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aminopeptidase n-null neonatal piglets are protected from transmissible gastroenteritis virus but not porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.swine enteric diseases have caused significant economic loss and have been considered as the major threat to the global swine industry. several coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), have been identified as the causative agents of these diseases. effective measures to control these diseases are lacking. the major host cells of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus have thought to be epithel ...201931515498
a novel biotinylated nanobody-based blocking elisa for the rapid and sensitive clinical detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), which is characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and a high mortality rate in piglets, leads to enormous economic losses to the pork industry and remains a large challenge worldwide. thus, a rapid and reliable method is required for epidemiological investigations and to evaluate the effect of immunization. however, the current diagnostic methods for pedv are time-consuming and very expensive and rarely meet the requirements for clini ...201931526383
the 3.1-angstrom cryo-electron microscopy structure of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein in the prefusion conformation.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an alphacoronavirus that has a significant agricultural and economic impact due to the high mortality rate associated with infection of neonatal piglets. like other coronaviruses, pedv makes use of a large, trimeric spike (s) glycoprotein to mediate membrane fusion and gain entry into host cells. despite the importance of the spike protein in viral entry and host immune responses, high-resolution structural information concerning this large macromolecula ...201931534041
integrin αvβ3 enhances replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on vero e6 and porcine intestinal epithelial cells.the entry mechanism of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) remains unclear, especially the virus receptor. our previous study revealed a potential correlation between integrin αvβ3 and pedv infection. in the current study, the effect of overexpression, silencing, antibody inhibition, and co-expression with porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) of integrin αvβ3 on pedv infection was investigated and analyzed in african green monkey vero e6 cells and porcine intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) using t ...201931585640
prevalence of enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic samples from pig farms with neonatal diarrhea in the north east of spain.diarrhea is one of the major causes of neonatal mortality in pigs. in the present study, 31 pig farms with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhea were investigated in catalonia (ne spain) from february 2017 until june 2018. two hundred and fifteen diarrheic samples from 1 to 7 days old piglets were tested for a panel of enteric pathogens. in 19 of the studied farms additional fecal samples from apparently healthy pen-mates were collected and tested for the same panel of infectious agents. samples were b ...201931585655
isolation and identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and its effect on host natural immune response.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a highly infectious intestinal disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). a pedv strain was isolated from the piglet intestinal tract in vero cells in jiangsu province, designated as the js-a strain. pedv was identified as the isolated virus by cytopathology, immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, transmission electron microscopy, and sequence analysis. the full-length genome of the js-a isolate and the s gene were systematically analyzed, i ...201931636617
one-step triplex reverse-transcription pcr detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine sapelovirus, and porcine sapovirus.swine diarrhea can be caused by multiple agents, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine sapelovirus (psv), and porcine sapovirus (sav). we designed a one-step triplex reverse-transcription pcr (rt-pcr) detection method including 3 pairs of primers that focused on the s1 gene of pedv, a conserved gene of psv, and the vp1 gene of sav. the optimal concentrations of upstream and downstream primers in the triplex rt-pcr were 0.24 μm for pedv, 0.15 μm for psv, and 0.2 μm for sav, an ...201931650901
characterization and pathogenicity of vero cell-attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ct strain.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused enormous economic losses to the global pig industry. currently available pedv vaccine strains have limited protective effects against pedv variant strains.201931660993
comprehensive analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in orf3 gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in china.the orf3 protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is found to function as an ion channel which influences virus virulence and production. taking consideration of the importance of pedv orf3 gene, we have performed comprehensive analysis to investigate its synonymous codon usage patterns. in this study, the results of base composition analysis showed a/t rich and g/c poor in pedv orf3 genes, and the most abundant base was nucleotide t. the relative synonymous codon usage value in each co ...201931677415
ifn-lambda 3 mediates antiviral protection against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by inducing a distinct antiviral transcript profile in porcine intestinal epithelia.type iii interferon-lambda (ifn-λ) plays a critical role against infection, particularly in mucosal infection in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. our study and other previous studies have shown that porcine ifn-λ more efficiently curtails the infection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in the intestine epithelia than type i ifn, whereas ifn-λ3 exerts a more potent effect than ifn-λ1. however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive, and in particular, the transcriptional prof ...201931681286
analysis of swine conventional dendritic cells, dec205+cd172a+/-cadm1+, from blood and spleen in response to prrsv and pedv.conventional dendritic cells (cdcs) cannot be infected by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) but respond to infection via cytokine production, indicating a possible role in initiation/regulation of the immune response against prrsv. in this work, we evaluated the responses of splenic and blood cdcs, with dec205+cadm1+cd172a+/- phenotype, as well as those of cd163+ cells against prrsv and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). both populations were incubated in the prese ...201931683569
significant interference with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pandemic and classical strain replication in small-intestine epithelial cells using an shrna expression vector.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) re-emerged in china in 2010 and is now widespread. evidence indicates that highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) strains belonging to genotype g2 caused a large-scale outbreak of diarrhea. currently, vaccines derived from pedv classical strains do not effectively prevent infection by virulent pedv strains, and no specific drug is available to treat the disease. rna interference (rnai) is a novel and effective way to cure a wide range of viruses. w ...201931684062
evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in pigs.in recent years, many studies have shown that recombinant adenovirus live vector-based vaccines are a promising novel vaccine candidate against virus infection. therefore, in this study, a new type of recombinant adenovirus expressing the spike (s) protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), rad-pedv-s, was generated, and its characteristics were determined. then, its efficacy as a vaccine candidate was evaluated in 4-week-old pigs. the results showed that the s protein could be well expr ...201931687402
emerging highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: molecular mechanisms of attenuation and rational design of live attenuated vaccines.the highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) emerged in china in 2010. it infects pigs of all ages, and causes severe diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn pigs, leading to devastating economic losses in the pork industry worldwide. effective and safe vaccines against highly virulent pedv strains are still unavailable, hampering the further prevention, control and eradication of the disease in herds. vaccination of pregnant sows with live attenuated vaccines (lavs) is the mo ...201931689903
identification of novel proteolytically inactive mutations in coronavirus 3c-like protease using a combined approach.coronaviruses (covs) infect humans and multiple other animal species, causing highly prevalent and severe diseases. 3c-like proteases (3clpros) from covs (also called main proteases) are essential for viral replication and are also involved in polyprotein cleavage and immune regulation, making them attractive and effective targets for the development of antiviral drugs. herein, the 3clpro from the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, an enteropathogenic cov, was used as a model to identify novel cru ...201931690127
nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs.virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. the economic burden caused by virus infections such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, swine influenza virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine circovirus 2, foot and mouth disease virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. pigs can al ...201931694705
a minimally replicative vaccine protects vaccinated piglets against challenge with the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), is an economically important enteric coronavirus, with over a 90% mortality rate in neonatal piglets. the virus emerged in the us in 2013, resulting in severe production losses. effective vaccine development against pedv is a challenge. inactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy. attenuated vaccines, while more effective, require a relatively long lead development time, are associated with safety concerns and are also unable to prevent new field out ...201931696121
rapid manipulation of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome by crispr/cas9 technology.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly pathogenic enteric coronavirus causing lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. reverse genetics is a valuable tool to study the functions of viral genes and to generate vaccine candidates. in this study, a full-length infectious cdna clone of the highly virulent pedv strain aj1102 was assembled in a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac). the rescued virus (raj1102) exhibited similar proliferation characteristics in vitro to the wildtype aj11 ...202031712093
development of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus specific antibodies (igg) in serum of naturally infected pigs.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection is a highly contagious infectious disease causing watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality rate in newborn piglets. pedv infection can cause high economic losses in pig industry. in japan, a pedv outbreak occurred with high mortality from 2013 to 2015. even though until now, pedv infection occurs sporadically. for the control and monitoring of pedv infection, not only symptomatic pigs, but also asymptomatic pigs should be identifi ...201931718620
receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors block proliferation of tgev mainly through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.emerging coronaviruses (covs) primarily cause severe gastroenteric or respiratory diseases in humans and animals, and no approved therapeutics are currently available. here, a9, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (rtki) of the tyrphostin class, is identified as a robust inhibitor of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection in cell-based assays. moreover, a9 exhibited potent antiviral activity against the replication of various covs, including murine hepatitis virus (mhv), porcine e ...202031751591
nucleocapsid proteins from other swine enteric coronaviruses differentially modulate pedv replication.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) share tropism for swine intestinal epithelial cells. whether mixing of viral components during co-infection alters pathogenic outcomes or viral replication is not known. in this study, we investigated how different coronavirus nucleocapsid (cov n) proteins interact and affect pedv replication. we found that pdcov n and tgev n can competitively interact with pedv n. however, the ...202031756532
effect of dietary medium-chain fatty acids on nursery pig growth performance, fecal microbial composition, and mitigation properties against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following storage.an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary medium-chain fatty acid (mcfa) addition on nursery pig growth performance, fecal microbial composition, and mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) following storage. a total of 360 pigs (dna 400 × 200, columbus, ne; initially 6.7 ± 0.07 kg) were randomized to pens (5 pigs per pen) on the day of weaning (approximately 20 d of age), allowed a 6-d acclimation, blocked by bw, and randomized to dietary treatment (9 pens per t ...202031758795
mortalin restricts porcine epidemic diarrhea virus entry by downregulating clathrin-mediated endocytosis.clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a mechanism used for the invasion of cells by a variety of viruses. mortalin protein is involved in a variety of cellular functions and plays a role in viral infection. in this study, we found that mortalin significantly inhibited the replication of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) through restricting virus entry. mechanistically, a biochemical interaction between the carboxyl terminus of mortalin and clathrin heavy chain (cltc) was been found, and mortalin ...201931767073
enhancement of antigen-specific humoral immune responses and protein solubility through conjugation of bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, to the n-terminus of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus surface protein antigen s0.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a highly contagious enteric swine disease. the large economic impact of ped on the swine industry worldwide has made the development of an effective ped vaccine a necessity. s0, a truncated region of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) spike protein, has been suggested as a candidate antigen for ped subunit vaccines; however, poor solubility problems when the protein is expressed in escherichia coli, and the inherent problems of subunit vaccines, such as ...201931775197
development and comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on recombinant trimeric full-length and truncated spike proteins for detecting antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.since 2010, outbreaks of genotype 2 (g2) porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) have caused high mortality in neonatal piglets and have had devastating impacts on the swine industry in many countries. a reliable serological assay for evaluating the pedv-specific humoral and mucosal immune response is important for disease survey, monitoring the efficacy of immunization, and designing strategies for the prevention and control of ped. two pedv spike (s) glycoprotein-based indirect enzyme-linked im ...201931775769
