Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against west nile virus in vitro. | 2002 | 11749765 | |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. west nile virus activity--united states, october 17-23, 2001. | 2001 | 11757529 | |
| discovery, distribution, and abundance of the newly introduced mosquito ochlerotatus japonicus (diptera: culicidae) in connecticut, usa. | the earliest documented specimen of an exotic east asian mosquito ochlerotatus (finlaya) japonicis japonicus (theobald) in the western hemisphere is reported along with the results of a state wide survey to determine the distribution and abundance of this mosquito in connecticut. ochlerotatus japonicus was collected from 87 locations in eight counties. it is established throughout the state and occurs in a variety of natural and artificial container habitats including discarded tire casings, bir ... | 2001 | 11761373 |
| molecular dissection of the semliki forest virus homotrimer reveals two functionally distinct regions of the fusion protein. | semliki forest virus (sfv) is an enveloped alphavirus that infects cells via a membrane fusion reaction triggered by the acidic ph of endosomes. in response to low ph, the e1 proteins on the virus membrane undergo a series of conformational changes, resulting in the formation of a stable e1 homotrimer. little is known about the structural basis of either the e1 conformational changes or the resulting homotrimer or about the mechanism of action of the homotrimer in fusion. here, the e1 homotrimer ... | 2002 | 11773395 |
| laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infections. | the laboratory diagnosis of cns infection is essential for optimal therapy. acute infection requires rapid turn-around testing with high predictive values, that is, the ability of a test to accurately identify those patients who do or do not have disease caused by a specific etiology. the gram's stain, fungal stains of direct smears, antigen testing for c. neoformans, and culture of bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, and some viruses are important tests for the diagnosis of acute infection. the labo ... | 2001 | 11780267 |
| west nile virus myelitis. | a case report. | 2001 | 11781865 |
| west nile virus activity--eastern united states, 2001. | in 2000, arbonet, an enhanced human and animal surveillance system designed to monitor the geographic spread of west nile virus (wnv) in the united states and to identify areas at increased risk for human infections with wnv, detected wnv activity in the district of columbia and 12 states. this system, first implemented in the district of columbia and 20 states along the atlantic and gulf coasts, was later expanded throughout the continental united states. this report summarizes arbonet data fro ... | 2001 | 11787570 |
| outbreak of powassan encephalitis--maine and vermont, 1999-2001. | powassan (pow) virus, a north american tickborne flavivirus related to the eastern hemisphere's tickborne encephalitis viruses, was first isolated from a patient with encephalitis in 1958. during 1958-1998, 27 human pow encephalitis cases were reported from canada and the northeastern united states. during september 1999-july 2001, four maine and vermont residents with encephalitis were found to be infected with pow virus. these persons were tested for other arbovirus infections found in the nor ... | 2001 | 11787585 |
| west nile virus activity in the united states, 2001. | west nile virus (wnv) first appeared in the naive environment of the western hemisphere in 1999 in new york. genetic analysis determined that the virus was introduced into the united states from the mediterranean basin. this review discusses the spread of the virus in 2001 from the initial focus in queens, new york, to widespread activity in the eastern and midwestern united states. it concentrates on viral ecology, epizootiology, pathology, prediction, and prevention. research questions to furt ... | 2001 | 11792062 |
| travels of a virus. | 2001 | 11793593 | |
| update: surveillance for west nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes--new york, 2000. | following the 1999 west nile encephalitis outbreak in new york, guidelines were developed to direct surveillance, prevention, and control efforts in the eastern united states. as recommended in the guidelines, the new york city and new york state departments of health developed comprehensive west nile virus (wnv) surveillance and control programs, which included collecting overwintering culex mosquitoes to determine whether wnv might persist throughout the winter and initiate a zoonotic transmis ... | 2000 | 11795498 |
| prospects for development of a vaccine against the west nile virus. | vaccination provides the ultimate measure for personal protection against west nile disease. the development of a west nile vaccine for humans is justified by the uncertainty surrounding the size and frequency of future epidemics. at least two companies (acambis inc. and baxter/immuno) have initiated research and development on human vaccines. west nile encephalitis has also emerged as a significant problem for the equine industry. one major veterinary vaccine manufacturer (ft. dodge) is develop ... | 2001 | 11797767 |
| west nile encephalitis in russia 1999-2001: were we ready? are we ready? | in 1963-1993, several strains of west nile virus (wnv) were isolated from ticks, birds, and mosquitoes in the southern area of european russia and western siberia. in the same regions, anti-wnv antibody was found in 0.4-8% of healthy adult donors. sporadic human clinical cases were observed in the delta of the volga river. in spite of this, wnv infection was not considered by the health authorities as a potentially emerging infection, and the large wnv outbreak in southern russia, started in lat ... | 2001 | 11797768 |
