Publications

[serological survey of antibodies against viral diseases of public health interest in llamas (lama glama) from jujuy province, argentina].	llama population from argentina is mainly concentrated in the andean puna, jujuy. llamas represent an important economic resource for the andean communities. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against viral antigens associated to viral diseases of economic impact (neonatal diarrhea, reproductive and respiratory syndromes). a total of 349 serum samples from adult llamas were analyzed. the obtained antibody prevalence was 100 % for rotavirus a and 70 % for bovine ...	2014	24721276
detection of the matrix metalloproteinases mmp-2 and mmp-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases timp-1 and timp-2 in llama (lama glama) oviduct.	matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and their inhibitors (timps) are involved in several reproductive events like oocyte-spermatozoa interaction and semen liquefaction. in order to study their role in the llama oviductal reproductive process, mmp activity in oviductal fluid (of) was assayed. considering that llama genome sequences are partially known, a strategy to procure cdna sequences of mmp-2, mmp-9, timp-1 and timp-2 was designed. afterwards, their expression patterns in the different llama ov ...	2014	24750476
evaluation of the specificity of intradermal tuberculin and serological tests for diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) herds under field conditions in peru.		2014	24789853
energy metabolism and methane production in llamas, sheep and goats fed high- and low-quality grass-based diets.	this study aimed to test whether the digestive and metabolic characteristics of pseudo ruminants provide superior ability to utilise low-quality diets compared to true ruminants. a total of 18 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating female animals, including six llamas (lama glama), six danish landrace goats and six shropshire sheep, were used in a crossover design study. the experiment lasted for two periods of three weeks. half of the animals were fed either high-quality grass hay (hp) or low-qual ...	2014	24870266
first llama (lama glama) pregnancy obtained after in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture of gametes from live animals.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental competence and pregnancy rate of llama hatched blastocysts produced in vitro using gametes from live animals and two different culture conditions. fifteen adult females were superstimulated with 1500 iu of ecg, eleven (73%) responded to the treatment and were used as oocyte donors. follicular aspiration was conducted by flank laparotomy. semen collections were performed under general anesthesia by electroejaculation of the male. sixty-six c ...	2014	24933287
heterobilharzia americana infection and congestive heart failure in a llama (lama glama).	the schistosome heterobilharzia americana infects several mammalian species in the southeastern united states, including horses, but infections have not been reported in camelids. this is a report of h. americana infection in a 6-year-old llama with extensive cardiac pathology and congestive heart failure. parasite-induced granulomas were widely disseminated and included overwhelming involvement of the lungs and liver. microscopic lesions in the heart included myofiber degeneration and necrosis, ...	2015	24964922
effect of cryoprotectant and equilibration temperature on cryopreservation of lama glama spermatozoa.	the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two equilibration temperatures (5 °c and room temperature) and two cryoprotectants (glycerol and dimethylformamide, both at 7%) on llama sperm cryopreservation. llama ejaculates were divided into four aliquots. a lactose-edta-egg yolk (leey) extender with either 7% glycerol (leey-g) or 7% dimethylformamide (leey-dmf) was added to two of the aliquots, which were equilibrated for 20 min at room temperature and subsequently frozen. the other two ...	2015	25059904
novel camelid antibody fragments targeting recombinant nucleoprotein of araucaria hantavirus: a prototype for an early diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.	in addition to conventional antibodies, camelids produce immunoglobulins g composed exclusively of heavy chains in which the antigen binding site is formed only by single domains called vhh. their particular characteristics make vhhs interesting tools for drug-delivery, passive immunotherapy and high-throughput diagnosis. hantaviruses are rodent-borne viruses of the bunyaviridae family. two clinical forms of the infection are known. hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) is present in the ...	2014	25243411
bluetongue disease and seroprevalence in south american camelids from the northwestern region of the united states.	in late summer/early fall of 2013, 2 south american camelids from central washington were diagnosed with fatal bluetongue viral disease, an event which is rarely reported. a 9-year-old intact male llama (lama glama), with a 1-day history of anorexia, recumbency, and dyspnea before death. abundant foam discharged from the mouth and nostrils, and the lungs were severely edematous on postmortem examination. histologically, there was abundant intra-alveolar edema with fibrin. hemorrhage and edema di ...	2015	25680921
