Publications

[effect of acetazolamide on sodium and potassium absorption from the rumen of the reindeer rangifer tarandus].		1998	10188237
serological diagnosis of parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in white-tailed deer and identification of a potentially unique parasite antigen.	serological diagnosis of parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection should offer many advantages over the currently used method of fecal analysis that relies on a patent infection. toward this end, we investigated the presence of p. tenuis-specific antibodies in experimentally infected white-tailed deer (wtd) and of unique p. tenuis antigens that may be exploited for serodiagnosis. wtd infected with 6, 20 or 100-150 p. tenuis third-stage larvae (l3) had anti-parasite antibodies from as early as 21 day ...	1999	10207376
the nutrient density of present-day and traditional diets and their health aspects: the sami- and lumberjack families living in rural areas of northern sweden.	in a rural area of northern sweden, the food consumption of 22 swedish sami families and 32 lumberjack families was recorded. repeated 24-hour recalls were obtained from september 1990 to april 1991. the traditional sami diet was calculated from interviews with old sami people living today and from information from the literature. the nutrient density was well above recommended levels for most nutrients except for folate and fiber, in the sami and lumberjack diets. sami diet was just below nnr f ...	1999	10208068
management of indigenous north american deer at the end of the 20th century in relation to large predators and primary production.	five deer species occupy north america: caribou (3.6 x 10(6) individuals), moose (1.1 x 10(6)), white-tailed deer (28.5 x 10(6)), mule deer (5.0 x 10(6)) and wapiti (1.1 x 10(6)). caribou characterise the north of the boreal forest and the tundra, whereas moose dominate in coniferous and mixed forests growing further south. white-tailed deer are typical of the deciduous forests of the east while mule deer replace them in the mountainous terrain of the west. wapiti possess the smallest range, mos ...	1999	10213925
predicting effects of naturally acquired abomasal nematode infections on growth rate and food intake in reindeer using serum pepsinogen levels.	an experiment was performed on semiwild reindeer with naturally acquired parasite infections to assess whether measures of serum pepsinogen concentration and fecal egg counts can be used to predict effects of abomasal nematodes on reindeer weight gain and food intake. food intake and weight gains were lower in infected calves compared with calves where parasites had been removed by anthelmintic treatment. among the infected animals, concentration of pepsinogen in serum was correlated with food i ...	1999	10219321
experimental infection of white-tailed deer with rangiferine brucellosis.	experimental infections of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) with brucella suis biovar 4 were evaluated over a period of 6 wk. five adult male hand-raised white-tailed deer were inoculated with 1 x 10(7) colony forming units of b. suis biovar 4 in the conjunctiva and serologically evaluated over 6 wk by the card test (card), rivanol test (riv), serum agglutination test (sat), complement fixation test (cft), particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (pcfia), and competitive enzyme ...	1999	10231769
monomorphism and polymorphism at mhc drb loci in domestic and wild ruminants.	genetic polymorphism at mhc class ii drb loci was investigated in samples of musk-ox from canada and greenland; moose from sweden, norway, canada, and alaska; roe deer from norway and sweden; reindeer from svalbard and norway; fallow deer from norway and sweden; and red deer from norway. the results were compared with published data on cattle, bison, goat, sheep, and red deer. cattle-specific primers amplified a single drb locus in all species except fallow deer and red deer, in which two loci w ...	1999	10319259
annual serum picp and ictp and antler growth in female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	annual cycle of type i collagen formation and degradation and antler growth was studied in six adult female reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus. blood samples were collected twice a week during 1 year. antler length was measured weekly during the antler growth period. an assay for human picp, the carboxyterminal propeptide of type i procollagen, was used as an indicator of type i collagen formation and an assay for bovine ictp, the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type i collagen, as an indicator ...	1999	10327601
role of oestradiol in the regulation of the seasonal antler cycle in female reindeer, rangifer tarandus.	reindeer (or caribou), rangifer tarandus, is the only extant species of deer in which females as well as males normally develop antlers that are cast and regrown each year. this study investigated the role of ovarian oestradiol in the regulation of the seasonal antler cycle in female reindeer. ovariectomized norwegian reindeer living outdoors in northern norway (69 degrees n) were treated with continuous-release subcutaneous silastic implants containing oestradiol, which maintained the blood con ...	1999	10341735
plasma phospholipid fatty acids in the central canadian arctic: biocultural explanations for ethnic differences.	as part of the keewatin health assessment study, a comprehensive health interview and examination survey of inuit and non-inuit in the central canadian arctic during 1990-91, plasma samples were analyzed for phospholipid fatty acid composition. compared to non-inuit, the inuit have reduced levels of dihomo-gamma-linoleic (dgla) and arachidonic acid (ratios of 0.41 and 0.46) and the sum of all n-6 fatty acids (ratio of 0.65), but increased level of eicosapentaenoic (epa) acid (ratio of 1.37). the ...	1999	10342461
two-dimensional electrophoresis and computer imaging: quantitation of human milk casein.	because human casein does not precipitate from milk at its isoelectric point as does bovine casein, there is no easy method of quantitation. casein represents only approximately 30% of the protein fraction in human milk, and the complex methods necessary for isolation cannot be used easily with small samples in a survey of a large number of mothers. two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with computer imaging has the potential to compare and quantitate proteins expeditiously using a small sampl ...	1999	10344261