| west nile in the mediterranean basin: 1950-2000. | recent west nile virus (wnv) outbreaks have occurred in the mediterranean basin. in algeria in 1994, about 50 human cases of wn encephalitis were suspected, including 8 fatal cases. in morocco in 1996, 94 equines were affected of which 42 died. in tunisia in 1997, 173 patients were hospitalized for encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. west nile serology performed on 129 patients was positive in 111 cases (87%) including 5 fatal cases. in italy in 1998, 14 horses located in tuscany were laborator ... | 2001 | 11797769 |
| west nile fever in israel 1999-2000: from geese to humans. | west nile virus (wnv) caused disease outbreaks in israel in the 1950s and the late 1970s. in 1998 an outbreak of wnv in goose farms and evidence of infection in dead migratory birds were reported. consequently, human diagnostic services for wnv were resumed, including virus isolation, serology, and rt-pcr. risk factors for infection were assessed by a serological survey in 1999, which revealed a seroprevalence of (a) 86% in people who had close contact with sick geese, (b) 28% in people in areas ... | 2001 | 11797770 |
| human arbovirus infections worldwide. | viral diseases transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods (arboviral diseases) are among the most important of the emerging infectious disease public health problems facing the world at the beginning of the third millennium. there are over 534 viruses listed in the arbovirus catalogue, approximately 134 of which have been shown to cause disease in humans. these are transmitted principally by mosquitoes and ticks. in the last two decades of the twentieth century, a few new arboviral diseases have be ... | 2001 | 11797771 |
| the ecology of west nile virus in south africa and the occurrence of outbreaks in humans. | this paper reviews studies done on west nile virus (wnv) in south africa, mainly between 1962 and 1980 on the temperate inland plateau (highveld and karoo). the virus is maintained in an enzootic transmission cycle between feral birds and the ornithophilic mosquito culex univittatus. about 30 avian species have been shown to be involved without mortality. humans, and other mammals, although they may have antibodies, are considered blind-alleys in the transmission cycle except perhaps some dogs. ... | 2001 | 11797772 |
| kunjin virus: an australian variant of west nile? | kunjin (kun) is a flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis antigenic complex that was first isolated from culex annulirostris mosquitoes captured in northern australia in 1960. it is the etiological agent of a human disease characterized by febrile illness with rash or mild encephalitis and, occasionally, of a neurological disease in horses. kun virus shares a similar epidemiology and ecology with the closely related murray valley encephalitis (mve) virus, the major causative agent of arboviral e ... | 2001 | 11797773 |
| the west nile virus encephalitis outbreak in the united states (1999-2000): from flushing, new york, to beyond its borders. | viruses cause most forms of encephalitis. the two main types responsible for epidemic encephalitis are enteroviruses and arboviruses. the city of new york reports about 10 cases of encephalitis yearly. establishing a diagnosis is often difficult. in august 1999, a cluster of five patients with fever, confusion, and weakness were admitted to a community hospital in flushing, new york. flaccid paralysis developed in four of the five patients, and they required ventilatory support. three, less seve ... | 2001 | 11797774 |
| west nile encephalitis: the neuropathology of four fatalities. | west nile virus was identified by immunohistochemistry (ihc) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) as the etiologic agent in four encephalitis fatalities in new york city in the late summer of 1999. fever and profound muscle weakness were the predominant symptoms. autopsy disclosed encephalitis in two instances and meningoencephalitis in the remaining two. the inflammation was mostly mononuclear and formed microglial nodules and perivascular clusters in the white and gray matter. the brain stem, p ... | 2001 | 11797775 |
| laboratory testing for west nile virus: panel discussion. | 2001 | 11797776 | |
| variations in biological features of west nile viruses. | pathological findings in humans, horses, and birds with west nile (wn) encephalitis show neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the central nervous system (cns), with diffuse inflammation. the mechanisms of wn viral penetration of the cns and pathophysiology of the encephalitis remain largely unknown. since 1996, several epizootics involving hundreds of humans, horses, and thousands of wild and domestic bird cases of encephalitis and mortality have been reported in europe, north africa, the middl ... | 2001 | 11797777 |
| host factors involved in west nile virus replication. | viruses use cell proteins during many stages of their replication cycles, including attachment, entry, translation, transcription/replication, and assembly. mutations in the cell proteins involved can cause disruptions of these critical host-virus interactions, which in turn can affect the efficiency of virus replication. these host-virus interactions also represent novel targets for the development of new antiviral agents. the different alleles of the murine flv gene confer resistance or suscep ... | 2001 | 11797778 |
| west nile virus: uganda, 1937, to new york city, 1999. | west nile virus, first isolated in 1937, is among the earliest arthropod-borne viruses discovered by humans. its broad geographical distribution, not uncommon infection of humans, transmission by mosquitoes, and association with wild birds as enzootic hosts were well documented by the mid-1960s. however, west nile virus was not considered to be a significant human pathogen because most infections appeared to result in asymptomatic or only mild febrile disease. several epidemics had been document ... | 2001 | 11797781 |