molecular characterization of the llamas (lama glama) casein cluster genes transcripts (csn1s1, csn2, csn1s2, csn3) and regulatory regions.	in the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of llama (lama glama) caseins at transcriptomic and genetic level. a total of 288 casein clones transcripts were analysed from two lactating llamas. the most represented mrna populations were those correctly assembled (85.07%) and they encoded for mature proteins of 215, 217, 187 and 162 amino acids respectively for the csn1s1, csn2, csn1s2 and csn3 genes. the exonic subdivision evidenced a structure made of 21, 9, 17 and 6 ...	2015	25923814
camelid ig v genes reveal significant human homology not seen in therapeutic target genes, providing for a powerful therapeutic antibody platform.	camelid immunoglobulin variable (igv) regions were found homologous to their human counterparts; however, the germline v repertoires of camelid heavy and light chains are still incomplete and their therapeutic potential is only beginning to be appreciated. we therefore leveraged the publicly available htg and wgs databases of lama pacos and camelus ferus to retrieve the germline repertoire of v genes using human igv genes as reference. in addition, we amplified igkv and iglv genes to uncover the ...	2015	26018625
anaplasma infection of bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) and ticks in xinjiang, china.	to date, anaplasmosis has been reported to be a subclinical disease in indian and arabian one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) and llamas (lama glama). however, no information on anaplasma infection in two-humped bactrian camels (camelus bactrianus) in china has been published to date. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anaplasma spp. in domestic bactrian camels and ticks in xinjiang, china.	2015	26055661
camelid heavy chain only antibody fragment domain against β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibits β-secretase activity in vitro and in vivo.	accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid-β (aβ) peptide is associated with alzheimer's disease (ad). aβ is generated from the amyloid precursor protein by the successive action of two membrane-associated processing enzymes: β-secretase or β-site of amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (bace1) and γ-secretase. inhibition of one or both of these enzymes prevents aβ generation and the accompanying aβ accumulation. antigen binding fragments from camelid heavy chain only antibodies (vhhs) w ...	2015	26147692
evaluation of the acrosomal status in lama glama sperm incubated with acrosome reaction inducers.	the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of different acrosome reaction (ar) inducers on viability and acrosomal status in llama spermatozoa, by using the fitc-pna/pi technique and evaluate if there is a positive correlation between the fitc-pna/pi and the coomassie blue (cb) staining techniques. after incubating twenty ejaculates in 0.1% collagenase the centrifuged pellets were resuspended in talp-bsa medium. an aliquot was sonicated to remove the acrosomal content (positive con ...	2015	26164525
oestrogen and progesterone receptors and cox-2 expression in endometrial biopsy samples during maternal recognition of pregnancy in llamas (lama glama).	endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor-α (erα), progesterone receptor (pr) and cyclooxigenase-2 (cox-2) was evaluated in non-pregnant and pregnant llamas during the period when luteolysis/maternal recognition of pregnancy is expected to occur. females (n = 28) were divided into two groups: non-pregnant llamas were induced to ovulate with a buserelin injection, and endometrial biopsies were obtained on day 8 (n = 5) or 12 (n = 5) post-induction of ovulation. animals of the pregnant group (n ...	2015	26446171
grazing behaviour and dry matter intake of llamas (lama glama) and german black- head mutton sheep (ovis orientalis forma aries) under central european conditions.	the aim of the present study was to assess the behaviour of llamas (lama glama) and german blackhead mutton sheep (ovis orientalis forma aries) when kept under central european grazing conditions. in total, six adult female sheep and six adult female llamas were observed by direct observation during one week, in which each group was observed for a total time of 24 h. the animals were kept on the same pasture, but the species were raised in separate plots. forage height before and after the exper ...	2015	26591388
sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae), and redescription of sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (lama glama), guanaco (lama guanicoe) and alpaca (vicugna pacos).	there is considerable confusion concerning the species of sarcocystis in south american camelids (sac). several species names have been used; however, proper descriptions are lacking. in the present paper, we redescribe the macroscopic sarcocyst forming sarcocystis aucheniae and describe and propose a new name, sarcocystis masoni for the microscopic sarcocyst forming species. muscles samples were obtained from llamas (lama glama) and guanacos (lama guanicoe) from argentina and from alpacas (vicu ...	2016	26932444
