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positional distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols from subcutaneous adipose tissue of pigs fed diets enriched with conjugated linoleic acid, corn oil, or beef tallow.this study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary beef tallow, corn oil, and conjugated linoleic acid (cla) on the distribution of fatty acids among positions within triacylglycerols. crossbred barrows (n=6 per treatment group) received diets containing 1.5% beef tallow, 1.5% corn oil, or 1.5% cla for 5 weeks. subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained immediately postmortem. the fatty acid composition was determined for the sn-2 positions of the triacylglycerols by digestion w ...200422061817
entrapment of mycelial fragments in calcium alginate: a general technique for the use of immobilized filamentous fungi in biocatalysis.transformation reactions on 3β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-5-ene using free fungal cells were compared with those carried out by macerated mycelia, immobilized in calcium alginate beads. six fungi were utilized in this study, namely rhizopus oryzae atcc 11145, mucor plumbeus atcc 4740, cunninghamella echinulata var. elegans atcc 8688a, aspergillus niger atcc 9142, phanerochaete chrysosporium atcc 24725 and whetzelinia sclerotiorum atcc 18687. the results show, for the first time, that encapsulated myce ...201222064215
Antifungal susceptibility and phylogeny of opportunistic members of the order mucorales.The in vitro susceptibilities of 66 molecularly identified strains of the Mucorales to eight antifungals (amphotericin B, terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and 5-fluorocytosine) were tested. Molecular phylogeny was reconstructed based on the nuclear ribosomal large subunit to reveal taxon-specific susceptibility profiles. The impressive phylogenetic diversity of the Mucorales was reflected in susceptibilities differing at family, genus, and species l ...201222075600
data partitions, bayesian analysis and phylogeny of the zygomycetous fungal family mortierellaceae, inferred from nuclear ribosomal dna sequences.although the fungal order mortierellales constitutes one of the largest classical groups of zygomycota, its phylogeny is poorly understood and no modern taxonomic revision is currently available. in the present study, 90 type and reference strains were used to infer a comprehensive phylogeny of mortierellales from the sequence data of the complete its region and the lsu and ssu genes with a special attention to the monophyly of the genus mortierella. out of 15 alternative partitioning strategies ...201122102902
development of a low ph fermentation strategy for fumaric acid production by rhizopus oryzae.dicarboxylic acids that are produced from renewable resources are becoming attractive building blocks for the polymers industry. in this respect, fumaric acid is very interesting. its low aqueous solubility facilitates product recovery. to avoid excessive waste salt production during downstream processing, a low ph for fumaric acid fermentation will be beneficial. studying the influence of ph, working volume and shaking frequency on cell cultivation helped us to identify the best conditions to o ...201122112769
Water activity dependence of performance of surface-displayed lipase in yeast cells: A unique water requirement for enzymatic synthetic reaction in organic media.Water activity (a(w)) is a crucial parameter affecting enzymatic synthetic reactions in organic media. In this paper, we report on the a(w) dependence of surface-displayed lipases, genetically immobilized on yeast cells via fusion with cell wall proteins. When Saccharomyces cerevisiae displaying Rhizopus oryzae lipase was used for esterification in n-hexane, equilibrating the dried cells with water prior to the reaction markedly increased the reaction rate. An equilibration of the cells with var ...201122112946
transformation of (±)-lavandulol and (±)-tetrahydrolavandulol by a fungal strain rhizopus oryzae.biotransformation of an irregular monoterpene alcohol, (±)-lavandulol [(±)-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-ol] (i) and its tetrahydro derivative, (±)-tetrahydrolavandulol [(±)-2-isopropyl-5-methylhexan-1-ol] (ii) were studied using a soil isolated fungal strain rhizopus oryzae. five metabolites, 2-((3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl)methyl)-3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol (ia), 2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hex-2-ene-1,6-diol (ib), 2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexane-1,6-diol (ic), 2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methyl ...201122153597
production of recombinant rhizopus oryzae lipase by the yeast yarrowia lipolytica results in increased enzymatic thermostability.the gene encoding rhizopus oryzae lipase (rol) was expressed in the non-conventional yeast yarrowia lipolytica under the control of the strong inducible xpr2 gene promoter. the effects of three different preprosequence variants were examined: a preprosequence of the y. lipolytica alkaline extracellular protease (aep) encoded by xpr2, the native preprosequence of rol, and a hybrid variant of the presequence of aep and the prosequence of rol. lipase production was highest (7.6u/ml) with the hybrid ...201122155648
Mould routine identification in the clinical laboratory by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.MALDI-TOF MS recently emerged as a valuable identification tool for bacteria and yeasts and revolutionized the daily clinical laboratory routine. But it has not been established for routine mould identification. This study aimed to validate a standardized procedure for MALDI-TOF MS-based mould identification in clinical laboratory.201122194834
molecular and morphological identification of fungal species isolated from bealmijang meju.bealmijang is a short-term aged paste made from meju, which is a brick of fermented soybeans and other ingredients. different types of bealmijang are available depending on the geographic region or ingredients used. however, no study has clarified the microbial diversity of these types. we identified 17 and 14 fungal species from black soybean meju (bsm) and buckwheat meju (bwm), respectively, on the basis of morphology, culture characteristics, and internal transcribed spacer and beta-tubulin g ...201122210613
production of fumaric acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starchy materials with 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutant strains of rhizopus oryzae.a mutant strain with high glucoamylase activity and insensitive to catabolite repression was developed to produce fumaric acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) of starch without additional commercial glucoamylase supplementation. a series of mutant strains resistant to the non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2-dg) were obtained by implanting nitrogen ion (n(+)) into rhizopus oryzae me-f12. among them, the best mutant strain dg-3 produced 39.80 g/l fu ...201122217732
pathogenesis of mucormycosis.mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection that occurs in patients who are immunocompromised because of diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia, organ transplantation, and/or increased serum levels of available iron. because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, cancer, and organ transplantation, the number of patients at risk for this deadly infection is increasing. despite aggressive therapy, which includes disfiguring surgical debridement and frequently adjunctive toxic antifungal t ...201222247441