| use of live and inactivated vaccines in the control of west nile fever in domestic geese. | the recent epizootic of west nile fever in israel affected predominantly young domestic geese between three and eight weeks old. clinically, the birds presented paralytic signs while morbidity and mortality were severe in affected flocks. the condition was encountered from early september through late november on goose farms located throughout the country. losses incurred by goose flocks were sufficiently great as to warrant investigation of ways to protect young geese against the neurological f ... | 2001 | 11797782 |
| west nile virus serosurvey and assessment of personal prevention efforts in an area with intense epizootic activity: connecticut, 2000. | west nile virus (wnv) can cause large outbreaks of febrile illness and severe neurologic disease. this study estimates the seroprevalence of wnv infection and assesses risk perception and practices regarding potential exposures to mosquitoes of persons in an area with intense epizootics in 1999 and 2000. a serosurvey of persons aged > or = 12 years was conducted in southwestern connecticut during october 10-15, 2000, using household-based stratified cluster sampling. participants completed a que ... | 2001 | 11797787 |
| potential north american vectors of west nile virus. | the outbreak of disease in the new york area in 1999 due to west nile (wn) virus was the first evidence of the occurrence of this virus in the americas. to determine potential vectors, more than 15 mosquito species (including culex pipiens, cx. nigripalpus, cx. quinquefasciatus, cx. salinarius, aedes albopictus, ae. vexans, ochlerotatus japonicus, oc. sollicitans, oc. taeniorhynchus, and oc. triseriatus) from the eastern united states were evaluated for their ability to serve as vectors for the ... | 2001 | 11797788 |
| west nile virus envelope protein: role in diagnosis and immunity. | the role of antibodies to the west nile virus envelope (e) protein in serodiagnosis and protection was examined. the e protein was expressed and purified in recombinant form. antibodies to the e protein were detected in patients with west nile virus infection. passive immunization with rabbit anti-e protein sera also partially protected mice from challenge with west nile virus. the humoral response to the west nile virus e protein is therefore useful as an aid in the diagnosis and may also play ... | 2001 | 11797789 |
| characterization of west nile virus from five species of mosquitoes, nine species of birds, and one mammal. | 2001 | 11797790 | |
| west nile virus strains differ in mouse neurovirulence and binding to mouse or human brain membrane receptor preparations. | 2001 | 11797791 | |
| surveillance for avian-borne arboviruses in connecticut, 2000. | 2001 | 11797792 | |
| experimental infection of horses with west nile virus and their potential to infect mosquitoes and serve as amplifying hosts. | 2001 | 11797793 | |
| department of defense west nile virus surveillance. | 2001 | 11797794 | |
| sentinel chickens as a surveillance tool for west nile virus in new york city, 2000. | 2001 | 11797795 | |
| west nile virus human surveillance in nassau county, new york: 1999-2000. | 2001 | 11797796 | |
| west nile virus laboratory surveillance program: cost and time analysis. | 2001 | 11797797 | |
| sumithrin: from inception to integration within west nile virus programs. | 2001 | 11797798 | |
| use of an arboviral immunofluorescent assay in screening for west nile virus. | 2001 | 11797799 | |
| biological significance of glycosylation of the envelope protein of kunjin virus. | 2001 | 11797800 | |
| analysis of mosquito vector species abundances in maryland using geographic information systems. | 2001 | 11797801 | |
| long-term stability of west nile virus igm and igg antibodies in diluted sera stored at 4 degrees c. | 2001 | 11797802 | |
| "neon needles" in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for west nile virus. | passive surveillance is usually viewed as less efficient for case ascertainment than active surveillance. however, for diseases with nonhuman animal reservoirs, active surveillance can be like looking for a needle in a haystack and may be prohibitively expensive. fortunately for surveillance of west nile virus (wnv) in the northeast us, the dead crows have served as "neon needles in a haystack"--indicators of viral activity that call attention to themselves. in 2000, laboratory testing of dead b ... | 2001 | 11797803 |
| west nile virus transmission and ecology in birds. | the ecology of the strain of west nile virus (wnv) introduced into the united states in 1999 has similarities to the native flavivirus, st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus, but has unique features not observed with sle virus or with wnv in the old world. the primary route of transmission for most of the arboviruses in north america is by mosquito, and infected native birds usually do not suffer morbidity or mortality. an exception to this pattern is eastern equine encephalitis virus, which has an ... | 2001 | 11797804 |
| west nile virus surveillance using sentinel birds. | captive and free-ranging birds have been used for decades as living sentinels in arbovirus surveillance programs. this review summarizes information relevant to selecting sentinel bird species for use in surveillance of west nile (wn) virus. although experience using avian sentinels for wn virus surveillance is limited, sentinels should be useful for both detecting and monitoring wn virus transmission; however, sentinel bird surveillance systems have yet to be adequately tested for use with the ... | 2001 | 11797805 |
