Publications

three independent insertions of retrovirus-like sequences in the haptoglobin gene cluster of primates.	the human haptoglobin two-gene cluster (hp-hpr) contains two retrovirus-like elements. one (rtvl-ia) is in the first intron of the hpr gene, and the second (rtvl-ic) is at the 3'-end of the gene cluster. the chimpanzee three-gene cluster (hp-hpr-hpp) contains an additional, third copy (rtvl-ib) in the intergenic region between hpr and hpp. rtvl-ia and rtvl-ib are essentially full size and have the general structure, 5'-ltr-gag-pol-env-3'-ltr, while rtvl-ic lacks about one-third of its 5'-part. a ...	1990	2177446
infection of chimpanzees with the uganda i/cdc strain of plasmodium malariae.	nine splenectomized chimpanzees were infected with the uganda i/cdc strain of plasmodium malariae. two had no history of previous malarial infection, whereas 6 had been infected with p. vivax and 1 with p. vivax and p. ovale. the animals with no previous infection had maximum parasitemias of 8,740 and 10,800/mm3. the other animals had maximum parasite counts of 930-75,700/mm3. anopheles freeborni, an. stephensi, an. dirus, an. maculatus, an. quadrimaculatus, an. culicifacies, an. arabiensis, and ...	1990	2180332
evolution of the class ii major histocompatibility complex alleles in higher primates.	we have shown that chimpanzees and gorillas have drb alleles very similar to those of humans. the existence of similar drb alleles in the different species of higher primates cannot be accounted for by convergent evolution of unrelated alleles that arose independently after the speciation. we therefore conclude that ancestral drb alleles, that had existed before the speciation, were transmitted to the ancestors of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. this conclusion indicates that the diversificat ...	1990	2180812
genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to hiv-1.	simian immunodeficiency viruses have been isolated from four species of monkey, the 'captive' macaque and mangabey and the 'feral' african green monkey and mandrill. while none of these viruses is a replica of hiv-1, the macaque and mangabey viruses represent correct genetic models for hiv-2, possessing exactly the same complement of genes. recently a lentivirus has been identified in two wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes) in gabon, west equatorial africa, and isolated from one of th ...	1990	2188136
protection of chimpanzees from infection by hiv-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160.	the development of a vaccine to provide protective immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), the virus causing aids, would be the most practical method to control its spread. subunit vaccines consisting of virus envelope glycoproteins, produced by recombinant dna technology, are effective in preventing viral infections. we have now used this approach in the development of a candidate aids vaccine. chimpanzees were immunized with recombinant forms of the hiv-1 glycoproteins gp120 a ...	1990	2190095
human monoclonal antibody ha6d3, a candidate for treatment of leukaemia? in vitro reactivity of ha6d3 with leukaemic cells and in vivo applications in a chimpanzee.	the human monoclonal antibody ha6d3 of the igm type was used to stain malignant lymphoma cells from peripheral blood in flow cytometry and from cryosections of lymph nodes using the immunoperoxidase technique. it was found to react with peripheral white blood cells of all 12 cases of leukaemia and with lymph node cells of seven out of 11 b cell lymphomas and with the one t cell lymphoma tested so far. for in vivo experiments a batch of 70 mg ha6d3 was purified and 6 mg ha6d3 was injected intrave ...	1990	2200495
tool use in cebus.	this paper summarizes early anecdotal information and systematic studies of tool use in capuchin monkeys (cebus spp.). tool use in capuchins is neither context specific nor stereotyped. the success of capuchins in using tools and in exploiting a variety of food resources in the wild derives from several factors: their manipulative abilities, interest in external objects and a tendency to explore the environment. in using tools, capuchins are similar to apes and more proficient than other monkey ...	1990	2202616
processing of form stimuli presented unilaterally in humans, chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), and monkeys (macaca mulatta).	visual forms were unilaterally presented using a video-task paradigm to 10 humans, 3 chimpanzees, and 2 rhesus monkeys to determine whether hemispheric advantages existed in the processing of these stimuli. both accuracy and reaction time served as dependent measures. for the chimpanzees, a significant right hemisphere advantage was found within the first 3 test sessions. the humans and monkeys failed to show a hemispheric advantage as determined by accuracy scores. analysis of reaction time dat ...	1990	2206427
familial incidence of multiple births in a colony of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	this paper describes the incidence of multiple births in the yerkes chimpanzee colony for a period of about 63 years. pedigrees are presented for all multiple births. they demonstrate the recurrence of twins in relatively few family lines which can be traced back to a small number of ancestors. the findings suggest that twinning is a family trait in chimpanzees and they support the hypothesis that the incidence of multiple births is genetically influenced in this colony. in addition, a relativel ...	1990	2213855
control data on pre- and neonatal survival of captive chimpanzees.	colony breeding records were analyzed in order to obtain information on pre- and neonatal survival in chimpanzees. biweekly urinary chorionic gonadotrophin testing appeared suitable for determining pregnancy age. the probability of pregnancy termination was low (0.008 per 10 days) to a pregnancy age of 180 days. between the ages of 180-210 days it was 0.080 per 10 days, and it steadily increased to one per 10 days after 240 days of age. there were no livebirths before 190 days of pregnancy age. ...	1990	2213856
processing, assembly, and immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus core antigens expressed by recombinant vaccinia virus.	recombinant vaccinia viruses that contained regions of the gag-pol open reading frames of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were constructed. cells infected with recombinants containing both gag and protease genes expressed and processed hiv gag antigens efficiently. processing was much reduced in cells infected with recombinants containing only gag, but not the protease gene. however, significant amounts of p41 were produced by protease-defective recombinants. this protein was immunor ...	1990	2219727
phylogeny and molecular evolution in primates.	statistical methods for estimating the branching order and the branching dates from dna sequence data, taking into account of the rate variation among lineages, are reviewed. an application of the methods to data from primates suggests that chimpanzee is the closest relative of man, and further suggests that these two species diverged about 4-5 million years ago.	1990	2223159
