Publications

pathogenesis of rabies virus infection in dogs.	most dogs experimentally infected with street rabies virus showed clinical signs of rabies before death, but up to 18% of the dogs died without showing detectable signs of illness. in dogs showing signs, rabies was not invariably fatal. up to 20% of dogs recovered without any supportive treatment. some dogs inoculated with american (southern texas) or ethiopian canine street virus excreted virus in their saliva up to 14 days before signs appeared. there was no relation between the time of excret ...	1988	3206080
mass vaccination campaign against rabies: are dogs correctly protected? the peruvian experience.	in a mass vaccination campaign conducted in peru in march 1985, 270,000 dogs (65% of the estimated dog population) were vaccinated over the course of 1 month with an inactivated tissue culture vaccine. since that time no human rabies cases have been reported; in addition, the number of animal rabies cases has declined to only three from a previous mean of 292 cases per year since 1980. a serologic survey was also done to determine the immune response among randomly selected vaccinated dogs, with ...	1988	3206083
failure to thrive, wasting syndrome, and immunodeficiency in rabies: a hypophyseal/hypothalamic/thymic axis effect of rabies virus.	studies of rabies virus in several animal models consistently showed hypothalamic infection, hypophyseal infection, dramatic growth impairment (in the form of failure to thrive), wasting syndrome, and immune depletion. rabies virus infection was studied through routine monoclonal antinucleocapsid antibody immunofluorescence and through a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoperoxidase method. the latter was modified to detect the in situ production of growth hormone by uninfected and rabies virus-inf ...	1988	3206086
antigenic diversity of the glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies and rabies-related viruses: implications for epidemiology and control of rabies.	rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have served to describe operationally the topography of the antigenic structure of the glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies virus. with the use of nucleocapsid protein-specific mabs and cleavage fragments of the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein, it has been possible to identify the chemical structure of two antigenic sites of the nucleoprotein and one antigenic site of the phosphoprotein. antisera produced to synthetic peptides that ...	1988	3206089
development of animal recombinant dna vaccine and its efficacy in foxes.	rabies is prevalent in most parts of the world. an extensive reservoir of the disease is present in the population of wild animals. the fox in particular is a major vector of the disease in north america and europe. although attempts to control rabies by vaccination of wild carnivores with attenuated rabies virus have met with some success, this approach remains controversial. the potential of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein for the protection of foxes against rab ...	1988	3206090
efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in raccoons (procyon lotor).	raccoon rabies exists in epizootic proportions in the southeastern and mid-atlantic regions of the united states, but efficacious oral vaccines for control of rabies in this important vector have not been previously demonstrated. alternatively, a vaccinia recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) expressing the era (evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth) rabies virus glycoprotein was highly immunogenic for laboratory animals and raccoons by the intradermal, intramuscular, and oral routes. raccoons that ate a synthe ...	1988	3206091
glimpses into the future of rabies research.	much is now known about the chemical composition of the rabies virus but little is known of its pathogenesis. techniques used commonly in molecular biology research can and should be applied to questions about the behavior of the rabies virus and the responses of the challenged host so that new generations of vaccines may be produced. the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine acts by inducing neutralizing antibody to rabies virus and completely protects various species of vaccinated a ...	1988	3206092
research on susceptibility of cats to the oral administration of rabies vaccine sad b 19 tü.		1988	3206948
the epidemiology of the human rabies threat in the grand duchy of luxembourg.	epidemiological data were recorded and blood samples were obtained from a group of 297 individuals from luxembourg who had been in contact with rabies-infected or -suspected animals from 1979 to 1985, and who had been vaccinated with a complete course of hdcs rabies vaccine. the majority of the subjects were farmers aged between 30 and 59. the most frequent source of infection was cattle, followed by foxes, sheep and cats. dogs were in the fifth position only, probably as a direct result of obli ...	1988	3207500
immunological relationships between rabies virus and rabies-related viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus.	specific monoclonal antibodies (mab) were prepared against a rabies-related lyssavirus, mokola virus. a strain isolated in the central african republic, mok-3, was used as immunogen. after 3 fusions more than 90 hybridoma cultures secreting mab were identified. according to their different patterns of reactivity against rabies and rabies-related viruses, 61 ascites fluids were obtained. the antibody class was igm for 2 of them and igg for 59. they were specific for one of the 4 major viral prote ...	1988	3207504
