Publications

primate molar crown formation times and life history evolution revisited.	comparative studies have convincingly demonstrated that the pattern and timing of tooth emergence are highly correlated with life-history variables and brain size. conversely, a firm relationship between molar formation time and life-history variables has not yet been established. it seems counterintuitive that one aspect of dental development should be correlated with life-history variables, whereas the other should not. in order to shed light on this apparent discrepancy this study analyzed al ...	2001	11748692
hyperkeratotic mange caused by sarcoptes scabiei (acariformes: sarcoptidae) in juvenile human-habituated mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei).	to facilitate ecotourism and behavioral research, free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) have been habituated to humans. during routine health monitoring, five juvenile gorillas were observed with active crusted dermatitis and alopecia. papular and vesicular lesions and crusts with papular eruption and oozing were numerous and disseminated over the body of one gorilla with a confirmed infestation of scabies. in this gorilla, the hyperkeratotic crusts were loose and thick with ...	2001	11763433
urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive, male western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla): age- and social group-related differences.	urinary androgen and corticoid levels were measured for 52 captive male western lowland gorillas to examine age-related variance and potential differences resulting from various social situations. significant diurnal variation was present in both hormones. age-related differences in androgens revealed that males experienced two stages of androgen increase and one stage of decrease: increases occurred from juvenile (less than 10 yr of age) to subadult (between 10-13 yr) and subadult to young adul ...	2002	11793415
masticatory form and function in the african apes.	this study examines variability in masticatory morphology as a function of dietary preference among the african apes. the african apes differ in the degree to which they consume leaves and other fibrous vegetation. gorilla gorilla beringei, the eastern mountain gorilla, consumes the most restricted diet comprised of mechanically resistant foods such as leaves, pith, bark, and bamboo. gorilla gorilla gorilla, the western lowland gorilla subspecies, consumes leaves and other terrestrial herbaceous ...	2002	11815948
scabies in free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei) in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda.	between august and december 1996, there was an outbreak of a debilitating skin disease attributed to sarcoptes scabiei infection in mountain gorillas (gorilla beningei beringei) in bwindi impenetrable national park in uganda. all four members of a gorilla group which had been habituated to tourists were clinically affected; the infant male gorilla was most severely affected and died, the juvenile male showed serious manifestations of the disease and the two adult animals showed milder signs. the ...	2002	11817857
hand preference for food processing in wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla).	western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) have not previously been represented in studies of laterality in wild great apes. the discovery of swampy clearings frequented by gorillas in northern congo has provided the first opportunity to redress this imbalance. hand preference data are presented from 33 gorillas in seated and standing postures, covering the procurement and processing of 2 to 4 plant species. levels of hand preference exhibited were low. when data from all postures and pl ...	2001	11824899
identification and cross-species comparisons of cyp2f subfamily genes in mammals.	the cytochrome p450 2f (cyp2f) subfamily genes are currently known only from cdna sequences in human, mouse, rat and goat. compared to other divisions of the cyp2 gene family, the cyp2f subfamily is unusual in having few genes per species and in being selectively expressed in lung tissues. sequencing genomic dnas from human and gorilla has allowed us to determine the number of cyp2f subfamily loci in these species, the sources of known human transcripts, and the functional status of cyp2f loci i ...	2002	11827709
soft-tissue anatomy of the extant hominoids: a review and phylogenetic analysis.	this paper reports the results of a literature search for information about the soft-tissue anatomy of the extant non-human hominoid genera, pan, gorilla, pongo and hylobates, together with the results of a phylogenetic analysis of these data plus comparable data for homo. information on the four extant non-human hominoid genera was located for 240 out of the 1783 soft-tissue structures listed in the nomina anatomica. numerically these data are biased so that information about some systems (e.g. ...	2002	11833653
tandem duplication of the nf1 gene detected by high-resolution fish in the 17q11.2 region.	the gene for neurofibromatosis type 1 (nf1), mapping to 17q11.2, has one of the highest observed mutation rates, partially because of its large size and gene conversion primed by nf1 pseudogenes. we have previously shown by means of high resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) that a number of the loci flanking the nf1 gene are duplicated, in agreement with the reported presence of nf1 repetitive sequences (reps). we report a direct tandem duplication of the nf1 gene identified in 1 ...	2002	11941479
human and ape molecular clocks and constraints on paleontological hypotheses.	although the relationships of the living hominoid primates (humans and apes) are well known, the relationships of the fossil species, times of divergence of both living and fossil species, and the biogeographic history of hominoids are not well established. divergence times of living species, estimated from molecular clocks, have the potential to constrain hypotheses of the relationships of fossil species. in this study, new dna sequences from nine protein-coding nuclear genes in great apes are ...	2001	11948213
modern african ape populations as genetic and demographic models of the last common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.	in order to fully understand human evolutionary history through the use of molecular data, it is essential to include our closest relatives as a comparison. we provide here estimates of nucleotide diversity and effective population size of modern african ape species using data from several independent noncoding nuclear loci, and use these estimates to make predictions about the nature of the ancestral population that eventually gave rise to the living species of african apes, including humans. c ...	2001	11948214