effects of membrane lipid and fluidity modifications on hiv-1 infectibility of primate lymphocytes in vitro.	although most non-human primates, except the chimpanzee and the gibbon in vivo are not infectible by hiv-1, lymphocytes of several of these species can be infected by hiv-1 in vitro. in order to investigate whether the in vitro infectibility of primate lymphocytes might be attributed to plasma membrane adaptation processes or to serum factors, we compared hiv-1 infectibility of cultivated peripheral blood lymphocytes of macaques and of baboons on day one and on day ten of cultivation. these data ...	1990	2224064
inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	the visual perspective-taking ability of 4 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) was investigated. the subjects chose between information about the location of hidden food provided by 2 experimenters who randomly alternated between two roles (the guesser and the knower). the knower baited 1 of 4 obscured cups so that the subjects could watch the process but could not see which of the cups contained the reward. the guesser waited outside the room until the food was hidden. finally, the knower pointed to ...	1990	2225758
[a fragment of human dna lacking hybridization with chimpanzee dna].		1990	2226139
hepatitis b virus dna detection and comparison with hepatitis b surface antigen.	hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) has been used for the detection of hepatitis b virus (hbv). recently, hbv detection using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been shown to be a direct measure of complete virions and to be potentially a very sensitive method. therefore, we attempted to analyze the relationship between hbsag detection and hbv dna assay by pcr. we tested hbv dna by a modification of the pcr technique in serial sera from five chimpanzees experimentally infected with hbv and ...	1990	2227267
comparison of auditory functions in the chimpanzee and human.	absolute thresholds for pure tones, loudness, frequency and intensity difference thresholds and the resonance of the external auditory meatus were measured in chimpanzees and compared with those in humans. chimpanzees were more sensitive than humans to frequencies higher than 8 khz but less sensitive to frequencies lower than 250 hz and 2- to 4-khz tones. difference thresholds for frequency and intensity were greater in chimpanzees than in humans. the resonance of the external ear was about the ...	1990	2227723
molecular genetic divergence of orang utan (pongo pygmaeus) subspecies based on isozyme and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.	the orang utan (pongo pygmaeus), as currently recognized, includes two geographically separated subspecies: pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus, which resides on borneo, and p. p. abelii, which inhabits sumatra. at present, there is no known route of gene flow between the two populations except through captive individuals which have been released back into the wild over the last several decades. the two subspecies are differentiated by morphological and behavioral characters, and they can be distinguished b ...	1990	2230076
[detection of serum hepatitis b virus dna using the polymerase chain reaction assay].	we compared the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay to that of slot blot hybridization for detecting hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna in the serum of a chimpanzee infected with hbv and 52 patients. also, we utilized a rapid pcr procedure for the detection: viral dna was released from virions by incubating serum with naoh. after a primary pcr amplification, the sample was reamplified using a second set of primer pairs (pcr/pcr). in the chimpanzee, hbv dna was detected 3 weeks earl ...	1990	2232264
characterization of a monoclonal crossreacting anti-a, b antibody.	ten monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been produced from mouse-mouse hybridomas raised to dispase-treated human group ab red blood cells (rbcs). one of these antibodies, t-1435a, reacted with the rbcs of the human group a, b, and ab, but not to the rbcs of group o. the reactivity of t-1435a was specific to a single anti-a, b but not to a mixture of an anti-a and an anti-b. also, t-1435a reacted strongly with protease- and neuraminidase-treated rbcs, and the susceptibility of its corresponding an ...	1990	2232333
structure and evolution of the u2 small nuclear rna multigene family in primates: gene amplification under natural selection?	the organization of u2 genes was compared in apes, old world monkeys, and the prosimian galago. in humans and all apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, and chimpanzee), the u2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat of a 6-kb element; however, the restriction maps of the 6-kb elements in these divergent species differed slightly, demonstrating that mechanisms must exist for maintaining sequence homogeneity within this tandem array. in old world monkeys, the u2 genes were organized as a tandem repeat ...	1990	2233721
hepatitis b virus propagated in a rat hepatoma cell line is infectious in a primate model.	the human hepatitis b virus (hbv) produced by a rat hepatoma cell line through transfection with hbv dna is infectious in the human primate model--chimpanzee. since hepadnaviruses are known to have an extremely narrow host range, our results support the idea that the host species barrier of hbv infection resides on the penetration/adsorption step rather than any postpenetration intracellular event during the virus life cycle.	1990	2238476
[comparative anatomic studies of the tongue of pan troglodytes (blumenbach, 1799) and other primates. i. the chimpanzee tongue].	this study was carried out on a comprehensive collection of tongues of pan troglodytes. material of tongues of tupaia glis, microcebus murinus, chirogaleus major, lemur catta, galago crassicaudatus, cebus apella, and macaca mulatta were used for comparison of the different stages of the development of the papilla foliata. the tongue of pan exhibits longitudinal growth correlated with the growth of length of the jaws and individual age. a typical foramen caecum as it occurs in man was gross anato ...	1990	2242823
birth spacing patterns in humans and apes.	comparative studies of birth interval dynamics in wild primates suffer from several problems of analysis and interpretation: (1) the data are always right-censored, (2) sample sizes are usually small, (3) the distribution of birth intervals is expected to be non-normal, (4) early offspring mortality is a confounding variable, and (5) differences in life history (e.g., presence or absence of menopause) can complicate interpretation of the results. a survival analysis designed to minimize these pr ...	1990	2248378