| vector surveillance for west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) was detected in the metropolitan new york city (nyc) area during the summer and fall of 1999. sixty-two human cases, including seven fatalities, were documented. the new york state department of health (nysdoh) initiated and implemented a statewide mosquito and wnv surveillance system. we developed a wnv response plan designed to provide local health departments (lhd) a standardized means to begin to assess basic mosquito population data and to detect wnv circulation in mos ... | 2001 | 11797806 |
| west nile virus infection in birds and mammals. | west nile virus (wnv) was found throughout new york state in year 2000. the epicenter was located in new york city with a high level of activity in the immediately surrounding counties, including rockland, westchester, nassau, and suffolk. during 2000, wnv testing was performed by the wadsworth center on 3,687 dead birds, representing 153 species, 46 families, and 18 orders. there were 1,203 wnv-positive birds, representing 63 species, 30 families and 14 orders. the percentage of wnv-positive bi ... | 2001 | 11797807 |
| epidemic west nile encephalitis in romania: waiting for history to repeat itself. | seroprevalence data suggest that west nile virus activity in southern romania dates to the 1960s or earlier. in the summer of 1996, southeastern romania and especially bucharest experienced an unprecedented epidemic of west nile encephalitis/meningitis, with at least 393 hospitalized cases and 17 deaths. contributing factors included a susceptible avian population and urban/suburban infrastructural conditions that favored the production of large numbers of culex pipiens pipiens. the epidemic end ... | 2001 | 11797808 |
| human surveillance for west nile virus infection in ontario in 2000. | the first reports of west nile virus (wnv) infection in the united states in 1999 prompted ontario to establish a surveillance protocol to monitor for the possible spread of the virus into the province. surveillance components included evaluation of dead birds, sentinel chickens, mosquito pools and human disease. we report the results of human surveillance in 2000. | 2002 | 11800244 |
| when is an epidemic an epidemic? | the large number of cases of west nile fever diagnosed in israel in 2000 once again brought into focus the confusion that frequently accompanies the use of the term "epidemic." | 2002 | 11802306 |
| public health and bioethics: the benefits of collaboration. | 0 | 11818283 | |
| [female patient with west-nile fever in the netherlands]. | 2002 | 11820069 | |
| proceedings of the international conference on west nile virus. april 5-7, 2001. white plains, new york, usa. | 2001 | 11822322 | |
| recent advances and new challenges in travel medicine. | recent advances in travel medicine include the use of computer resources to obtain information on outbreaks and recommendations to travelers, the introduction of atovaquone/proguanil as chemoprophylaxis and treatment for malaria, the use of azithromycin as an alternative in the self-treatment of traveler's diarrhea, and the combination of hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccines. at the same time, new challenges continue to appear. shifts in the distribution of infections, such as west nile virus an ... | 2002 | 11853657 |
| inhalation anesthetic-induced neuroinvasion by an attenuated strain of west nile virus in mice. | there are contradictory reports regarding the effects of inhalation anesthetics on the immune system. measurable immune responses have been studied in vitro, but little is known about the in vivo effects in the intact organism. we used an attenuated, non-neuroinvasive, nonlethal strain of the encephalitic west nile virus, termed wn-25, which can become lethal in combination with environmental stressors, to study possible modulatory immune effects of inhalation anesthetics in mice. both single sh ... | 2002 | 11857540 |
| the informatics response in disaster, terrorism, and war. | the united states currently faces several new, concurrent large-scale health crises as a result of terrorist activity. in particular, three major health issues have risen sharply in urgency and public consciousness--bioterrorism, the threat of widespread delivery of agents of illness; mass disasters, local events that produce large numbers of casualties and overwhelm the usual capacity of health care delivery systems; and the delivery of optimal health care to remote military field sites. each o ... | 0 | 11861621 |
| roundtable on bioterrorism detection: information system-based surveillance. | during the 2001 amia annual symposium, the anesthesia, critical care, and emergency medicine working group hosted the roundtable on bioterrorism detection. sixty-four people attended the roundtable discussion, during which several researchers discussed public health surveillance systems designed to enhance early detection of bioterrorism events. these systems make secondary use of existing clinical, laboratory, paramedical, and pharmacy data or facilitate electronic case reporting by clinicians. ... | 0 | 11861622 |
| moonlighting functions of polypeptide elongation factor 1: from actin bundling to zinc finger protein r1-associated nuclear localization. | eukaryotic polypeptide elongation factor ef-1 is not only a major translational factor, but also one of the most important multifunctional (moonlighting) proteins. ef-1 consists of four different subunits collectively termed ef-1alphabeta beta'gamma and ef-1alphabeta gammadelta in plants and animals, respectively. ef-1alpha x gtp catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-trna to the a-site of the ribosome. ef-1beta beta'gamma (ef-1beta and ef-1beta'), catalyzes gdp/gtp exchange on ef-1alpha x gdp to re ... | 2002 | 11866090 |
| west nile virus in the usa--an update. | 2001 | 11871489 | |
| west nile virus meningoencephalitis with optic neuritis. | 2002 | 11871932 | |