reliable noninvasive genotyping based on excremental pcr of nuclear dna purified with a magnetic bead protocol.	a new protocol for extraction of dna from faeces is presented. the protocol involves gentle washing of the surface of the faeces followed by a very simple dna extraction utilizing the wash supernatant as the source of dna. unlike most other protocols, it does not involve the use of proteinase k and/or organic extraction, but is instead based on adsorption of the dna to magnetic beads. the protocol was tested by microsatellite genotyping across six loci for sheep and reindeer faeces. comparison w ...	1999	10368969
detection limits for 90sr, pu, am and cm in soil and pasture vegetation shortly after a nuclear accident.	this work estimates the critical activity concentrations of 90sr and the alpha-emitting isotopes of pu, am and cm in soil and pasture vegetation that would be required to exceed the action levels for foodstuffs recommended by the iaea. the results show that the common detection limits for environmental analysis of these nuclides may be increased by orders of magnitude if the aim of the analysis is to determine whether or not the action levels will be exceeded. this information is useful in the d ...	1999	10376329
radionuclides in the lichen-caribou-human food chain near uranium mining operations in northern saskatchewan, canada.	the richest uranium ore bodies ever discovered (cigar lake and mcarthur river) are presently under development in northeastern saskatchewan. this subarctic region is also home to several operating uranium mines and aboriginal communities, partly dependent upon caribou for subsistence. because of concerns over mining impacts and the efficient transfer of airborne radionuclides through the lichen-caribou-human food chain, radionuclides were analyzed in tissues from 18 barren-ground caribou (rangif ...	1999	10378999
pregnancy status of reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus) on two occasions during the winter season.		1999	10418200
evidence for continued transmission of parasitic nematodes in reindeer during the arctic winter.	living in the high arctic, the svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and its trichostrongyle nematodes experience a long cold winter from october to late may/early june. over this period, transmission would be expected to be low. however, in culled reindeer the abundance of infection increased from autumn to late winter, providing evidence for continued transmission within this period. to our knowledge this is the first time this has been demonstrated in a climate with temperatures ...	1999	10428633
dietary and nutrient intake of a sami population living in traditional reindeer herding areas in north norway: comparisons with a group of norwegians.	the samis are an ethnic minority living in the northern region of norway, sweden, finland and russia. traditionally the samis made their living from reindeer herding with some fishing and agriculture. earlier studies have shown that their diet consisted of large amounts of reindeer meat, some fish and wild berries with low intakes of other fruits, vegetables and dairy products. due to the introduction of technical improvements like snowmobiles and terrain vehicles which makes moving with the her ...	1999	10429341
parasites, biodiversity, and population dynamics in an ecosystem in the high arctic.	the abomasa of 163 svalbard reindeers (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) from nordenskiöld land, spitsbergen (78 degrees n, 15 degrees e) were examined for adult and juvenile nematodes. spitsbergen has midnight sun from late april to late august, arctic night from late october to mid-february, permafrost, and snow cover from october to june. plant growth is restricted to 6-8 weeks, usually starting mid-june. in the reindeer calves, which are born in june prevalence and intensity of infection incr ...	1999	10456416
spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in canadian arctic freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems: a review.	the state of knowledge of contaminants in canadian arctic biota of the freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems has advanced enormously since the publication of the first major reviews by lockhart et al. and thomas et al. in the science of the total environment in 1992. the most significant gains are new knowledge of spatial trends of organochlorines and heavy metal contaminants in terrestrial animals, such as caribou and mink, and in waterfowl, where no information was previously available. spatia ...	1999	10466229
use of western immunoblot analysis for testing moose serum for brucella suis biovar 4 specific antibodies.	to determine if 12 moose (alces alces) from northern alaska with agglutinating antibodies specific for brucella spp. had been exposed to either b. suis biovar 4 or b. abortus biovar 1, western immnnoblot serologic analysis was performed. differential serologic responses to strain specific a and m antigenic variances of the lipopolysaccharide o-polysaccharide sugar allowed strain identification. prior to examination, test sera were absorbed with killed whole cells from either b. abortus biovar 1, ...	1999	10479098
genetic diversity of pestiviruses: identification of novel groups and implications for classification.	the complete npro coding sequences were determined for 16 pestiviruses isolated from cattle, pig, and several wild ruminant species including reindeer, bison, deer, and bongo. phylogenetic analysis enabled the segregation of pestiviruses into the established species bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (bvdv-1), bvdv-2, border disease virus (bdv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv). for bvdv-1 five distinct subgroups were identified, while bvdv-2, bdv, and csfv were each subdivided into two subgrou ...	1999	10489341
ivermectin in reindeer feces: determination by hplc.	an assay method for the determination of ivermectin in reindeer feces was developed. ivermectin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection after extraction (acetone, isooctane), cleanup (c-18 solid-phase extraction column), and derivatization to a fluorescent derivative using n-methylimidazole and trifluoroacetic anhydride. concentration calculations were based on calibration lines found from analyses of standards prepared in feces. abamectin was used as ...	1999	10552405
sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in a petting zoo.	in a privately owned petting zoo in arizona, 17 deer from five different species, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), reeve's muntjac (muntiacus reevesi), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), and axis deer (axis axis), died of suspected malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) over a period from late 1992 to early 1995. a pcr assay specific for ovine herpesvirus 2, the putative causative agent of sheep-associated mcf, and a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorb ...	1999	10572865