manipulation of intestinal antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion strategies of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal pigs, due to its clinical pathogenesis of the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. the host's innate immune system is the first line of defence upon virus invasion of the small intestinal epithelial cells. in turn, the virus has evolved to modulate the host's innate immunity during infection, resulting in pathogen virulence, survival, and the establishment of successful infecti ...201931781594
oral vitamin a supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected gilts enhances iga and lactogenic immune protection of nursing piglets.vitamin a (va) has pleiotropic effects on the immune system and is critical for mucosal immune function and intestinal lymphocyte trafficking. we hypothesized that oral va supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv)-infected pregnant gilts would enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory iga axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against pedv challenge. gilts received daily oral retinyl acetate (30 000 iu) starting at gestation day 76 throughout la ...201931783923
origin and epidemic status of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variants in china.from 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) variants caused sequential outbreaks of disease in asia and the united states. in this retrospective study, 49 complete spike (s) gene sequences were obtained from pedv strains collected in china from 2014 to 2016. we observed that variant pedv strains with novel insertions, deletions, and multiple s gene recombination types were present in china. in addition, mixed infections involving different variant strains were observed in some areas. based ...202031793242
evaluation of antiviral activity of bacillus licheniformis-fermented products against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.bacillus licheniformis (b. licheniformis) is commonly used as probiotic and its secondary metabolites are attractive anti-microbial candidate. in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of crude extracts from b. licheniformis against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a highly contagious enveloped porcine virus that has caused great economic loss in pigs. in vivo, pedv-infected piglets supplemented with air-dried solid state fermentative cultivate containing b. lichen ...201931797149
isolation and characterization of a variant subgroup gii-a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain in china.highly virulent variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) have been closely associated with recent outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) in china, which have resulted in severe economic losses to the pork industry.202031838173
surface-displayed porcine ifn-λ3 in lactobacillus plantarum inhibits porcine enteric coronavirus infection of porcine intestinal epithelial cells.interferon (ifn)-λ plays an essential role in mucosal cells which exhibit strong antiviral activity. lactobacillus plantarum (l. plantarum) has substantial application potential in the food and medical industries because of its probiotic properties. alphacoronaviruses, especially porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), cause high morbidity and mortality in piglets resulting in economic loss. co-infection by these two viruses is becoming increasingly ...202031838830
antiviral activity of interleukin-11 as a response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection.interleukin-11 (il-11), a well-known anti-inflammatory factor, provides protection from intestinal epithelium damage caused by physical or chemical factors. however, little is known of the role of il-11 during viral infections. in this study, il-11 expression at mrna and protein levels were found to be high in vero cells and the jejunum of piglets during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection, while il-11 expression was found to be positively correlated with the level of viral infectio ...201931864417
bst2 suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting and degrading virus nucleocapsid protein with selective autophagy.interferon-induced bst2 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2) inhibits viral replication by tethering enveloped virions to the cell surface to restrict viral release and by inducing the nfkb-dependent antiviral immune response. however, the mechanism by which bst2 uses the selective autophagy pathway to inhibit viral replication is poorly understood. in this study, we showed that bst2 expression was significantly increased during porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection of vero cells by i ...202031868081
microarray analysis reveals the inhibition of intestinal expression of nutrient transporters in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection can induce intestinal dysfunction, resulting in severe diarrhea and even death, but the mode of action underlying these viral effects remains unclear. this study determined the effects of pedv infection on intestinal absorption and the expression of genes for nutrient transporters via biochemical tests and microarray analysis. sixteen 7-day-old healthy piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated to one of two groups. after 5-day adaption, ...201931875021
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine diarrhea associated viruses in southern china from 2012 to 2018.in china, large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea caused by viruses have occurred in pigs since late 2010. to investigate the prevalence and genetic evolution of diarrhea-associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks, a total of 2987 field diarrheal samples collected from 168 pig farms in five provinces in southern china during 2012-2018 were tested.201931881873
pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a new strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus containing a novel deletion in the n gene.since late 2010, highly virulent pedv g2-genotype strains have emerged globally extracting heavy losses on the pork industries of numerous countries. we investigated the characteristics of a field strain of pedv (pedv strain sh) isolated from a piglet with severe diarrhea on a farm in shanghai china. whole genome sequencing and analysis revealed that the sh strain belonged to subtype g2b and has a unique 12-aa deletion (aa 399-410) including the antigenic epitope nep-1c9 (aa 398-406) of the n pr ...202031902508
porcine epidemic diarrhea altered colonic microbiota communities in suckling piglets.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a major gastrointestinal disease afflicting suckling pigs that causes huge industrial economic losses. in this study, we investigated microbiota from the colonic mucosa and content in healthy and ped piglets. high-throughput 16s rrna gene sequencing was performed to identify inter-group differences. firmicutes, fusobacteria, proteobacteria, and bacteroidetes were the top four affected phyla. the proportion of proteobacteria was higher in infected than in health ...201931905830
investigation of the role of the spike protein in reversing the virulence of the highly virulent taiwan porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pintung 52 strains and its attenuated counterpart.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has continuously caused severe economic losses to the global swine industries; however, no successful vaccine against pedv has been developed. in this study, we generated four autologous recombinant viruses, including the highly virulent ipedvpt-p5, attenuated ipedvpt-p96, and two chimeric viruses (ipedvpt-p5-96s and ipedvpt-p96-5s) with the reciprocally exchanged spike (s) gene, to study the role of the s gene in pedv pathogenesis. a deeper understanding o ...201931905842