| transfection of single-stranded hepatitis a virus rna activates mhc class i pathway. | although infection of single-stranded rna viruses can enhance expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i genes, the mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. recent studies have indicated that exposure of non-immune cells to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) or ribonucleic acid (rna) of viral origin can directly increase the expression of mhc class i and related molecules without immune cell interaction. in this report, we show that transfection of single-str ... | 2002 | 11876745 |
| west nile virus/dengue type 4 virus chimeras that are reduced in neurovirulence and peripheral virulence without loss of immunogenicity or protective efficacy. | a candidate live attenuated vaccine strain was constructed for west nile virus (wn), a neurotropic flavivirus that has recently emerged in the u.s. considerable attenuation for mice was achieved by chimerization with dengue virus type 4 (den4). the genes for the structural premembrane and envelope proteins of den4 present in an infectious cdna clone were replaced by the corresponding genes of wn strain ny99. two of 18 cdna clones of a wn/den4 chimera yielded full-length rna transcripts that were ... | 2002 | 11880643 |
| west nile virus in the united states. | in the late summer of 1999, the first known cases of west nile virus infection in the western hemisphere were recorded in new york city. these first cases were the hallmarks of an outbreak of west nile virus infection that resulted in 7 deaths among 62 confirmed cases and an estimated 8200 asymptomatic to mild infections among residents and visitors in queens, new york. this article reviews west nile virus and its spread in the united states since its introduction in 1999. | 2002 | 11880738 |
| lack of both fas ligand and perforin protects from flavivirus-mediated encephalitis in mice. | the mechanism by which encephalitic flaviviruses enter the brain to inflict a life-threatening encephalomyelitis in a small percentage of infected individuals is obscure. we investigated this issue in a mouse model for flavivirus encephalitis in which the virus was administered to 6-week-old animals by the intravenous route, analogous to the portal of entry in natural infections, using a virus dose in the range experienced following the bite of an infectious mosquito. in this model, infection wi ... | 2002 | 11884544 |
| derivation and characterization of a dengue type 1 host range-restricted mutant virus that is attenuated and highly immunogenic in monkeys. | we recently described the derivation of a dengue serotype 2 virus (den2mutf) that exhibited a host range-restricted phenotype; it was severely impaired for replication in cultured mosquito cells (c6/36 cells). den2mutf virus had selected mutations in genomic sequences predicted to form a 3' stem-loop structure (3'-sl) that is conserved among all flavivirus species. the 3'-sl constitutes the downstream terminal similar95 nucleotides of the 3' noncoding region in flavivirus rna. here we report the ... | 2002 | 11884557 |
| structural analysis of the hepatitis c virus rna polymerase in complex with ribonucleotides. | we report here the results of a systematic high-resolution x-ray crystallographic analysis of complexes of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna polymerase with ribonucleoside triphosphates (rntps) and divalent metal ions. an unexpected observation revealed by this study is the existence of a specific rgtp binding site in a shallow pocket at the molecular surface of the enzyme, 30 a away from the catalytic site. this previously unidentified rgtp pocket, which lies at the interface between fingers and ... | 2002 | 11884572 |
| capsid protein c of tick-borne encephalitis virus tolerates large internal deletions and is a favorable target for attenuation of virulence. | deletions ranging in size from 4 to 21 amino acid residues were introduced into the capsid protein of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. these deletions incrementally affected a hydrophobic domain which is present at the center of all flavivirus capsid protein sequences and part of which may form an amphipathic alpha-helix. in the context of the full-length tbe genome, the deletions did not measurably affect protein expression and up to a deletion length of 16 amino acid residue ... | 2002 | 11884577 |
| surveillance for unexplained deaths and critical illnesses due to possibly infectious causes, united states, 1995-1998. | population-based surveillance for unexplained death and critical illness possibly due to infectious causes (unex) was conducted in four u.s. emerging infections program sites (population 7.7 million) from may 1, 1995, to december 31, 1998, to define the incidence, epidemiologic features, and etiology of this syndrome. a case was defined as death or critical illness in a hospitalized, previously healthy person, 1 to 49 years of age, with infection hallmarks but no cause identified after routine t ... | 2002 | 11897065 |
| predicting the spatial dynamics of rabies epidemics on heterogeneous landscapes. | often as an epidemic spreads, the leading front is irregular, reflecting spatial variation in local transmission rates. we developed a methodology for quantifying spatial variation in rates of disease spread across heterogeneous landscapes. based on data for epidemic raccoon rabies in connecticut, we developed a stochastic spatial model of rabies spread through the state's 169 townships. we quantified spatial variation in transmission rates associated with human demography and key habitat featur ... | 2002 | 11904426 |
| antiviral effects of an iminosugar derivative on flavivirus infections. | endoplasmic reticulum (er) alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, which block the trimming step of n-linked glycosylation, have been shown to eliminate the production of several er-budding viruses. here we investigated the effects of one such inhibitor, n-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin (nn-dnj), a 9-carbon alkyl iminosugar derivative, on infection by japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and dengue virus serotype 2 (den-2). in the presence of nn-dnj, jev and den-2 infections were suppressed in a dose-dependent manne ... | 2002 | 11907199 |