fatal encephalitis caused by a bat-borne rabies-related virus. clinical findings.	the clinical findings are described in the first reported european case of fatal encephalitis of bat origin caused by a rabies-related virus. a bat zoologist developed the symptoms of rabies 51 days after his last exposure to a bat bite. the clinical disease of 23 days duration was a combination of the paralytic and 'furious' forms of rabies. serial baep and eeg recordings, ct and mr scans of the brain, as well as csf findings, demonstrated severe ascending destruction of the brain. an unusual p ...	1988	3208067
comparison of spongiform lesions in experimental scrapie and rabies in skunks.	striped skunks were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent (suspension of brain from a naturally infected suffolk sheep) or intramuscularly with street rabies virus (suspension of salivary glands from naturally infected skunks). those given the scrapie agent developed clinical signs of weakness, posterior ataxia, and emaciation after incubated periods of 8 to 23 months. those inoculated with rabies virus developed clinical signs of rabies (aggressive behavior, hyperexcitability, ataxi ...	1988	3213430
a field trial in belgium to control fox rabies by oral immunisation.	campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in belgium in september 1986 and june and september 1987. the sad b19 attenuated strain of rabies virus was inserted into baits which were distributed over an area of 2100 km2 at a density of 11 baits/km2. as recommended by the world health organisation, the efficacy and the innocuity of the method were controlled in the field and in the laboratory. samples of blood and brain and jaw were taken from foxes which were shot or found dead ...	1988	3218039
use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus for oral vaccination of fox cubs (vulpes vulpes, l) against rabies.	thirteen fox cubs were orally administered 10(7.2) plaque-forming units of live vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus. on day 28 post-vaccination, all but 1 cub had produced rabies virus antibodies. twelve animals were intramuscularly inoculated with 10(3.2) mouse intracerebral ld50 of rabies virus suspension on days 33 (5 foxes), 180 (4 foxes) or 360 (3 foxes) after vaccination. eleven of them resisted rabies challenge. unvaccinated foxes, either put in contact with 1 vaccinated animal ...	1988	3218072
[era rabies vaccinal strain in guinea pigs infected with cvs rabies strain].		1988	3218811
stability of rabies suckling mouse brain vaccine stored at different temperatures.		1988	3224228
improved antigenicity of the hiv env protein by cleavage site removal.	the hiv env glycoprotein mediates virus infection and cell fusion through an interaction with the cd4 molecule present at the surface of t4+ lymphocytes. although env presents a major antigenic target, vaccinia recombinants expressing env elicit low titres of anti-env antibody (kieny et al., bio/technology, 4, 790-795, 1986). to delimit the functional domains of env and to improve the immunogenicity of the vaccinia recombinants we constructed variants expressing env proteins in which the site pe ...	1988	3237686
efficacy of rabies vaccines against duvenhage virus isolated from european house bats (eptesicus serotinus), classic rabies and rabies-related viruses.	isolates of rabies from separate enzootics can be distinguished by their reactions with panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed to different sites on the nucleocapsid and glycoproteins of the virus. estimates of antigenic relatedness can be made by comparing similarities among groups. in this manner it can be shown that while classic strains of rabies react with most of the mabs, the rabies related lyssaviruses (mokola, lagos and duvenhage) react with only a few of the mabs and isolates ...	1988	3245296
[antigenic activity of rabivak-vnukovo-32 administered intradermally].		1988	3247694
[biological traits and immunologic value of the babeş strain of fixed rabies virus].		1988	3250362
one year booster vaccination with purified vero cell rabies vaccine.		1988	3256120
enhancement of antigen-specific interleukin 2 production by adding liposomes to rabies antigens for priming.	antigen-specific il-2 production was assessed, using splenocytes from rabies immune mice incubated for 24 h with rabies virus antigen. the antigenic material used for in vivo priming was either purified glycoprotein from rabies virus, or the inactivated virus. the time between priming, harvesting and restimulation of the splenocytes was 7 days. it was found that when antigenically inert liposomes were injected, together with antigenic material, to the prospective splenocyte donor mice, il-2 prod ...	1988	3259943
interleukin 2 increases protection against experimental rabies.	vaccination with either whole inactivated rabies virus or immunosome (rabies glycoprotein anchored on liposomes) induces a high level of interleukin 2 (il 2) production after in vitro specific stimulation of splenocytes from primed mice (9). on the contrary, infection with a live rabies virus does not specifically induce the production of il 2: splenocytes from ill mice previously infected with wild rabies virus cannot be specifically stimulated by rabies antigens, whereas they can be non-specif ...	1988	3261273