antibiotic treatment and post-handling survival of reindeer calves in alaska.	free ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) are driven into corral systems and handled each summer on the seward peninsula (alaska, usa). during june and july of 1995-96 reindeer calves were inspected for injury, handled, weighed, and randomly treated with long-acting oxytetracycline. calves that returned to subsequent handlings within the same year, received treatment only if they had been treated during their first handling. the effects of prophylactic antibiotic treatment and other fac ...	1999	10574533
structure, biodiversity, and historical biogeography of nematode faunas in holarctic ruminants: morphological and molecular diagnoses for teladorsagia boreoarcticus n. sp. (nematoda: ostertagiinae), a dimorphic cryptic species in muskoxen (ovibos moschatus).	discovery of the ostertagiine nematode teladorsagia boreoarcticus n. sp. in muskoxen, ovibos moschatus, from the central canadian arctic highlights the paucity of knowledge about the genealogical and numerical diversity of nematode faunas characteristic of artiodactyls at high latitudes across the holarctic. teladorsagia boreoarcticus is a dimorphic cryptic species distinguished from teladorsagia circumcincta/teladorsagia trifurcata in domestic sheep by a 13% divergence in the nd4 region of mito ...	1999	10577730
improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genomic sequences.	the detection and discrimination of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (bhv-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (caphv-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (cerhv-1), and rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (ranhv-1), were achieved by the development of specific pcr systems. the highly variable n-terminal of the glycoprotein c was chosen to select the diagnostic primers, except for the cerhv-1 primers, which targeted the glycoprotein d region. all the assays pr ...	1999	10598083
comparison of plasma progesterone, transrectal ultrasound and pregnancy specific proteins (pspb) used for pregnancy diagnosis in reindeer.	the study aimed to compare plasma progesterone concentrations, rectal ultrasonography and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) used for pregnancy diagnosis in reindeer. a total of 1,595 blood plasma samples were collected between 1991 and 1996 from 3 semidomestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) herds on the norwegian mainland (magerøy, sørøy, filefjell) and from 92 wild svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). samples were collected between january and l ...	1999	10605131
a screening elisa for brucellosis in reindeer.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the screening of brucellosis in reindeer was developed. the assay, which utilizes s-lps from brucella abortus as antigen and biotin-labelled rabbit antibody to reindeer immunoglobulin as detecting antibody, has a high specificity and sensitivity, as indicated in a validation with sera from reindeer cultured positive for brucella suis biovar 4 and sera from reindeer free of brucellosis.	1999	10605375
the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene as a tool in evolutionary studies of artiodactyles.	the complete coding region of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (mc1-r) gene was characterized in species belonging to the two families bovidae and cervidae; cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), muskox (ovibos moschatus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus), moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). this well conserved gene is a central regulator of mammalian coat colour. examination of the interspecies ...	1999	10628296
contaminant residue levels in arctic wolves (canis lupus) from the yukon territory, canada.	kidney, liver and bone samples were taken from 19 wolves (canis lupus) collected from two locations in the yukon territory. liver samples pooled by age and sex were analyzed for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 101 pcb congeners. individual kidney and liver samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, total mercury, selenium and zinc. thirteen individual bone samples were analyzed for lead. while most organochlorines were not present at detectable levels in wolf liver, some chlorobe ...	1999	10635602
reindeer concerns.		2000	10661465
reindeer concerns.		2000	10674702
reindeer concerns		2000	10674703
reindeer concerns		2000	10674704
reindeer concerns.		2000	10678821
reindeer concerns.		2000	10678822
lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, selenium and copper in greenland caribou and reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	samples of caribou and reindeer muscle (127 samples) and liver (126 samples) were collected from four locations during two seasons plus 3 years in greenland. the levels of lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, selenium, and copper were determined, and analyzed in relation to location, two seasons, age and year of sampling. the lead concentrations (geometric mean) ranged from below the detection limit to 0.007 microgram/g wet weight (wet wt.) in muscle and from 0.027 to 0.926 microgram/g wet wt. in liver ...	2000	10682363
comparison of contaminants from different trophic levels and ecosystems.	the present paper provides an overview of the priority contaminants and media from the greenland part of the arctic monitoring and assessment program. levels and accumulation patterns of heavy metals, pops and a radionuclide (137cs) are compared from the terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems. of the nine compounds presented, seven (cd, hg, se, sigma pcb, sigma ddt, sigma hch, hcb) increased in concentration towards higher trophic levels. for these contaminants the concentrations in soil ...	2000	10682369
environmental radioactive contamination in greenland: a 35 years retrospect.	environmental studies of anthropogenic radionuclides in greenland over four decades are reported. the studies have comprised the marine as well as the terrestrial environments and emphasis has been laid on measurements of 90sr and 137cs. the temporal and the spatial trends of these radionuclides are described. the radiation exposure from consumption of locally produced diets has been calculated from consumption rates and the infinite time integrated levels of 90sr and 137cs concentrations in the ...	2000	10682370