recombinant adenovirus carrying a core neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and heat-labile enterotoxin b of escherichia coli as a mucosal vaccine.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) targets the intestinal mucosa in pigs. to protect against pedv invasion, a mucosal vaccine is utilized effectively. in this study, we generated a recombinant adenovirus vaccine encoding the heat-labile enterotoxin b (ltb) and the core neutralizing epitope (coe) of pedv (rad-ltb-coe). the fusion protein ltb-coe was successfully expressed by the recombinant adenovirus in hek293 cells, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate was assessed in balb/c mice ...202031950289
oral administration of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein expressing in silkworm pupae failed to elicit immune responses in pigs.the silkworm (bombyx mori) and its pupae have been used for decades as nutritional additives and applied on the production of high-quality recombinant proteins via the baculovirus expression vector (bev) system. the bio-capsule, the fat-rich body, and some body components of the silkworm pupae, which deliver antigens passing through the harsh environment of digestive tract and reaching the intestine, have been used as a vehicle for oral vaccines. in the present study, to develop a novel oral vac ...202031993764
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates in eastern china.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is one of the most common viral pathogens causing swine diarrhea.201832027615
co-infection status of porcine circoviruses (pcv2 and pcv3) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in pigs with watery diarrhea in henan province, central china.porcine circoviruses (pcv2 and pcv3) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) are important swine viruses that threaten the swine industry worldwide. here, we evaluated the co-infection status of pcv2, pcv3 and pedv in 76 enteric samples from piglets with severe diarrhea disease in henan, china. all samples were tested by pcr/rt-pcr. our results showed that the infection rate of pcv2, pcv3 and pedv was 82.89%, 76.32% and 68.42%, respectively. interestingly, most of these samples exhibited mixe ...202032036077
pedv enters cells through clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and traffics via the endo-/lysosome pathway.with the emergence of highly pathogenic variant strains, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has led to significant economic loss in the global swine industry. many studies have described how coronaviruses enter cells, but information on pedv invasion strategies remains insufficient. given that the differences in gene sequences and pathogenicity between classical and mutant strains of pedv may lead to diverse invasion mechanisms, this study focused on the cellular entry pathways and cellular ...202032041637
epidemic and genetic characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in the regions around hunan, china, during 2017-2018.outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection have caused high mortality of piglets and significant economic losses to the chinese swine industry. in the current study, 184 specimens from pigs with or without signs of diarrhea were collected from 39 farms across eight provinces, mainly around hunan, people's republic of china, in 2017 to 2018 in order to obtain epidemiological information on pedv infections in these regions. the results i ...202032056002
the use of cells from anpep knockout pigs to evaluate the role of aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor for porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov).the coronaviruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) represent important sources of neonatal diarrhea on pig farms. the requirement for aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor for tgev, but not for pedv, is well established. in this study, the biological relevance of apn as a receptor for pdcov was tested by using crispr/cas9 to knockout the apn gene, anpep, in pigs. porcine alveolar macrophages (pams) from anpep ...202032056711
detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-neutralizing antibody using high-throughput imaging cytometry.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is an emerging porcine coronavirus that causes a tremendous economic burden on the swine industry. the assessment of pedv-neutralizing antibody levels provides a valuable tool to assess and predict herd immunity. we evaluated the performance of a pedv imaging cytometry-based high-throughput neutralization test (htnt) and compared the htnt to a fluorescent focus neutralization (ffn) assay using serum samples from pigs of known pedv infection status (n = 159) ...202032065056
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) orf3 enhances viral proliferation by inhibiting apoptosis of infected cells.the genomes of coronaviruses carry accessory genes known to be associated with viral virulence. the single accessory gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), orf3, is dispensable for virus replication in vitro, while viral mutants carrying orf3 truncations exhibit an attenuated phenotype of which the underlying mechanism is unknown. here, we studied the effect of orf3 deletion on the proliferation of pedv in vero cells. to this end, four recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses (pedv ...202032075094
glycyrrhizic-acid-based carbon dots with high antiviral activity by multisite inhibition mechanisms.with the gradual usage of carbon dots (cds) in the area of antiviral research, attempts have been stepped up to develop new antiviral cds with high biocompatibility and antiviral effects. in this study, a kind of highly biocompatible cds (gly-cds) is synthesized from active ingredient (glycyrrhizic acid) of chinese herbal medicine by a hydrothermal method. using the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) as a model, it is found that the gly-cds inhibit prrsv proliferation by ...202032077621
host factors affecting generation of immunity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in pregnant and lactating swine and passive protection of neonates.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. despite this, a safe and effective pedv vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making pedv prevention and control challenging. lactogenic immunity induced via the gut-mammary gland-secretory iga (siga) axis, remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from pedv. the ...202032085410
trypsin promotes porcine deltacoronavirus mediating cell-to-cell fusion in a cell type-dependent manner.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging threat to the global porcine industry. pdcov has been successfully isolated using various medium additives including trypsin, and although we know it is important for viral replication, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. here, we systematically investigated the role of trypsin in pdcov replication including cell entry, cell-to-cell membrane fusion and virus release. using pseudovirus entry assays, we demonstrated that pdcov entry is ...202032090689
structural basis for inhibiting porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication with the 3c-like protease inhibitor gc376.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), being highly virulent and contagious in piglets, has caused significant damage to the pork industries of many countries worldwide. there are no commercial drugs targeting coronaviruses (covs), and few studies on anti-pedv inhibitors. the coronavirus 3c-like protease (3clpro) has a conserved structure and catalytic mechanism and plays a key role during viral polyprotein processing, thus serving as an appealing antiviral drug target. here, we report the anti ...202032098094