a global analysis of mucormycosis in france: the retrozygo study (2005-2007).mucormycosis is a deadly invasive fungal infection whose characteristics are only partially understood.201222247443
how does antifungal pharmacology differ for mucormycosis versus aspergillosis?over the last decade, advances in diagnostic systems and the introduction of new antifungal agents have significantly improved outcomes in immunocompromised patients who develop invasive aspergillosis. however, mortality rates remain relatively unchanged for less common, but highly aggressive, mold infections such as mucormycosis. recent genome sequencing of rhizopus oryzae revealed evidence of a whole-genome duplication event during the evolution of this pathogen. consequently, r. oryzae has a ...201222247448
in vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of the seed extract of embelia ribes.antifungal activity of embelia ribes was evaluated on eight different fungal species by employing various concentrations of seed extract (0.5-2.0 mg). all the concentrations of seed extract inhibited the fungal growth, whereas maximum activity was observed at 2.0 mg concentration of seed extract. among different doses, the diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 9 to 18 mm in various fungal species and increased with the increase in the concentration of test solution. among all the fungi, high ...201122303075
inverted binding due to a minor structural change in berberine enhances its phospholipase a2 inhibitory effect.biotransformation of berberine by rhizopus oryzae leads to its demethylation, producing hydroxyl derivatives, as revealed by fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and electro spray ionization-mass spectrometric analyses. surface plasmon resonance and enzyme kinetic studies showed that biotransformed derivatives of berberine had a higher inhibitory potential than berberine towards phospholipase a(2). x-ray crystal structures demonstrated that biotransformed berberin ...201222305795
genomic characteristics comparisons of 12 food-related filamentous fungi in trna gene set, codon usage and amino acid composition.filamentous fungi are widely exploited in food industry due to their abilities to secrete large amounts of enzymes and metabolites. the recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided an opportunity to explore the genomic characteristics of these food-related filamentous fungi. in this paper, we selected 12 representative filamentous fungi in the areas of food processing and safety, which were aspergillus clavatus, a. flavus, a. fumigatus, a. nidulans, a. niger, a. oryzae, a. terreus ...201222305983
characterization of smallest active monomeric lipase from novel rhizopus strain: application in transesterification.an extracellular lipase-producing fungus was isolated from oil-rich soil. this fungus belongs to the genus rhizopus and clades with rhizopus oryzae. lipase was purified to homogeneity from this novel fungal source using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by q-sepharose chromatography. the extracellular lipase was purified 8.6-fold, and enzymatic properties were studied. the molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 17 kd by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electro ...201222328259
reconstruction of cytosolic fumaric acid biosynthetic pathways in saccharomyces cerevisiae.fumaric acid is a commercially important component of foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and industrial materials, yet the current methods of production are unsustainable and ecologically destructive.201222335940
molecular docking of glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in rhizopus oryzae.recent expansion of immunocompromised population has led to significant rise in zygomycosis caused by filamentous fungus rhizopus oryzae. due to emergence of fungal resistance and side-effects of antifungal drugs, there is increased demand for novel drug targets. the current study elucidates molecular interactions of peptide drugs with g-6-p synthase (catalyzing the rate-limiting step of fungal cell wall biosynthetic pathway) of r.oryzae by molecular docking studies. the pdb structures of enzyme ...201122355222
[identification of filamentous fungi isolated from clinical samples by two different methods and their susceptibility results].molds are widely distributed in nature. aspergillus spp. represent the most frequently observed causative agents, however less frequent pathogens fusarium, scedosporium and zygomycetes have also been considered the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in profoundly immunosuppressed hosts. the aims of this study were to identify filamentous fungi isolated from clinical specimens by conventional and molecular methods, and to detect their antifungal susceptibilities. a total of 6742 cli ...201222399173
heterologous expression systems for lipases: a review.the production of heterologous lipases is one of the most promising strategies to increase the productivity of the bioprocesses and to reduce costs, with the final objective that more industrial lipase applications could be implemented. in this chapter, an overview of the most common microbial expression systems for the overproduction of microbial lipases is presented. prokaryotic system as escherichia coli and eukaryotic systems as saccharomyces cerevisiae and pichia pastoris are analyzed and c ...201222426719
zygomycosis caused by rhizopus microsporus and rhizopus oryzae in madhya pradesh (m.p.) central india: a report of two cases.zygomycosis encompasses infections due to two distinct orders of fungi, mucorales and entomophthorales. with rare exception, entomophthorales are restricted to tropical areas. by contrast, mucorales are ubiquitous opportunistic fungi, which play a crucial part in the natural decay process. in human pathology, they may be opportunistic agents and be responsible for rare infection called (mucormycosis) zygomycosis. we report two cases of zygomycosis from madhya pradesh, central india, one caused b ...201222437261
direct fermentation of l (+)-lactic acid from cassava pulp by solid state culture of rhizopus oryzae.this study shows that rhizopus oryzae is capable of directly utilizing cassava pulp alone to l-lactic acid in solid state fermentation (ssf). ph control at 6.0 helped prevent end product inhibition. increasing lactate titer was observed at the higher initial moistened water due to the higher degree of substrate swelling and hydrolysis. with shaking, limited ethanol production but no change in lactate titer was observed. rigorous shaking gave better oxygen transfer but presumably caused cell dama ...201222476767
codon optimization, expression and enzymatic comparison of rhizopus oryzae lipases pro-rol and m-rol in pichia pastoris.rhizopus oryzae lipase (rol) is not only a biocatalyst used in a broad range of biotechnological fields, but also a model to investigate the function of intramolecular chaperone in the post-translational processing of lipase. in this study, we cloned and expressed the mature lipase gene (m-rol) containing the pre-sequence (pro-rol) of r. oryzae hu3005 in pichia pastoris gs115 and characterized their enzymatic activities. m-rol exhibited higher hydrolysis activity towards middle-chain substrates ...201122506419