| recognition of the measles virus nucleocapsid as a mechanism of irf-3 activation. | the mechanisms of cellular recognition for virus infection remain poorly understood despite the wealth of information regarding the signaling events and transcriptional responses that ensue. host cells respond to viral infection through the activation of multiple signaling cascades, including the activation of nf-kappab, c-jun/atf-2 (ap-1), and the interferon regulatory factors (irfs). although viral products such as double-stranded rna (dsrna) and the processes of viral binding and fusion have ... | 2002 | 11907205 |
| kunjin virus replicon vaccine vectors induce protective cd8+ t-cell immunity. | the ability of self-replicating rna (replicon) vaccine vectors derived from the australian flavivirus kunjin (kun) to induce protective alphabeta cd8+ t-cell responses was examined. kun replicons encoding a model immunogen were delivered by three different vaccine modalities: (i) as naked rna transcribed in vitro, (ii) as plasmid dna constructed to allow in vivo transcription of replicon rna by cellular rna polymerase ii (dna based), and (iii) as replicon rna encapsidated into virus-like particl ... | 2002 | 11907219 |
| trafficking mechanism of west nile (sarafend) virus structural proteins. | previous studies have shown that west nile (sarafend) virus matured by budding at the plasma membrane, which differs from the usual intracellular maturation of other flaviviruses. the present study investigated the trafficking mechanism of the envelope (e) and capsid (c) proteins of west nile (sarafend) virus during the replication cycle. the use of time-based double-immunofluorescence labelling coupled with the triton x-100 extraction procedure revealed that both the e and c proteins were trans ... | 2002 | 11920827 |
| immunization with heterologous flaviviruses protective against fatal west nile encephalitis. | prior immunization of hamsters with three heterologous flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis virus [jev] sa14-2-8 vaccine, wild-type st. louis encephalitis virus [slev], and yellow fever virus [yfv] 17d vaccine) reduces the severity of subsequent west nile virus (wnv) infection. groups of adult hamsters were immunized with each of the heterologous flaviviruses; approximately 30 days later, the animals were injected intraperitoneally with a virulent new york strain of wnv. subsequent levels of vire ... | 2002 | 11927020 |
| eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in a horse from california. | a yearling quarter horse, which was raised in southern california, received routine vaccinations for prevention of infection by eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev). one week later, severe neurologic signs developed, and the horse was humanely destroyed. a vaccine-related encephalomyelitis was later suspected. a final diagnosis of eeev infection was established on the basis of acute onset of the neurologic signs, histopathologic and serologic testing, and isolation and molecular charact ... | 2002 | 11927026 |
| effect of holding conditions on the detection of west nile viral rna by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from mosquito (diptera: culicidae) pools. | we evaluated the effect of holding temperature and time between mosquito death and processing mosquito pools for virus detection on our ability to detect west nile (wn) viral rna from pools of mosquitoes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). pools of 24 uninfected culex pipiens l. mosquitoes were "spiked" with either a single cx. pipiens that had been inoculated previously with wn virus or with an uninfected mosquito. these pools were held dry at 20, 4, -20, or -70 degrees ... | 2002 | 11931239 |
| effect of environmental temperature on the ability of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) to transmit west nile virus. | environmental temperature can affect the ability of mosquitoes to transmit an arbovirus. however, results of various studies indicate that these effects are not consistent among viruses or mosquito species, and there is no information available on the effect of environmental temperature on the ability of north american mosquito species to transmit west nile (wn) virus. we evaluated the effect of incubation temperature (18, 20, 26, or 30 degrees c) on the ability of culex pipiens l. derived from ... | 2002 | 11931261 |
| isolation of west nile and sindbis viruses from mosquitoes collected in the nile valley of egypt during an outbreak of rift valley fever. | as part of an evaluation of potential vectors of arboviruses during a rift valley fever (rvf) outbreak in the nile valley of egypt in august 1993, we collected mosquitoes in villages with known rvf viral activity. mosquitoes were sorted to species, pooled, and processed for virus isolation both by intracerebral inoculation into suckling mice and by inoculation into cell culture. a total of 33 virus isolates was made from 36,024 mosquitoes. viruses were initially identified by indirect fluorescen ... | 2002 | 11931267 |
| public health and the media: the challenge now faced by bioterrorism. | 2002 | 11937610 | |
| reappearance of human cases due to murray valley encephalitis virus and kunjin virus in central australia after an absence of 26 years. | murray valley encephalitis (mve) and kunjin virus disease are endemic in the tropical parts of the northern territory and western australia, but have been absent from central australia since 1974. in 2000, 5 laboratory-confirmed cases of encephalitis occurred over a short period in the normally dry inland region of central australia. the sudden occurrence of cases in march and april 2000 followed unusually high rainfall in the preceding months and evidence of flavivirus activity in the endemic a ... | 2002 | 11950201 |