behavioral responsiveness to strangers in young chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	earlier studies of responses of primate infants to strangers were frequently confounded with separation from the attachment figure and/or removal to an unfamiliar setting. in the present study, young chimpanzees were tested in a familiar setting with a human female caretaker who served as an attachment figure. two strangers were introduced: a human female, approximately the size of the caretaker, who refrained from initiating interactions and a larger human male, who repeatedly approached and in ...	1990	2262174
isolation and amino acid sequences of squirrel monkey (saimiri sciurea) insulin and glucagon.	it was reported two decades ago that insulin was not detectable in the glucose-stimulated state in saimiri sciurea, the new world squirrel monkey, by a radioimmunoassay system developed with guinea pig anti-pork insulin antibody and labeled pork insulin. with the same system, reasonable levels were observed in rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees. this suggested that new world monkeys, like the new world hystricomorph rodents such as the guinea pig and the coypu, might have insulins whose sequences di ...	1990	2263627
the 60 and 63 kda proteolytic peptides of the red cell membrane band-3 protein: their prevalence in human and non-human primates.	three phenotypes based on the polymorphism of band-3 protein from human red cells are described. limited proteolysis of intact red cells from most individuals (homozygotes) yields a peptide of 60 kda, but in some cases (heterozygotes), there is also a 63-kda peptide, and rarely only the single peptide of 63 kda is found. this is the first description of the 63-kda homozygote. the interpretation that the three phenotypes are controlled by two alleles of a single autosomal locus, with no dominance ...	1990	2265824
an approach to artifact identification: application to heart period data.	a rational strategy for the automated detection of artifacts in heart period data is outlined and evaluated. the specific implementation of this approach for heart period data is based on the distribution characteristics of successive heart period differences. because beat-to-beat differences generated by artifacts are large, relative to normal heart period variability, extreme differences between successive heart periods serve to identify potential artifacts. critical to this approach are: 1) t ...	1990	2274622
words: what are they, and do animals have them?	since the word is not a well-defined entity like the sentence, one looks for findings that may help to clarify it. the effect of nonsense words on the young child's sorting of taxonomic versus thematic alternatives is said to be such a finding. a young child given, say, duck as a sample, goose and nest as alternatives, picks nest (thematic alternative), whereas the older child picks goose (taxonomic). however, if told the duck is called "zlt" in croatian, and asked to "find another zlt", the you ...	1990	2282772
lateral bias in infant chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	this study documents the presence, strength, and direction of lateralization in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) over the first 3 months of life. nursery-reared chimpanzees (7 males and 5 females) were repeatedly assessed on a behavioral scale. lateral bias was measured for 4 behaviors: hand-to-mouth, hand-to-hand, defensive grasp, and first step. hand-to-mouth was significantly lateralized for the sample. eight of the 10 chimpanzees that showed hand-to-mouth used the right hand. lateral bias for d ...	1990	2282782
animal research in psychology: declining or thriving?	from dialog's psychinfo database the number of studies with 6 species reported in the psychological abstracts was calculated for each year from 1967 to 1988. also, the number of studies with an additional 11 species were calculated for each year from 1973 to 1988. a hand search in the journal of the experimental analysis of behavior and learning and motivation was also conducted to explore trends in studies on 12 species from 1970 to 1987. the numbers of studies on many species (e.g., baboons, b ...	1990	2282783
evidence for rapid selection and deletion of hiv-1 subpopulations in vivo by v3-specific neutralizing antibody: a model of humoral-associated selection.	emergence in two chimpanzees of hiv-1 htlv-iiib variants resistant to neutralization by the pre-existing antibody is described. viruses isolated from the htlv-iiib gp120 vaccinated and challenged animal were more resistant to neutralization, had more heterogenic genomes and showed more pronounced antigenic drift as determined by serotypic neutralization analysis than viruses isolated from the naive infected animal, indicating immune pressure as the selective mechanism. the earliest selecting ant ...	1990	2282990
t cell responses in a sporozoite-immunized human volunteer and a chimpanzee.	we have recently investigated the specificity of t cells induced in a human volunteer and a chimpanzee immunized by multiple exposures to the bites of large numbers of malaria-infected mosquitoes. t cell lines and clones have been obtained from a human volunteer immunized with plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. these cd4+ t cell clones specifically recognize the native circumsporozoite (cs) protein expressed on sporozoites, as well as bacteria- and yeast-derived recombinant falciparum cs protein ...	1990	2283162
detection of hepatitis b virus dna using the polymerase chain reaction technique.	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique has been utilized for the detection of hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna, and several factors related to the selection of primer pairs for the pcr amplification have been demonstrated. the sensitivity of the pcr assay was compared with that of slot-blot hybridization for detecting hbv-dna. analysis by the pcr technique with southern blot hybridization provided a greater than 10(4)-fold increase in sensitivity over the slot-blot hybridization analysis. also ...	1990	2283567
apparent false positive reaction to intradermal tuberculin test in a chimpanzee.		1990	2301118
position and orientation of the foramen magnum in higher primates.	the location of the foramen magnum, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the cranium, and its orientation with respect to the frankfurt horizontal, have been studied in a total of 328 modern human and pan crania. the samples were chosen in order to examine the effect of overall size difference on foramen magnum disposition. foramen position (expressed as three indices) and inclination are relatively invariant among the modern human samples, but the foramen magnum is consistently, and statist ...	1990	2301559
the complement component c4 of mammals.	human complement component c4 is coded by tandem genes located in the hla class iii region. the products of the two genes, c4a and c4b, are different in their activity. this difference is due to a degree of 'substrate' specificity in the covalent binding reactions of the two isotypes. mouse also has a duplicated locus, but only one gene produces active c4, while the other codes for the closely related sex-limited protein (slp). in order to gain some insight into the evolutionary history of the d ...	1990	2302180
