Publications

diagnostic problems of kala azar in non-endemic area.		1987	3315993
biosynthesis and secretion of acid phosphatase by leishmania donovani promastigotes.	metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that soluble acid phosphatase (ec 3.1.3.2) was rapidly synthesized and released into culture medium by leishmania donovani promastigotes. the kinetics of release indicated a constitutive secretory process (t 1/2 = 45 min). moreover, acid phosphatase was the major secretory protein. the extracellular enzyme is composed of two heterodisperse bands of approximately 110 and 130 kda in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels. it ...	1987	3323906
inflammatory cells in murine visceral leishmaniasis express a dendritic cell marker.	immunohistological studies of the murine liver following leishmania donovani infection have been performed. we describe here the identification of cells expressing a recently defined dendritic cell marker, as detected by monoclonal antibody nldc 145. such cells are numerous in the developing inflammatory foci but are not detected individually at any other site in the infected liver. this finding suggests that mature tissue dc are not recruited during infection and that expression of this antigen ...	1987	3325201
morphological changes and serological reactions in cultured leishmania donovani promastigotes.	promastigotes of leishmania donovani cultured in liquid media gradually changed from a majority of elongated forms through a predominance of intermediate spindle-shaped parasites to a majority of round forms, often aflagellate. quantitative and qualitative differences among these subpopulations, separated on percoll gradients, could be demonstrated when they were run on sds-page gels and stained from proteins or carbohydrates. when cultures containing a majority of one or other form were used as ...	1987	3332511
visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised hosts.	visceral leishmaniasis is infrequently reported in immunocompromised hosts; hence, the clinical manifestations and outcome of the disease in these patients are unknown. in a series of 10 patients with visceral leishmaniasis complicating renal transplantation (three), hematologic neoplasms (two), systemic lupus erythematosus (two), or infection with human immunodeficiency virus (three), typical hallmarks of kalaazar such as enlargement of spleen or hyperglobulinemia were absent in three and six p ...	1987	3332567
the transmission of suprapylarian leishmania by the bite of experimentally infected sand flies (diptera: psychodidae).	lutzomyia furcata transmitted leishmania chagasi to a hamster 10 days after being experimentally fed on an infected spleen. an individual female psychodopygus carrerai carrerai that had fed on a hamster lesion caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis transmitted this parasite 6 days later to another hamster. transmission electron microscopy of this fly's head revealed a small number of degenerate promastigotes in the foregut, but only a few were attached.	1987	3333811
leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl)?		1987	3333812
cell-mediated responses and protection elicited by a carbohydrate-lipid-containing fraction extracted from leishmania major promastigotes.	carbohydrate-lipid-containing fractions (clf) extracted from leishmania major promastigotes and recognized by sera from immune but not from normal human donors were evaluated for their capacity to elicit cell-mediated responses. it was found that one of these fractions, clf-1, stimulated the in vitro response of lymphocytes from immune but not from normal human donors. a similarly extracted fraction from l. donovani parasites also elicited an in vitro response by cells from donors immune to l. m ...	1988	3338094
purification of two leishmania donovani membrane proteins recognized by sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis.	two leishmania donovani membrane proteins recognized by sera from patients with visceral leishmaniasis were purified using species-specific monoclonal antibodies and characterized. the molecular weights of the proteins, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were approximately 70,000 and approximately 72,000, respectively. the 70 kda protein, which appears as a diffuse band on silver staining, was resolved into a doublet by western blotting with monoclonal an ...	1988	3343999
in vitro assessment of anti-leishmania immunity of man acquired with a vaccine.	monocytes, obtained from a human volunteer immunized with a leishmania infantum-derived vaccine, when cultured in vitro displayed a strong parasiticidal activity against l. major promastigotes. in addition, immune serum conferred leishmanicidal activities to monocytes of normal, unexposed donors, and to murine macrophages.	1988	3350121