intramuscular immunization with chemokine-adjuvanted inactive porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces substantial protection in pigs.intramuscular (im) immunization is generally considered incapable of generating a protective mucosal immune response. in the swine industry, attempts to develop a safe and protective vaccine for controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) via an im route of administration have been unsuccessful. in the present study, porcine chemokine ligand proteins ccl25, 27, and 28 were constructed and stably expressed in the mammalian expression system. im co-administration of inactivated pedv (ipedv) partic ...202032102459
development of a duplex sybr greenⅰ based real-time pcr assay for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine bocavirus3/4/5.the duplex real-time pcr assay based on sybr green і was developed for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine bocavirus (pbov) 3/4/5 genotypes simultaneously. two pairs of specific primers were designed targeting the n gene sequence of pedv and vp1 gene sequence of pbov3/4/5. pedv and pbov3/4/5 could be distinguished by their different melting temperatures (tm) in one sample. the tm value of pedv was 83.5 °c, and the tm value of pbov3/4/5 was 78.5 °c, while other swine p ...202032109535
efficacy of orally administered porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate microspheres and rankl-secreting l. lactis.here, we examined the efficacy of are combinant subunit antigen-based oral vaccine for preventing porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). first, we generated a soluble recombinant partial spike s1 protein (ap2) from pedv in e. coli and then evaluated the utility of ap2 subunit vaccine-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate microspheres (hpmcp) and rankl-secreting l. lactis (llrankl) as a candidate oral vaccine in pregnant sows. pregnant sows were vaccinated twice (with a 2 week interval ...202032122610
expression pattern analysis of antiviral genes and inflammatory cytokines in pedv-infected porcine intestinal epithelial cells.porcine diarrhea disease in newborn and suckling piglets due to infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a leading cause of economic loss in the pig industry globally. in this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of the host innate immune response to pedv infection. the expression dynamics of antiviral genes (e.g., rig-1, pkr, oas1, mx1, and mx2) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., ifn-α, ifn-β, tnf-α, il-6, il-8, and il-12) in porcine small intestinal epithelial (ipec-j2 ...202032133381
attenuated porcine-derived type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus as vector stably expressing viral gene.infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) cdna clones have been used for the expression of classical swine fever virus (csfv) genes for immune prevention and control. however, can it be used for the expression of an allogenetic fragment? to answer this question, a bvdv chimeric virus expressing the spike (s) antigen fragment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was constructed. antigen s499-602 was inserted into pig-derived bvdv-2 infectious cdna clone pash28 in tandem by overlapping pc ...202032135175
identification and characterization of linear b cell epitopes on the nucleocapsid protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using monoclonal antibodies.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), the most important pathogen causing severe diarrhea in piglets, is a highly conserved structural protein. in this study, 5 monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) against the pedv n-protein were prepared and identified. three new epitopes, 56qirwrmrrgeri67, 318gyaqiaslapnvaallfggnva vre342 and 398heeaiyddv406, were firstly identified in the viral n-protein, by using mcabs 3f10, 6a11, and 1c9. the epitope 398heeaiyddv406 was deleted in ...202032142743
development of a rapid and sensitive europium (iii) chelate microparticle-based lateral flow test strip for the detection and epidemiological surveillance of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of the genus alphacoronavirus, is the predominant cause of severe enteropathogenic diarrhea in swine. a simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive method is critical for monitoring pedv on pig farms. in this study, a simple and rapid lateral flow immunoassay detection system that integrates europium (eu) (iii) chelate microparticles was developed to identify pedv in fecal swabs. this newly developed diagnostic sandwich immunoassay utilizes lateral flo ...202032144545
establishment of method for dual simultaneous detection of pedv and tgev by combination of magnetic micro-particles and nanoparticles.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) are the main pathogens causing viral diarrhea in pig, mixed infections of these two viruses are very common in intensive pig rearing. however, there is a lack of a method to simultaneously detect and distinguish pedv and tgev in preclinical levels. in this study, we aimed to establish a dual ultrasensitive nanoparticle dna probe-based pcr assay (dual undp-pcr) based on functionalized magnetic bead enrichment an ...202032147375
genetic characterization of the spike gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses (pedvs) circulating in vietnam from 2015 to 2016.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by the ped virus (pedv), which is a member of the family coronaviridae. since the first outbreaks in belgium and the united kingdom were reported in 1971, ped has spread throughout many countries around the world and causing significant economic loss. this study was conducted to investigate the recent distribution of pedv strains in vietnam during the 2015-2016 seasons.202032159913
an impedimetric immunosensor for determination of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on the nanocomposite consisting of molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles.an electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is described. it was manufactured by using gold nanoparticles/molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (gce). the independently developed monoclonal antibody of pedv-2c11 was immobilized on the modified electrode at site of gold nanoparticles provided in the nanocomposites. the concentration of pedv was quantified by measuring the ...202032166419
development of a rapid immunochromatographic strip test for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus specific siga in colostrum.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes very high mortality in newborn piglets. the mucosal immune system in the gut must eliminate potential pathogens while maintaining a mutually beneficial relationship with the commensal microbiota. antibodies derived from the secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) class, act as the first line of antigen-specific immunity in the gut by recognizing both pathogens and commensals. therefore, the measurement of siga levels is an important index in evaluating ped ...202032173373
quantitative proteomic analysis reveals antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of puerarin in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused enormous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide in recent years. puerarin (pr), a major isoflavonoid isolated from the chinese herb gegen, possesses many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. this study was conducted with both pedv-infected african green monkey kidney cells (vero) and neonatal pigs to determine the effect of pr on pedv infection and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by u ...202032174911