a high resolution se-i sem assessment of diimidoester fixed chimpanzee sperm.		1990	2303901
allelic diversification at the class ii dqb locus of the mammalian major histocompatibility complex.	the allelic diversity at hla class ii loci either arose after the divergence of hominoid lineages or, alternatively, the polymorphism was present before speciation and has been maintained by selection. here, we report the use of oligonucleotide primers to amplify, by the polymerase chain reaction, and sequence the polymorphic second exon of the dqb locus from 11 species, spanning more than 40 million years of mammalian evolution. phylogenetic analysis reveals that of the four human dqb allelic t ...	1990	2308943
morphology of synapses at the base of hair cells in the organ of corti of the chimpanzee.	the synaptic morphology of inner and outer hair cells of the organ of corti of the chimpanzee was evaluated by serial section electron microscopy. the morphology of nerve terminals and synapses at both sites was very similar to that of human and other mammalian species. two types of nerve terminals, nonvesiculated and vesiculated, with distinct synaptic morphology were found. in addition, between some nonvesiculated endings and outer hair cells, a reciprocal synaptic relationship was seen. in su ...	1990	2310138
heat-labile, complement-like factor(s) of animal sera prevent(s) hiv-1 infectivity in vitro.	we studied inactivation of hiv-1 by fresh sera of animals. we found that while fresh sera of humans and chimpanzees (among others) did not have antiviral activity, fresh sera of several other mammals, especially those of rodents and felines, showed a dose-dependent viral-inactivating property against cell-free hiv-1; these sera were also capable of inactivating virus preadsorbed to cells, similar to neutralizing antibody. the activity was destroyed by heating to 56 degrees c, required ca2+ but n ...	1990	2313562
common fragile sites in man and three closely related primate species.	the expression of common fragile sites was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of man, gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan after induction with aphidicolin, methotrexate, or fluorodeoxyuridine. as far as the chromosomal localization is concerned, it appears that many of these sites have been highly conserved during primate evolution. however, differences were found in the relative expression of certain sites. in all four species, mapping of approximately 500 lesions disclosed the most breakage-pron ...	1990	2323227
chimpanzee use of a tool-set to get honey.		1990	2323685
acquisition of fertilizing capacity by chimpanzee sperm.		1990	2323686
human monoclonal antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 enhance hiv-1 infection in vitro.	three of 16 human monoclonal antibodies (hu-mabs) enhanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of mt-2 target cells by means of a mechanism that is dependent on complement. enhanced infections are characterized by an increase in cytopathic effects and antigen synthesis as well as an increase in the production of progeny virus as detected by release of reverse transcriptase activity and infectious virus into the culture medium. analyses by radioimmunoprecipitation, western blot, ...	1990	2326277
identification of human urinary stains by the quotient uric acid/urea nitrogen.	uric acid (ua) and urea nitrogen (un) were determined in urinary stains and the ua/un x 20 values were calculated. the values in human urinary stains were 1.11-4.21, while those in other mammals except some of chimpanzees, were under 0.7, and those in fecal stains of birds were over 80. most of the stains of other human body fluids or plant juices tested contained neither ua nor un, and some contained one, but never the other. ascorbic acid (as) of up to 100 mg/dl in urine did not interfere with ...	1990	2335334
evaluation in chimpanzees of vaccinia virus recombinants that express the surface glycoproteins of human respiratory syncytial virus.	the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant vaccinia viruses that express the two major protective antigens of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the f and g glycoproteins, were evaluated in chimpanzees. in previous studies in rodents and monkeys the f and g proteins expressed by the same recombinants were highly immunogenic and induced high levels of resistance to rsv replication following subsequent challenge. in contrast, in chimpanzees, a single intradermal immunization i ...	1990	2336876
the presence of pinworms (enterobius sp.) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and lungs of a chimpanzee, pan troglodytes.	this report describes a case of fatal enterobiasis caused by enterobius sp. in the mesenteric lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels of mesentery, blood vessels of the liver and lungs of a chimpanzee from qingdao zoo, china. based on pathological findings, it is likely that the pinworms obtained access to these organs via the lymphatic or haematogenous pathway. as far as we are aware, this is the first reported case of enterobius sp. in the mesenteric lymph nodes and blood vessels of the lungs and veins ...	1990	2338481
c-terminal fragments of gp120 and synthetic peptides from five htlv-iii strains: prevalence of antibodies to the htlv-iii-mn isolate in infected individuals.	the immunoreactivity of htlv-iii-infected individuals and virus-inoculated chimpanzees with gp120 synthetic peptides of the htlv-iii gp120 envelope principle neutralizing domain (amino acid 301-324 sequences), derived from the htlv-iii isolates 3b, rf, mn, wmj2, and sc were determined. sequential bleeds from an infected lab worker and chimpanzees, both infected with the htlv-iiib, were immunoreactive only with the 3b peptide. in contrast, 33 htlv-iii-infected individuals were immunoreactive with ...	1990	2340200
a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the activation and inactivation of protein c in vivo in a primate model.	a model of protein c (pc) activation in vivo was used to investigate the complexing of activated pc (apc) with its plasma inhibitors, pc inhibitor (pci) and alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1at). chimpanzees were infused with a bolus of activated factor x (f.xa) together with vesicles of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (pcps). pre- and post-infusion plasma samples were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent based assays (elisa) for pc and apc complexes, and immunoblotting of pc from non ...	1990	2346780
organization of the chimpanzee c4-cyp21 region: implications for the evolution of human genes.	we prepared a cosmid library from chimpanzee dna and screened it with a mouse probe specific for the complement component 4 (c4)-encoding gene. we isolated 29 clones and constructed restriction maps for 20 of these. the clones could be arranged into two overlapping clusters covering the entire c4 region of both chromosomes in this particular heterozygous chimpanzee. the region is about 100 kilobases (kb) long and contains two c4 and two cyp21 genes, the latter coding for the enzyme 21-hydroxylas ...	1990	2347361