ecology and epidemiology of raccoon rabies.	two areas of the united states presently are experiencing epizootics of raccoon rabies, which have been followed by the development of an enzootic state. these include four southeastern and five mid-atlantic states. information was obtained from 1,610 raccoons submitted for rabies testing in four of the affected mid-atlantic states during 1982 and 1983 and from 798 raccoons from virginia during 1984 and 1985. analysis of the two sets of data provided an opportunity to characterize certain aspect ...	1988	3264616
[production of monoclonal antibodies against a strain of rabies virus].		1988	3268054
present status of bat-rabies in europe.	since 1985 there has been an increase of bat rabies in europe, especially in denmark, the federal republic of germany and the netherlands. the present knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis and prophylaxis of the disease is summarized.	1988	3268764
[health ethology of the fox and antirabies vaccine in the italian experience].	in order to contribute to the planning of antirabies oral vaccination of foxes a series of ethological and ecological investigations have been carried out. the results obtained are briefly summarized and discussed together with experimental data on antirabies immunization of dogs and foxes with different vaccines.	1988	3268766
[experience with antirabies vaccination of foxes using the oral route coordinated among several european countries and perspectives on the use of recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus].	campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in belgium, grand-duchy of luxembourg and france in september 1986, june and september 1987. the sad b19 attenuated strain of rabies virus, contained in baits (tübingen baits) was used as vaccine. baits were distributed at a range density of 11 to 15 baits per km2. first results are very encouraging. a recombinant vaccinia virus harbouring the rabies virus glycoprotein gene has been developed. this recombinant virus can be given to the ...	1988	3268767
[the italian experience in the control of rabies. ii. laboratory research].	diagnoses of rabies have been performed at the zooprophylactic institutes of brescia and padua since 1977, 5,765 foxes have been examined and 1,805 (31.30%) resulted positive. the same institutes have performed also the laboratory tests in order to control the presence of tetracycline, the serum conversion and the presence of wild or attenuated viruses in the nervous tissue of foxes and other wild animals in occasion of the oral vaccination campaigns of foxes.	1988	3268769
[oral vaccination in the control of feral rabies].	the authors briefly report the results of laboratory and epidemiological investigations on living modified and inactivated antirabies vaccines, started in 1975 and carried out in collaboration with public health authorities and scientific institutions. the antirabies oral vaccination of foxes, using a live and modified vaccine (sadb19 tüb.) began in brescia province (val camonica) in 1984 and was extended in 1985 to bolzano and trento provinces. since july 1986 no more cases of rabies have been ...	1988	3268770
[the italian experience in the control of rabies. iii. laboratory studies on sadb19 tü vaccine used in the fox vaccination campaign].	results of laboratory investigations on the sadb19 tü vaccine used for oral vaccination of fox show: 1) the need to check the vaccine efficacy before its application in the field; 2) the importance of monoclonal antibodies to distinguish sylvatic from vaccinal virus strains in the diagnosis of rabies during the vaccination campaigns; 3) the relevance of a careful evaluation of the epidemiological risk encountered when releasing baits containing activated vaccine.	1988	3268771
[prevention of feral rabies in the province of rome].	this summary briefly describes the work carried out in recent years by the staff of the province of rome for prevention of sylvatic rabies.	1988	3268775
[rabies in austria 1966-1986].	the epidemiology of rabies in central europe with particular reference to austria is described. fox represents the vector of the infection while other animals are involved in the epidemiological picture only incidentally. oral immunization of foxes has been successfully achieved.	1988	3268777
[campaign against fox rabies in belgium: 1st campaign for the vaccination of foxes by the oral route].	the procedures followed in the first antirabies campaign carried out in belgium with oral vaccination of foxes are described. although the evaluation of the results is planned after the third campaign, preliminary data show a decrease in the expected number of cases in the vaccine treated zone.	1988	3268778
naturally acquired serum rabies neutralizing antibody in a canadian inuit population.		1988	3272719
[production of monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus].		1986	3275401
morphologic appearance of inclusion bodies and their association with the antigenic composition of naturally occurring rabies viruses.	a total of 112 rabies virus-infected skunk brain samples from naturally occurring cases (64 from missouri, 48 from kentucky) were code labeled and grouped into two morphologic categories according to the appearance and size of the discrete particles observed by immunofluorescent-antibody staining. the reactivity of the blind-labeled samples was then determined using a panel of 23 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies to test whether morphologic appearance was associated with antigenicity. two c ...	1988	3277995