combining somatic mutations present in different in vivo affinity-matured antibodies isolated from immunized lama glama yields ultra-potent antibody therapeutics.	highly potent human antibodies are required to therapeutically neutralize cytokines such as interleukin-6 (il-6) that is involved in many inflammatory diseases and malignancies. although a number of mutagenesis approaches exist to perform antibody affinity maturation, these may cause antibody instability and production issues. thus, a robust and easy antibody affinity maturation strategy to increase antibody potency remains highly desirable. by immunizing llama, cloning the 'immune' antibody rep ...	2016	26945588
pharmacokinetics of immediate and sustained release cephalexin administered by different routes to llamas (lama glama).	we investigate the pharmacokinetics of two different cephalexin formulations administered to llamas by the intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), and subcutaneous (sc) routes, the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of cephalexin against some escherichia coli and staphylococci isolated from llamas, and we apply the pk/pd modelling approach, so that effective dosage recommendations for this species could be made. six llamas received immediate (10 mg/kg, iv, im, and sc) and sustained (8 mg/kg im ...	2016	27051418
serology and longevity of immunity against echinococcus granulosus in sheep and llama induced by an oil-based eg95 vaccine.	an oil-based formulation of the eg95 vaccine to protect grazing animals against infection with echinococcus granulosus was formulated in argentina. the efficacy of the vaccine was monitored by serology in sheep and llama (lama glama) and was compared to the serology in sheep previously published using a quila-adjuvanted vaccine. long-term efficacy was also tested in sheep by challenging with e. granulosus eggs of the g1 strain 4 years after the beginning of the trial. the serological results for ...	2016	27104482
generation and characterization of cd1d-specific single-domain antibodies with distinct functional features.	ligation of the cd1d antigen-presenting molecule by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) can trigger important biological functions. for therapeutic purposes camelid-derived variable domain of heavy-chain-only antibodies (vhh) have multiple advantages over mabs because they are small, stable and have low immunogenicity. here, we generated 21 human cd1d-specific vhh by immunizing lama glama and subsequent phage display. two clones induced maturation of dendritic cells, one clone induced early apoptosis i ...	2016	27312006
ciliate protozoa of the forestomach of llamas (lama glama) from locations <br />at different altitude in argentina.	this study describes the diversity and concentration of the protozoal population from the forestomach of llamas in argentina at three altitudinal locations. protozoal diversity was studied in samples from eight llamas from hurlingham (buenos aires, 43 m altitude), four from tilcara (jujuy, 2465 m altitude) and six llamas from cieneguillas (jujuy, 3800 m altitude). the total concentrations of protozoa in the forestomach contents were 7.9, 9.1 and 4.1 cells x 10<sup>4</sup> ml<sup>-1</sup> in hurl ...	2016	27395861
[the occurrence of "candidatus mycoplasma haemolamae" infections in clinically asymptomatic south american camelids in austria].	reports of cmhl infections in south american camelids in europe are only available from the united kingdom and switzerland. knowing that cmhl infections can lead to severe disease resulting in death if combined with other diseases or stress, it was the aim of this study to assess prevalence data from camelids in austria. in comparison to the previous studies a representative number of camelids was investigated nationwide. data were assessed due to differences in geographical region, age, sex, sp ...	2016	27529994
comparison of two cooling protocols for llama semen: with and without collagenase and seminal plasma in the medium.	seminal plasma (sp) of south american camelids could interfere with the interaction of spermatozoa with the extenders; therefore it becomes necessary to improve semen management using enzymatic treatment. our objective was to compare two cooling protocols for llama semen. twelve ejaculates were incubated in 0.1% collagenase and then were divided into two aliquots. one was extended in lactose and egg yolk (ley) (protocol a: collagenase and sp present). the other aliquot was centrifuged, and the p ...	2016	27561901
lama glama αs1-casein: identification of new polymorphisms in the csn1s1 gene.	south american camelids have been poorly genetically investigated and little information is available in llamas (lama glama) regarding the diversity of the caseins at the protein and gene level. exon skipping and duplication events previously reported in the αs1-casein gene (csn1s1) led us to investigate the genetic variability at this locus. seventy-two positive clones for the αs1-casein transcripts were analyzed and randomly sequenced. the comparative analysis of the sequences revealed 2 trans ...	2017	27939542
identification of lama glama as reservoirs for acinetobacter lwoffii.	south american camelids have an increasing relevance in local economies, worldwide. these animals are bred for their meat, fur and as companion and therapy animals. thus, their sanitary status should be well-established. according to the oie (world organization for animal health), respiratory infections mainly produced by pasteurella spp. have been reported for camelids. it has been stated that this microorganism causes a mild disease, although many authors report it is an important cause of mor ...	2017	28303121