phylogenetic information in inter-sine and inter-ssr fingerprints of the artiodactyla and evolution of the bov-ta sine.	various interspersed repeated sequences and elements (irss) can be utilized to generate pcr-based multilocus fingerprint profiles by amplifying the interelement segments, using primers matching the elements themselves. we assessed the utility of inter-irs fingerprinting in phylogenetic comparisons among six artiodactyl species using several primers derived from two abundant genomic components: the bov-ta short interspersed nuclear elements (sines) and simple sequence repeats or microsatellites ( ...	2000	10692009
a comparison of heavy metal levels in the kidneys of high arctic and mainland caribou populations in the northwest territories of canada.	aluminum, nickel, cadmium, mercury and lead levels were measured in the kidney tissue of banks island peary caribou and barren-ground caribou, from the bluenose herd, of the western northwest territories of canada. cadmium concentrations of bluenose caribou were similar to those reported elsewhere for barren-ground caribou and showed a positive correlation with age. cadmium concentrations of peary caribou were significantly lower than those of bluenose caribou regardless of age, were the lowest ...	2000	10696717
molecular characterization of brucella strains isolated from marine mammals.	recently, gram-negative bacteria isolated from a variety of marine mammals have been identified as brucella species by conventional phenotypic analysis. this study found the 16s rrna gene from one representative isolate was identical to the homologous sequences of brucella abortus, b. melitensis, b. canis, and b. suis. is711-based dna fingerprinting of 23 isolates from marine mammals showed all the isolates differed from the classical brucella species. in general, fingerprint patterns grouped by ...	2000	10699036
the effects of a prolonged undernutrition on serum lipids and fatty acid composition of reindeer calves during winter and spring.	we examined the effects of undernutrition on lipid metabolism in reindeer (<1 year) during mid-winter and spring, with particular focus on the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) in major serum lipids. the reindeer (n=8) were fed their winter feed, lichen, ad libitum for 5 weeks, followed by 40% restriction of energy for 8 weeks and refeeding to normal for 6 weeks. the concentrations of major serum lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids decreased significantly during the ad libitum ...	2000	10712571
adults only. reindeer hunting at the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt, northern germany.	the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt (northern germany), excavated in 1952, is well known because of its well-preserved faunal remains, dominated by adult reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the archaeological assemblage accumulated in an arctic setting in an earlier part of the last (weichsel) glacial (ois5-3). the site is remarkable because of the presence of unique middle palaeolithic bone tools and the occurrence of the northernmost neanderthal remains, but this paper focuses on an a ...	2000	10715194
the influence of fatness on the likelihood of early-winter pregnancy in muskoxen (ovibos moschatus).	among wild ruminants, muskoxen have an exceptional ability to fatten, but their pregnancy rates are variable and often low. to test whether the likelihood of pregnancy in muskoxen is associated with exceptionally good body condition, we used logistic regression analysis with data from 32 pregnant and 18 nonpregnant muskoxen > or = 1.5 yr of age shot in november (1989 to 1992) on victoria island in arctic canada. we assayed their serum for insulin-like growth factor-1 (igf-1). all fatness and mas ...	1998	10732151
life-history strategies and population dynamics of abomasal nematodes in svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).	the observation that the total abundance of adult nematodes in the abomasum of svalbard reindeer increases between october and april suggests adaptation to cope with the arctic winter. here we investigate the extent to which selection has led to similar life-history strategies in the 3 most numerous trichostrongyle species. the life-histories are found to differ markedly. we use flexible statistical models for the abundance and dispersion of parasites in the host population. one of the taxa, mar ...	2000	10759088
dna evidence that ostertagia gruehneri and ostertagia arctica (nematoda: ostertagiinae) in reindeer from norway and svalbard are conspecific.	dna sequences of its-1 and its-2 of rdna were determined for 16 individual adult males each of ostertagia gruehneri and ostertagia arctica from svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and eurasian tundra reindeer (r. t. tarandus). each its was virtually identical in o. gruehneri and o. arctica and the three mixed bases detected were shared by both species. our results strongly suggest that o. gruehneri and o. arctica are dimorphic males of the same species.	2000	10779581
genomic differentiation of neanderthals and anatomically modern man allows a fossil-dna-based classification of morphologically indistinguishable hominid bones.	southern blot hybridizations of genomic dna were introduced as a relatively simple fossil-dna-based approach to classify remains of neanderthals. when hybridized with genomic dna of either human or neanderthal origin, dna extracted from two neanderthal finds-the os parietale, from warendorf-neuwarendorf, germany, and a clavicula, from krapina, croatia-was shown to yield hybridization signals that differ by at least a factor of two compared to the signals obtained with the use of fossil dna of an ...	2000	10788336
serologic survey for toxoplasma gondii in selected wildlife species from alaska.	blood was collected from selected wildlife species in specific areas of alaska (usa) during 1976-96. a modified agglutination test was used to test sera for evidence of exposure to toxoplasma gondii. serum antibody prevalence was 43% (62 positive of 143 tested) for black bears (ursus americanus), 9% (11/125) for wolves (canis lupus), 7% (22/319) for dall sheep (ovis dalli), 6% (14/241) for caribou (rangifer tarandus), 1% (3/240) for moose (alces alces), and 1% (2/241) for bison (bison bison). a ...	2000	10813602
reproduction in female reindeer.	reindeer are either wild or kept under very extensive farming systems. they are seasonal breeders, with mating coinciding with the decreasing photoperiod in the autumn, and with calving in the spring. little is known regarding the factors that influence reproduction in reindeer or of their reproductive physiology. studies carried out to date have mainly focused on issues related to the population dynamics of wild populations and semi-domestic herds, and to a limited extent on the reproductive ph ...	2000	10844224