metabolic profiling of a rhizopus oryzae fumaric acid production mutant generated by femtosecond laser irradiation.femtosecond laser irradiation was employed to induce mutations in rhizopus oryzae, leading to increases in fumaric acid production. compared to the parental strain, mutant strain fm19 exhibited an increase in titer and yield of 56.3% and 36.6%, respectively, corresponding to a titer of 49.4 g/l and a yield of 0.56 g fumaric acid per g glucose. metabolic profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that higher levels of carbon (embden-meyerhof-parnas and tricarboxylic acid cycle) an ...201222516248
metabolic engineering of rhizopus oryzae for the production of platform chemicals.rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous fungus belonging to the zygomycetes. it is among others known for its ability to produce the sustainable platform chemicals l: -(+)-lactic acid, fumaric acid, and ethanol. during glycolysis, all fermentable carbon sources are metabolized to pyruvate and subsequently distributed over the pathways leading to the formation of these products. these platform chemicals are produced in high yields on a wide range of carbon sources. the yields are in excess of 85 % of th ...201222526790
characterization of the cellular immune responses to rhizopus oryzae with potential impact on immunotherapeutic strategies in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.infections due to mucormycetes have a poor outcome, in particular in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). in order to evaluate the cellular host response against mucormycetes, we enriched and cultivated anti-rhizopus oryzae t cells from healthy individuals. these cells were characterized as memory/effector t(h)1 cells, they proliferated upon restimulation, they exhibited cross-reactivity to some but not all mucorales species tested, and they increased the activity of phagoc ...201222529315
comparative analysis for the production of fatty acid alkyl esterase using whole cell biocatalyst and purified enzyme from rhizopus oryzae on waste cooking oil (sunflower oil).the petroleum fuel is nearing the line of extinction. recent research and technology have provided promising outcomes to rely on biodiesel as the alternative and conventional source of fuel. the use of renewable source - vegetable oil constitutes the main stream of research. in this preliminary study, waste cooking oil (wco) was used as the substrate for biodiesel production. lipase enzyme producing fungi rhizopus oryzae 262 and commercially available pure lipase enzyme were used for comparative ...201222537973
microbial enhance of chitosan production by rhizopus arrhizus using agroindustrial substrates.this study investigated the potential of rhizopus arrhizus ucp 402 for producing chitosan using corn steep liquor and honey as agroindustrial nitrogen and carbon sources. a complete factorial design was used to assess the improved biomass and chitosan production. the results were evaluated using pareto charts (statistica 7.0 software). the chitosan obtained was characterized by x-ray diffraction. the cristallinity index (i(c)), and infrared spectroscopy (ftir) were used to evaluate the degree of ...201222543505
metabolic flux profiling of recombinant protein secreting pichia pastoris growing on glucose:methanol mixtures.the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris has emerged as one of the most promising yeast hosts for the production of heterologous proteins. mixed feeds of methanol and a multicarbon source instead of methanol as sole carbon source have been shown to improve product productivities and alleviate metabolic burden derived from protein production. nevertheless, systematic quantitative studies on the relationships between the central metabolism and recombinant protein production in p. pastoris are stil ...201222569166
identification and characterization of antifungal compounds using a saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter bioassay.new antifungal drugs are urgently needed due to the currently limited selection, the emergence of drug resistance, and the toxicity of several commonly used drugs. to identify drug leads, we screened small molecules using a saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter bioassay in which s. cerevisiae heterologously expresses hik1, a group iii hybrid histidine kinase (hhk) from magnaporthe grisea. group iii hhks are integral in fungal cell physiology, and highly conserved throughout this kingdom; they are ab ...201222574132
a simple and accurate two-step long dna sequences synthesis strategy to improve heterologous gene expression in pichia.in vitro gene chemical synthesis is a powerful tool to improve the expression of gene in heterologous system. in this study, a two-step gene synthesis strategy that combines an assembly pcr and an overlap extension pcr (aoe) was developed. in this strategy, the chemically synthesized oligonucleotides were assembled into several 200-500 bp fragments with 20-25 bp overlap at each end by assembly pcr, and then an overlap extension pcr was conducted to assemble all these fragments into a full length ...201222574193
production of lactic acid from xylose and wheat straw by rhizopus oryzae.rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5378 was the best among 56 strains of r. oryzae for the production of lactic acid from xylose. this strain produced lactic acid from wheat straw powder by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, with a yield of 0.23 g/g from cellulose and hemicellulose in wheat straw.201222578599
outbreak of cutaneous zygomycosis associated with the use of adhesive tape in haematology patients.we report an outbreak of cutaneous rhizopus oryzae infection associated with adhesive polyethylene tapes used to stabilize peripheral venous catheters in four patients. all patients were suffering from haematological diseases; the infection severity was proportional to the duration of neutropenia. intervention with systemic antifungal treatment and surgical debridement was required for resolution of the infection. the entire batch of tapes was withdrawn and the outbreak subsided.201222633275
efficient heterologous expression and secretion in aspergillus oryzae of a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment v(hh) against egfr.we have constructed a filamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae that secretes a llama variable heavy-chain antibody fragment (v(hh)) that binds specifically to epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in a culture medium. a major improvement in yield was achieved by fusing the v(hh) with a taka-amylase a signal sequence (staa) and a segment of 28 amino acids from the n-terminal region of rhizopus oryzae lipase (n28). the yields of secreted, immunologically active anti-egfr v(hh) reached 73.8 mg/1 in ...201222644525
[simultaneous determination of organic acids and saccharides in lactic acid fermentation broth from biomass using high performance liquid chromatography].abstract: a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of organic acids and saccharides in lactic acid fermentation broth from biomass was developed. a bio-rad aminex hpx-87h column was used at 55 degrees c. the mobile phase was 5 mmol/l sulfuric acid solution at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. the samples were detected by a refractive index detector (rid). the results showed that six organic acids and three saccharides in fermentation broth were completely sepa ...201222667093