sl15: a seminal plasma-derived lectin from the sperm of llama (lama glama).	the oviductal sperm reservoir of south american camelids is formed when sperm bind to n-acetylgalactosamine (galnac) on the surface of oviductal epithelium. the aim of this study was to characterize the galnac-binding proteins on llama sperm, and to establish their origin. sperm-adsorbed proteins were extracted with 0.5 m kcl in hepes-balanced salts. sperm-adsorbed and seminal plasma proteins were then subjected to ligand blotting for their galnac affinity, and the labeled bands were identified ...	2017	28407435
y-chromosome and mtdna variation confirms independent domestications and directional hybridization in south american camelids.	investigations of genetic diversity and domestication in south american camelids (sac) have relied on autosomal microsatellite and maternally-inherited mitochondrial data. we present the first integrated analysis of domestic and wild sac combining male and female sex-specific markers (male specific y-chromosome and female-specific mtdna sequence variation) to assess: (i) hypotheses about the origin of domestic camelids, (ii) directionality of introgression among domestic and/or wild taxa as evid ...	2017	28699276
seasonal changes in energy expenditure, body temperature and activity patterns in llamas (lama glama).	mammals typically keep their body temperature (tb) within a narrow limit with changing environmental conditions. there are indications that some wild ungulates can exhibit certain forms of energy saving mechanisms when ambient temperatures are low and/or food is scarce. therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if the llama, one of the most extensively kept domestic livestock species, exhibits seasonal adjustment mechanisms in terms of energy expenditure, tband locomotion. for that purpos ...	2017	28790450
biophysical insights from a single chain camelid antibody directed against the disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 protein.	accumulating evidence suggests an important role for the disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (disc1) protein in neurodevelopment and chronic mental illness. in particular, the c-terminal 300 amino acids of disc1 have been found to mediate important protein-protein interactions and to harbor functionally important phosphorylation sites and disease-associated polymorphisms. however, long disordered regions and oligomer-forming subdomains have so far impeded structural analysis. vhh domains derived from c ...	2018	29324815
occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild animals in state of paraná, brazil.	the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from wild birds and mammals from the state of paraná. in total, 220 stool samples were sent to parasitic diseases laboratory of the federal university of paraná during 13 months (jan/2013-jan/2014). a total of 52.7% (116/220) of the animals were positive for cysts, oocysts, eggs and/or trophozoites. in birds, the positivity rate was 37.9% (25/66) and mammals was 59.1% (91/154) ...	2018	29340477
effect of gnrh analogue administration on day 7 after natural mating on formation accessory corpus luteum, progesterone concentration and conception rate in llamas (lama glama).	the objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of exogenous gnrh administered 7 days after breeding on the formation of an accessory corpus luteum (acl), plasma progesterone (p4) concentrations and pregnancy rates. adult females (n = 71) having a follicle ≥ 7 mm in diameter in the ovary were naturally mated (day 0). on day 7, ultrasonic examination was performed to confirm the occurrence of ovulation as evidenced by presence of an induced corpus luteum (icl). females with an i ...	2018	29395689
synchronization of time of ovarian follicular development in llamas (lama glama) using a protocol based on gnrh and pgf2α.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a protocol based on gnrh and pgf2α to synchronize the emergence of a new wave of ovarian follicular development in llamas and, therefore, when a new dominant follicle develops. llamas (n = 18) were assigned to growing, mature or regressing follicle groups according to the phase of the follicular wave at the beginning of treatment. the protocol was initiated with a gnrh analogue (gnrha) injection on day 0 followed 7 days later with a d-cl ...	2018	29550272
blastomyces dermatitidis pneumonia in a llama.	a 20-y-old female llama ( lama glama) was euthanized after a history of chronic dyspnea and osteoarthritis. at autopsy, the lungs were covered by clear gelatinous material and expanded by firm, variably discrete, tan-white nodules up to 8 cm diameter containing tan-white, viscous material. the tracheobronchial lymph nodes were firm and enlarged up to 6 × 4 × 3 cm; the thoracic aorta and carotid arteries were lined by hard, tan-white, mineralized intimal plaques. histologic examination of lung re ...	2018	29601779
gametogony of eimeria macusaniensis guerrero, hernandez, bazalar and alva, 1971 in llama (lama glama).	camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. of the six species of eimeria in camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. although, e. macusaniensis gametogonic stages a ...	2018	29642969