vitamin d in an ecological context.	although numerous investigations have been carried out concerning the occurrence of vitamin d (d2 and d3) and their provitamins in different foodstuffs, about the effects of vitamin d intake on the human body as well as the cellular effects of the physiologically active form of vitamin d, there are almost no studies on vitamin d in an ecological context. one source for vitamin d is fish. but fish cannot synthesize vitamin d, nor provitamin d. both originate at the beginning of the food chain, in ...	2000	10850004
effects of seasonal photoperiod on serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium in reindeer, rangifer tarandus tarandus.	in order to understand the effects of solar irradiance on calcium metabolism we measured serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and total calcium levels monthly in 6 female nonpregnant reindeer maintained in the oulu area (65 degrees n). mean monthly serum total calcium levels varied slightly and the highest levels were seen in october. serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels were highest in october but the monthly variation was also slight. the small monthly variation of the analytes' abundance and the ...	2000	10850005
identification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of marshallagia marshalli and ostertagia gruehneri from svalbard reindeer.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to identify two common abomasal nematodes marshallagia marshalli and ostertagia gruehneri of svalbard reindeer was developed. species-specific pcr primers were designed from internal transcribed spacer (its)-2 sequences of rdna and validated using morphologically identified adult male and female nematodes. using the species-specific primers, a 110 bp fragment was amplified from m. marshalli and its minor morph marshallagia occidentalis and a 149 bp fragmen ...	2000	10899533
effects of immobilization with medetomidine and reversal with atipamezole on blood chemistry of semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) in autumn and late winter.	blood chemistry was studied in 8 adult female reindeer, of which 5 were pregnant. half of them received only medetomidine (150 micrograms/kg i.m.) and half of them medetomidine and atipamezole (750 micrograms/kg) in march. three weeks later the drug regimens were reversed. the same procedure was carried out during the next september and october. seasonal differences in pretreatment values could be seen in serum urea, phosphorous, and cholesterol, with the highest concentrations during the autumn ...	1999	10918903
functional anatomy of the omasum in high arctic svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) and norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	the structure and fill of the omasum was investigated in summer and in winter in adult female reindeer living on the polar desert and tundra of the high arctic archipelago of svalbard and in sub-arctic mountain habitats in northern norway. the mean total mass of the omasum in non-lactating adult female svalbard reindeer was 467 g (0.65 g per 100 g live body mass (bm)) in september and 477 g (1.03 g per 100 g bm) in april. by contrast, the mean mass of the omasum in non-lactating adult reindeer i ...	2000	10920474
antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids.	babesia isolates from an elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) and a caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) with fatal infections were compared to babesia odocoilei (engeling isolate) from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by experimental infection, serologic, and small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequence analysis studies. both the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among the isolates. experimental infection studies showe ...	2000	10941738
experimental trichinellosis in reindeer.	six female reindeer calves were inoculated intraruminally with various doses of trichinella muscle larvae. four calves were inoculated with t. nativa, receiving 15,000 (n = 1), 5,000 (1), and 2,500 (2) larvae each. two calves were inoculated with 5,000 t. spiralis larvae each. blood samples were collected twice per week for total white blood cell (wbc) and differential counts and for serology using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on t. spiralis excretory-secretory antigen. on day ...	2000	10958453
direct visualization of the genomic distribution and organization of two cervid centromeric satellite dna families.	several repetitive dna fragments were generated from pcr amplifications of caribou dna using primer sequences derived from the white-tailed deer satellite ii dna clone ovdii. two fragments, designated rt-0.5 and rt-0.7, were sequenced and found to have 96% sequence similarity. these caribou clones also had 85% sequence similarity with ovdii. multiple-colored fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) studies with satellite i and satellite ii dna probes to caribou metaphase chromosomes and extende ...	2000	10965121
abnormally phosphorylated protein tau in the cortex of aged individuals of various mammalian orders.	aged individuals of mammalian species displaying hyperphosphorylated tau protein may be suitable natural models for investigating neurodegenerative alterations occurring, for example, in alzheimer's disease. therefore, autoptic tissue from the entorhinal, motor and prefrontal cortices of 14 mammalian species was screened using the monoclonal antibody at8, which is directed against a phosphorylated epitope of human tau and applicable to the tissues of aged domestic animals, as shown in previous s ...	2000	10965801
reindeer concerns.		1999	10972118
panting in reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	two winter-insulated norwegian reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were exposed to air temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 38 degrees c while standing at rest in a climatic chamber. the direction of airflow through nose and mouth, and the total and the nasal minute volumes, respectively, were determined during both closed- and open-mouth panting. the animals alternated between closed- and open-mouth panting, but the proportion of open-mouth panting increased with increasing heat load. the shifts f ...	2000	11003983
the impact of chernobyl fallout on the southern saami reindeer herders of norway in 1996.	the reindeer-herding southern saamis, from central norway, were the population group exposed to the highest levels of radioactivity in norway, following the chernobyl accident. radiocesium whole-body contents and dietary habits have been investigated regularly in this population group since 1987. meat of semi-domesticated reindeer is important in their diet, and earlier studies have shown that contaminated reindeer meat contributes about 90% to the total intake of radiocesium. a major part of th ...	2000	11089805