enhanced alpha-ketoglutaric acid production in yarrowia lipolytica wsh-z06 by regulation of the pyruvate carboxylation pathway.in previous research, a thiamine-auxotrophic yeast for alpha-ketoglutaric acid (kga) overproduction was screened in our laboratory and named yarrowia lipolytica wsh-z06 (cctcc no. m207143). however, the high concentration of by-products (mainly pyruvate) limited its application on an industrial scale. to enhance kga production and reduce pyruvate (pa) accumulation, the pyruvate carboxylation pathway was regulated. by overexpressing the pyruvate carboxylase genes scpyc1 from saccharomyces cerevis ...201222678027
crosslinked aggregates of rhizopus oryzae lipase as industrial biocatalysts: preparation, optimization, characterization, and application for enantioselective resolution reactions.lipase from rhizopus oryzae (rol) was immobilized as crosslinked enzyme aggregate (clea) via precipitation with ammonium sulfate and simultaneous crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. the optimum conditions of the immobilization process were determined. lipase cleas showed a twofold increase in activity when tween 80-pretreated lipase was used for clea preparation. cleas were shown to have several advantages compared to free lipase. cleas were more stable at 50°c and 60°c as well as for a wide range ...201222685034
increased virulence of cunninghamella bertholletiae in experimental pulmonary mucormycosis: correlation with circulating molecular biomarkers, sporangiospore germination and hyphal metabolism.members of the order mucorales are emerging invasive molds that cause infections in immunocompromised patients. however, little is known about the relation between different species of mucorales and their virulence in invasive pulmonary mucormycosis. based upon our earlier epidemiological studies, we hypothesized that cunninghamella bertholletiae would demonstrate increased virulence. therefore, we studied the relative virulence of c. bertholletiae (cb), rhizopus oryzae (ro), r. microsporus (rm) ...201322686246
biomineralization mechanism of gold by zygomycete fungi rhizopus oryzae.in recent years, there has been significant progress in the biological synthesis of nanomaterials. however, the molecular mechanism of gold biomineralization in microorganisms of industrial relevance remains largely unexplored. here we describe the biosynthesis mechanism of gold nanoparticles (aunps) in the fungus rhizopus oryzae . reduction of aucl(4)(-) [au(iii)] to nanoparticulate au(0) (aunps) occurs in both the cell wall and cytoplasmic region of r. oryzae . the average size of the as-synth ...201222708541
deterioration of bioplastic carrier bags in the environment and assessment of a new recycling alternative.increasing environmental concerns and the introduction of technologies based on renewable resources have stimulated the replacement of persistent petroleum-derived plastics with biodegradable plastics from biopolymers. as a consequence, a variety of products are currently manufactured from bioplastic, including carrier bags. this series of studies investigated the deterioration of carrier bags made with mater-bi (mb), a starch-based bioplastic, in soil, compost and two aquatic ecosystems, a litt ...201222717162
homology modeling and phylogenetic relationships of catalases of an opportunistic pathogen rhizopus oryzae.a homology modeling methodology was developed and used to obtain the 3d structures for four putative catalases of rhizopus oryzae in order to assess their functionality.201222749862
immobilization of lipase from mucor miehei and rhizopus oryzae into mesoporous silica--the effect of varied particle size and morphology.immobilization of enzymes usually improves the recyclability and stability and can sometimes also improve the activity compared to enzymes free in solution. mesoporous silica is a widely studied material as host for immobilized enzymes because of its large internal surface area and tunable pores. it has previously been shown that the pore size is critical both for the loading capacity and for the enzymatic activity; however, less focus has been given to the influence of the particle size. in thi ...201222750108
synthesis of 2-monoacylglycerols and structured triacylglycerols rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzyme catalyzed reactions.this paper studies the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols (stags) by a four-step process: (i) obtaining 2-monoacylglycerols (2-mags) by alcoholysis of cod liver oil with several alcohols, catalyzed by lipases novozym 435, from candida antartica and df, from rhizopus oryzae, (ii) purification of 2-mags, (iii) formation of stags by esterification of 2-mags with caprylic acid catalyzed by lipase df, from r. oryzae, and (iv) purification of these stags. for the alcoholysis of cod liver oil, ab ...201222759534
[quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease].to establish the diagnostic assays of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease and evaluate their accuracy in clinical samples.201222781455
first report of rhizopus oryzae as a postharvest pathogen of apple in korea.soft rot in apple caused by rhizopus oryzae was found for the first time in korea. a detailed description of the specimen is given along with its internal transcribed spacer rdna sequence. the fungus was identified as rhizopus oryzae based on the mycological characteristics, molecular data, and pathogenicity testing.201122783094
identification and characterization of useful fungi with α-amylase activity from the korean traditional nuruk.the objective of this study was to find useful fungi with α-amylase activity from the korean traditional nuruk for the quality of traditional korean alcoholic beverage. in this study, 165 samples of traditional nuruk were collected from 170 regions throughout korea and the fungi were isolated to a total of 384 strains. in order to investigate the effect of microflora on nuruk, α-amylase activity, saccharogenic power (sp), starch hydrolysis activity and acid producing activity were evaluated. ten ...201122783116
[anaerobic growth ability and alcohol fermentation activity of microscopic fungi].the method proposed in this study was used to isolate fungi grown under anaerobic conditions and to reveal distinctions in their abundance and species composition in different habitats. the ability of micromycetes of different taxa to grow under anaerobic conditions and ensure alcohol fermentation was determined for a representative sample (344 strains belonging to more than 60 species). the group of fungi growing under anaerobic conditions included species with high, moderate, and low fermentat ...201122808743
metabolic engineering of rhizopus oryzae: effects of overexpressing pyc and pepc genes on fumaric acid biosynthesis from glucose.fumaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid used as a food acidulant and in manufacturing synthetic resins, can be produced from glucose in fermentation by rhizopus oryzae. however, the fumaric acid yield is limited by the co-production of ethanol and other byproducts. to increase fumaric acid production, overexpressing endogenous pyruvate carboxylase (pyc) and exogenous phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc) to increase the carbon flux toward oxaloacetate were investigated. compared to the wild type, the ...201222814110