resistance against leishmania donovani induced with an aluminum hydroxide vaccine.	mice immunized with a subcutaneous protocol combining killed parasites and aluminum hydroxide gel exhibited significant resistance against subsequent challenge with leishmania donovani promastigotes. protection was greatest using 25 mg of aluminum hydroxide per injection. resistance elicited by this killed parasite and aluminum hydroxide protocol was as effective on day 14 as that provided by immunization with a glucan and killed parasite preparation, and more effective in hepatic amastigote red ...	1988	3355098
differences in lsh gene control over systemic leishmania major and leishmania donovani or leishmania mexicana mexicana infections are caused by differential targeting to infiltrating and resident liver macrophage populations.	earlier studies had shown that the viscerotropic nih 173 strain of cutaneous leishmania major fails to come under lsh gene control. visceral leishmania donovani lv9 and another viscerotropic cutaneous strain, leishmania mexicana mexicana lv4, are controlled by lsh. the results of double-infection experiments presented here show that expression of lsh resistance against l. mexicana mexicana was enhanced in the presence of l. donovani, whereas l. major still failed to come under lsh gene control, ...	1988	3356462
effects of a chronic wasting infection on skeletal muscle size and contractile properties.	to evaluate the effects of chronic infection on skeletal muscle dimensions and contractile properties, we used a hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection of the reticuloendothelial system produced by leishmania donovani (ld). to distinguish between effects of reduced caloric intake and infection per se, we also studied healthy control animals and noninfected animals subjected to caloric restriction. three muscles were tested in vitro: plantaris, soleus, and diaphragm. both ...	1988	3356664
is leishmania infantum an opportunistic parasite in patients with anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies?		1988	3365090
[syndrome of activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system. initial manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis].	we report a case of mononuclear phagocyte system activation observed in a 12 month-old girl presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, histiocytic hyperplasia with hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow, high triglyceride and low fibrinogen blood levels. this syndrome was associated with visceral leishmaniasis. we conclude that systemic leishmaniasis is a curable cause of disorders characterized by an activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system.	1988	3365103
leishmania donovani: role of microviscosity of macrophage membrane in the process of parasite attachment and internalization.	host macrophage infection by the parasite leishmania donovani is heterogeneous, but it is not clear which factors are responsible for parasite recognition within the macrophages. one possible factor may be the alteration of the microviscosity of the macrophage membrane. this in turn may affect receptor expression and hence parasite infection. in this paper we describe alteration of the lipid composition and hence the microviscosity of the macrophage membrane in a controlled manner using liposome ...	1988	3366213
methotrexate-resistant leishmania donovani genetically deficient in the folate-methotrexate transporter.	from a mutagenized population of wild type leishmania donovani promastigotes, a clone was isolated in a single step by virtue of its resistance to 1 mm methotrexate, a potent inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. this methotrexate-selected cell line, mtxa5, was cross-resistant to aminopterin but just as sensitive to growth inhibition caused by pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, and cytotoxic purine and pyrimidine analogs. unlike previously characterized methotrexate-resistant leishmania (coderre, j. a ...	1988	3366764
use of purified parasite proteins from leishmania donovani for the rapid serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis.	serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) due to leishmania donovani by using crude parasite antigen is complicated in many endemic areas because of cross-reactions with sera from humans with chagas' disease. we used affinity-purified parasite proteins to develop a direct dot-blot assay for vl. double-blind tests were carried out on sera from 40 patients with well-documented vl, from controls in endemic areas, and from patients with other diseases. using gp70-2, 36 (90.0%) of 40 sera from pat ...	1988	3373022
investigation into the presence of leishmania antibodies in patients with hepatosplenomegaly.		1988	3373056