mitochondrial 16s rrna sequence diversity of hominoids.	we determined nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) (about 1.6 kb) for 35 chimpanzee, 13 bonobo, 10 gorilla, 16 orangutan, and 23 gibbon individuals. we compared those data with published sequences and estimated nucleotide diversity for each species. all the ape species showed higher diversity than human. we also constructed phylogenetic trees and networks. the two orangutan subspecies were clearly separated from each other, and sumatran orangutans showed much hi ...	2001	11948216
group size and structure in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at mbeli bai, republic of congo.	this paper describes the size and structure of western lowland gorilla groups visiting mbeli bai, a swampy forest clearing in northern congo. an observation platform at the edge of the clearing was used over a 3-yr period, with gorillas visible for 1,681 hr. data are presented on 14 groups and seven solitary males. mean group size (excluding solitary males) was 8.4 +/- sd 4.3, and did not differ significantly from most other gorilla studies. all groups at mbeli contained only one fully mature ma ...	2002	11948636
identifying metameric variation in extant hominoid and fossil hominid mandibular molars.	landmark data were collected from cross sections and occlusal images of mandibular molar crowns, and euclidean distance matrix analysis (edma) was used to identify metameric morphological variation between the first and second mandibular molars of living taxa: gorilla gorilla (n = 30), pan troglodytes (n = 34), and homo sapiens (n = 26). two patterns of metameric variation were identified, one unique to humans and the other shared by chimpanzees and gorillas. in order to assess the utility of th ...	2002	11953948
another look at shape variation in the distal femur of australopithecus afarensis: implications for taxonomic and functional diversity at hadar.	previous studies have recognized two patterns of distal femoral morphology among the specimens from hadar (ethiopia) assigned to australopithecus afarensis. size and shape differences between the well-preserved large (al 333-4) and small (al 129-1a) distal femora have been used to invoke both taxonomic and functional differences within the a. afarensis hypodigm. nevertheless, prior studies have not analyzed these specimens in a multivariate context, nor have they compared the pattern of shape di ...	2002	11969299
where does a gorilla sleep?		2001	11982279
saving the gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan t. troglodytes) of the congo basin.	the forests of the congo basin in equatorial africa are home to significant populations of gorillas and chimpanzees. however, numbers are declining owing to hunting and to alteration of their habitat. gorillas and chimpanzees are particularly vulnerable for biological reasons: slow reproduction, prolonged developmental periods and complex social behaviour. in addition, their capacity to recover from disturbance is limited and the reinforcement of wild populations with captive-born individuals is ...	2001	11999296
detection of virus-like particles in the liver of black and white ruffed lemurs with hepatitis.	two young black and white ruffed lemurs (varecia variegata variegata) died at the san diego zoo (san diego, california, usa) with extensive liver lesions suggestive of acute viral infection. immunoassays performed to detect hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers were negative. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primers overlapping the hbv core gene produced an amplicon of approximately 411 base pairs (bp) from serum dna of a hbv-positive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) but not from serum ...	2002	12038123
palaeoenvironments and hominoid evolution.	one of the key features that separates humans and their closest relatives (extinct species of the genus homo and praeanthropus and the australopithecines australopithecus and paranthropus) on the one hand, from the other hominoids, on the other, is their obligate bipedal locomotion when on the ground. this major difference from the generally quadrupedal locomotion practiced by other hominoids (pan, gorilla, pongo and many extinct lineages) is reflected in many parts of the body, including all th ...	2002	12050903
kinematics and ontogeny of locomotion in monkeys and human babies.	early ontogenetic stages are often assumed to reflect or to be similar to past phylogenetic stages within the evolution of man. therefore, as a first step, the quadrupedal crawling locomotion of human children was analysed and compared to the quadrupedal walk of macaca fascicularis. the movements of the human child were not only more irregular, they differed from the walk of the monkey mainly through extraordinarily short swing phases, and also through strong scoliotic movements of the spine. th ...	2002	12050907
trisomy 17 in a bonobo (pan paniscus) and deletion of 3q in a lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla): comparison with human trisomy 18 and human deletion 4q syndrome.	a female bonobo (pan paniscus) born at the san diego zoo exhibited inability to nurse and progressive weakness plus multiple congenital abnormalities including aural canal atresia and stenosis, malformed auricles, clenched hands, lordosis, agenesis of the caudal vertebra and cardiac abnormalities. chromosome analysis identified the bonobo as being trisomic for chromosome 17, the homolog of human chromosome 18. genotyping with human microsatellites suggested the extra chromosome was maternal in o ...	2001	12063404
genetic diversity and evolution of the human leptin locus tetranucleotide repeat.	to better understand the evolutionary history of the gene region containing the multifunctional adipose tissue hormone leptin, we genotyped 1,957 individuals from 12 world populations for a highly variable tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism located 476 bp 3' of exon 3 of the leptin gene. common alleles shared among populations, alleles specific to geographically defined populations, and the homologous alleles in the common and pygmy chimpanzee, the gorilla and the orangutan, were sequenced to d ...	2002	12073010