two unique ligand-binding clamps of rhizopus oryzae starch binding domain for helical structure disruption of amylose.the n-terminal starch binding domain of rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (rosbd) has a high binding affinity for raw starch. rosbd has two ligand-binding sites, each containing a ligand-binding clamp: a polyn clamp residing near binding site i is unique in that it is expressed in only three members of carbohydrate binding module family 21 (cbm21) members, and a y32/f58 clamp located at binding site ii is conserved in several cbms. here we characterized different roles of these sites in the binding o ...201222815939
enzymatic transesterification of palm stearin and olein blends to produce zero-trans margarine fat.food industries aim to replace trans fat in their products by formulations having equivalent functionality and economic viability. enzymatic transesterification can be a technological option to produce trans free fats targeting commercial applications.201222889174
mucormycosis in a liver allograft: salvage re-transplantation and targeted immunosuppressive management.zygomycetes infection is associated with a high mortality in transplant populations. we describe a child with liver allograft rhizopus oryzae infection who was salvaged by liver re-transplantation. a 10-year-old child presented with anastomotic bile leak that was repaired. a combined antibiotics and voriconazole regimen was introduced for escherichia coli and candida krusei growth in the peritoneal fluid. despite broad antibiotic and antifungal coverage, the patient continued to have an ongoing ...201222897560
development of a single tube multiplex real-time pcr to detect the most clinically relevant mucormycetes species.mucormycetes infections are very difficult to treat and a delay in diagnosis could be fatal for the outcome of the patient. a molecular diagnostic technique based on real time pcr was developed for the simultaneous detection of rhizopus oryzae, rhizopus microsporus and the genus mucor spp. in both culture and clinical samples. the methodology used was molecular beacon species-specific probes with an internal control. this multiplex real-time pcr (mrt-pcr) was tested in 22 cultured strains and 12 ...201322925434
coinfection by aspergillus and zygomycetes species in a case of acute rhinosinusitis.invasive mycotic infections can be effectively treated if rapid identification of fungus is obtained. we reported a case of coinfection by aspergillus and rhizopus sp. involving nose, paranasal sinuses, orbit, and brain in a 68-year-old known hypertensive male. he was presented to ent opd with history of fever and intermittent headache since fifteen days along with history of right-sided nasal obstruction and proptosis since seven days. ct scan of brain and paranasal sinuses showed findings of p ...201122937365
highly accumulative production of l(+)-lactate from glucose by crystallization fermentation with immobilized rhizopus oryzae.in order to produce microbiologically large amount of l(+)-lactic acid (la) from glucose, batch and fed-batch (intermittent addition of sterilized glucose powder aseptically) cultures of rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5384 (identical to nrrl 395 and atcc 9363) whose mycelia were immobilized in situ within sponge-like cubic particles (3.5 mm edge long) were carried out at 37°c in a three baffled shake flask. appropriately calculated amount of fine powdery calcium carbonate (caco(3)) was added initially or ...201322938823
effect of particle size and ammonium sulfate concentration on rice bran fermentation with the fungus rhizopus oryzae.the effects of rice bran particle size (0.18-0.39mm) and ammonium sulfate concentration in the nutrient solution (2-8g/l) on biomass production, protein and phenolic content generated by solid state fermentation with the fungus rhizopus oryzae (cct 1217) were studied. particle size had a positive effect on biomass production and a negative effect (p⩽0.05) on protein and phenolic contents. ammonium sulfate concentration had a positive effect (p⩽0.05) on biomass and phenolic content gain. cultivat ...201222940295
molecular cloning and functional characterization of a δ6-fatty acid desaturase gene from rhizopus oryzae.the objective was to screen for and isolate a novel enzyme with the specific activity of a δ6-fatty acid desaturase from rhizopus oryzae. in this study, r. oryzae was identified as a novel fungal species that produces large amounts of γ-linolenic acid. a full-length cdna, designated here as rod6d, with high homology to fungal δ6-fatty acid desaturase genes was isolated from r. oryzae by using the rapid amplification of cdna ends method. it had an open reading frame of 1176 bp encoding a deduced ...201322961300
bioconversion of 7-hydroxyflavanone: isolation, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of twenty-one phase i and phase ii microbial metabolites.microbial metabolism of 7-hydroxyflavanone (1) with fungal culture cunninghamella blakesleeana (atcc 8688a), yielded flavanone 7-sulfate (2), 7,4'-dihydroxyflavanone (3), 6,7-dihydroxyflavanone (4), 6-hydroxyflavanone 7-sulfate (5), and 7-hydroxyflavanone 6-sulfate (6). mortierella zonata (atcc 13309) also transformed 1 to metabolites 2 and 3 as well as 4'-hydroxyflavanone 7-sulfate (7), flavan-4-cis-ol 7-sulfate (8), 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone (9), 7,8-dihydroxyflavanone (10), 8-hydroxyflavanone 7 ...201222976322
silver-nano biohybride material: synthesis, characterization and application in water purification.a green chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) through in situ reduction of silver nitrate (agno(3)) by a fungal strain of rhizopus oryzae is described along with the promising eco-friendly role of the synthesized nano-silver bioconjugate (nsbc) material in water purification process. the nsbc has been characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron (hrtem) microscopy, and fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy. the nsbc exhibits strong antibact ...201223021961
identification of aero-allergens from rhizopus oryzae: an immunoproteomic approach.airborne fungal spores bearing allergens are the causative agent for inducing immediate hypersensitive reaction in sensitive individuals. in this study the potential aeroallergens have been reported for the first time from rhizopus oryzae a common airborne mold. clinical data based on spt was further confirmed by elisa. ige reactive bands were revealed by one-dimensional immunoblotting. a 44 kda major reactive band was found in all immunoblots. for precise identification of allergens, an immuno- ...201223041133
removal of the organic content from a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent by a treatment with silica-alginate-fungi biocomposites.this study attempts a treatment strategy of a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent with rhizopus oryzae or pleurotus sajor caju encapsulated on silica-alginate (biocomposite of silica-alginate-fungi, with the purpose of reducing its potential impact in the environment. active (alive) or inactive (death by sterilization) rhizopus oryzae or pleurotus sajor caju was encapsulated in alginate beads. five beads containing active and inactive fungus were placed in a mold and filled with silica hydrogel (b ...201323043338