sialolithiasis in two chimpanzees.	sialoliths were found in the duct of the submandibular salivary gland in 2 of 50 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) examined, and were surgically removed. recovery was uncomplicated. although sialoliths are uncommon in domestic, zoo, and laboratory animals, the signs of sialolithiasis may mimic other problems.	1990	2347763
aspects of veterinary hemapheresis involving the horse, cow, sheep, goat, llama, dog and chimpanzee.		1990	2352998
synaptic morphology of inner and outer hair cells of the human organ of corti.	innervations of inner and outer hair cells of the organ of corti of the human cochlea were studied by serial section electron microscopy. at the base of inner hair cells, presumed afferent fibers were of varying size and demonstrated synaptic specialization consisting of a presynaptic body, vesicles, and asymmetrical synaptic membrane specialization. two types of neurons, vesiculated presumably efferent and nonvesiculated presumably afferent, synapsed at the base of outer hair cells. the synapti ...	1990	2355269
ribosomal rna gene sequences and hominoid phylogeny.	sequences totaling 3,500 bases from the 28s rrna gene and from one of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (its1) have been determined for human, chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), gorilla (gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (pongo pygmaeus). analyses of the rrna alignments show (1) a clustering of substitutions in the "variable regions" of the 28s gene, (2) a 1.5-3-fold increase in divergence in the transcribed spacer over that in the exon, and (3) that human and chimpanzee are the most closely r ...	1990	2359361
protective efficacy of a novel hepatitis b vaccine consisting of m (pre-s2 + s) protein particles (a third generation vaccine).	the protective efficacy of a new type of yeast-derived hepatitis b (hb) vaccine (tgp-943, subtype adr), which was formulated from modified m (pre-s2 + s; p31) protein (m-p31c) particles, was investigated in chimpanzees. animals were injected intramuscularly three times at 4-week intervals with doses of 10 or 40 micrograms (as a protein) of tgp-943. there were no significant differences in the immunogenicity of 10 micrograms compared to that of 40 micrograms of tgp-943 in terms of anti-s antibody ...	1990	2363298
infant chimpanzees spontaneously perceive both concrete and abstract same/different relations.	we used a familiarization-novelty procedure to determine whether 4 infant chimpanzees spontaneously perceive the sameness of and the difference between both concrete objects and relations between objects. in experiment 1, a single object was presented on the familiarization trial 1 and the animal's looking time recorded. on the test trial 2, an object was presented that was either identical to or different from that shown on trial 1. looking times on test trial 2 were less when the same item had ...	1990	2364739
use of an oral sedative for immobilisation of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).		1990	2368266
effect of freezing on ultrastructure of chimpanzee sperms as revealed by ethanol cryofracture and scanning electron microscope.	ultrastructural features of fresh chimpanzee spermatozoa were studied following ethanol cryofracture of sperm pellets. fresh and freeze preserved semen samples used for artificial insemination were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 m cacodylate buffer. the centrifuged cells in the form of a pellet were post fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 m cacodylate buffer. the ethanol dehydrated pellets were cryofractured, critical point dried from liquid co2, mounted on stubs and decorated with 5-6 nm ...	1990	2370073
antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 abolishes infectivity for chimpanzees.	this study was undertaken to establish whether antibody directed against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) principal gp120 type-specific neutralization determinant can abolish the infectivity of hiv-1 in chimpanzees. challenge inocula of the iiib virus isolate were mixed in vitro with either immunoglobulin g (igg) from an uninfected chimpanzee, nonneutralizing igg from an hiv-seropositive human, a virus-neutralizing murine monoclonal antibody directed against the hiv-1 iiib isolate ...	1990	2370678
emergence of viruses resistant to neutralization by v3-specific antibodies in experimental human immunodeficiency virus type 1 iiib infection of chimpanzees.	emergence in two chimpanzees of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) iiib variants resistant to neutralization by the preexisting antibody is described. viruses isolated from the hiv-1 iiib gp120-vaccinated and -challenged animal were more resistant to neutralization by the chimpanzee's own serum than viruses isolated from the naive infected animal, indicating immune pressure as the selective mechanism. however, all reisolated viruses were 16- to 256-fold more neutralization resistant tha ...	1990	2370681
[the morphology of the palatine arch of pongids].	with the help of frontal cuts through casts of skulls of pongids we demonstrated the postnatal development of the form of the hard palate. the form of the hard palate is similar to a semicircle in the frontal cut. in the chimpanzee the palatal form in the frontal cut ist not as semicircular as in the other great apes and is similar to the palatal form of humans in the molar region. the differences between pongo pygmaeus and the african apes consists in the fact, that the palate of the pongo pygm ...	1990	2375499
evolution of the glycophorin gene family in the hominoid primates.	analysis of nucleotide sequences of the human glycophorin a (gpa) and glycophorin b (gpb) genes has indicated that the gpa gene most closely resembles the ancestral gene, whereas the gpb gene likely arose from the gpa gene by homologous recombination. to study the evolution of the glycophorin gene family in the hominoid primates, restricted dna on southern blots from man, pygmy chimpanzee, common chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon was probed with cdna fragments encoding the human gpa and ...	1990	2383247
isolation and characterization of a rat delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase processed pseudogene.	southern blot analysis of genomic dna from different strains of rat indicated that there were multiple copies of the gene encoding the second enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ala-d). two types of genomic clones were isolated from a sprague-dawley rat library. one appears to be the expressed gene, whereas the nucleotide sequence of the other suggests that it contains an ala-d processed pseudogene because (1) there are no introns, (2) there are multiple m ...	1990	2387590