using experimental gaming simulations to elicit risk mitigation behavioral strategies for agricultural disease management.failing to mitigate propagation of disease spread can result in dire economic consequences for agricultural networks. pathogens like porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, can quickly spread among producers. biosecurity is designed to prevent infection transmission. when considering biosecurity investments, management must balance the cost of protection versus the consequences of contracting an infection. thus, an examination of the decision making processes associated with investment in biosecurity i ...202032182247
cloning, prokaryotic soluble expression, and analysis of antiviral activity of two novel feline ifn-ω proteins.cats are becoming more popular as household companions and pets, forming close relationships with humans. although feline viral diseases can pose serious health hazards to pet cats, commercialized preventative vaccines are lacking. interferons (ifns), especially type i ifns (ifn-α, ifn-β, and interferon omega (ifn-ω)), have been explored as effective therapeutic drugs against viral diseases in cats. nevertheless, there is limited knowledge regarding feline ifn-ω (feifn-ω), compared to ifn-α and ...202032204464
immunogenicity of an s1d epitope from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and cholera toxin b subunit fusion protein transiently expressed in infiltrated nicotiana benthamiana leaves.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) belongs to the coronaviridae family and causes acute enteritis in pigs. a fragment of the large spike glycoprotein, termed the s1d epitope (aa 636-789), alone and fused with cholera toxin b subunit, were independently cloned into plant expression vectors, yielding plasmids pmyv717 and pmyv719, respectively. plant expression vectors were transformed into agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequently infiltrated into nicotiana benthamiana leaves. the highest exp ...201632214565
improved expression of porcine epidemic diarrhea antigen by fusion with cholera toxin b subunit and chloroplast transformation in nicotiana tabacum.the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) belongs to the coronavirus family, which causes acute diarrhea in pigs with higher mortality in piglets less than 2 weeks old. the pedv is one of the major concerns of the pig industry around the world, including asian countries and noth america since first identified in europe. currently, there is no pedv licensed vaccine to effectively prevent this disease. this study was performed for the development of a mucosal pedv vaccine and b subunit of cholera ...201932214566
surface displayed expression of a neutralizing epitope of spike protein from a korean strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.the neutralizing epitope (k-coe) of the spike protein from a korean strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has been shown to prevent and foster an immune response to ped, when orally adjusted. the cell surface of the budding yeast,saccharomyces cerevisiae, was engineered to anchor the k-coe on the outer layer of the cell, and consequently, the altered yeast was applied as a dietary complement for animal feed, with immunogenic functions. in this study, the k-coe gene (k-coe) of the kore ...200732218674
production of a heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit-porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-neutralizing epitope fusion protein in transgenic lettuce (lactuca sativa).plant-based vaccines have been produced in transgenic plants including tobacco, potatoes, corn, and rice. however, these plants are not suitable for administration without cooking. to overcome this obstacle, a fusion gene encoding the synthetic enterotoxigenic escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit genetically fused with a synthetic neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (sltb-scoe) was introduced into lettuce cells (lactuca sativa) by agrobacterium-mediated transfor ...200932218676
higher immune response induced by vaccination in houhai acupoint relates to the lymphatic drainage of the injection site.houhai acupoint (ha) is a site for acupuncture stimulation, located in the fossa between the anus and tail base in animals. to evaluate ha as a potential immunization site, the immune responses were compared when ha and the conventional site nape were vaccinated in rats. the results showed that injection of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) vaccine in ha induced significantly higher igg, igg1, igg2, splenocyte proliferation and mrna expression of il-2, il-4 and ifn-γ than in the nape. to ...202032224352
cold exposure-induced up-regulation of hsp70 positively regulates pedv mrna synthesis and protein expression in vitro.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a highly contagious, intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). pedv as an emerging and re-emerging epizootic virus of swine causes substantial economic losses to the pig industry in china and other countries. in china, the occurrence of ped shows significant seasonal variations, usually outbreak during the winter season. the epidemic characteristics of ped may be highly correlated with the changes of ambient temperature. ho ...202032224931
porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) infection, diagnosis and vaccination: a mini review.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a main etiology causing severe enteric disease in piglets with clinical signs of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration resulting in loss of condition and death within a few days. historically, ped is one of major causes of loss in swine and remains prevalent in some parts of the world. even with increase in the available tests for ped diagnosis, which include histological diagnosis; virological diagnosis and serological diagnosis, there is no vacc ...201632226596
expression of the protective antigen for pedv in transgenic duckweed, lemna minor.duckweeds are small, floating aquatic plants with a number of useful characteristics, including edibility, fast-growing, and a clonal proliferation. duckweed is also fed to animals as a diet complement because of its high nutritional value. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a major causative agent of fatal diarrhea in piglets and is a serious problem in the hog-raising industry. in this study, we assessed the feasibility of producing a protective antigen for the pedv spike protein 1 usin ...201132226733
a descriptive study of on-farm biosecurity and management practices during the incursion of porcine epidemic diarrhea into canadian swine herds, 2014.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) emerged into canada in january 2014, primarily affecting sow herds. subsequent epidemiological analyses suggested contaminated feed was the most likely transmission pathway. the primary objective of this study was to describe general biosecurity and management practices implemented in pedv-positive sow herds and matched control herds at the time the virus emerged. the secondary objective was to determine if any of these general biosecurity and farm manageme ...202032233133
effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection on toll-like receptor expression and cytokine levels in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.to explore the role of toll-like receptors (tlrs) and interferon (ifn) in the innate immunity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), we detected the expression of tlr genes in pedv-infected ipec-j2 cells by real-time pcr. we also detected the level of interferon α (ifn-α) and interferon γ (ifn-γ) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). results showed that ipec-j2 cells exhibited a clear pathological change after pedv infection at 24 h. in addition, tlr7, tlr9 and tlr10 expressions ...202032233299