mucormycosis of pouch of douglas in a diabetic woman.mucormycosis is a severe fungal infection which is rare in clinical practice. this infection is usually acquired by inhalation; other portals of entry are ingestion and traumatic implantation, especially in immuno-compromised patients. here, we present a case of mucormycosis in a 44-year-old diabetic woman. the patient had collection of fluid in the pouch of douglas (pod) and history of bleeding per vagina. hysterectomy was done which showed a blackish serosal surface of the posterior uterus. su ...201223055648
heterologous expression and secretion of an antifungal bacillus subtilis chitosanase (csnv26) in escherichia coli.the aims of the study were the production improvement, the purification, the characterization and the activity investigation of chitosanase csnv26 of bacillus subtilis (v26). the gene csnv26 encoding for this protein was amplified and cloned in the pbad vector then expressed in escherichia coli (top10). the sds-page and zymogram analysis of the recombinant protein showed that it has two active forms sized 27 and 31 kda, corresponding to the protein with and without signal peptide. this protein h ...201323065029
soft rot of rhizopus oryzae as a postharvest pathogen of banana fruit in korea.soft rot on banana fruit caused by rhizopus oryzae was identified for the first time in korea. colonies were white to light brown and formed numerous sporangiospores. optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30℃. sporangia were globose and 30~200 µm. sporangiophores were usually straight, 8~20 µm, and rhizoids usually in groups of 3~5. columella were globose to sub-globose and 90~110 µm. sporangiospores were sub-globose or oval and 4~10 µm. based on its mycological characteristics, molecular ...201223115518
molecular characterization of β-fructofuranosidases from rhizopus delemar and amylomyces rouxii.of the 19 strains of rhizopus delemar deposited as rhizopus oryzae, seven of them, nbrc 4726, nbrc 4734, nbrc 4746, nbrc 4754, nbrc 4773, nbrc 4775, and nbrc 4801, completely hydrolyzed exogenous sucrose and fructooligosaccharides. the sucrose-hydrolyzing enzyme was purified from the culture filtrate of r. delemar nbrc 4754 and classified to β-fructofuranosidase, similar to that of amylomyces rouxii cbs 438.76. fragments including β-fructofuranosidase genes (suca) of seven strains of r. delemar ...201323180124
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of clausena heptaphylla.there is wide spread interest in drugs derived from plants as green medicine is believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects.201223181593
rhizopus oryzae hyphae are damaged by human natural killer (nk) cells, but suppress nk cell mediated immunity.mucormycosis has a high mortality and is increasingly diagnosed in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. in this setting, there is a growing interest to restore host defense to combat infections by adoptively transferring donor-derived immunocompetent cells. natural killer (nk) cells exhibit antitumor and antiinfective activity, but the interaction with mucormycetes is unknown. our data demonstrate that both unstimulated and il-2 prestimulated human nk cells damage rhizopus oryza ...201323201314
tacrolimus enhances the potency of posaconazole against rhizopus oryzae in vitro and in an experimental model of mucormycosis.we hypothesized that tacrolimus, an inhibitor of the calcineurin pathway, would enhance the in vivo activity of posaconazole against rhizopus oryzae, the mucorales species most commonly associated with mucormycosis.201323242544
esterification of polyglycerol with polycondensed ricinoleic acid catalysed by immobilised rhizopus oryzae lipase.the enzymatic method for synthesising polyglycerol polyricinoleate (pgpr), a food additive named e-476, was successfully carried out in the presence of immobilised rhizopus oryzae lipase in a solvent-free medium. the great advantage of using the commercial preparation of r. oryzae lipase is that it is ten times cheaper than the commercial preparation of r. arrhizus lipase, the biocatalyst used in previous studies. the reaction, which is really a reversal of hydrolysis, takes place in the presenc ...201223263570
glucose and lactose as cryoprotectants for fungal strains immobilised in sodium alginate: an emphasis on the conservation of the zygomycetes rhizopus and mucor.this research aimed at investigating the cryoprotectant action of glucose and lactose on strains of malassezia spp. and zygomycetes immobilised in sodium alginate. twelve strains of malassezia spp. (nine m. furfur, two m. globosa and one m. sympodialis) and 12 zygomycetes (five rhizopus oryzae and seven mucor hiemales) were immobilised in sodium alginate, within plastic beads, maintained in appropriate media containing glucose and lactose at concentrations of 9% and 23% and preserved at temperat ...201223278948
comparison of laxative and antioxidant activities of raw, processed and fermented polygoni multiflori radix.to observe the anti-oxidative activity and adverse laxative effect of raw, traditional processed and fermented products of polygoni multiflori radix (pmr), and furthermore, to evaluate the fermentation method used in the processing procedure of pmr.201223302534
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of 7-hydroxy-calamenene-rich essential oils from croton cajucara benth.croton cajucara is a shrub native to the amazon region locally known as "sacaca". two morphotypes are known: white and red "sacaca". the essential oils (eo) obtained by hydrodistillation from leaves of the red morphotype were, in general, rich in 7-hydroxycalamenene (28.4%-37.5%). the effectiveness of these eo regarding the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms was initially investigated by the drop test method, showing significant inhibition zones. among the microorganisms te ...201323325101
production of fumaric acid by immobilized rhizopus arrhizus on net.an immobilization method using net was developed for fumaric acid fermentation by rhizopus arrhizus rh-07-13. the large surface of the net immobilized enough filamentous mycelia which produced fumaric acid rapidly. net size and spore concentration were optimized to enhance fermentation performance and 150cm(2) of net size, 0.5×10(6)per ml of spore concentration were selected finally. compared to free-cell fermentation, fumaric acid production was flat (32.03 vs. 31.23g/l) but fermentation time r ...201323360706
allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis due to fungi other than aspergillus: a global overview.allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (abpm) is a hypersensitivity-mediated disease of worldwide distribution. we reviewed 143 reported global cases of abpm due to fungi other than aspergilli. the commonest etiologic agent was candida albicans, reported in 60% of the cases, followed by bipolaris species (13%), schizophyllum commune (11%), curvularia species (8%), pseudallescheria boydii species complex (3%) and rarely, alternaria alternata, fusarium vasinfectum, penicillium species, cladosporium cla ...201423383677
rhinocerebral mucormycosis: literature review apropos of a rare entity.mucormycosis is a rare fungal infection that affects immunocompromised patients, and the rhinoorbitocerebral presentation is the most common clinical form of the disease, often associated with diabetes mellitusthe treatment is complex and involves amphotericin b and surgery. studies show increasing success without or with minimal surgeries. the authors present the case of a diabetic woman with a 1-month history of intranasal and right periorbital pain associated with progressive deficit of vario ...201323389725