role of mannose/n-acetylglucosamine receptors in blood clearance and cellular attachment of leishmania donovani.	the effects of glycoproteins and neoglycoproteins specific for liver and macrophage membrane lectins on both the cellular attachment and the clearance of leishmania donovani from hamster blood were investigated. although the inhibition pattern of in vitro cellular attachment studies indicates the involvement of both galactose and mannose/n-acetylglucosamine receptors, the in vivo blood clearance of the parasites was inhibited only by glycoproteins and neoglycoproteins specific for mannose/n-acet ...	1988	3374526
the major concanavalin a-binding surface glycoprotein of leishmania donovani chagasi promastigotes is involved in attachment to human macrophages.	leishmania donovani, the protozoan causing visceral leishmaniasis, is an obligate intracellular parasite of mammalian macrophages. considerable evidence has suggested that the ingestion of l. donovani promastigotes by macrophages occurs via receptors on the surface of the phagocyte. during this study, a glycoconjugate that may be involved in the receptor-mediated ingestion of l. donovani chagasi promastigotes was isolated from the parasite membrane. octyl glucoside-soluble extracts of promastigo ...	1988	3379307
a ricin agglutinin-resistant clone of leishmania donovani deficient in lipophosphoglycan.	a variant cell line of leishmania donovani (named r2d2) has been selected for resistance to the cytotoxic lectin ricin agglutinin and shown to be defective in the synthesis of its major glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan. compared to the parental line, r2d2 cells showed a marked resistance to the toxic effects of ricin and an increased sensitivity toward concanavalin a. the synthesis of lipophosphoglycan by r2d2 cells was judged to be less than 1% relative to that of wildtype cells as determined b ...	1988	3386685
isolation and identification of coenzyme q from leishmania donovani.	crystalline coenzyme q (coq) was obtained from leishmania donovani promastigotes by extraction of the unsaponifiable material with hexane, chromatography on a florisil column and crystallization from ethanol. crystalline coq in ethanol revealed an ultraviolet-peak, at 275 nm, which disappeared upon reduction with nabh4. polarographic and mass fragmentographic measurements were characteristic of coq homologs. reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography revealed that it is coq9.	1988	3386688
characterisation of a simple, highly repetitive dna sequence from the parasite leishmania donovani.	repetitive dna sequences of the leishmania donovani genome have been identified by screening a recombinant dna library made by cloning sheared genomic dna into the vector pat153. bacterial clones containing a highly repetitive dna sequence have been isolated. dna sequencing has shown that this sequence is composed of tandem repeats of the sequence 5'-ccctaa-3'. this sequence is identical to the telomeric repeats found in trypanosoma brucei and hybridizes to all leishmania chromosomes. in this st ...	1988	3386690
[specificity of the interrelations of leishmania and host cells in vitro].	experiments on cross infection of peritoneal macrophages of mice with leishmania of reptiles l. gymnodactyli and free cells of abdominal cavity of caucasian agama (some part of which is composed by fibroblasts) with leishmania of mammals l. major and l. donovani have shown the possibility of reproduction of the above species both in reptiles and mammals. the persistence of l. gymnodactyli and l. major in macrophages of mice was traced up to 10 days, the abundance of l. gymnodactyli during the wh ...	1988	3387121
presence of a lipophosphoglycan in two variants of trypanosoma brucei brucei.	for the family of trypanosomatidae (trypanosoma and leishmania) the organization of the glycoproteins on the cell surface is a well documented structural feature, because their plasma membranes are potential target for chemotherapy. by using metabolic labeling ( [32p] phosphate, [3h]-myristic acid, [3h]-galactose) and by appropriate fractionated extraction, we have found a trypanosomal molecule which has electrophoretic and chromatographic properties consistent with the lipophosphoglycan of leis ...	1988	3390183
an experimental model system for leishmaniasis. effects of porphyrin-compounds and menadione on leishmania parasites engulfed by cultured macrophages.	in order to facilitate studies on the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the host-parasite interactions in leishmaniasis, we have developed an experimental model for infecting human monocyte-derived- and mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture with recently-isolated leishmania donovani promastigots (ldp). the chemotherapeutic agents studied were protoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, menadione, and combinations of hematoporphyrin plus menadione. since the leishmania donovani amastigotes survived po ...	1988	3395481