flight distances of the reindeer.		2000	11103337
use of moxidectin treatment in the investigation of abomasal nematodiasis in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).	an experiment was conducted to evaluate moxidectin as a tool for understanding the impact of parasitism on wild svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). adult females were injected subcutaneously with moxidectin at a dose rate of 0-4 mg/kg bodyweight, and groups of animals were culled within its expected period of efficacy (around 14 days) or around 12 or 24 weeks after treatment. moxidectin was effective in eliminating the reindeers' abomasal worm burdens, and although they became r ...	2000	11104041
seasonal changes in heart rate and food intake in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	this study tested the hypothesis that the annual cycle in heart rate (hr) in reindeer is, at least in part, a consequence of seasonal fluctuation in voluntary-food intake. heart rate and daily dry matter voluntary-food intake (ddmvfi) were recorded in two captive female reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) from april 1995 to august 1996. heart rate was measured continuously in each animal for 20-24 h for 7 days each month using polar(r) sport testers (pst); ddmvfi was measured in each animal da ...	2000	11114952
inadequate use of molecular hybridization to analyze dna in neanderthal fossils.		2001	11115383
analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer -- possible employment in forensic applications.	dna microsatellites play a major role in population genetics, linkage mapping, and parentage studies of mammals. in addition, they may be used for forensic purposes, if an individual identification of a specific animal is necessary. therefore, we tested a variety of microsatellite polymorphism derived from reindeer (rangifer tarandus) by pcr and sequencing analysis for use in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama). twelve of these microsatellites we ...	2001	11118746
dynamics of radionuclide concentrations in calcified tissues of reindeer in the western russian arctic.	the specific activities of artificial and natural nuclides were determined in bone and teeth of reindeer that had lived before, during, and after nuclear tests on the archipelago novaya zemlya and of reindeer from the nearby mainland region. in bone of reindeer from novaya zemlya, 90sr and 210pb are the main source of beta-activity, the 210po is the main source of the alpha activity. in bone of reindeer that lived on novaya zemlya during underground tests, the 90sr activity was relatively high ( ...	2001	11142918
the effect of wintertime undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of leg bone marrow fats in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.).	we studied the effects of wintertime undernutrition on the fatty acid composition of bone marrow triacylglycerols (tags) of legs in freely-ranging reindeer calves (<1 year) and adult hinds by comparing reindeer in poor condition slaughtered in february with reindeer in good condition slaughtered in october. significant reductions were found in the proportions of the major monounsaturated fatty acid, or oleic acid, and in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids in the femur tags of the undernourished ...	2001	11163305
winter grazing of reindeer in woodland lichen pasture. effect of lichen availability on the condition of reindeer.	winter grazing of semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer t. tarandus) was investigated at the woodland lichen pasture (lichen approximately 550kg dmha(-1)) in kaamanen, northern finland during the winter 1996-1997. nine female reindeer mainly dug their food in the snow for 122 days (3 december-4 april) in a fenced area of 36.3ha. over half of the fenced area was lichen dominated dry pine forest. the amount of lichens in lichen forest inside the fence was estimated before and after grazing. area of ...	2001	11182304
determination of optimal immobilizing doses of a medetomidine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride combination in captive reindeer.	to establish optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine hydrochloride (med) with ketamine hydrochloride (ket) for hand- and dart-administered injections in captive reindeer.	2001	11197548
hydatidosis: dynamics of transmission.	hydatidosis is a widespread zoonosis infecting a large number of animals and humans. echinococcus granulosus has the smallest taenia adult of the cestodes but with the largest larva. its morphologic and biologic features were identified with dna analysis. different strains were separated according to the intermediate hosts: sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, camels. definitive host are canids, mostly dogs, where the worm grows to adulthood in several months. the eggs are scattered in the pasture by wi ...	2001	11213154
[vigilance and fearfulness of reindeer: population differences].	distances of detection and flight away of reindeer disturbed by approaching human on foot were used to compare reindeer alertness and vigilance. population differences depended on genetic origin (wild, feral, and tame reindeer) and hunting. no correlations of vigilance and alertness were found with presence of predators, sex composition of herds, and presence of newborns in herd. herd size affecting jointly with genetic origin or hunting had negative correlation with alertness.	2001	11236593
gastroenteritis associated with helicobacter-like organisms and rotavirus in a reindeer (rangifer tarandus).		2001	11256285
evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for detection of brucellosis in cervids.	the complement fixation test (cft), competitive enzyme immunoassay (celisa), indirect enzyme immunoassay (ielisa) and fluorescence polarization assay (fpa) were evaluated for the detection of antibodies to brucella abortus and brucella suis biotype 4 in caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), elk (cervus elapus), red deer (cervus elapus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). when combining the data the fpa and the celisa were determined to be the most suitable tests for serodiagnosis of cervi ...	2001	11272484
clinical evaluation of established optimal immobilizing doses of medetomidine-ketamine in captive reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	to evaluate clinical effects and repeatability of clinical effects for an optimal immobilizing dose of a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (med) and ketamine hydrochloride (ket) in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	2001	11277207