| characterization of imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides as modulators of unwinding reaction mediated by west nile virus nucleoside triphosphatase/helicase: evidence for activity on the level of substrate and/or enzyme. | compounds that interact with dna or rna generally act as inhibitors of enzymes that unwind dna or rna. in the present study we describe the synthesis and properties of some nucleoside analogues that interact with double-stranded dna but that, in contrast, facilitate the unwinding reaction mediated by west nile (wn) virus nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase)/helicase. the nucleoside analogues described, 1-(2'-o-methyl-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-4,7(5h,6h)-dione (hmc-ho4), 1-(beta ... | 2002 | 11959550 |
| west nile virus in the western hemisphere. | west nile virus first appeared in the western hemisphere in 1999 in new york. genetic analysis determined that the virus was introduced from the mediterranean basin. this review discusses the establishment of west nile virus in the naïve environment of the northeastern usa, its ecology, epizootiology, pathology, prevention and prediction, as well as laboratory studies that have been conducted to elucidate the transmission cycle. | 2001 | 11964871 |
| mutations in the yellow fever virus nonstructural protein ns2a selectively block production of infectious particles. | little is known about the function of flavivirus nonstructural protein ns2a. two forms of ns2a are found in yellow fever virus-infected cells. full-length ns2a (224 amino acids) is the product of cleavage at the ns1/2a and ns2a/2b sites. ns2aalpha, a c-terminally truncated form of 190 amino acids, results from partial cleavage by the viral ns2b-3 serine protease at the sequence qk /t within ns2a. exchange of serine for lysine at this site (qkt-->qst) blocks the production of both ns2aalpha and i ... | 2002 | 11967294 |
| mechanism of virulence attenuation of glycosaminoglycan-binding variants of japanese encephalitis virus and murray valley encephalitis virus. | the in vivo mechanism for virulence attenuation of laboratory-derived variants of two flaviviruses in the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) serocomplex is described. host cell adaptation of jev and murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) by serial passage in adenocarcinoma cells selected for variants characterized by (i) a small plaque phenotype, (ii) increased affinity to heparin-sepharose, (iii) enhanced susceptibility to inhibition of infectivity by heparin, and (iv) loss of neuroinvasiveness ... | 2002 | 11967307 |
| experimental infection of horses with west nile virus. | a total of 12 horses of different breeds and ages were infected with west nile virus (wnv) via the bites of infected aedes albopictus mosquitoes. half the horses were infected with a viral isolate from the brain of a horse (bc787), and half were infected with an isolate from crow brain (ny99-6625); both were ny99 isolates. postinfection, uninfected female ae. albopictus fed on eight of the infected horses. in the first trial, nt antibody titers reached >1:320, 1:20, 1:160, and 1:80 for horses 1 ... | 2002 | 11971771 |
| introduction of west nile virus in the middle east by migrating white storks. | west nile virus (wnv) was isolated in a flock of 1,200 migrating white storks that landed in eilat, a town in southern israel, on august 26, 1998. strong, hot westerly winds had forced the storks to fly under considerable physical stress before reaching the agricultural land surrounding the town. most of the flock were fledglings, <1 year old, which had hatched in europe. thirteen dead or dying storks were collected 2 days after arrival and submitted to the laboratory for examination. four wnv i ... | 2002 | 11971773 |
| diagnostic pathology of selected diseases in wildlife. | the prompt detection and effective management of infectious disease in wildlife rely greatly on field diagnosis. although clinical work is sometimes of value, the cornerstone of diagnosis is pathological examination (gross necropsy with supporting laboratory investigations). the approach and rationale to gross post-mortem examination are common to all species, despite possible significant differences in technique. likewise, the principles of sampling are usually comparable, with emphasis on stan ... | 2002 | 11974632 |
| [west nile viral meningo-encephalitis in tunisia]. | in autumn 1997 an epidemic outbreak of meningoencephalitis was observed in two coastal districts of tunisia. a total of 173 cases were recorded with 8 deaths. detection with igm capture and indirect igg elisas demonstrated west nile virus infection in 86% of patients from whom specimens were collected. west nile is endemic in asia and sub-saharan africa. epidemics in humans and horses have also been reported in the mediterranean region and southern european countries. however this is the first r ... | 2001 | 11980397 |
| eukaryotic elongation factor 1a interacts with the upstream pseudoknot domain in the 3' untranslated region of tobacco mosaic virus rna. | the genomic rna of tobacco mosaic virus (tmv), like that of other positive-strand rna viruses, acts as a template for both translation and replication. the highly structured 3' untranslated region (utr) of tmv rnas plays an important role in both processes; it is not polyadenylated but ends with a trna-like structure (tls) preceded by a conserved upstream pseudoknot domain (upd). the tls of tobamoviral rnas can be specifically aminoacylated and, in this state, can interact with eukaryotic elonga ... | 2002 | 11991996 |