relative placement of the mandibular fossa in great apes and humans.	several researchers have investigated, or commented on, the relative placement of the hominin mandibular fossa with regard to brain expansion and masticatory function. two confounding factors are identified in this previous work. first, a number of different measurement techniques have been applied, confusing comparisons between studies. second, the effects of squamous thickening due to temporal bone pneumatization are shown to influence measurements based relative to the ectocranial margin of t ...	2002	12098210
mineral content as a basis for food selection by western lowland gorillas in a forest clearing.	the forests in northwest republic of congo contain a number of herbaceous swamp clearings that provide foraging sites for lowland gorillas (g.g. gorilla). a 10-month study at the maya nord clearing (parc national d'odzala) showed that feeding activities occupied 72% of the time visiting gorillas spent on the clearing. they fed on four plant species: enydra fluctuans (asteraceae), cyperus sp., pycreus mundtii, and rhynchospora corymbosa (cyperaceae) among the 45 species recorded on the clearing. ...	2002	12111682
a 76-kb duplicon maps close to the bcr gene on chromosome 22 and the abl gene on chromosome 9: possible involvement in the genesis of the philadelphia chromosome translocation.	a patient with a typical form of chronic myeloid leukemia was found to carry a large deletion on the derivative chromosome 9q+ and an unusual bcr-abl transcript characterized by the insertion, between bcr exon 14 and abl exon 2, of 126 bp derived from a region located on chromosome 9, 1.4 mb 5' to abl. this sequence was contained in the bacterial artificial chromosome rp11-65j3, which in fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments on normal metaphases was found to detect, in addition to the p ...	2002	12114534
identification of v1r-like putative pheromone receptor sequences in non-human primates. characterization of v1r pseudogenes in marmoset, a primate species that possesses an intact vomeronasal organ.	the vomeronasal organ (vno) is responsible in terrestrial vertebrates for the sensory perception of some pheromones, chemicals that elicit characteristic behaviors among individuals of the same species. two multigene families (v1r, v2r) that encode proteins with seven putative transmembrane domains that are expressed selectively in different neuron subsets of the vno have been described in rodents. pheromone-induced behaviors and a functional vno have been described in a number of mammals, but t ...	2002	12142329
distribution, population density, and status of sympatric cercopithecids in the campo-ma'an area, southwestern cameroon.	a study on species composition, distribution, and population density of cercopithecids in the campo-ma'an area, southwestern cameroon, was undertaken from december 1997 until august 2000. a total of 665.5 km of line transects was used for the census. thirteen diurnal primate species including five endangered species (gorilla g. gorilla, pan troglodytes, mandrillus sphinx, colobus satanas, cercocebus torquatus) were recorded in the campo forest, the greatest part of which is a logging concession. ...	2002	12145397
single-trial learning of "what" and "who" information in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla): implications for episodic memory.	single-trial learning and long-term memory of "what" and "who" information were examined in an adult gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). we presented the gorilla with a to-be-remembered food item at the time of study. in experiment 1, following a retention interval of either approximately 7 min or 24 h, the gorilla responded with one of five cards, each corresponding to a particular food. the gorilla was accurate on 70% of the short retention-interval trials and on 82% of the long retention-inter ...	2002	12150040
cryptosporidiosis in people sharing habitats with free-ranging mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei), uganda.	cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic diarrheal disease, significantly contributes to the mortality of people with impaired immune systems worldwide. infections with an animal-adapted genotype (genotype 2) of cryptosporidium parvum were found in a human population in uganda that shares habitats with free-ranging gorillas, from which the same genotype of c. parvum had been recovered previously. a high prevalence of disease was found in park staff members (21%) who frequently contact gorillas versus 3% di ...	2002	12164303
identification of two novel primate-specific genes in dscr.	we recently helped to complete the sequence of human chromosome 21 at a very high level of accuracy. using this sequence we identified two novel genes, designated dscr9 and dscr10, in the so-called down syndrome critical region (dscr) by computational gene prediction and subsequent cdna cloning. both dscr9 and dscr10 are expressed preferentially in testis and encode functionally unknown proteins with 149 and 87 amino acid residues, respectively. zoo blot analysis suggested that both genes are ex ...	2002	12168953
molecular evolution of foxp2, a gene involved in speech and language.	language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. the ability to develop articulate speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx and mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. foxp2 is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language. a point mutation in foxp2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties accompanied by lin ...	2002	12192408
the wilhelmine e. key 2001 invitational lecture. estimation of divergence times for a few mammalian and several primate species.	statistical methods for estimating divergence times by using multiprotein gamma distances are discussed. when a large number of proteins are used, even a small degree of deviation from the molecular clock hypothesis can be detected. in this case, one may use the stem-lineage method for estimating divergence times. however, the estimates obtained by this method are often similar to those obtained by the linearized tree method. application of these methods to a dataset of 104 proteins from several ...	2002	12195029
[a new kiaa1245 gene family with or without herv-k ltrs in their introns].	a transcript containing the long terminal repeat (ltr) and the sequence homologous to the kiaa1245 mrna fragment were revealed among the transcribed ltrs of human endogenous viruses of the k family in normal and tumor tissues. ten other sequences with a high level of homology to the kiaa1245 mrna were found in the genbank. the intron-exon structures were determined for all the sequences, and their exon sequences were compared. the comparison showed that they differ both in the extent of the exon ...	2002	12197392
