospective serosurveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) by helping identify undetected chains of disease transmission. the assay was developed by epitope mapping, using synthetic peptides from the spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid protein sequences of sars-associated coronavirus. the new peptide elisa consistently detected seroconversion by week 2 of onset of fever, and seropositivity remained through da ... | 2004 | 15498156 |
| sars-cov antibody prevalence in all hong kong patient contacts. | a total of 1,068 asymptomatic close contacts of patients with severe acute respiratory (sars) from the 2003 epidemic in hong kong were serologically tested, and 2 (0.19%) were positive for sars coronavirus immunoglobulin g antibody. sars rarely manifests as a subclinical infection, and at present, wild animal species are the only important natural reservoirs of the virus. | 2004 | 15498170 |
| [biological safety management of laboratory of severe acute respiratory syndrome]. | 2004 | 15498264 | |
| characterization of sars-cov main protease and identification of biologically active small molecule inhibitors using a continuous fluorescence-based assay. | severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus main protease (sars-cov mpro) has been proposed as a prime target for anti-sars drug development. we have cloned and overexpressed the sars-cov mpro in escherichia coli, and purified the recombinant mpro to homogeneity. the kinetic parameters of the recombinant sars-cov mpro were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography-based assay and continuous fluorescence-based assay. two novel small molecule inhibitors of the sars-cov m ... | 2004 | 15498556 |
| changing virulence of the sars virus: the epidemiological evidence. | 2004 | 15500287 | |
| management of inpatients exposed to an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). | this is a prospective observational study of a cohort of inpatients exposed to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak. strict infection control policies were instituted. the 70 patients exposed to the sars outbreak were isolated from the rest of the hospital. they were triaged, quarantined and cohorted in three open plan wards. selective isolation was carried out immediately when symptoms and signs suspicious of sars manifested clinically. the patients' ages ranged from 21 to 90 yea ... | 2004 | 15501336 |
| polyprotein cleavage mechanism of sars cov mpro and chemical modification of the octapeptide. | the cleavage mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus main proteinase (m(pro) or 3cl(pro)) for the octapeptide avlqsgfr is studied using molecular mechanics (mm) and quantum mechanics (qm). the catalytic dyad his-41 and cys-145 in the active pocket between domain i and ii seem to polarize the pi-electron density of the peptide bond between gln and ser in the octapeptide, leading to an increase of positive charge on c(co) of gln and negative charge on n(nh) of ser. the po ... | 2004 | 15501516 |
| in vitro biochemical and thermodynamic characterization of nucleocapsid protein of sars. | the major biochemical and thermodynamic features of nucelocapsid protein of sars coronavirus (sars_np) were characterized by use of non-denatured gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatographic and surface plasmon resonance (spr) techniques. the results showed that sars_np existed in vitro as oligomer, more probably dimer, as the basic functional unit. this protein shows its maximum conformational stability near ph 9.0, and it seems that its oligomer dissociation and protein unfolding occur ... | 2004 | 15501572 |
| sars transmission and commercial aircraft. | 2004 | 15503396 | |
| estimating sars incubation period. | 2004 | 15503397 | |
| sars alert applicability in postoutbreak period. | 2004 | 15503403 | |
| sars during pregnancy, united states. | 2004 | 15503406 | |
| virus-specific rna and antibody from convalescent-phase sars patients discharged from hospital. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov). in a longitudinal cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence of virus in bodily excretions and time of seroconversion in discharged patients with sars. conjunctival, throat, stool, and urine specimens were collected weekly from 64 patients and tested for sars-cov rna by real-time polymerase chain reaction; serum samples were collected weekly and tested for sars-cov antibody with indirect enzyme immunoa ... | 2004 | 15504259 |
| laboratory diagnosis of four recent sporadic cases of community-acquired sars, guangdong province, china. | four cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) that occurred from december 16, 2003, to january 8, 2004, in the city of guangzhou, guangdong province, china, were investigated. clinical specimens collected from these patients were tested by provincial and national laboratories in china as well as members of the world health organization sars reference and verification laboratory network in a collaborative effort to identify and confirm sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) infection. al ... | 2004 | 15504263 |
| long-term sars coronavirus excretion from patient cohort, china. | this study investigated the long-term excretion of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in sputum and stool specimens from 56 infected patients. the median (range) duration of virus excretion in sputa and stools was 21 (14-52) and 27 (16-126) days, respectively. coexisting illness or conditions were associated with longer viral excretion in stools. | 2004 | 15504274 |