successive passage in vitro led to lower virulence and higher titer of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.a highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) appeared in china and spread rapidly to neighbor countries, which have led to great economic losses to the pig industry. in the present study, we isolated a pedv using vero cells and serially propagated 100 passages. pedv sdsx16 was characterized in vitro and in vivo. the viral titers increased to 107.6 tcid50/ml (100th) by serial passages. the spike (s) gene and the whole gene of the sdsx16 virus was fully sequenced to assess the genetic ...202032244640
characterization of the humoral immune response to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection under experimental and field conditions using an alphalisa platform.coronavirus infections are a continuous threat raised time and again. with the recent emergence of novel virulent strains, these viruses can have a large impact on human and animal health. porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is considered to be a reemerging pig disease caused by the enteropathogenic alphacoronavirus ped virus (pedv). in the absence of effective vaccines, infection prevention and control through diagnostic testing and quarantine are critical. early detection and differential diagnosi ...202032245150
identification of a novel b-cell epitope in the spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection causes an acute enteric tract infectious disease characterized by vomiting, anorexia, dehydration, weight loss and high mortality in neonatal piglets. during pedv infection, the spike protein (s) is a major virion structural protein interacting with receptors and inducing neutralizing antibodies. however, the neutralizing b-cell epitopes within pedv s protein have not been well studied.202032245493
a flagellin-adjuvanted inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) vaccine provides enhanced immune protection against pedv challenge in piglets.since late 2010, outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) have been reported in the swine industry in china. a variant pedv strain that differs from strain cv777 causes prevalent pedv infections which commercial vaccines based on cv777 cannot provide complete protection. in this study, we designed a new vaccine based on the epidemic pedv strain ah2012/12, adjuvanted with flagellin, a mucosal adjuvant that induces mucosal and systemic production of iga. three groups of pregnant sows were immu ...202032253616
role of porcine aminopeptidase n and sialic acids in porcine coronavirus infections in primary porcine enterocytes.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) have been reported to use aminopeptidase n (apn) as a cellular receptor. recently, the role of apn as a receptor for pedv has been questioned. in our study, the role of apn in pedv and tgev infections was studied in primary porcine enterocytes. after seven days of cultivation, 89% of enterocytes presented microvilli and showed a two- to five-fold higher susceptibility to pedv and tgev. a significant increase of ...202032260595
eunps-mab fluorescent probe based immunochromatographic strip for rapid and sensitive detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped), induced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses in the pig industries. in this study, an immunochromatographic assay (ica) based on a eunps-mab fluorescent probe was developed and optimized for rapid detection of pedv. the limit of detection (lod) of the ica was 0.218 μg/ml (2.725 × 103 tcid50/ml) and its linear detection range was 0.031 ...202032278431
field trials evaluating the efficacy of porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine, rna (harrisvaccine) in the philippines.porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) is a devastating enteric disease causing economic losses in many countries including the philippines. to control ped, apart from oral administration of minced intestinal materials, there are still no effective control methods. the ability of porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccine rna particle platform (ped-rp) to induce antibody in colostrum and milk samples was investigated in two pig herds with a differing ped status in the philippines. herd-a was naïve but herd-b wa ...202032279241
three new coumarins from saposhnikovia divaricata and their porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) inhibitory activity.swine based agro-industries throughout the world are in big threat of new pedv infection due to lack of efficient prophylactic defenses as well as dependable curing agents. bioactivity-guided fractionation of a methanol soluble extract from radix of saposhnikovia divaricata led to the isolation of three new (1-3) together with 10 known coumarins (4-13). the structures of new isolates (1-3) were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and their absolute configurations were assigned based ...201532287428
a simple and compact smartphone-based device for the quantitative readout of colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay strips.colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay strips (aunps-lfis) have been widely applied as qualitative diagnostic tools for point-of-care tests (poct). if strip readers were incorporated, their use could be extended to quantitative analysis. however, their cost and non-portability render commercial strip readers unavailable for use in either home testing, community or rural hospital diagnosis. this is particularly true for on-site testing. here, a smartphone-based reader was designed and 3d-printed ...201832288251
status report on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the united states.on 16 may 2013, the usda animal and plant health inspection service, national veterinary services laboratories reported the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the united states for the first time.this virus causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in young pigs. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus does not infect humans and is not a food safety risk.this virus is already found in many countries around the world, and there is no us official regulation of the virus and no export restrictions t ...201432288969
inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using heated water.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is a very contagious swine pathogen that spreads easily via the fecal-oral route, notably from contaminated fomites. the present study investigated heated water as a method for rapid thermal inactivation of pedv. cell-culture adapted pedv was treated with water at varying temperatures and viral titers were measured at multiple time points post-treatment. viable pedv was not recovered after a ten second or longer treatment with water heated to ≥76 °c; howeve ...201632289093
impact of dietary spray-dried bovine plasma addition on pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.experimental data suggest that the addition of spray-dried plasma (sdp) to pig feed may enhance antibody responses against certain pathogens and negatively impact virus survival. the benefit of sdp on escherichia coli infection is well documented. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of bovine sdp (bovsdp) in the pig diet on acute porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection. a total of 16 3-wk-old conventional crossbred pigs were used and divided into three groups. treatments i ...201832289108