assessment of activities and conformation of lipases treated with sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide.in order to illustrate the underlining mechanism of the effect of high pressure on lipases from different resources, the influence of compressed carbon dioxide treatment on the esterification activities and conformation of the three lipases candida rugosa lipase (crl), pseudomonas fluorescens lipase, and rhizopus oryzae lipase was investigated in the present work. the results showed that the lipases activities were significantly enhanced in most of high-pressure treatments, except the pressure h ...201323417391
high-level expression and characterization of a chimeric lipase from rhizopus oryzae for biodiesel production.production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is receiving increasing attention. tung oil, called "china wood oil" is one kind of promising non-edible biodiesel oil in china. to our knowledge, tung oil has not been used to produce biodiesel by enzymatic method. the enzymatic production of biodiesel has been investigated extensively by using rhizopus oryzae lipase as catalyst. however, the high cost of r. oryzae lipase remains a barrier for its industrial applications. through different heterologo ...201323432946
comparative analysis of solid-state bioprocessing and enzymatic treatment of finger millet for mobilization of bound phenolics.the present work investigates the probable bioprocessing technique to mobilize the bound phenolics naturally found in finger millet cell wall for enriching it with dietary antioxidants. comparative study was performed between the exogenous enzymatic treatment and solid-state fermentation of grain (ssf) with a food grade organism rhizopus oryzae. ssf results indicated that at the 6th day of incubation, total phenolic content (18.64 mg gallic acid equivalent/gds) and antioxidant property (dpph rad ...201323456252
efficacy of dna amplification in tissue biopsy samples to improve the detection of invasive fungal disease.the performance of a pan-fungal pcr-based technique was evaluated to assess the aetiology of invasive fungal diseases (ifds). a total of 89 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy samples from 84 patients with proven ifd were studied. culture of tissue was performed in 68 (81%) patients. the sensitivities of the pcr-based technique and microbiological culture of tissues were 89% and 56%, respectively (p <0.01). according to pcr results, aspergillus species accounted for 67%, candida species for ...201323464751
antifungal activity of thymus vulgaris l. essential oil and its constituent phytochemicals against rhizopus oryzae: interaction with ergosterol.mucormycoses are emerging infections that have high rates of morbidity and mortality. they show high resistance to antifungal agents, and there is a limited therapeutic arsenal currently available, therefore, there is a great need to give priority to testing therapeutic agents for the treatment of mucormycosis. along this line, the use of essential oils and phytoconstituents has been emphasized as a new therapeutic approach. the objective of this work was to investigate the antifungal activity o ...201223519243
role of met93 and thr96 in the lid hinge region of rhizopus chinensis lipase.we engineered rhizopus chinensis lipase to study its critical amino acid role in catalytic properties. based on the amino acid sequence and three-dimensional model of the lipase, residues located in its lid hinge region (met93 and thr96) were replaced with corresponding amino acid residues (ile93 and asn96) found in the lid hinge region of rhizopus oryzae lipase. the substitutions in the lid hinge region affected not only substrate specificity but also the thermostability of the lipase. both lip ...201323546870
rational medium optimization based on comparative metabolic profiling analysis to improve fumaric acid production.to rationally guide fumaric acid production improvement, metabolic profiling approach was performed to analyze metabolite changes of rhizopus oryzae fm19 under different fermentation conditions. a correlation between the metabolic profiling and fumaric acid production was revealed by principal component analysis as well as partial least squares. citric acid, oxaloacetic acid, 2-oxoglutarate, lactic acid, proline, alanine, valine, leucine were identified to be mainly responsible for the metabolis ...201323570778
clinical-scale generation of multi-specific anti-fungal t cells targeting candida, aspergillus and mucormycetes.invasive fungal infections, in particular, infections caused by candida, aspergillus and mucormycetes, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. adoptive transfer of donor-derived anti-fungal t cells shows promise to restore immunity and to offer a cure. because t cells recognize only specific epitopes, the low rate of patients in which the causal fungal pathogen can be identified and the considerable number of patient ...201323579059
black pleural effusion.black pleural effusions are extremely rare and have been reported in patients with infection, malignancy, and hemorrhage. however, no review articles appear to have focused on this rare clinical presentation.201323591042
bioconversion of aflatoxin g1 to aflatoxin b 3 by selected fungi.aflatoxin g1 (afg1) was transformed into aflatoxin b3 (afb3) by the fungirhodotorula sp,sporobolomyces sp,rhizopus oryzae nrrl395,pythium ultimum, aspergillus terreus, a clavatus and penicillium frequentans grown in a medium containing afg1, difco potato dextrose broth, yeast extract, and peptone both in liquid shaken cultures and in solid static cultures at 25°c in the dark. a maximum rate of transformation of 10 % was obtained after 2 to 3 weeks of incubation. the transformation was correlated ...199023605445
gangrenous cutaneous mucormycosis caused by rhizopus oryzae: a case report and review of primary cutaneous mucormycosis in china over past 20 years.cutaneous mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection caused by zygomycetes that can be rapidly fatal if unrecognized. we describe the clinical, histopathological, fungal and molecular features of a case of gangrenous cutaneous mucormycosis. the patient presented with great necrosis on his right forearm at the site of detained intravenous cannula needle. he had type ii diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. koh mount of black eschar showed many broad, aseptate fungal hyphae with right-angl ...201323615822
mass production of spores of lactic acid-producing rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5384 on agar plate.mass production of sporangiospores (spores) of rhizopus oryzae nbrc 5384 (identical to nrrl 395 and atcc 9363) on potato-dextrose-agar medium was studied aiming at starting its l(+)-lactic acid fermentation directly from spore inoculation. various parameters including harvest time, sowed spore density, size of agar plate, height of air space, and incubation mode of plate (agar-on-bottom or agar-on-top) were studied. ordinarily used shallow petri dishes were found out to be unsuitable for the ful ...201323658025