distribution and morphology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus of an induced ovulator - the llama (lama glama).	gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) is a decapeptide involved in the regulation of reproduction in all mammals, but the distribution of gnrh neurons within the brain varies widely among species. the objective of the present study was to characterize the number and distribution of gnrh neurons in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of llamas, an induced ovulator. the brains of female llamas (n = 4) were fixed, frozen and sectioned serially every 50 µm in the transverse (coronal) plane. every 10t ...	2018	29656045
a review of coccidiosis in south american camelids.	camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. of the five most prevalent species of eimeria in south american camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, eimeria lamae, eimeria alpacae, eimeria punoensis, and eimeria ivitaensis, e. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. there is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of eimeria spp. in camelids. man ...	2018	29804192
plasmatic concentrations of adma and homocystein in llama (lama glama) and regulation of arginase type ii: an animal resistent to the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia.	there are animal species that have adapted to life at high altitude and hypobaric hypoxia conditions in the andean highlands. one such species is the llama (lama glama), which seem to have developed efficient protective mechanisms to avoid maladaptation resulting from chronic hypoxia, such as a resistance to the development of hypoxia -induced pulmonary hypertension. on the other hand, it is widely known that different models of hypertension can arise as a result of changes in endothelial functi ...	2018	29896110
administration of progesterone biorelease la inhibits follicular growth in llamas (lama glama) regardless of follicle diameter at the start of treatment.	the aims of the study were twofold: first, the comparison of the pharmacokinetics parameters of two doses of progesterone biorelease® la, (biorelease technologies, lexington, ky, usa) one of 300 mg and other of 150 mg and their effects on ovarian dynamics in llamas. based on the results from the first study, the aim of the second study was to evaluate the effect of the doses of 150 mg of progesterone on follicular activity considering the stage of the largest follicle at the beginning of treatme ...	2018	30043470
first cross-sectional, molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon in alpaca (vicugna pacos) in australia.	eukaryotic pathogens, including cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozoon, have been implicated in neonatal diarrhoea, leading to marked morbidity and mortality in the alpaca (vicugna pacos) and llama (lama glama) around the world. australia has the largest population of alpacas outside of south america, but very little is known about these pathogens in alpaca populations in this country. here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological survey of cryptosporidium, giardia and enterocytozo ...	2018	30185227
expression of β-ngf and high-affinity ngf receptor (trka) in llama (lama glama) male reproductive tract and spermatozoa.	β-nerve growth factor (β-ngf) is a seminal plasma element, responsible for inducing ovulation in camelids. the main organ of β-ngf production remains nondescript. the aims of this study were to (a) characterize gene expression and protein localization of β-ngf and its main receptor tyrosine kinase receptor a (trka) in the llama male reproductive tract, and (b) determine whether the seminal β-ngf interacts with ejaculated sperm by localizing β-ngf and trka in epididymal, ejaculated, and acrosome- ...	2018	30328213
[intraocular melanoma in a 10-year-old female llama (lama glama)].	a 10-year-old female llama was presented with a continually growing mass of the left eye. it displayed exophthalmus. the nictitating membrane was hyperemic. the cornea was completely opaque, vascularised, ulcerated and covered with abnormal tissue. deeper structures of the eye were not visible. the right eye was unaffected. the left eye was removed under general anaesthesia. on histological examination, an amelanotic melanoma was diagnosed. the cornea, sclera, vitreous body and lens could not be ...	2018	30340243
isolation of streptococcus agalactiae in a female llama (lama glama) in south tyrol (italy).	streptococcus agalactiae is pathogenic for both animals and humans. in dairy cattle it commonly causes mastitis, with great economic losses, and there is scientific evidence of mastitis, caseous lymphadenitis, contagious skin necrosis and purulent infections associated with s. agalactiae in camels (camelus dromedarius) as well. in humans, it is a common component of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microflora, but it can also act as a pathogen, especially in elderly people and immunocompromi ...	2018	30424747
polycystic liver in two adult llamas.	polycystic liver is usually considered an incidental finding in human and veterinary medicine. two unrelated adult llamas ( lama glama) with a history of marked anorexia and weight loss were received for autopsy and diagnostic workup. the main gross change in the liver of both animals was multiple variably sized cysts randomly distributed throughout the parenchyma. histologically, the cysts compressed the adjacent parenchyma and were lined by a single layer of cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium, su ...	2019	30661455