contribution of homoplasy and of ancestral polymorphism to the evolution of genes in anthropoid primates.	molecular phylogenies of lineages that split from one another in short succession are often difficult to resolve because different loci and different sites within the same locus yield incongruent relationships. the incongruity is commonly attributed to two causes: differential assortment of ancestral polymorphisms and homoplasy. to assess the relative contribution of these two causes, sequences of 57 segments from 51 loci in six primate lineages (human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, a ...	2002	12200478
chromosome mapping of miller-diecker, smith-magenis and rara loci in non-human primates: implications in the evolution of human chromosome 17.	molecular cytogenetics allows to verify chromosomal homologies previously hypothesised on the base of banding pattern comparison in different species. so far only the chromosome painting technique has been extensively used in studies of chromosomal evolution. this technique allows to detect only interchromosomal rearrangements. human and great apes chromosomes basically differ by intrachromosomal rearrangements, in particular inversions; with chromosome painting it has just been possible to conf ...	2002	12206366
a single genotype of encephalitozoon intestinalis infects free-ranging gorillas and people sharing their habitats in uganda.	microsporidian spores have been detected by chromotrope 2r and calcofluor stains in fecal samples of three free-ranging human-habituated mountain gorillas in uganda and in two people who share gorilla habitats. all spore isolates have been identified by pcr with species-specific primers and fluorescent in situ hybridization with a species-specific oligonucleotide probe to be encephalitozoon intestinalis. sequencing analyses of the full length ssurrna amplified from all spore isolates were identi ...	2002	12209334
prevalence of bartonella species causing bacteraemia in domesticated and companion animals in the united kingdom.	between october 1999 and february 2000, 691 blood samples examined routinely for either haematological or virological assessment were screened by culture for the presence of bartonella species. they came from 615 animals: 360 cats, 211 dogs, 27 horses, 16 cattle and a gorilla. the samples were incubated for long periods on 10 per cent horse blood agar at 37 degrees c in an atmosphere containing 5 per cent carbon dioxide. isolates were obtained from 35 samples from 34 (9.4 per cent) of the cats, ...	2002	12219899
mother-infant interactions in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla): spatial relationships, communication, and opportunities for social learning.	this study investigated mother-infant interactions in lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with particular focus on the relative role of mothers and infants in creating situations that are potentially conducive to infant social learning. eleven gorilla mother-infant dyads were focally observed in weekly 1-hr sessions for 12 months. spatial relationships were affected by age as well as by ambient temperature. although the youngest infant was encouraged by its mother to walk and climb, mothe ...	2002	12234071
synteny comparison between apes and human using fine-mapping of the genome.	comparing the genomes of the great apes and human should provide novel information concerning the origins of humankind. relative to the great apes, the human karyotype has one fewer chromosome pair, as human chromosome 2 derived from the telomeric fusion of two ancestral primate chromosomes. to identify the genomic rearrangements that accompanied human speciation, we initiated a comparative study between human, chimpanzee, and gorilla. using the happy mapping method, an acellular adaptation of t ...	2002	12376093
intestinal parasites found in the research group of mountain gorillas in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda: preliminary results.	mountain gorillas (gorilla gorilla beringei) are critically endangered, remaining only in two isolated populations in central africa. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasites in a single group of mountain gorillas in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda over 7 weeks from june to august 2000. fecal samples were collected from night nests and transported in formalin for examination at cornell university and the centers for disease contr ...	2002	12381615
early hominin limb proportions.	recent analyses and new fossil discoveries suggest that the evolution of hominin limb length proportions is complex, with evolutionary reversals and a decoupling of proportions within and between limbs. this study takes into account intraspecific variation to test whether or not the limb proportions of four early hominin associated skeletons (al 288-1, oh 62, bou-vp-12/1, and knm-wt 15000) can be considered to be significantly different from one another. exact randomization methods were used to ...	2002	12393007
the function of male aggressive displays towards females in mountain gorillas.	in groups of gorilla g. beringei, male aggression towards females regularly takes the form of male display. this paper examines male display towards females in two karisoke study groups (group 5 and group bm) in 1989, a period when none of the females were new immigrants. results are based on 259 hr of focal observations and 121 hr of ad libitum observations on male behaviors towards females. the goal is to see if the data are compatible with four non-mutually exclusive hypotheses to explain mal ...	2002	12426463
molecular evolution of igg subclass among nonhuman primates: implication of differences in antigenic determinants among apes.	the cross-reactivity of five different rabbit polyclonal antibodies to human igg and igg subclass (igg1, igg2, igg3, and igg4) was determined by competitive elisa with nine nonhuman primate species including five apes, three old world monkeys, and one new world monkey. as similar to those previously reported, the reactivity of anti-human igg antibody with plasma from different primate species was closely related with phylogenic distance from human. every anti-human igg subclass antibody showed l ...	2002	12426468