ceruloplasmin as an indicator of copper reserves in wild ruminants at high latitudes.	northern ungulates must establish trace mineral reserves when forage is available in spring and summer to sustain biochemical activities through the long winter. copper (cu), zinc (zn) and iron (fe) reserves were measured in the serum, digestive tract, liver, and kidney of six male caribou and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) fed a complete pelleted ration. dry matter content and absolute amounts of cu, zn and fe were highest in the liver. digesta contents of cu and zn were greatest in the rumen but ...	2001	11310884
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in barren-ground caribou (rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) from the canadian arctic.	prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was determined in 147 barren-ground caribou (rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) from 5 herds in the northwest territories and nunavut, northern canada, by the modified agglutination test (mat). in the mainland herds (bluenose, bathurst, and beverly), antibodies were found in 43 (37%) of 117 caribou, and mat titers were 1:25 in 10, 1:50 in 24, and 1:500 in 9. in the island herds, only 1 (4.3%) of 23 animals sampled from the north baffin island herd was ...	2001	11318582
bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen-caribou-wolf food chains of canada's central and western arctic.	while biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (pops) in aquatic food chains is well documented, there have been few investigations of the trophodynamics of pops in arctic terrestrial food chains. this study presents field-collected concentration data and corresponding fugacities of various hydrophobic organic chemicals (ranging in octanol-water partition coefficients or k(ow) from approximately 10(3.8) to 10(9)) in two lichen species (cladina rangiferina and cetraria nivalis), willow l ...	2001	11347605
a new lungworm in muskoxen: an exploration in arctic parasitology.	ruminants are vital elements of the holarctic ecosystem. little is known, however, of the structure or biology of their parasite fauna, particularly in north america. global warming, coupled with increasing human activity in the arctic, requires enhanced international interdisciplinary efforts to better understand the many factors, including parasites, that influence the population health of caribou, reindeer, muskoxen and wild sheep. the discovery of an unusual new genus of protostrongylid lung ...	2001	11378034
home range size and choice of management strategy for lynx in scandinavia.	annual and seasonal home ranges were calculated for 47 eurasian lynx in four scandinavian study sites (two in sweden and two in norway). the observed home ranges were the largest reported for the species, with study site averages ranging from 600 to 1,400 km2 for resident males and from 300 to 800 km2 for resident females. when home range sizes were compared to the size of protected areas (national parks and nature reserves) in scandinavia, it was concluded that very few protected areas containe ...	2001	11393321
occurrence of escherichia coli o157 in reindeer (rangifer tarandus).		2001	11394802
lactate-transport activity in rbcs of trained and untrained individuals from four racing species.	in red blood cells (rbc) of horses, both lactate-transport activity and lactate accumulation during races vary interindividually. to study whether similar variation in lactate transport is apparent also in rbcs of other racing species, blood samples were collected from 21 reindeer, 40 horses, 31 humans, and 38 dogs. total lactate-transport activity was measured at 10 and 30 mm concentrations, and the roles of the monocarboxylate-transporter (mct) and the inorganic anion-exchange transporter (ban ...	2001	11404274
muscle fibre growth in undernourished reindeer calves (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) during winter.	to study whether moderate under-nutrition causes muscle wasting, reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus l.) calves were fed either pelleted reindeer feed ad libitum (n=8) or restricted amounts of lichens (n=8). the restricted amount was 60% of ad libitum intake of lichens, and the feeding period was 6 weeks preceded by a 2-week adjustment period. biopsy samples from the middle gluteal muscle (m. gluteus medius) for the analysis of fibre composition and area, as well as for the activity of cathepsi ...	2001	11423319
contrasting regulation of fecundity in two abomasal nematodes of svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).	stability of trichostrogylid populations indicates that some form of density-dependent regulation occurs which could act through fecundity. we present evidence for intraspecific density-dependent effects in 1 of 2, dominant, abomasal nematodes species (ostertagia gruehneri) of svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). we found evidence in o. gruehneri, for density-dependent regulation of female worm length in april, july and october 1999. however, it is only in july that female worm l ...	2001	11444620
hearing in reindeer (rangifer tarandus).	the audiogram of two yearling male reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were determined using a conditioned suppression/avoidance procedure. during testing, the animal was drinking from a metal bowl while pure tone signals were played at random intervals and followed by an electric shock in the bowl. by breaking contact with the bowl at sound signals, the animal avoided the shock. the animals detected sounds at intensities of 60 db or less from 70 hz to 38 khz. the frequency range of best sensi ...	2001	11467499
cadmium in caribou (rangifer tarandus) kidneys: speciation, effects of preparation and toxicokinetics.	caribou kidney is a major source of cadmium (cd) in the traditional diets of many aboriginal communities in the arctic. in order to characterize the risk of cd exposure, we studied the speciation of cd in caribou kidneys and how, it can be affected by food preparation. cd in caribou kidneys was bound to metallothionein (mt) (40%) high molecular weight proteins (50-500 kda) (30%) and existed as free ions (10%). there was no change in cd concentrations after the samples were baked at 350 degrees c ...	2001	11469316
evidence for the presence of two novel pestivirus species.	the genus pestivirus of the family flaviviridae comprises four species, namely bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (bvdv-1), bvdv-2, border disease virus (bdv), and classical swine fever virus (csfv). comparative analyses of partial sequences have suggested that pestivirus isolates from giraffe (giraffe-1) and reindeer (reindeer-1) are distinct from the established species (becher et al., virology 262, 64--71, 1999). in this study, we report the complete genomic sequences of pestivirus strains giraffe ...	2001	11485413