studies of era/bhk-21 rabies vaccine in skunks and mice.	era rabies vaccine virus grown in bhk-21 13s cells (era/bhk-21) and street rabies virus were titrated in mice by intracerebral, intranasal and intramuscular inoculation. mice were also given undiluted era/bhk-21 in baits. skunks were given undiluted era/bhk-21 in baits and by intramuscular, intranasal and intestinal inoculation. virus neutralizing antibody titers against rabies virus were measured over a three month observation period. the surviving skunks were challenged by intramuscular inocul ...	1988	3280109
use of the avidin-biotin peroxidase system to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.	we stained rabies-infected nervous and salivary-gland tissues fixed in formalin or acetone and embedded in paraffin with the avidin-biotin peroxidase system. with this system, rabies-virus antigen was detected in neurons, glandular acinar cells, and vascular endothelial cells more effectively than by immunofluorescence, especially when tissues were enzyme-digested with pronase before immunoperoxidase staining. the avidin-biotin peroxidase system should be useful for routine diagnosis, retrospect ...	1988	3284894
measurement of rabies-specific antibodies in carnivores by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that utilizes anticanine immunoglobulin for the measurement of rabies-specific antibody in the sera of the major domestic and wildlife reservoirs of rabies in north america. sufficient cross-reactivity was found to exist between anticanine igg and serum antibody from all carnivores tested, including dogs, cats, foxes (vulpes vulpes), skunks (mephitis sp.) and raccoons (procyon lotor). with sera of most species, good correlation wa ...	1988	3286905
serological survey for rabies antibodies in raptors from california.	fifty-three newly captive birds of prey were tested serologically for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus, using a fluorescent focus inhibition test. no significant antibody titers were detected with this sensitive and specific technique in any of these birds. this study supports the contention that free-ranging birds of prey are of limited importance in the epidemiology of rabies.	1988	3286906
successful oral rabies vaccination of raccoons with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	two infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (g) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus dna and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants. expression of g protein was controlled by vaccinia virus promoter p7.5 (early/late class) or by p11 (late class). immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts indicated that both of the rcn recombinants directed faithful expression o ...	1988	3291388
rabies.		1988	3292491
human rabies immunoglobulin assayed by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test suppresses active rabies immunization.	the rabies antibody content of each of ten lots of human rabies immunoglobulin was titrated by both the mouse neutralization test and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. the two tests did not give comparable results, the antibody titres obtained by the mouse neutralization test being 1.4-9.6 times higher than those obtained by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. this titre difference was associated with a consistently lower antibody response in human volunteers who had received ...	1987	3298263
is there a risk to contacts of patients with rabies?	the number of persons in the united states potentially in contact with rabid humans has increased in recent years because of labor-intensive medical care, longer survival times, and care in two or more hospitals. many of these persons request rabies prophylaxis, and their physicians prescribe it because of their insecurity, a situation that is expensive and often unnecessary. records of the centers for disease control and the literature were reviewed to examine the current practice of prophylaxi ...	1987	3299636
epidemiology of rabies virus variants. differentiation using monoclonal antibodies and discriminant analysis.	rabies virus was isolated by cell culture from the brains of 104 confirmed rabies cases diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody staining technique in the united states during 1974-1984. eighty-seven isolates were obtained from wild-life species, 10 from humans, and seven from domestic animals. these isolates were tested in virus neutralization and immunofluorescence assays using a panel of 34 monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid protein, 44 monoclonal antibodies specific fo ...	1987	3300280
serodiagnosis of rabies by dot immunobinding assay.	a dot immunobinding assay that uses inactivated antigen for the detection of rabies viral antibodies was compared with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. results of testing pre- and postvaccination sera from humans (n = 33) and canines (n = 22) were identical for both tests. endpoint titers of positive sera also were approximately the same by both methods. when a mouse monoclonal antibody was used, the dot immunobinding assay antigen was shown to possess detectable rabies virus glycopr ...	1987	3301890
rabies virus infection: genetic mutations and the impact on viral pathogenicity and immunity.		1987	3304828