anthropozoonotic giardia duodenalis genotype (assemblage) a infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, uganda.	to facilitate ecotourism and research, free-ranging mountain gorillas of uganda have been habituated to humans. testing of fecal samples of gorillas (n = 100), people sharing gorilla habitats (n = 62). and local pre- and postweaned cattle (n = 50) having access to these habitats with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies revealed giardia duodenalis cysts at prevalences of 2, 5, and 10%, respectively. the identification of g. duodenalis was confirmed by fluorescent in situ h ...	2002	12435128
western lowland gorilla diet and resource availability: new evidence, cross-site comparisons, and reflections on indirect sampling methods.	we describe the resource availability and diet of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) from a new study site in the central african republic and republic of congo based on 3 years of study. the results, based on 715 fecal samples and 617 days of feeding trails, were similar to those reported from three other sites, in spite of differences in herb and fruit availability. staple foods (consumed year-round) included high-quality herbs (haumania), swamp herbs (when present), and a mini ...	2002	12454955
conservation of the class i beta-tubulin gene in human populations and lack of mutations in lung cancers and paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancers.	the goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of sequence variants in the class i beta-tubulin (clone m40) gene and their occurrence in human tumors and cancer cell lines. dna was isolated from 93 control individuals representing a wide variety of ethnicities, 49 paclitaxel-naive specimens (16 ovarian cancers, 17 non-small cell lung cancers, and 16 ovarian cancer cell lines), and 30 paclitaxel-resistant specimens (9 ovarian cancers, 9 ovarian cancer cell lines, and 12 ovarian cancer xen ...	2002	12467216
three duplicons form a novel chimeric transcription unit in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 22q11.	pericentromeric regions of human chromosomes are preferential sites for the integration of duplicated dna, or "duplicons", which often contain gene fragments. although pericentromeric regions appear to be genomic junkyards, they could also be the birthplace of new genes with novel functions. we have characterized a chimeric transcription unit (cat eye syndrome critical region gene 7, cecr7) formed from three duplicons in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 22q. cecr7 exons show similarity t ...	2003	12483300
quantifying temporal bone morphology of great apes and humans: an approach using geometric morphometrics.	the hominid temporal bone offers a complex array of morphology that is linked to several different functional systems. its frequent preservation in the fossil record gives the temporal bone added significance in the study of human evolution, but its morphology has proven difficult to quantify. in this study we use techniques of 3d geometric morphometrics to quantify differences among humans and great apes and discuss the results in a phylogenetic context. twenty-three landmarks on the ectocrania ...	2002	12489757
natural concepts in a juvenile gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at three levels of abstraction.	the extent to which nonhumans are able to form conceptual versus perceptual discriminations remains a matter of debate. among the great apes, only chimpanzees have been tested for conceptual understanding, defined as the ability to form discriminations not based solely on simple perceptual features of stimuli, and to transfer this learning to novel stimuli. in the present investigation, a young captive female gorilla was trained at three levels of abstraction (concrete, intermediate, and abstrac ...	2002	12507006
likelihood and bayes estimation of ancestral population sizes in hominoids using data from multiple loci.	polymorphisms in an ancestral population can cause conflicts between gene trees and the species tree. such conflicts can be used to estimate ancestral population sizes when data from multiple loci are available. in this article i extend previous work for estimating ancestral population sizes to analyze sequence data from three species under a finite-site nucleotide substitution model. both maximum-likelihood (ml) and bayes methods are implemented for joint estimation of the two speciation dates ...	2002	12524351
comparative urinary androstanes in the great apes.	urinary androstanes from seven species of male great apes (human, bonobo, chimpanzee, lowland gorilla, mountain gorilla, bornean orangutan, and sumatran orangutan) were separated by hplc and detected by ria using two testosterone antibodies. all animals examined showed the presence of testosterone and six additional immunoreactive peaks. although testosterone was the dominant peak (85%) in human urine, its proportion in urine was much less in the other apes, ranging from a high of 59% in the bon ...	2003	12535626
preponderance of slightly deleterious polymorphism in mitochondrial dna: nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio is much higher within species than between species.	we estimated synonymous (dn) and nonsynonymous (ds) substitution rates for protein-coding genes of the mitochondrial genome from two individuals each of the species human, chimpanzee, and gorilla. the genes were analyzed both separately and in a combined data set. pairwise sequence comparisons suggest that the dn/ds rate ratios are about 5-10 times higher in within-species comparisons than in between-species comparisons. this result is confirmed by a more rigorous likelihood ratio test, which re ...	1998	12572613
seasonal variation in the testicular volume of capuchin monkeys (cebus apella) in captivity.	the study of the reproductive strategy developed by different species in order to adapt to their environmental conditions and their meaning in an evolutionary perspective is essential for understanding the mechanisms involved in the process of reproduction. non-human primates are very interesting models for this purpose. some species show a typical seasonal reproductive pattern, such as rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) [sade, 1964; conaway and sade, 1965] and ring-tailed lemurs (lemur catta) [zu ...	2003	12606852