| silencing of sars-cov spike gene by small interfering rna in hek 293t cells. | two candidate small interfering rnas (sirnas) corresponding to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) spike gene were designed and in vitro transcribed to explore the possibility of silencing sars-cov s gene. the plasmid pegfp-opts, which contains the codon-optimized sars-cov s gene and expresses spike-egfp fusion protein (s-egfp) as silencing target and expressing reporter, was transfected with sirnas into hek 293t cells. at various time points of posttransfection, ... | 2004 | 15504339 |
| programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting in the sars coronavirus. | programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting is an alternate mechanism of translation used by coronavirus to synthesize replication proteins encoded by two overlapping open reading frames. for some coronaviruses, the mrna cis-acting stimulatory structures involved in this process have been characterized, but their precise contribution to ribosomal frameshifting is not completely understood. recently, a novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome. thi ... | 2004 | 15506971 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3c-like proteinase n terminus is indispensable for proteolytic activity but not for enzyme dimerization. biochemical and thermodynamic investigation in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus is a novel human coronavirus and is responsible for sars infection. sars coronavirus 3c-like proteinase (sars 3cl(pro)) plays key roles in viral replication and transcription and is an attractive target for anti-sars drug discovery. in this report, we quantitatively characterized the dimerization features of the full-length and n-terminal residues 1-7 deleted sars 3cl(pro)s by using glutaraldehyde cross-linking sds-page, size-exclusion chromat ... | 2005 | 15507456 |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp15 protein is an endoribonuclease that prefers manganese as a cofactor. | nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) produced in escherichia coli has endoribonuclease activity that preferentially cleaved 5' of uridylates of rnas. blocking either the 5' or 3' terminus did not affect cleavage. double- and single-stranded rnas were both substrates for nsp15 but with different kinetics for cleavage. mn(2+) at 2 to 10 mm was needed for optimal endoribonuclease activity, but mg(2+) and several other divalent metals were ... | 2004 | 15507608 |
| generation of synthetic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pseudoparticles: implications for assembly and vaccine production. | the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) contains four structural genes, two replicase-transcriptase open reading frames, and more than five potential genes of unknown function. despite this relative simplicity, the molecular regulation of sars-cov replication and assembly is not understood. here, we report that two viral genes, encoding the sars-cov membrane (m) and nucleocapsid (n) proteins, are necessary and sufficient for formation of virus-like particles ... | 2004 | 15507643 |
| immunization with modified vaccinia virus ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by a newly identified coronavirus (sars-cov) is a serious emerging human infectious disease. in this report, we immunized ferrets (mustela putorius furo) with recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (rmva) expressing the sars-cov spike (s) protein. immunized ferrets developed a more rapid and vigorous neutralizing antibody response than control animals after challenge with sars-cov; however, they also exhibited strong inflammatory responses in l ... | 2004 | 15507655 |
| symptoms of infection caused by sars coronavirus in laboratory mice and guinea pigs. | 2004 | 15508583 | |
| symptoms of infection caused by sars coronavirus in laboratory mice and guinea pigs. | 2004 | 15508583 | |
| expression, purification and sublocalization of sars-cov nucleocapsid protein in insect cells. | the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a previously unidentified coronavirus, sars-cov. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars-cov is a major viral protein recognized by acute and early convalescent sera from sars patients. to facilitate the studies on the function and structure of the n protein, this report describe the expression and purification of recombinant sars-cov n protein using the baculovirus expression system. recombinant hexa-histidine-tagged n protein with ... | 2004 | 15514849 |
| radiological and pulmonary function outcomes of children with sars. | we examined the radiological and pulmonary function outcomes of children affected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) at 6 months from diagnosis. twenty-one female and 26 male chinese patients (median age, 13.6 years; interquartile range, 9.9-16.0) were studied. in each subject, high-resolution computed tomography (hrct) of the thorax and pulmonary function were assessed. all children were asymptomatic and had a normal clinical examination. mild pulmonary abnormalities were detected on ... | 2004 | 15514972 |