comparison of sensitivity of bhk-21 and murine neuroblastoma cells in the isolation of a street strain rabies virus.	the sensitivities of bhk-21 (c-13) and murine neuroblastoma (c-1300; clone na) cells for the isolation of small quantities of a street strain rabies virus were compared. suspensions of brain from mice sacrificed prior to the onset of clinical signs of rabies were used to stimulate weakly positive diagnostic specimens. the results of cell culture isolation were compared with those of the direct fluorescent-antibody test and virus isolation in weanling mice. neuroblastoma cells were more sensitive ...	1987	3305560
molecular and genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of viral infections of the central nervous system.	viral pathogenesis can be defined in terms of a series of successive interactions between a virus and its target host. in order for a virus to injure a target organ such as the central nervous system (cns), it must first enter the host animal, replicate in some primary site near its place of entry, spread from this site to the cns and infect and injure specific populations of cells within the cns. at each of these steps, the virus must avoid or overcome a variety of immunological and nonimmunolo ...	1987	3315238
perspectives on rabies virus pathogenesis.		1987	3320516
microneutralization test for rabies virus based on an enzyme immunoassay.	we have developed an enzyme immunoassay for rabies virus by using acetone-fixed infected cell cultures as the antigen. this test was used to demonstrate virus-neutralizing antibodies in human and animal sera and was as sensitive as and easier to perform than the rapid fluorescent-focus inhibition technique.	1987	3323234
[multicenter study of antirabies antibodies in vaccinated subjects: comparison of serologic methods].	polycentric research is performed in three laboratories to value the immunological response in vaccinated persons against rabies. the serological methods were: the immunoenzymatic test with virus of hdcv vaccine (eia-v) and viral glycoprotein purified (eia-p), the neutralizing in vitro test (rffit) and the immunofluorescent indirect test (ifi). the sera of 119 subjects were examined by three laboratories, every performed a different test. it is observed a concordance of 98.3% between rffit and e ...	1987	3327511
[detection of the rabies virus in the brain and salivary glands of animals by using an immunoenzyme method].		1987	3328421
[100 years later...the rabies virus].		1987	3329946
safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine bait containing era strain of attenuated rabies virus.	ninety percent of foxes fed commercial era vaccine in a specially designed bait developed rabies serum neutralizing antibodies. the vaccine bait did not cause clinical signs of rabies when consumed by foxes, raccoons, skunks, dogs, cats, cattle and monkeys. when presented, in the laboratory, to wild rodents of the species microtus, mus musculus and peromyscus, the vaccine baits caused vaccine-induced rabies only in mus musculus. laboratory mice of the cd-1 and cll strain were susceptible to vacc ...	1987	3330965
retrospective evaluation of the immunoreactivity of viral antigens after several years of "formalin" fixation at ambient temperature: a rabies virus-immunoperoxidase model.		1987	3334105
leads from the mmwr. human rabies despite treatment with rabies immune globulin and human diploid cell rabies vaccine--thailand.		1988	3334758
row over vaccine trial.		1988	3340199
inhibition of rabies virus infection by a soluble membrane fraction from the rat central nervous system.	this paper describes the inhibitory effect of a normal rat brain solubilized membrane preparation (rbsm-liposomes) on rabies virus infection. rabies virus was incubated with rbsm-liposomes or their separated components (proteins, phospholipids, gangliosides) before infection of cer or neuroblastoma cells. in addition, both rbsm-liposomes and target cells were treated with enzymes prior to the infection step. all these experimental procedures showed that the active components were mainly lipids.	1988	3341923
the preparation of cultured rabies virus and the production of antiserum for human use.	in this paper we describe a methodology for the preparation of the pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus in bhk-21 clone 13 cells and also its use for the production of antisera in horses. the methodology showed here is simple, rapid, facilitates the attainment of high protective titers, and the antisera produced are of high quality.	1988	3350822
antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of egypt.	nineteen street rabies virus strains, isolated in egypt from humans (two), dogs (nine), cats (two), farm animals (two), gerbils (three), and a jackal were antigenically analyzed. the pasteur strain used for the preparation of human rabies vaccine, the flury high and low egg passage stains (hep, lep) used for animal vaccines, and the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain were also assayed. all were examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies again ...	1988	3351484
vaccination challenge studies with variants of street rabies virus isolated in nigeria.	in a preliminary study it was observed that adult icr mice immunized with serial dilutions of an inactivated experimental human rabies vaccine from the pitman-moore (pm) vaccine virus were well protected against challenge with homologous virulent pm virus and challenge virus standard (cvs). however only one of five variant representatives in five of seven groups of 41 isolates of street rabies virus from nigeria characterized by hybridoma monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid and g ...	1988	3354253