large-scale variation among human and great ape genomes determined by array comparative genomic hybridization.	large-scale genomic rearrangements are a major force of evolutionary change and the ascertainment of such events between the human and great ape genomes is fundamental to a complete understanding of the genetic history and evolution of our species. here, we present the results of an evolutionary analysis utilizing array comparative genomic hybridization (array cgh), measuring copy-number gains and losses among these species. using an array of 2460 human bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) (1 ...	2003	12618365
segmental duplications in euchromatic regions of human chromosome 5: a source of evolutionary instability and transcriptional innovation.	recent analyses of the structure of pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions have revealed that these particular regions of human chromosomes are often composed of blocks of duplicated genomic segments that have been associated with rapid evolutionary turnover among the genomes of closely related primates. in the present study, we show that euchromatic regions of human chromosome 5-5p14, 5p13, 5q13, 5q15-5q21-also display such an accumulation of segmental duplications. the structure, organizatio ...	2003	12618367
variability of broca's area homologue in african great apes: implications for language evolution.	the cortical circuits subserving neural processing of human language are localized to the inferior frontal operculum and the posterior perisylvian region. functional language dominance has been related to anatomical asymmetry of broca's area and the planum temporale. the evolutionary history of these asymmetric patterns, however, remains obscure. although testing of hypotheses about the evolution of language areas requires comparison to homologous regions in the brains of our closest living rela ...	2003	12629670
a solution to the worn tooth conundrum in primate functional anatomy.	worn teeth are a bane to paleobiologists interested in the diets of human ancestors and other fossil primates. although worn teeth dominate fossil assemblages, their shapes are usually not used to reconstruct the diets of extinct species. the problem is that traditional studies of primate dental functional anatomy have focused on unworn morphology. this has limited most functional analyses to only a few well-represented fossil species. this paper introduces a method to characterize and compare w ...	2003	12634426
estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species.	although the phylogenetic relationships of major lineages of primate species are relatively well established, the times of divergence of these lineages as estimated by molecular data are still controversial. this controversy has been generated in part because different authors have used different types of molecular data, different statistical methods, and different calibration points. we have therefore examined the effects of these factors on the estimates of divergence times and reached the fol ...	2003	12644563
molecular phylogeny and evolution of the human endogenous retrovirus herv-w ltr family in hominoid primates.	long terminal repeats (ltrs) of human endogenous retrovirus (herv) have contributed to the structural change or genetic variation of primate genome that are connected to speciation and evolution. using genomic dnas that were derived from hominoid primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon), we performed pcr amplification and identified thirty herv-w ltr elements. these ltr elements showed a 82-98% sequence similarity with herv-w ltr (af072500). specifically, additional sequences (gccac ...	2003	12661771
catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial africa.	because rapidly expanding human populations have devastated gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) habitats in east and west africa, the relatively intact forests of western equatorial africa have been viewed as the last stronghold of african apes. gabon and the republic of congo alone are thought to hold roughly 80% of the world's gorillas and most of the common chimpanzees. here we present survey results conservatively indicating that ape populations in gabon decline ...	2003	12679788
gorilla ( gorilla gorilla gorilla) and orangutan ( pongo abelii) understanding of first- and second-order relations.	four orangutans and one gorilla matched images in a delayed matching-to-sample (dmts) task based on the relationship between items depicted in those images, thus demonstrating understanding of both first- and second-order relations. subjects matched items on the basis of identity, color, or shape (first-order relations, experiment 1) or same shape, same color between items (second-order relations, experiment 2). four of the five subjects performed above chance on the second-order relations dmts ...	2003	12687418
comparative study of urinary reproductive hormones in great apes.	urinary estrone conjugates (e(1)c), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (pdg), and follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) were determined by enzyme immunoassays (eias) during the normal menstrual cycle in the orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo. furthermore, the data were compared to those levels in the human and long-tailed macaque. the results showed a typical preovulatory e(1)c surge and postovulatory increase in pdg in all species. the pattern of e(1)c during the menstrual cycle in the great apes ...	2003	12687484
patterns of mandibular variation in pan and gorilla and implications for african ape taxonomy.	pan and gorilla taxonomy is currently in a state of flux, with the number of existing species and subspecies of common chimpanzee and gorilla having been recently challenged. while pan and gorilla systematics have been evaluated on the basis of craniometric and odontometric data, only a handful of studies have evaluated multivariate craniometric variation within p. troglodytes, and none have evaluated in detail mandibular variation in either p. troglodytes or gorilla gorilla. in this paper, we e ...	2003	12765617
implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous dna identity between humans and chimpanzees: enlarging genus homo.	what do functionally important dna sites, those scrutinized and shaped by natural selection, tell us about the place of humans in evolution? here we compare approximately 90 kb of coding dna nucleotide sequence from 97 human genes to their sequenced chimpanzee counterparts and to available sequenced gorilla, orangutan, and old world monkey counterparts, and, on a more limited basis, to mouse. the nonsynonymous changes (functionally important), like synonymous changes (functionally much less impo ...	2003	12766228