determining the impact of commercial feed additives as potential porcine epidemic diarrhea virus mitigation strategies as determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis and bioassay.mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was assessed using two feed additives (0.5% inclusion of a benzoic acid [ba] product and 0.02% inclusion of an essential oil [eo] product; dsm nutritional products inc., parsippany, nj), and combination of both products (0.5% ba and 0.02% eo) in spray-dried porcine plasma (sdpp) and a swine gestation diet (feed) as determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) and bioassay. viral rna quantificat ...201932289110
assessing the effects of medium-chain fatty acids and fat sources on pedv infectivity.the overall objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of medium-chain fatty acids (mcfa) to other common fat sources to minimize the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) cross-contamination in a pig bioassay. treatments were feed with mitigants inoculated with pedv after application and were: 1) positive control with no chemical treatment; 2) 0.325% commercially available formaldehyde-based product; 3) 1% blend of 1:1:1 caproic (c6), caprylic (c8), and capric acids (c10) and ...202032289114
medium-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides as feed additives for pig production: towards gut health improvement and feed pathogen mitigation.ongoing challenges in the swine industry, such as reduced access to antibiotics and virus outbreaks (e.g., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, african swine fever virus), have prompted calls for innovative feed additives to support pig production. medium-chain fatty acids (mcfas) and monoglycerides have emerged as a potential option due to key molecular features and versatile functions, including inhibitory activity against viral and bacterial pathogens. in this review, we summarize recent studies ...202032337029
glycyrrhizin inhibits pedv infection and proinflammatory cytokine secretion via the hmgb1/tlr4-mapk p38 pathway.our previous study showed that glycyrrhizin (gly) inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection, but the mechanisms of gly anti-pedv action remain unclear. in this study, we focused on the anti-pedv and anti-proinflammatory cytokine secretion mechanisms of gly. we found that pedv infection had no effect on toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) protein and mrna levels, but that tlr4 regulated pedv infection and the mrna levels of proinflammatory cytokines. in addition, we demonstrated that tlr ...202032340172
assessment of abortion risk of sows on japanese commercial farms infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.the objectives of this study were to assess abortion risk (ar) and the number of piglets that died during suckling periods per litter (dp) in farms infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped) in relation to herd immunization procedures. data were obtained from 91 farms in japan that had ped infection during 2013 to 2014. the 91 ped-positive farms were asked the number of abortions that occurred and dp for 3 months (1 month before ped outbreak (previous month), 1 month after ped outbreak (the m ...202032342604
immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in swine and protection against subsequent infection.understanding the immune responses against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) is important to prevent infection and to design control strategies. we evaluated both systemic and mucosal immune responses to pedv in pigs and assessed if prior exposure to virus protects against re-infection. three-week-old pigs were infected with pedv and immune response in blood, intestine, and mesenteric lymph node (mln) was evaluated. at 30 dpi, virus exposed pigs were challenged with a field isolate of pedv ...202032343704
detecting and monitoring porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, an underresearched betacoronavirus.members of family coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (phev), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. no commercial phev vaccines are available, and neonatal protection from phev-associated disease is presumably dependent on lactogenic immunity. although subclinical phev infections are thought to be common, phev ecology in commercial sw ...202032376700
rapid and visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging coronavirus that was first identified in 2012 in hong kong, china. since then, pdcov has subsequently been reported worldwide, causing a high number of neonatal piglet deaths and significant economic losses to the swine industry. therefore, it is necessary to establish a highly sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of pdcov.202032381014
oral delivery of maize-produced porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein elicits neutralizing antibodies in pigs.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) causes severe diarrhea and mortality in piglets. robust immunity may break the transmission cycle. expression of antigens in maize grains is a promising method for producing low-cost vaccines. as a first step, we expressed maize constructs containing pedv s1 spike protein targeted to various cellular locations including the cell wall, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuole, and fused to carrier proteins e. coli heat labile subunit (ltb) and a dendritic cell (dc ...202032394992
replicative capacity of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in primary bovine mesenchymal cells.unlike porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) that infects only pigs, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has the capacity to infect different animal species. in vivo gnotobiotic calves were previously confirmed to be susceptible to infection with pdcov, but not with pedv. we next investigated in vitro whether primary bovine cells are susceptible to pdcov or pedv infection. we conducted quantification of viral rna in cell culture supernatants and immunofluorescent staining for the detection of pdco ...202032402338
nonstructural protein 6 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces autophagy to promote viral replication via the pi3k/akt/mtor axis.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) has caused, and continues to cause, severe economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. the pathogenic mechanism and immune regulatory interactions between pedv and the host remain largely unknown. in this study, the interaction between autophagy and pedv replication in intestinal porcine epithelial (ipec-j2) cells was investigated. the effects of the structural and nonstructural proteins of pedv on the autophagy process and the autophagy-related signal ...202032402351
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the host innate immune response.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (cov), is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped). ped causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets, which has led to substantial economic losses in many countries and is a great threat to the global swine industry. interferons (ifns) are major cytokines involved in host innate immune defense, which induce the expression of a broad range of antiviral effectors that help host to control and antagonize viral in ...202032403318
pedv orf3 independently regulates iκb kinase β-mediated nf-κb and ifn-β promoter activities.the open reading frame 3 (orf3), an accessory protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), has been shown to interact with a myriad of cellular proteins, among which include the iκb kinase β (ikbkb). here, specific ikbkb domains responsible for orf3-ikbkb interaction were identified. dysregulation of nf-kb and type i interferon (ifn) in the presence of orf3 was also demonstrated. we showed that while orf3 was capable of up-regulating ikbkb-meditated nf-κb promoter activity, it surprisingly ...202032423021
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