effectiveness and tolerance of pre- and postexposure treatment with purified inactivated rabies vaccine prepared on vero cell line.	the results are reported of a field trial which was designated to demonstrate the inocuity and efficacy of the purified inactivated rabies vaccine (pvrv), produced on vero cells by the institut mérieux, lyon, france in pre- and postexposure treatment in man. four sex and age matched groups of veterinary students and medical personnel received the vaccine. the vaccine was given according to who recommendations for pre- and postexposure regimens. the 82 volunteers were divided into four groups and ...	1988	3354256
[specific activity of a concentrated, chromatography-purified cultured rabies vaccine].	animal experiments and trials on humans have shown that purified and concentrated chromatographic tissue-culture rabies vaccine is safe and essentially more potent than commercial tissue-culture rabies vaccine.	1988	3364079
pathogenesis of rabies virus from a danish bat (eptesicus serotinus): neuronal changes suggestive of spongiosis.	rabies virus strains isolated from a european bat (eptesicus serotinus) in denmark (dbv), a north american big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) in new york state (ny-bat), and a human in south africa (duvenhage strain (duv-1) were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and by inoculating mice, cats, and dogs. the ten danish virus isolates from the same bat species reacted identically with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. immunofluorescence, monoclonal antibody, and histopathologic studie ...	1988	3369944
leads from the mmwr. human rabies--california, 1987.		1988	3373656
[rabies antibodies in ferrets after a single rabies vaccination].		1988	3376624
growth characteristics in cell culture and pathogenicity in mice of two terrestrial rabies strains indigenous to canada.	two strains of street rabies virus from striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were used to infect either a murine neuroblastoma (na 1300) or a baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/c13) cell culture and the cell infection rates were noted during 4 days postinfection. these cultures were then passaged for four consecutive passages, and the viruses obtained in the supernatant fluids of passage 4 were then treated as original isolates and used to infect both neuroblastoma and baby hamster kidney cells. the mort ...	1988	3378201
rapid diagnosis of rabies infection by means of a dot hybridization assay.	dot hybridization was used to detect specific rabies rna in brains, either from experimental infection in mouse or from brain material to be processed for routine diagnosis. 32p cdna probes were employed to identify minute amounts of specific viral rna. purified rna was obtained after phenol extraction. the rna was fixed on nylon membranes and hybridized with a pool of m13 inserts complementary to 200-400 nucleotides of each rabies gene and mrna. hybridized, labelled probes were detected by auto ...	1988	3380107
rabies in vaccinated dogs in gabon.		1988	3381454
[veterinary chief inspection of public health. the 'rabies in bats' scenario].		1988	3388400
completion of the rabies virus genome sequence determination: highly conserved domains among the l (polymerase) proteins of unsegmented negative-strand rna viruses.	we have now completed the rabies genome structure by the cloning and the sequencing of the entire l gene and the 5' untranscribed region. the l gene encodes a single open reading frame 2142 amino acids in length (244,206 da) that corresponds to the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. in contrast with other isofunctional proteins, the rabies polymerase exhibits a high degree of homology with the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase, and a lesser degree, although significant, with those of sendai ...	1988	3407152
[biological properties of variants of the rabies street virus].	experiments in dogs inoculated intracerebrally with biological variants of paralytic (prv) and convulsive (crv) rabies virus isolated from the yak strain population of street rabies virus demonstrated distinct differences in the biological properties of the variants prv induced in dogs paralytic rabies with a short incubation period (average 6.4 days) and crv induced an atypical convulsive form characterized by attacks of tonic convulsions of the body, legs, and head twitching, and a longer incu ...	1988	3414067
[the phenomenon of "early and stimulated death" in mice infected and then vaccinated against rabies].	live (diluted) and inactivated rabies vaccines of low antigen content induce early and enhanced death in mice, inoculated before vaccination with a wild type of rabies virus. such vaccines, which neither induce interferon nor protect, produce a low level of antibodies which appear later than with vaccines of higher antigenicity. it is recommended to examine rabies vaccines not only by the usual (pre-exposure) potency test-nih test or modified nih test (one vaccination), but also by a post-exposu ...	1988	3415193
interaction of rabies vaccine with human rabies immunoglobulin and reliability of a 2-1-1 schedule application for postexposure treatment.	five commercially available rabies vaccines (hdcv, fbkc vaccine, pcec vaccine, pvrv and pdev) applied alone or combined with human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) were administered, by random allocation, to 161 volunteer vaccinees, using the abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure immunization schedule. protective levels of rabies antibody were demonstrated in all vaccinees by day 14, and in all but one vaccinee from day 21 to day 90. partial inhibition of the antibody response due to hrig was observed for ...	1988	3420976