characterization and expression analysis of kit and mitf-m genes in llamas and their relation to white coat color.	the llama (lama glama) is a fiber-producing species that presents a wide range of coat colors, among which white is one of the most important for the textile industry. however, there is little information about the molecular mechanisms that control the white phenotype in this species. in domestic mammals, a white coat is usually produced by mutations in the kit proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (kit) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf) genes. in this work we have sequ ...	2019	30730042
detection of sarcocystis aucheniae in blood of llama using a duplex semi-nested pcr assay and its association with cyst infestation.	the protozoon sarcocystis aucheniae is the causative agent of south american camelid (sac) sarcocystosis. infections are characterized by the presence of cysts in muscles which are in size and appearance similar to rice grains. as consumption of insufficiently cooked infected meat produces gastroenteritis, cyst-containing sac meat is confiscated by sanitary authorities or depreciated with serious economic consequences for sac breeders. in this work, a duplex semi-nested pcr was designed to simul ...	2018	30761363
endoparasites of domesticated animals that originated in the neo-tropics (new world tropics).	this review serves to summarize parasites found in domesticated animals which were found in the neo-tropics. indigenous domesticated neo-tropical animals include south american camelids, (lama gunacoa, lama glama, lama pacos, vicuna vicuna), guinea pigs (cavia porcellus), chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera), turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) and ducks (cairina moschata, anas platyrhynchos, dendrocyga autumnalis). these animals were chosen due to their origin of existence (neo-tropics) and over time th ...	2019	30845667
evaluation of the cryoprotective effect of seminal plasma on llama (lama glama) spermatozoa.	in south american camelids, sperm survival is low after thawing and poor results are obtained when artificial insemination is performed with cryopreserved semen. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different percentages (10% and 50%) of seminal plasma added prior to the process of cryopreservation and also to evaluate the absence of seminal plasma on llama sperm survival after freezing and thawing. a total of 15 ejaculates from five adult llama males (n = 5; r = 3) were evaluated ...	2019	30907016
seropositivity to sarcocystis infection of llamas correlates with breeding practices.	production of llama (lama glama) meat in rural communities of the andean regions is largely affected by sarcocystis spp. infection. macroscopic cysts develop in muscles as a consequence of s. aucheniae parasitism, often resulting in meat downgrade or condemnation. llama meat production is informal in argentina but has broad perspectives for improvement, and would significantly benefit from the development of standardized control methodologies. this work analyzes whether the presence of anti-sarc ...	2017	31014602
the effect of elemental zn boluses on concentrations of zn in serum and faeces of south american camelids.	aims: to monitor the effect of using long-acting zn boluses on the zn status of a group of south american camelids, using measurements of concentrations of zn in faeces and serum. methods: as part of a facial eczema (fe) prevention programme, 15 camelids were treated with long-acting zn boluses designed for preventing fe in sheep. based on bodyweight, 13 alpacas (vicugna pacos) received two boluses (26.4 g zn/bolus) and two llamas (lama glama) received three boluses. in order to monitor zn statu ...	2019	31023164
an autosomal translocation 73,xy,t(12;20)(q11;q11) in an infertile male llama (lama glama) with teratozoospermia.	structural chromosome abnormalities, such as translocations and inversions occasionally occur in all livestock species and are typically associated with reproductive and developmental disorders. curiously, only a few structural chromosome aberrations have been reported in camelids, and most involved sex chromosomes. this can be attributed to a high diploid number (2n = 74) and complex chromosome morphology, which makes unambiguous identification of camelid chromosomes difficult. additionally, mo ...	2019	31040865
physical characteristics of gastrointestinal content of llama (lama glama).	changes in digesta dry matter (dm) and mean digesta particle size (mps) along the gastrointestinal tract are well known in ruminants, but not in camelids. we collected digesta from the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) first forestomach compartment (c1), the second forestomach compartment (c2), three proximal segments and the subsequent glandular part of the third compartment (c3a-d), the caecum and the faeces twelve llamas (lama glama). dm analysis indicates the presence of digesta stratification in t ...	2019	31050031