further studies of 48-1 antigen in serial liver biopsies from chimpanzees infected with hepatitis delta virus.	the 48-1 antibody, initially reported to react specifically with non-a, non-b infected liver tissue, has been found to react also with liver specimens from chimpanzees infected with hepatitis delta virus (hdv). to clarify further the relation between hdv and appearance of the antigen reacting with the 48-1 antibody (48-1 ag), immunoperoxidase studies were carried out on serial liver specimens from chimpanzees infected with hdv. immunohistochemical and serological findings suggested that the appe ...	1990	2388046
heterogeneity of hepatitis delta antigen.	hepatitis delta antigen (hdag) is the only known protein encoded by the hepatitis delta virus (hdv). two hdag species of different sizes have been detected in the sera and livers of the infected humans, chimpanzees, and woodchucks, even though only one rna species was previously identified in most of the hdv strains. to study hdag heterogeneity, we took advantage of the fact that a single base mutation at nucleotide 1015 (c to u), which results in an amber termination codon in the hdag open read ...	1990	2389557
form perception and visual acuity in a chimpanzee.	a 6.5-year-old female chimpanzee learned to distinguish perfectly every letter of the alphabet in a matching-to-sample task with 26 letters as choice alternatives. confusion of letters during the initial training was used to scale them in a multidimensional similarity space and to associate them in hierarchical clusters. the results resembled those obtained from similarity judgements by humans. using letters of various sizes, a visual acuity test revealed that the chimpanzee's acuity was about 1 ...	2003	2394413
peer interaction in infant chimpanzees.	the peer interactions of 6 infant chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) ranging in age from 18 to 50 months were observed in a seminatural context. the infants and their mothers lived as members of a captive social group at the yerkes regional primate research center. an analysis of contact initiations between infants indicated that the most preferred peer interactant was the youngest and the least preferred was the oldest infant. infants also initiated more interactions with the offspring of adults tha ...	1990	2394414
a case of lethal infant abuse in an established group of chimpanzees.		1990	2394415
an epizootic of whooping cough among chimpanzees in a zoo.		1990	2394416
the fibrinolytic potential of the normal primate following the generation of thrombin in vivo.	parameters of the fibrinolytic system were studied in a primate model where the generation of thrombin was promoted in vivo. the procoagulant stimulus used was a combination of human factor xa in combination with phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine lipid vesicles (pcps) as the source of coagulant active phospholipid. the dosage of each component was formulated to provide a gradation of thrombin generating potential assessed prior to in vivo study in an in vitro clotting assay. these ranged fr ...	1990	2402750
the use of tri(n-butyl)phosphate detergent mixtures to inactivate hepatitis viruses and human immunodeficiency virus in plasma and plasma's subsequent fractionation.	the treatment of plasma with organic solvent/detergent mixtures at the time of plasma collection or pooling could reduce the exposure of technical staff to infectious viruses and enhance the viral safety of the final product. treatment of plasma for 4 hours with 2-percent tri(n-butyl)phosphate (tnbp) at 37 degrees c, with 1-percent tnbp and 1-percent polyoxyethylensorbitan monooleate (tween 80) at 30 degrees c, or with 1-percent tnbp and 1-percent polyoxyethylene ethers, (triton x-45) at 30 degr ...	1990	2402772
plasmodium falciparum: studies on mature exoerythrocytic forms in the liver of the chimpanzee, pan troglodytes.	mature exoerythrocytic forms (eef) of plasmodium falciparum from the chimpanzee were examined by light- and transmission electron microscopy from a liver biopsy taken on day 6 after sporozoite inoculation. infectivity of the sporozoites obtained from whole mosquitoes which were membrane fed on cultured gametocytes was about 4-6%. in comparison, salivary gland sporozoites added to human hepatocytes in vitro had only a developmental percentage of 0.02 to 0.05% at day 5. the eef found in the liver ...	1990	2403931
synthetic peptides define the fine specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) gp160 humoral immune response in hiv type 1-infected chimpanzees.	the fine specificities of antibodies produced against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp160 were examined in sera from 23 hiv-1-infected chimpanzees. these animals had been infected with one of six isolates of hiv-1. sera were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for reactivity against seven synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of gp160. chimpanzees appear to remain healthy after infection with hiv-1, suggesting that these animals may prevent extensive spread of the v ...	1990	2404138
riboprobe assay for hdv rna: a sensitive method for the detection of the hdv genome in clinical serum samples.	we have used a new hybridization assay for the detection of the genome of hepatitis delta virus (hdv) in serum using a strand-specific rna probe obtained by transcription of a recombinant riboprobe. this assay was tested on a panel of 30 sera from hbsag carriers with hepatitis delta antigen (hdag) in the liver. the riboprobe assay detected hdv rna in the serum of 83% of the patients, while 63% were positive using the dna hybridization assay. hdag was detected in 73% of the same sera by immunoblo ...	1990	2406372
cloning and expression of an immunodominant region of the hepatitis delta antigen.	a cdna clone prepared from hepatitis delta virus (hdv) rna extracted from human serum was subcloned in the bacterial expression vector ppl31 to produce a fusion protein consisting of the first 98 amino acids of ms2 polymerase and of 64 amino acids from near the n-terminal region of hepatitis delta antigen (hdag). the fusion protein was shown to be related to hdag by a commercial sandwich immunoassay (abbott) and immunoblotting with human anti-hdag serum. antiserum against the fusion protein was ...	1990	2407805
neutralization of hepatitis b virus infectivity by a murine monoclonal antibody: an experimental study in the chimpanzee.	two study chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with approximately 1,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis b virus (hbv), one with subtype adr and one with subtype ayw, each previously incubated with 0.1 ml of a murine monoclonal antibody (igg 1(k) class) directed against a single epitope on hepatitis b surface antigen common to most or all hbv. two control chimpanzees received identical doses of hbv not incubated with the murine anti-hbs. neither study chimpanzee developed hbv infect ...	1985	2413167