new approaches in hominoid taxonomy: morphometrics.	we report here on new cranial data relevant to hominoid taxonomic analyses, based on a study of 438 skulls belonging to 13 nonhuman living hominoid taxa. nineteen landmarks were selected to describe the overall shape of the maxillofacial complex, in order to investigate its discriminative power in taxonomic analyses. we used a geometric morphometrics approach to depict morphological variation from the genus down to the subspecific level, and we evaluated whether our morphologic criteria are rele ...	2003	12772209
silverback male presence and group stability in gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla).		2003	12778915
occlusal relief changes with molar wear in pan troglodytes troglodytes and gorilla gorilla gorilla.	most research on primate tooth form-function relationships has focused on unworn teeth. this study presents a morphological comparison of variably worn lower second molars (m(2)s) of lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla; n=47) and common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes; n=54) using dental topographic analysis. high-resolution replicas of occlusal surfaces were prepared and scanned in 3d by laser scanning. the resulting elevation data were used to create a geographic information sys ...	2003	12784284
rectal prolapse in a free-ranging mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei): clinical presentation and surgical management.	a juvenile female mountain gorilla (gorilla beringei beringei) of the mubare tourist group in bwindi impenetrable national park, uganda, developed a severe, complete rectal prolapse that did not spontaneously resolve. eight months prior, a juvenile female mountain gorilla of the mubare group developed a mild, complete rectal prolapse that resolved spontaneously within 24 hr. field guides reported that spontaneously resolving prolapses had been seen previously in two other juveniles, one of which ...	2001	12785708
divergence of the genes on human chromosome 21 between human and other hominoids and variation of substitution rates among transcription units.	the study of genomic divergence between humans and primates may provide insight into the origins of human beings and the genetic basis of unique human traits and diseases. chromosome 21 is the smallest chromosome in the human genome, and some of its regions have been implicated in mental retardation and other diseases. in this study, we sequenced the coding and regulatory regions of 127 known genes on human chromosome 21 in dna samples from human and chimpanzees and a part of the corresponding g ...	2003	12826612
comparative analysis of gene-expression patterns in human and african great ape cultured fibroblasts.	although much is known about genetic variation in human and african great ape (chimpanzee, bonobo, and gorilla) genomes, substantially less is known about variation in gene-expression profiles within and among these species. this information is necessary for defining transcriptional regulatory networks that contribute to complex phenotypes unique to humans or the african great apes. we took a systematic approach to this problem by investigating gene-expression profiles in well-defined cell popul ...	2003	12840040
echinococcus multilocularis in two lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla).	an unusual presentation of alveolar echinococcosis was observed in two lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla). clinical signs included progressive abdominal enlargement, apathy and anorexia. macroscopical changes consisted of severe peritonitis and foci of hepatic necrosis with large cavities replacing most of the normal tissue. additionally, a few structures resembling hydatid cysts were present. histologically, some necrotic areas contained fragments of a laminated wall characteristic of echino ...	2003	12859912
[histomorphometric study of bone microstructure of primates and domestic animal with the goal of species identification with reference to the effects of domestication].	functional bone microstructure of long limb bones is a function of species-specific biomechanical properties such as locomotion and weight. histomorphometry and statistics were used to identify various primate species (hylobates moloch, pongo satyrus borneensis, pan tr. troglodytes, gorilla g. gorilla, homo sapiens), equid species (equus caballus, equus asinus, equus mulus, equus hemionus kulan, equus ferus przewalskii) and also extinct horses e.g. iron age, medieval and neolithic forms on the m ...	2003	12872544
gestural communication in young gorillas (gorilla gorilla): gestural repertoire, learning, and use.	in the present study we investigated the gestural communication of gorillas (gorilla gorilla). the subjects were 13 gorillas (1-6 years old) living in two different groups in captivity. our goal was to compile the gestural repertoire of subadult gorillas, with a special focus on processes of social cognition, including attention to individual and developmental variability, group variability, and flexibility of use. thirty-three different gestures (six auditory, 11 tactile, and 16 visual gestures ...	2003	12874841
a comparison of taste thresholds for sweet and astringent-tasting compounds in great apes.	taste responses to fructose and tannic acid were compared between great apes using the 'two-bottle test' with tests of brief duration. the taste thresholds for fructose were [10-20] mm in pongo pygmaeus, [40-50] mm in pan troglodytes, and [70-80] mm in gorilla gorilla. inhibition thresholds for tannic acid were [2.9-3.5] mm in pongo and [2.9-5.9] mm in pan. gorillas apparently significantly preferred tannins at low concentrations ([0.59-5.9] mm) but rejected concentrations above [8.8-14.7] mm. t ...	2003	12876895
polymorphism of human and primate rantes, cx3cr1, ccr2 and cxcr4 genes with regard to hiv/siv infection.	among genes that influence human susceptibility to hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection or aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) progression, chemokine-receptor and chemokine genes were extensively studied because of their role as hiv co-receptors or co-receptor competitors, respectively. we have studied in non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, crab-eating and rhesus macaque, baboon and marmoset) the rantes, ccr2 and cx3cr1 gene sequences in regions surrounding ...	2003	12879309