tyr gene in llamas: polymorphisms and expression study in different color phenotypes.	tyrosinase, encoded by tyr gene, is an enzyme that plays a major role in mammalian pigmentation. it catalyzes the oxidation of l-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (dopa) to dopa quinone, a precursor of both types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. tyr is commonly known as the albino locus since mutations in this gene result in albinism in several species. however, many other tyr mutations have been found to cause diluted phenotypes, like the himalayan or chinchilla phenotypes in mice. the llama (lama ...	2019	31249599
bilateral thyroid follicular compact-cellular carcinoma in a llama.	an 18-y-old female llama (lama glama) in saskatoon, saskatchewan was examined during a routine herd check, and a mass was detected in the ventral cervical area just below the angle of the jaw. no clinical signs were evident except for the mass and chronic loss of body condition. postmortem examination revealed bilateral enlargement of the thyroid gland with multiple cysts. histopathology of the thyroid gland revealed follicular compact-cellular carcinoma lesions, with infiltration of neoplastic ...	2019	31646945
deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (lama glama)-novel insights into camelid immunity.	peptidylarginine deiminases (pads) are phylogenetically conserved calcium-dependent enzymes which post-translationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner, causing functional and structural changes in target proteins. protein deimination causes generation of neo-epitopes, affects gene regulation and also allows for protein moonlighting. furthermore, pads have been found to be a phylogenetically conserved regulator for extracellular vesicle (evs) release. ...	2020	31733447
corpus luteum vascularization during the maternal recognition of pregnancy in llamas (lama glama).	the aim of this study was to characterize corpus luteum vascularization and its association with plasma progesterone concentration in early stages of pregnancy, when maternal recognition of pregnancy is expected to occur. in all animals, both plasma progesterone concentration and corpus luteum vascularization increased from day 6 to day 8 post-mating and afterwards in non-pregnant llamas they started to decrease to reach basal levels around days 12 to 14 post-mating, while in pregnant animals, b ...	2020	31737943
utility of genetic variation in coat color genes to distinguish wild, domestic and hybrid south american camelids for forensic and judicial applications.	a molecular genetic protocol for distinguishing pure and hybrid south american camelids was developed to provide strong, quantifiable, and unbiased species identification. we detail the application of the approach in the context of a criminal case in the andes mountains of central chile where the defendants were alleged to have illegally hunted three wild guanacos (lama guanicoe), as opposed to hybrid domestic llama (lama glama)/wild guanaco crosses, which are unregulated. we describe a workflow ...	2020	31884178
camelids: new players in the international animal production context.	the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ...	2020	31898022
intoxication by astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in llamas.	lysosomal storage diseases are inherited and acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes. intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates leads to impaired cellular function and death. several plant species are toxic to livestock because of the presence of indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, which cause a storage disease. swainsonine-induced nervous disease (i.e., locoism) of sheep and cattle is well recognized in several parts of the world, particularly in the ...	2020	32233843
incubation of frozen-thawed llama sperm with seminal plasma.	seminal plasma is intimately connected to sperm physiology and particularly in south american camelids, has demonstrated to be involved in multiple physiological reproductive events. different percentages of seminal plasma (0%, 10% and 50%) were added to thawed llama semen samples with the objective of evaluating the interaction with cryopreserved sperm over time (0, 1.5 and 3 hr at 37°c). a total of 20 ejaculates from five adult llama males (n = 5; r = 4) were evaluated. a significant decrease ...	2020	32352585
genetic diversity and population structure of llamas (lama glama) from the camelid germplasm bank-quimsachata.	llamas (lama glama) are invaluable resources of peru. despite their importance, their population is decreasing. the camelid germplasm bank-quimsachata was created as a guardian of this south american camelid (sac) species and established a bank of llamas from their two types, ch'aku and q'ara. however, these populations need to present high genetic diversity to be considered suitable conservation stocks. thus, in the present study, 13 microsatellites specific for the sac were used to assess the ...	2020	32408471
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in south american camelids in switzerland and assessment of serological tests for diagnosis.	little is known about the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in alpacas (vicugna pacos) and llamas (lama glama) outside south america. the study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of t. gondii and n. caninum infections in south american camelids (sac) in switzerland, to optimize serological tests for sac and to identify risk factors, which may favour infection.	2020	32410682