immunohistochemical staining of rabies virus antigen with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in paraffin tissue sections.		1988	3420993
cell mediated immune response in human antirabies revaccination.		1987	3423614
experimental rabies in skunks: immune response and salivary gland infection.	groups of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of street rabies virus. at various intervals after inoculation, saliva and sera were tested for rabies virus and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. skunks that developed rabies were killed in terminal stages of the disease and the following examinations were made: titers of virus and antibody in submandibular salivary glands and brain, extent of immunofluorescence in submandibular salivary glands, ...	1987	3427891
[oral immunization of arctic foxes with a live rabies tissue-culture vaccine from the vnukovo-32 strain].		1987	3433719
[antirabies vaccination].		1987	3447518
[infection defense antigens against pathogenic viruses to human. infection defense antigens and genetic code--trend and progress of study on biomolecular analysis. e. infection defense antigens of rabies virus and genetic code].		1987	3448264
[trends in research in developing new type of vaccines--aiming at efficacy and safety. rabies vaccine].		1987	3448274
synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences of snake venom neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	peptides corresponding to portions of loop 2 of snake venom curare-mimetic neurotoxins and to a structurally similar region of rabies virus glycoprotein were synthesized. interaction of these peptides with purified torpedo electric organ acetylcholine receptor was tested by measuring their ability to block the binding of 125i-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to the receptor. in addition, inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding to a 32-residue synthetic peptide corresponding to positions 173-204 of th ...	1987	3448605
rabies--an unusual observation?		1987	3449551
walking along the rabies genome: is the large g-l intergenic region a remnant gene?	rabies cdna clones, obtained by "walking along the genome" using two successive dna primers, have allowed the sequence determination of the genes encoding the n, m1, m2, g, and the beginning of the l protein as well as the rabies intergenic regions. start and stop transcription signals located at the border of each gene encoding a protein have been identified and are similar to the corresponding signals from vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and sendai virus. except for limited stretches of the n ...	1986	3459163
oral immunization and protection of raccoons (procyon lotor) with a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine.	animal rabies control has been frustrated by the existence of multiple wildlife reservoirs and the lack of efficacious oral vaccines. in this investigation, raccoons fed a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus in a sponge bait developed rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (0.6-54.0 units) and resisted street rabies virus infection 28 and 205 days after feeding. additional raccoons immunized by oral infusion with attenuated antigenic variants of rabies virus strains cvs-11 and era failed ...	1986	3464010
induction of protective immunity against rabies by immunization with rabies virus ribonucleoprotein.	we have studied the ability of rabies virus ribonucleoprotein (rnp) to induce a protective immune response in animals against lethal challenge with rabies and rabies-related lyssa viruses. liposomes containing either rnp or the glycoprotein (g protein) of a variant virus with multiple alterations in the g antigenic structure conferred no or poor protection, respectively, against lethal intracerebral challenge with rabies virus. by contrast, liposomes containing rnp and the variant g protein indu ...	1987	3480536
further studies on an improved haemagglutination inhibition test with higher sensitivity for rabies virus antibody.	the efficiency of the removal of non-specific inhibitors of rabies virus haemagglutinin by treatment with colloidal silicic acid, which was proposed in an earlier study, was examined in a number of test samples. the non-specific inhibitors were removed in 289 out of 296 normal human sera (97.6%) by this treatment to a level that was undetectable at the 1:4 starting dilution in the haemagglutination inhibition test. antigenic differences among three strains of rabies virus were detected in the ha ...	1986	3488135
stimulation of cytotoxic t-lymphocyte responses by rabies virus glycoprotein and identification of an immunodominant domain.	the cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) response to rabies virus glycoprotein has been studied. a primary in vivo ctl response was obtained following inoculation of a/j mice with 10 micrograms of glycoprotein, but only when in the form of reconstituted glycoprotein-lipid vesicles. these glycoprotein-lipid vesicles were prepared with lipids from bhk-21 cells, and did not incorporate mouse major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens. secondary in vitro stimulation of rabies virus-specific ctl was obt ...	1986	3491953