mitochondrial dna sequence from an enigmatic gorilla population (gorilla gorilla uellensis).	although today gorillas are found in only two widely separate, discontinuous western and eastern african populations, rumors of the existence of an additional gorilla population in central africa have inspired recent unsuccessful field expeditions in search of the "mystery ape" termed gorilla gorilla uellensis. such a gorilla population would have considerable conservation and scientific interest, and would presumably have descended from a population of gorillas that was thought to exist until t ...	2003	12884318
characterization of the low-copy herv-fc family: evidence for recent integrations in primates of elements with coding envelope genes.	in a previous search based on the envelope gene, we had identified two related proviral elements that could not be included in identified erv families. an in silico database screening associated with an in vivo polymerase chain reaction search using primers in the reverse transcriptase domain, now allowed identification of a series of related elements, found at a limited number in simians. a phylogenetic analysis led to their inclusion in a new family of endogenous retroviruses with limited expa ...	2003	12890629
increased cranial capacity in hominid evolution and preeclampsia.	one of the major trends in primate evolution generally and hominid evolution in particular, is cranio-facial contraction accompanied by an increase in cranial capacity. landmark-based morphometric methods are applied to adult skulls of great apes (gorilla, pan), australopithecines (australopithecus and paranthropus), and humans (homo eragster, erectus, neanderthalensis, and sapiens). morphological changes quantified by vector fields (procrustes methods) indicate that these skull plans are charac ...	2003	12896818
functional significance of cortical bone distribution in anthropoid mandibles: an in vitro assessment of bone strain under combined loads.	local variation in cortical bone thickness in the postcanine mandibular corpus appears to be stereotypical among anthropoids. specifically, at sections under the molars, lingually situated cortical bone is typically thinner than that along the lateral aspect. this pattern applies despite phylogenetic, dietary, and allometric differences among the anthropoids sampled to date. demes et al. (food acquisition and processing in primates [1984] new york: plenum press, p. 369-390) employed a theoretica ...	2003	12923903
rapidly evolving genes in human. i. the glycophorins and their possible role in evading malaria parasites.	in an attempt to identify all fast-evolving genes between human and other primates, we found three glycophorins, gpa, gpb, and gpe, to have the highest rate of nonsynonymous substitutions among the 280 genes surveyed. the ka/ks ratios are generally greater than 3 for gpa, gpb, and gpe in human, chimpanzee, and gorilla, indicating positive selection. the uniformly high substitution rate across loci can be explained by the frequent sequence exchanges among genes. gpa is the receptor for the bindin ...	2003	12949139
functional capabilities of modern and fossil hominid hands: three-dimensional analysis of trapezia.	three-dimensional (3d) trapezium models from homo sapiens, gorilla gorilla, pan troglodytes, australopithecus afarensis (a.l.333-80), and homo habilis (o.h.7-nnq) were acquired through laser digitizing. least-square planes were generated for each articular surface, and the angles between the planes were compared. each extant species displays an overall pattern that distinguishes it from the others. the observed angles in g. gorilla and p. troglodytes are more similar to one other than either is ...	2003	12949830
large-scale genotyping of complex dna.	genetic studies aimed at understanding the molecular basis of complex human phenotypes require the genotyping of many thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) across large numbers of individuals. public efforts have so far identified over two million common human snps; however, the scoring of these snps is labor-intensive and requires a substantial amount of automation. here we describe a simple but effective approach, termed whole-genome sampling analysis (wgsa), for genotyping thous ...	2003	12960966
possible polyphyletic origin of major histocompatibility complex class i chain-related gene a (mica) alleles.	phylogenetic relationships among 23 nonhuman primate (nhp) major histocompatibility complex class i chain-related gene (mic) sequences, 54 confirmed human mica alleles, and 16 human mice alleles were constructed with methods of sequence analysis. topology of the phylogenetic tree showed separation between nhp mics and human mics. for human mics, the topology indicated monophyly for the micb alleles, while mica alleles were separated into two lineages, li and lii. of these, li mica alleles shared ...	2003	12962304
early hominin speciation at the plio/pleistocene transition.	over the last half-decade or so, there has been an explosion in the recognition of hominin genera and species. we now have the late miocene genera orrorin and sahelanthropus, the mid pliocene genus kenyanthropus, three new pliocene species of australopithecus (a. anamensis, a. garhi and a. bahrelghazali) and a sub species of ardipithecus (ar. r. kadabba) to contend with. excepting also the more traditional species allocated to paranthropus, australopithecus and early homo we are approaching arou ...	2003	12968420
age changes in the position of the occipital condyles in the chimpanzee and gorilla.		1952	12985845
[pathology of the gorilla. i].		1952	12988015
[pathology of the gorilla. ii].		1952	12988016
[successful gastrotomy in gorilla].		1952	13040099
[hematologic studies in monkeys. ii. the blood and bone marrow of the young gorilla].		1953	13159029
anatomical observations in a gorilla gorilla.		1954	13188955
lead poisoning in a gorilla.		1954	13211462
neuropathy, cardiopathy, hemosiderosis, and testicular atrophy in gorilla gorilla.		1955	13217581
supra sternal ossicles in primates other than man: some isolated cases in gorilla and chimpanzee.		1955	13265792
[a new spyroidean parasite of the gorilla, chitwoodspirura wehri n.g., n. sp].		1956	13364650
a comparison of splitline patterns in the skulls of a juvenile and an adult male gorilla.		1957	13424672
osteoarthritis in the gorilla; description of a skeleton with involvement of the knee and the spine.		1958	13550923
osteoarthritis of the hip in a gorilla; report of a third case.		1958	13619097
nerve endings in the skin of the gorilla.		1961	13785834
the liver of the mountain gorilla (gorilla gorilla beringel).		1961	13877848
the skin of primates. vi. the skin of the gorilla (gorilla gorilla).		1962	13890008