| characterization of the heptad repeat regions, hr1 and hr2, and design of a fusion core structure model of the spike protein from severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a newly emergent virus responsible for a worldwide epidemic in 2003. the coronavirus spike proteins belong to class i fusion proteins, and are characterized by the existence of two heptad repeat (hr) regions, hr1 and hr2. the hr1 region in coronaviruses is predicted to be considerably longer than that in other type i virus fusion proteins. therefore the exact binding sequence to hr2 from the hr1 is not clear. in this study, we defined t ... | 2004 | 15518555 |
| expression of sars-coronavirus envelope protein in escherichia coli cells alters membrane permeability. | to promote viral entry, replication, release, and spread to neighboring cells, many cytolytic animal viruses encode proteins responsible for modification of host cell membrane permeability and for formation of ion channels in host cell membranes during their life cycles. in this study, we show that the envelope (e) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus can induce membrane permeability changes when expressed in escherichia coli. e protein expressed in bacterial and m ... | 2004 | 15522242 |
| the aetiology, origins, and diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a new infectious disease that first emerged in guangdong province, china, in november, 2002. a novel coronavirus was later identified in patients with sars. the detection of the virus in these patients, its absence in healthy controls or other patients with atypical pneumonia, and the reproduction of a similar disease in a relevant animal model fulfilled koch's postulates for implicating this coronavirus as the causal agent of sars. the full genome seq ... | 2004 | 15522678 |
| epidemiological and genetic analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemics in 2002-2003 showed how quickly a novel infectious disease can spread both within communities and internationally. we have reviewed the epidemiological and genetic analyses that have been published both during and since these epidemics, and show how quickly data were collected and analyses undertaken. key factors that determine the speed and scale of transmission of an infectious disease were estimated using statistical and mathematical mode ... | 2004 | 15522679 |
| seasonality of infectious diseases and severe acute respiratory syndrome-what we don't know can hurt us. | the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus caused severe disease and heavy economic losses before apparently coming under complete control. our understanding of the forces driving seasonal disappearance and recurrence of infectious diseases remains fragmentary, thus limiting any predictions about whether, or when, sars will recur. it is true that most established respiratory pathogens of human beings recur in wintertime, but a new appreciation for the high burden of disease i ... | 2004 | 15522683 |
| cloning, expression, and purification of the nucleocapsid protein of sars coronavirus. | 2004 | 15523835 | |
| the sars-cov s glycoprotein. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) spike (s) glycoprotein alone can mediate the membrane fusion required for virus entry and cell fusion. it is also a major immunogen and a target for entry inhibitors. recent rapid advances in our knowledge of the structure and function of this protein have lead to the development of a number of candidate vaccine immunogens and sars-cov entry inhibitors. | 2004 | 15526150 |
| evolutional insights on uncharacterized sars coronavirus genes. | the complete genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and many of its variants has been determined by several laboratories. the genome contains fourteen predicted open reading frames (orfs). however, a function had been clearly assigned for only six of these orfs, in the viral replication, transcription and structural constituents. the others are herein referred to as uncharacterized orfs (uc-orfs). here, we try to provide a relational insight on those uc-orfs, sugg ... | 2004 | 15527778 |
| tyrosine dephosphorylation of stat3 in sars coronavirus-infected vero e6 cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has become a global public health emergency. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and its downstream targets are activated in sars coronavirus (sars-cov)-infected vero e6 cells and activation of p38 mapk enhances the cytopathic effects of sars-cov infection. in addition, weak activation of akt cannot prevent sars-cov infection-induced apoptosis in vero e6 cells. in the present study, we demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcrip ... | 2004 | 15527783 |
| replication of sars coronavirus administered into the respiratory tract of african green, rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. | sars coronavirus (sars-cov) administered intranasally and intratracheally to rhesus, cynomolgus and african green monkeys (agm) replicated in the respiratory tract but did not induce illness. the titer of serum neutralizing antibodies correlated with the level of virus replication in the respiratory tract (agm>cynomolgus>rhesus). moderate to high titers of sars-cov with associated interstitial pneumonitis were detected in the lungs of agms on day 2 and were resolving by day 4 post-infection. fol ... | 2004 | 15527829 |