[in vivo study of the protective action of the splenocytes from cba strain mice immunized with an inactivated nonconcentrated rabies vaccine].	an inactivated unconcentrated rabies vaccine was demonstrated to induce the production of t-killers which in adoptive transfer protect 38-43% of recipients challenged intramuscularly with street rabies virus. the production of t-killers depends on the dose and schedule of the antigen inoculation. t-killers in vivo were strictly specific and manifested their protective effect only in syngeneic but not in allogeneic system.	1986	3493590
the effect of interferon treatment in rabies prophylaxis in immunocompetent, immunosuppressed, and immunodeficient mice.	the development of rabies is modulated by many interacting factors, most of which are dependent on the host immune response. for this reason, we studied the action of interferon (ifn) treatment on street rabies virus infection in mice, immunocompetent or immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. in immunocompetent mice, paralysis of hind limbs is the first symptom characteristic of rabies disease before weight loss and general prostration leading to death. paralysis does not occur in immunosuppres ...	1987	3495612
the association of the rabies glycoprotein with liposome (immunosome) induces an in vitro specific release of interleukin 2.	balb/c mice were primed by receiving a unique intraperitoneal injection of rabies virus antigens presented as complete inactivated virus (p.v. strain) or as purified glycoproteins either in the aggregated form or in physical combination with liposomes (i.e., in the form of "immunosomes"). the splenocytes of these mice were restimulated, 6-15 days after priming, in culture with rabies virus antigens, and antigen-specific il-2 production was measured. it was found that rabies antigens presented as ...	1987	3496973
[isolation of the rabies virus and rapid diagnosis of rabies in a continuous culture of neurinoma cells from the rat gasserian ganglion].		1987	3501634
evidence of canine distemper virus infection in skunks negative for antibody against rabies virus.	between january 1981 and october 1985, brain tissue specimens from 192 skunks that were negative for antibodies against rabies virus were obtained from 2 illinois public health laboratories (a and b). brain lesions were detected microscopically in specimens from 17 of the 91 (18.7%) skunks from laboratory b and in specimens from 30 of the 101 (29.7%) skunks from laboratory a. lesions in 3 skunks (1 from laboratory a, 2 from b) were caused by cerebral parasitism. lesions in the remaining 44 skunk ...	1986	3505934
vaccinia virus recombinants expressing rabiesvirus glycoprotein protect against rabies.	six recombinants of new york board of health (nybh) vaccinia virus containing cdna for challenge virus standard (cvs) rabiesvirus glycoprotein (g) were produced by directing gene insertion into the vaccinia thymidine kinase (tk) locus. to regulate expression of g the promoter p7.5 (functions at early and late times postinfection) from the gene for the vaccinia 7.5 kilodalton (kd) protein was used in two of the recombinants; late promoter p11 of the vaccinia 11 kd protein was used in four recombi ...	1987	3508340
infection of cultured rat myotubes and neurons from the spinal cord by rabies virus.	rabies virus multiplication was investigated in cultured primary rat myotubes and neurons. the susceptibility of these two cell types to fixed rabies challenge virus strain (cvs) was monitored by fluorescence and virus titration. differentiated rat myotubes were susceptible to rabies virus infection, and showed an increasing accumulation of viral material from day one to day four. however, these cells did not release infective viral particles, nor did they accumulate infectious virions in the cy ...	1986	3510273
antibody response to preexposure human diploid-cell rabies vaccine given concurrently with chloroquine.	we conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the antibody response of freshman veterinary students to intradermal human diploid-cell rabies vaccine administered concurrently with chloroquine, a drug frequently used for chemoprophylaxis against malaria. fifty-one students who had not been vaccinated against rabies were enrolled: 26 received 300 mg of chloroquine base per week (the recommended dose for malaria prophylaxis); 25 did not receive chloroquine and served as controls. all subje ...	1986	3510393
experimentally induced rabies in four cats inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a bat.	four cats were inoculated im with rabies virus isolated from the salivary gland of a naturally infected big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus). the 4 cats developed clinical signs of rabies after a median incubation period of 42 days. the median duration of clinical illness was 5 days. results of fluorescent antibody evaluation, mouse inoculation, and tissue culture isolation indicated large differences in virus concentrations in various areas of the cns of individual cats. these differences also were ...	1986	3516030
rabies in rodents and lagomorphs in the united states, 1971-1984: increased cases in the woodchuck (marmota monax) in mid-atlantic states.	a review of surveillance data on animal rabies from the centers for disease control revealed 104 cases of rabies in rodents and lagomorphs for 1971 through 1984 in the united states; 80% of these were reported between 1980 and 1984. woodchucks (marmota monax) accounted for 64% of the cases. most of the cases of rabies in woodchucks were associated with an epizootic of rabies in raccoons (procyon lotor) in the mid-atlantic states. in rabies endemic areas, humans exposed to woodchucks should recei ...	1986	3520029