traditional foods in the diet of chukotka natives.	during several medical expeditions the recipes and technology of traditional foods of the indigenous population of chukotka have been collected. traditional foods are important sources of fat, protein and essential nutrients. the traditional diet of chukotka natives consists of caribou meat, marine animals and fish, depending on the place of residence. all meat products or fish are eaten with local plants: roots, green leaves, berries or seaweed. local foods are usually eaten raw frozen and dipp ...	2001	11507962
basal metabolic adaptation of the evenki reindeer herders of central siberia.	previous research has suggested that basal metabolic rates (bmrs of indigenous circumpolar populations are elevated, perhaps as an adaptation to chronic, severe cold stress. this study examines variation in bmr among indigenous (evenki) and nonindigenous (russian immigrant) populations living in central siberia to determine: 1) whether the evenki show evidence of increased metabolic rates, and 2) whether the metabolic responses of the evenki are different from those of the recent russian migrant ...	2000	11534006
seasonal and long-term variations in 137cs among adults from swedish hunter families.	to study seasonal variations in 137cs, whole-body content measurements of adults from swedish hunter families have been performed in autumn 1997 and spring 1998. measurements were performed in three locations, by, harbo and gävle, geographically close (within 100 km of each other) but with large differences in ground deposition levels. the hunter families at these three locations were previously measured in 1994. the measured persons were also asked for their frequency of intake of moose, roe-de ...	2001	11548326
the marking of livestock in traditional pastoral societies.	the marking of animals has been practised in all pastoral systems since time immemorial. using a series of examples representative of the major pastoral civilisations of the world, the author presents the techniques used (branding and ear incisions, either separately or in combination). in the light of the characteristics common to pastoral societies, the following points are analysed: a) the manner in which the marks used by these societies have been conserved or modified in the course of verti ...	2001	11548519
dna evidence that marshallagia marshalli ransom, 1907 and m. occidentalis ransom, 1907 (nematoda: ostertagiinae) from svalbard reindeer are conspecific.	the gastro-intestinal parasitic nematodes of ruminants marshallagia marshalli and m. occidentalis are morphs of a single species according to indirect evidence. in this study, their taxonomic status and molecular identification were assessed more directly in isolates from the abomasal nematode community of svalbard reindeer using genetic data. dna sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal rna genes were obtained from individual nematodes by the polymeras ...	2001	11586078
parapoxvirus infection in norwegian semi-domesticated reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).		2001	11601519
effect of origin of radiocaesium on the transfer from fallout to reindeer meat.	data on radiocaesium contamination of reindeer from five regions in sweden have been used, together with interpolated radiocaesium deposition data, to quantify spatial variation in transfer to reindeer meat and to consider how it changes with time in different areas. since the regions were contaminated to different extents by global and chernobyl fallout, it was also possible to determine the influence of the origin or age of radiocaesium fallout on the transfer to reindeer meat. the regions dif ...	2001	11669265
plasma urea, creatinine, and urea: creatinine ratio in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and in svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) during defined feeding conditions and in the field.	variation in plasma urea and creatinine concentration and plasma urea:creatinine ratio (u:c) were studied in semidomestic free-ranging reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) on the norwegian mainland, in wild svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), and in captive reindeer maintained either on a lichen-based diet or a protein-rich concentrate to investigate whether these parameters could be used as indicators of the nutritional status of reindeer. in the mainland animals, plasma creat ...	2001	11731982
bone morphogenetic protein 3b expressing reindeer antler.	a cdna sequence of bone morphogenetic protein 3b (bmp-3b) of reindeer antler was produced with degenerative homology primers in polymerase chain reaction (pcr). an in situ hybridization study of bmp-3b mrna in 1-month-old antler showed expression in most differentiated cells in the antler center. in addition, the bone-inductive capacity of the reindeer antler matrix was evaluated. decalcified and powdered antler matrix of different stages of antler maturity was implanted in gelatin capsules unde ...	2002	11745540
[retrospective estimate of the individual history of life in population studies on mammals].	analysis of the recording structures in mammals, such as dentine, cementum, or bone tissue, makes it possible to estimate the parameters of individual history of life: age at the moment of death, seasons of death and birth, growth rate, age of sexual maturation, etc. using the reindeer (rangifer tarandus) as an example, it has been shown what specific life features essential for population studies may be estimated when only mandibles with teeth are available.	2001	11785257
human absorption and retention of polonium-210 from caribou meat.	the gastrointestinal (gi) absorption factors and the biological retention times for polonium were determined for a group of 14 volunteers--seven men and seven women--from saskatoon, saskatchewan, canada. each volunteer consumed 2.0 kg of caribou meat containing known amounts of naturally occurring 210po. urine and faecal samples were collected for up to 65 days after meat consumption and analysed for 210po. the average gi absorption factor for the 14 volunteers was 56 +/- 4% (range = 31-71%), no ...	2001	11843339
effect of antiandrogen cyproterone acetate on the development of the antler cycle in southern pudu (pudu puda).	the antler cycle of pudu is similar to other cervids, but unlike most boreal deer, male southern pudu (pudu puda) exhibits two seasonal peaks of lh and testosterone. in that respect, pudu is similar to roe deer. whereas the antler cycle in some deer species, such as roe deer or white-tailed deer, is very sensitive to variation of testosterone, in other cervids, such as fallow deer or reindeer, a blockade of androgens with cyproterone acetate (ca) has little or no effect on the timing of the antl ...	2002	11857473