mitochondrial respiratory pathways inhibition in rhizopus oryzae potentiates activity of posaconazole and itraconazole via apoptosis.the incidence of mucormycosis has increased drastically in immunocompromised patients. also the array of targets whose inhibition results in mucorales death is limited. recently, researchers identified mitochondria as important regulators of detoxification and virulence mechanisms in fungi. in this context, targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain may provide a new platform for antifungal development. we hypothesized that targeting respiratory pathways potentiates triazoles activity via apo ...201323696824
production of l-lactic acid by the yeast candida sonorensis expressing heterologous bacterial and fungal lactate dehydrogenases.polylactic acid is a renewable raw material that is increasingly used in the manufacture of bioplastics, which offers a more sustainable alternative to materials derived from fossil resources. both lactic acid bacteria and genetically engineered yeast have been implemented in commercial scale in biotechnological production of lactic acid. in the present work, genes encoding l-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) of lactobacillus helveticus, bacillus megaterium and rhizopus oryzae were expressed in a new ...201323706009
rhinocerebral mucormycosis due to rhizopus oryzae in a diabetic patient: a case report.mucormycosis is an opportunistic fulminant fungal infection, which affects nose and paranasal sinuses by direct invasion or through the blood vessels mainly in diabetic and immunocompromised patients. in the present study, a rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in a 24-year-old female with diabetes mellitus as underlying disease was reported. computed tomography (ct scan) demonstrated an increase in the soft tissue densities in the left nasal cavity, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses and destruction o ...201323721995
effect of extracellular factors on growth and dimorphism of rhizopus oryzae with multiple enzyme synthesizing ability.rhizopus oryzae pr7 mtcc 9642 was a dimorphic fungus that showed a regular 90 days cycle of filament (mycelium) to pellet (yeast) transformation through a distinct bottom dwelling intermediate state and the pellets never revert back to filamentous form. apart from the normal cycle, high temperature (37°c and above) and extreme ph also induced the yeast formation. among the ions tested, calcium and chloride ions were found to restore the filamentous morphology, even in extreme ph and temperature. ...201123729885
lipases efficiently stearate and cutinases acetylate the surface of arabinoxylan films.this is the first report on successful enzyme catalyzed surface esterification of hemicellulose films. enzyme catalyzed surface acetylation with vinyl acetate and stearation with vinyl stearate were studied on rye arabinoxylan (ax) films. different surface analytical techniques (ft-ir, tof-sims, esca, ca) show that lipases from mucor javanicus, rhizopus oryzae and candida rugosa successfully surface stearate ax films and that a cutinase from fusarium solani pisi surface acetylates these films. t ...201323774036
kb425796-a, a novel antifungal antibiotic produced by paenibacillus sp. 530603.the novel antifungal macrocyclic lipopeptidolactone, kb425796-a (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of bacterial strain 530603, which was identified as a new paenibacillus species based on morphological and physiological characteristics, and 16s rrna sequences. kb425796-a (1) was isolated as white powder by solvent extraction, hp-20 and ods-b column chromatography, and lyophilization, and was determined to have the molecular formula c79h115n19o18. kb425796-a (1) showed antifungal activ ...201323778117
can host receptors for fungi be targeted for treatment of fungal infections?the invasion and stimulation of normally non-phagocytic host cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, is a key step in the pathogenesis of many fungal infections. in most cases, host cell invasion and/or stimulation of a proinflammatory response is induced when proteins or carbohydrates on the fungal cell surface bind to receptors on the host cell. although many of these fungal-host cell interactions have only been investigated in vitro, the therapeutic efficacy of blocking the host cell ...201323796589
kinetic properties of two rhizopus exo-polygalacturonase enzymes hydrolyzing galacturonic acid oligomers using isothermal titration calorimetry.the kinetic characteristics of two rhizopus oryzae exo-polygalacturonases acting on galacturonic acid oligomers (galpa) were determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (itc). rpg15 hydrolyzing (galpa)2 demonstrated a k m of 55 μm and k cat of 10.3 s(-1) while rpg16 was shown to have greater affinity for (galpa)2 with a k m of 16 μm, but lesser catalytic activity with a k cat of 3.9 s(-1). both enzymes were inhibited by the product, galacturonic acid, with app k i values of 886 and 501 μm ...201323813338
hyperthermia sensitizes rhizopus oryzae to posaconazole and itraconazole action through apoptosis.the high mortality rate of mucormycosis with currently available monotherapy has created interest in studying novel strategies for antifungal agents. with the exception of amphotericin b (amb), the triazoles (posaconazole [pcz] and itraconazole [icz]) are fungistatic in vitro against rhizopus oryzae . we hypothesized that growth at a high temperature (42°c) results in fungicidal activity of pcz and icz that is mediated through apoptosis. r. oryzae had high mic values for pcz and icz (16 to 64 μg ...201323817366
solvent-free synthesis of flavour esters through immobilized lipase mediated transesterification.the synthesis of methyl butyrate and octyl acetate through immobilized rhizopus oryzae nrrl 3562 lipase mediated transesterification was studied under solvent-free conditions. the effect of different transesterification variables, namely, molarity of alcohol, reaction time, temperature, agitation, addition of water, and enzyme amount on molar conversion (%) was investigated. a maximum molar conversion of 70.42% and 92.35% was obtained in a reaction time of 14 and 12 h with the transesterificatio ...201323819043
aqueous extracts of rhizopus oryzae induced nitric oxide production in rat hepatocyte cell line rln-10.aqueous extracts of rhizopus oryzae (aq-rou) have a broad range of physiological activity. here we identified a new physiological effect of aq-rou in rat hepatocyte cell line rln-10. aq-rou induced the accumulation of nitrite, a stable metabolite nitric oxide (no), in cell culture medium and induced potent diaminofluorescein-fm diacetate staining in the cells. real-time reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr analysis showed marked inducible no synthase gene expression. additionally, markedly enhanced ex ...201323832357
metabolic flux analysis of recombinant pichia pastoris growing on different glycerol/methanol mixtures by iterative fitting of nmr-derived (13)c-labelling data from proteinogenic amino acids.the yeast pichia pastoris has emerged as one of the most promising yeast cell factories for the production of heterologous proteins. the readily available genetic tools and the ease of high-cell density cultivations using methanol or glycerol/methanol mixtures are among the key factors for this development. previous studies have shown that the use of mixed feeds of glycerol and methanol seem to alleviate the metabolic burden derived from protein production, allowing for higher specific and volum ...201423845285
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