| phylogenetic analysis of a human isolate from the 2000 israel west nile virus epidemic. | specimens from a patient of the 2000 israel west nile virus epidemic were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. products corresponding to e, ns3, and ns5 sequences were amplified from cerebellar but not from cortical samples. phylogenetic analyses indicated a closer relationship of this isolate to 1996 romanian and 1999 russian than to 1998-99 israeli or 1999 new york isolates. | 2002 | 11996693 |
| antibodies against prm protein distinguish between previous infection with dengue and japanese encephalitis viruses. | in southeast asia, dengue viruses often co-circulate with other flaviviruses such as japanese encephalitis virus, and due to the presence of shared antigenic epitopes it is often difficult to use serological methods to distinguish between previous infections by these flaviviruses. | 2002 | 12019028 |
| infectious cdna clone of the epidemic west nile virus from new york city. | we report the first full-length infectious clone of the current epidemic, lineage i, strain of west nile virus (wnv). the full-length cdna was constructed from reverse transcription-pcr products of viral rna from an isolate collected during the year 2000 outbreak in new york city. it was cloned into plasmid pbr322 under the control of a t7 promoter and stably amplified in escherichia coli hb101. rna transcribed from the full-length cdna clone was highly infectious upon transfection into bhk-21 c ... | 2002 | 12021317 |
| west nile virus meningoencephalitis complicated by motor aphasia in hodgkin's lymphoma. | a 4 year old boy with hodgkin's lymphoma was admitted to the paediatric ward with meningoencephalitis dominated by generalised seizures and motor aphasia. serum igm specific antibodies to west nile virus were positive. in view of ongoing neurological deterioration and immunocompromised state he was treated with oral ribavirin for 14 days. a gradual improvement was noted within two weeks of therapy initiation, and with intensive supportive care he recovered completely after four months. | 2002 | 12023183 |
| drought-induced amplification of saint louis encephalitis virus, florida. | we used a dynamic hydrology model to simulate water table depth (wtd) and quantify the relationship between saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) transmission and hydrologic conditions in indian river county, florida, from 1986 through 1991, a period with an slev epidemic. virus transmission followed periods of modeled drought (specifically low wtds 12 to 17 weeks before virus transmission, followed by a rising of the water table 1 to 2 weeks before virus transmission). further evidence from col ... | 2002 | 12023912 |
| two new rhabdoviruses (rhabdoviridae) isolated from birds during surveillance for arboviral encephalitis, northeastern united states. | two novel rhabdoviruses were isolated from birds during surveillance for arboviral encephalitis in the northeastern united states. the first, designated farmington virus, is a tentative new member of the vesiculovirus genus. the second, designated rhode island virus, is unclassified antigenically, but its ultrastructure and size are more similar to those of some of the plant rhabdoviruses. both viruses infect birds and mice, as well as monkey kidney cells in culture, but their importance for hum ... | 2002 | 12023919 |
| an rna cap (nucleoside-2'-o-)-methyltransferase in the flavivirus rna polymerase ns5: crystal structure and functional characterization. | viruses represent an attractive system with which to study the molecular basis of mrna capping and its relation to the rna transcription machinery. the rna-dependent rna polymerase ns5 of flaviviruses presents a characteristic motif of s-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferases at its n-terminus, and polymerase motifs at its c-terminus. the crystal structure of an n-terminal fragment of dengue virus type 2 ns5 is reported at 2.4 a resolution. we show that this ns5 domain includes a typ ... | 2002 | 12032088 |
| mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of west nile virus strains varies depending upon virus genotype. | despite recent advances in the genetics of west nile (wn) virus, relatively little is known about the molecular basis of virulence of this virus. in particular, although the genotype of the wn virus strain that was recently introduced into north america has been determined, there have been few experimental studies on the virulence phenotype of the virus. we compared genetic and neurovirulence properties of 19 strains of wn virus, including 2 from north america, and observed significant differenc ... | 2002 | 12036314 |
| detection of west nile virus antigen in mosquitoes and avian tissues by a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay. | an antigen capture immunoassay to detect west nile (wn) virus antigen in infected mosquitoes and avian tissues has been developed. with this assay purified wn virus was detected at a concentration of 32 pg/0.1 ml, and antigen in infected suckling mouse brain and laboratory-infected mosquito pools could be detected when the wn virus titer was 10(2.1) to 10(3.7) pfu/0.1 ml. in a blindly coded set of field-collected mosquito pools (n = 100), this assay detected wn virus antigen in 12 of 18 (66.7%) ... | 2002 | 12037058 |
| us zoos keep watch for cross-species killer. | 2002 | 12037534 | |
| transovarial transmission of west nile virus in culex vishnui mosquito. | the phenomenon of transovarial transmission (tot) of west nile (wn) virus in culex vishnui was studied. the virus was detected in the progeny of both first and second gonotropic cycles (g1 and g2). about 5.56 per cent pools of f1 progeny from the parent females infected by the oral route were found positive for wn virus. this is the first report of tot of wn virus in this species of mosquito. the occurrence of this phenomenon is of considerable importance in view of complex natural cycle of the ... | 2001 | 12040765 |
| emerging arboviral diseases. | 2002 | 12054284 |