development of nanobodies against hemorrhagic and myotoxic components of bothrops atrox snake venom.	snake envenoming is a globally neglected public health problem. antivenoms produced using animal hyperimmune plasma remain the standard therapy for snakebites. although effective against systemic effects, conventional antivenoms have limited efficacy against local tissue damage. in addition, potential hypersensitivity reactions, high costs for animal maintenance, and difficulties in obtaining batch-to-batch homogeneity are some of the factors that have motivated the search for innovative and imp ...	2020	32457735
perinatal cardiopulmonary adaptation to the thin air of the alto andino by a native altiplano dweller, the llama.	most mammals have a poor tolerance to hypoxia, and prolonged o2 restriction can lead to organ injury, particularly during fetal and early postnatal life. nevertheless, the llama (lama glama) has evolved efficient mechanisms to adapt to acute and chronic perinatal hypoxia. one striking adaptation is the marked peripheral vasoconstriction measured in the llama fetus in response to acute hypoxia, which allows efficient redistribution of cardiac output toward the fetal heart and adrenal glands. this ...	2020	32584666
new protocol to separate llama sperm without enzymatic treatment using androcoll-e™.	the objective of this study was to design a protocol to separate spermatozoa from seminal plasma of raw llama semen without prior enzymatic treatment using a single-layer centrifugation with androcoll-e™ (ae). two experiments were performed: (a) samples were divided into three aliquots (1 ml) that were deposited on the top of 4, 5 or 6 ml of ae and were centrifuged at 800g for 20 min and (b) samples were divided into two aliquots (1 ml) that were deposited on the top of 4 ml of ae and were centr ...	2020	32594592
treatment of sarcoptic mange in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (vicugna pacos) with repeated subcutaneous moxidectin injections.	an outbreak of sarcoptic mange was investigated in a herd of llamas and alpacas in the black forrest (baden-wuerttemberg, germany). the diagnosis was made by clinical picture and detection of mites in skin scrapings and ear swabs. at the beginning numerous of sarcoptes mites were found in the scraping samples. the llamas and alpacas were treated subcutaneously with 0,2 mg/kg bodyweight moxidectin every three weeks (2 ml per llama, 1,5 ml per alpaca). because of the slow recovery of the south ame ...	2020	32738415
draft genome sequence of ligilactobacillus salivarius tuco-l2, isolated from lama glama milk.	ligilactobacillus salivarius tuco-l2 was isolated from llama milk in bio-bio, chile, and sequenced with the illumina miseq platform. tuco-l2 genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 1,600,747 bp with 1,691 protein-coding genes and a gc content of 33%. this draft genome sequence will contribute to a better understanding of the microbiome of llama milk.	2020	32763947
meat of south american camelids - sensory quality and nutritional composition.	meat contains a range of nutrients in a highly bioavailable form and when meat is excluded from the diet, without being replaced with suitable alternatives, nutrient deficiencies may occur. for this reason, it is very important to extend our knowledge of nutrients in alternative red meats, such as that provided from the south american camelids- llama and alpaca. this review summarises the current information on the nutritional and sensory parameters of llama and alpaca meat and factors affecting ...	2021	32892087
effect of mating on mrna and protein expression of beta nerve growth factor and its receptor, trka, in the oviduct of llama (lama glama).	copulation produces different stimuli in the female reproductive tract in camelids, which lead to ovulation. expression of β-nerve growth factor (β-ngf) and its specific receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase a (trka), was studied comparing the oviductal microenvironment of mated and nonmated llamas. β-ngf and trka were expressed in the llama ampulla, isthmus, and utero-tubal-junction (utj), and they were mainly colocalized in the apical region of the oviductal mucosa. a trka immunosignal was als ...	2020	33022130
south american camelids: their values and contributions to people.	south american camelids (sacs) make several material and non-material contributions to people and are a key component of the andean biocultural heritage. from the perspective of the ipbes' conceptual framework, sacs constitute the "nature" component in the complex system of interactions between human societies and the andean mountain environment. there are four sac living species today, two of which are wild, or salqa, in the indigenous cosmovision: guanaco (lama guanicoe) and vicuña (vicugna vi ...	2020	33133295
were domestic camelids present on the prehispanic south american agricultural frontier? an ancient dna study.	the southern boundary of prehispanic farming in south america occurs in central mendoza province, argentina at approximately 34 degrees south latitude. archaeological evidence of farming includes the recovery of macrobotanical remains of cultigens and isotopic chemistry of human bone. since the 1990s, archaeologists have also hypothesized that the llama (lama glama), a domesticated south american camelid, was also herded near the southern boundary of prehispanic farming. the remains of a wild co ...	2020	33151956