aids-associated retroviruses (arv) can productively infect other cells besides human t helper cells.	we have examined the host range of aids-associated retroviruses (arv) that are known to infect human t cells of the helper subset. we have observed that the virus cannot infect fibroblast and epithelial cell lines of many different animal species. it is infectious and replicates efficiently in peripheral mononuclear cells (pmc) of chimpanzee and at low levels in baboon and rhesus monkey pmc. most importantly, it has been found to replicate in established lines of human b cells, monocytes, and pr ...	1985	2416120
antigen mimicry by anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common anti-hepatitis b surface antigen idiotype.	anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common human idiotype present on antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen (anti-hbs) from individuals naturally infected by hepatitis b virus (hbv) and an interspecies idiotype on anti-hbs produced by active immunization with hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) were used in vivo to modulate idiotype networks in mice. injection of anti-idiotype antibodies without subsequent hbsag stimulation induced an anti-hbs response. the anti-idiotype-induced anti-hb ...	1985	2416197
steroid-binding proteins in primate plasma.	we used immunological techniques to compare the serum corticosteroid-binding globulins (cbg) and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulins (tebg) of old world primates (man, chimpanzee, cynomologus, and rhesus), new world monkeys (squirrel and owl), and prosimians (galago and lemur). four different antihuman tebg antisera could not differentiate human and chimpanzee tebg and recognized the galago and lemur tebg as similar as well as the rhesus and cynomologus tebg, as similar. western blots of se ...	1986	2417823
removal of hepatitis b virus infectivity from human gamma-globulin prepared by ion-exchange chromatography.	hepatitis b virus infectivity can be removed from human plasma used to prepare a gamma-globulin product by ion-exchange chromatography with commercially available resins. a pooled human plasma sample free of hepatitis markers was contaminated with 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis b virus per milliliter from a known infectious inoculum. the contaminated plasma was diluted to yield a weakly positive radioimmunoassay result for hbsag and then processed over a double-column chromatogr ...	1985	2418590
heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with distamycin a/dapi, d287/170, chromomycin a3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine.	the chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. the chromosomal distribution of distamycin a/dapi-, d287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin a3-positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. lymphocyte cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of culture. this cytidine a ...	1986	2420535
lack of detectable reverse transcriptase activity in human and chimpanzee sera with a high infectivity for non-a, non-b hepatitis.	a serum sample from a patient with hepatitis and samples from two experimentally infected chimpanzees, all with a high infectivity for non-a, non-b hepatitis, were tested for reverse transcriptase. biopsy confirmed that the hepatocytes of the chimpanzees that received these sera contained the characteristic tubular structures associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis. none of these three sera revealed detectable enzyme activity. we have not been able to confirm the association of reverse transcript ...	1986	2420926
antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the pres 120-145 region of the hepatitis b virus envelope are virus neutralizing.	studies with synthetic peptides have provided evidence for the presence of pres coded sequences in the envelope (env) proteins of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and indicated that these sequences are involved in the specific attachment of hbv to liver cells. scanning of the pres sequence for immunodominant continuous epitopes identifies the sequence within residues pres (120-145) as the most immunogenic in eliciting antibodies recognizing hbv and as the most efficiently binding antibodies from sera of ...	1986	2421497
hla class i antigens on the hepatocyte membrane during recovery from acute hepatitis b virus infection and during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis b virus infection.	in a chimpanzee model of acute type b hepatitis, at the time of onset of hepatitis b virus replication and before the development of immunity to hepatitis b virus, interferon is present in the plasma. this is followed by an increase in the display of hla class i, but not class ii proteins, on the hepatocyte membrane. in chronic hepatitis b virus infection, there is a low density of hla class i protein display on the infected hepatocyte. administration of alpha-interferon enhances hla display and ...	1986	2423427
serial transmission of a human non a-non b hepatitis viral strain to hbv-protected chimpanzees: successive histological and ultrastructural studies.	a nanb agent of human origin was inoculated in hbv-immunized chimpanzees. infection was proven in two animals and serially passed to two others. the absence of anti-hbc in serum and the absence of hbsag and hbcag in liver are arguments against the hbv nature of the transmitted infection. moreover, the reproducible appearance of the nanbcag/ab system at each passage from man to chimpanzee and from chimpanzee to chimpanzee, a response not elicited in control animals, suggests that this reaction ma ...	1986	2423837
heterogeneity of human and murine fc gamma receptors.	human leucocytes express at least two different fc receptors specific for igg (fc gamma r). a low avidity receptor (fc gamma rlo) is found on tissue macrophages, neutrophils and nk cells. this receptor is recognized by monoclonal antibody 3g8, which does not react with a high avidity fc receptor (fc gamma rhi) found on blood monocytes and macrophages. we have been interested in the physiological function of these two receptors, which have been shown to differ by more than 200-fold in avidity. si ...	1986	2426048
epitope expression on primate lymphocyte surface antigens.	the cross-reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 nonhuman primates was investigated with ten kinds of leu series of monoclonal antibodies specific to human t-, natural killer/killer-, and b-cells. the chimpanzees possessed all ten epitopes examined but the orangutan lacked leu4 and leu7 epitopes and the gibbons lacked leu4, leu7, and leu12 epitopes. in addition to the above epitopes, the old world monkeys lacked leu1 and leu10 epitopes. the leu3a/leu2a cell ratios varied from 0 ...	1986	2426451
production and immunological analysis of recombinant hepatitis b vaccine.	the synthesis of the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in cells of saccharomyces cerevisiae and its subsequent isolation, purification and analysis is described. the final, purified hbsag particle exhibits close structural and biochemical similarities to particles derived from the plasma of chronically infected humans. particles of yeast and human origin have been found, by chimpanzee efficacy studies and by various in vitro analyses, to be immunologically equivalent. the antigenic expression ...	1986	2427590
spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus).	two pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus) have spontaneously begun to use symbols to communicate with people. in contrast to common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) using the same communicative system, the pygmy chimpanzees did not need explicit training in order to form referential symbol-object associations. instead, they acquired symbols by observing others use these symbols in daily communications with them. in addition, the pygmy chimpanzees have begun to comprehend spoken english words and can rea ...	1986	2428917
non-a, non-b hepatitis related an6520 ag is a normal cellular protein mainly expressed in liver. ii.	detection of an6520 ag/ab in human sera had indicated a close association with non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh). in this study, we investigated the immunochemical nature of an6520 ag and measured the amounts in various human and chimpanzee organs in order to clarify the association with nanbh. an6520 ag was found to be composed of polypeptide(s) with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 daltons (45 kd), which are noncovalently linked together. human antibodies in convalescent sera from nanbh pat ...	1986	2428929
structure and replication of the genome of the hepatitis delta virus.	the hepatitis delta virus can be found in the serum and liver of some hepatitis b virus patients. we now report that the rna genome of serum-derived delta virus is single-stranded and circular. livers of infected chimpanzees or woodchucks contained as many as 300,000 copies of genomic strand rna per average cell, and at least some of this rna had a circular conformation. also present in the livers were rna species complementary to the virion rna. the genomic rna was 5-22 times more abundant than ...	1986	2430299
characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a conserved epitope on human seminal vesicle-specific peptides: a novel probe/marker system for semen identification.	a novel sperm-coating antigen from the human seminal vesicles was discovered. we identified a monoclonal antibody mhs-5, recognizing an epitope with characteristics of a forensic semen marker: conservation in all vasectomized or normal semen samples tested (421); absence in all human tissues or biological fluids other than semen; and immunolocalization on the surface of ejaculated sperm. western blots of ejaculates allowed to liquefy for 5 min demonstrated the mhs-5 epitope to be located on pept ...	1986	2431723
shared epitopes between mycoplasma pneumoniae major adhesin protein p1 and a 140-kilodalton protein of mycoplasma genitalium.	previous serological data have demonstrated cross-reactive antigens between two pathogenic species of mycoplasmas, m. pneumoniae and m. genitalium. preliminary analysis of sera and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to protein antigens of these species showed an immunodominance of adhesin p1 (165 kilodaltons [kda]) of m. pneumoniae in mice and hamsters and a 140-kda protein of m. genitalium in mice and experimentally infected chimpanzees. to further characterize these two proteins, we assayed multiple ...	1987	2432017
simultaneous isolation of simian foamy virus and htlv-iii/lav from chimpanzee lymphocytes following htlv-iii or lav inoculation.	re-isolation of virus from htlv-iii b and lav-infected chimpanzee also yielded a simian foamy virus. this virus, replicated in htlv-iii b and lav-producing h 9 cells, had identical reverse transcriptase activity and caused similar cytopathic effects in h 9 cells.	1987	2432853
a unique epitope on human serum albumin recognized by monoclonal antibody hsa-1: a probe for identification of the human origin of blood or tissue.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised against human serum albumin from fusions of balb/c splenocytes and sp2/0-ag14 murine myeloma cells. this panel was screened against purified albumins from 21 species including chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. a monoclonal antibody (hsa-1) specific for human albumin was identified. the epitope recognized by hsa-1 was shown to be conserved in all human blood samples tested. a double antibody elisa assay was developed using biotinylated hsa-1 as the sp ...	1987	2437011
nuclear dna-binding proteins determined by the epstein-barr virus-related simian lymphotropic herpesviruses h. gorilla, h. pan, h. pongo and h. papio.	nuclear dna-binding proteins were extracted from lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with epstein-barr virus (ebv) or with the related lymphotropic herpesviruses of gorilla (herpesvirus gorilla), chimpanzee (h. pan), baboon (h. papio) or orang-utan (h. pongo). they were immunoblotted with the sera of all four simian species in comparison with ebv antibody-positive human sera. eight nuclear proteins were identified, and were designated gona-1 and gona-2 for h. gorilla-determined nuclear antigen ...	1987	2438377
monoclonal anti-lwab and anti-d reagents recognize a number of different epitopes. use of red cells of non-human primates.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which detect antigens on human red cells are also suitable for testing cells of other species. such studies may reveal previously unrecognized heterogeneity in antibodies which apparently detect the same antigen on the human red cell surface. information is also provided on specificities shared amongst several species. here three anti-lwab and a variety of rh-related antibodies have been tested against the red cells of various primates. one monoclonal anti-lwab antib ...	1986	2442268
a human monoclonal antibody that recognizes viral polypeptides and in vitro translation products of the genome of the hepatitis d virus.	peripheral blood lymphocytes from a patient chronically infected with hepatitis d virus (hdv) were immortalized by epstein-barr virus transformation. two stable monoclonal cell lines, derived from the same parent culture, were established and produced antibodies of the igg isotype that were specific for the hepatitis delta antigen (hdag). both monoclonal antibodies (mabs) recognized the major hdag polypeptides of 24 kilodaltons and 27 kilodaltons that were previously detected by polyclonal antib ...	1987	2442271
persistent infection of chimpanzees with human immunodeficiency virus: serological responses and properties of reisolated viruses.	persistent infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) in the chimpanzee may be valuable for immunopathologic and potential vaccine evaluation. two hiv strains, the tissue culture-derived human t-cell lymphotropic virus type iiib (htlv-iiib) and in vivo serially passaged lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 1 (lav-1), were injected intravenously into chimpanzees. two animals received htlv-iiib as either virus-infected h9 cells or cell-free virus. a third animal received chimpanzee-passage ...	1987	2442411