the identification of membrane glycoconjugates in leishmania species.	the membrane glycoconjugates of 8 different species of leishmania were compared by lectin blotting. five different lectins with various sugar specificities were examined: concanavalin a, lens culinaris, ricinus communis, soybean agglutinin, and peanut agglutinin. concanavalin a and lens culinaris reacted with every leishmania tested. the patterns observed for these 2 lectins, as well as the various species of parasites, were different. however, a common 41,000-52,000 and a 160,000-185,000 mr com ...	1988	3397816
primary structure of the leishmania donovani small subunit ribosomal rna coding region.		1988	3405771
leishmania donovani: superoxide dismutase level in infected macrophages.	superoxide dismutase (sod), a metal containing enzyme is present in parasite leishmania donovani as well as in host macrophages both resident and activated in a detectable amount, although the level is much higher in the latter case. it is observed that at any particular protein concentration, the sod activity is highest in the case of parasite infected macrophages and lowest in the case of normal resident macrophages; the sod activity of thioglycolate activated macrophages lies in between the t ...	1988	3408810
improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis.	to increase the potential for the wide-scale application of our direct agglutination test for visceral leishmaniasis, modifications in the components and procedures were introduced. supplementation with 0.056 m citrate of the suspension medium stabilized the antigen for 9 weeks at 37 degrees c. to circumvent the need for cooling systems in the field, 0.2% (wt/vol) gelatin was added to the serum diluent instead of fetal bovine serum, with reliable results. specificity and sensitivity were improve ...	1988	3410946
genetic characterization of leishmania isolates at 37 enzyme loci.		1988	3417374
leishmania d. infantum from the spleen of an adult patient with hepatosplenomegaly.		1988	3418168
observations on the development of leishmania (l.) chagasi cunha and chagas in the midgut of the sandfly vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva).	previous observations have shown that forms of leishmania, infective to hamsters, are present in the midgut of experimentally infected sandflies from 15-221 hours after the infective bloodmeal. in a continuation of these studies, stained smears of the midgut contents of lutzomyia longipalpis infected with leishmania (l.) chagasi, made at intervals between 15-120 hours, revealed two lines of parasite development. one of these is the direct transformation of small, non-dividing amastigotes into ve ...	1988	3421641
eicosanoid metabolism by leishmania donovani-infected macrophages: mouse strain responses in prostanoid synthesis.	arachidonic acid (20:4) conversion to prostanoids was examined in murine peritoneal macrophages infected in vitro with leishmania donovani. four strains of mice differing in resistance to in vivo l. donovani infection were studied. normal macrophages from all strains converted 20:4 to prostanoids and this was augmented by l. donovani infection. although cells from each strain synthesized elevated levels of prostaglandin-e2 (pge2), there were differences with respect to relative increases of this ...	1988	3422546
metabolism of ether lysophospholipids in leishmania donovani promastigotes.	ether lysophospholipids, 1-o-[1'-14c]octadec-1'-enyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (a) and -phosphocholine (b) as well as 1-o-[1'-14c]octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (c) and -phosphocholine (d) were taken up rapidly and metabolized extensively in leishmania donovani promastigotes. degradation to neutral lipids occurred first, followed by incorporation into phospholipids. incubation of the cells with (a) or (b) revealed the stability of the o-[1-14c]octadec-1-enyl group up to 15 h, ...	1987	3431573
variable expression of the murine natural resistance gene lsh in different macrophage populations infected in vitro with leishmania donovani.	various macrophage populations isolated from mice (including congenic c57bl/10scsn and b10.llshr) bearing resistant or susceptible alleles for the natural resistance gene (lsh) were infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes in vitro and examined (a) for their ability to support growth of the amastigote population over 7 days of culture in vitro, and (b) for their ability to express lsh gene controlled resistance and susceptibility in vitro. resident macrophages from liver (kupffer cells), sp ...	1987	3431902
[experimental visceral leishmaniasis in golden hamsters].	as a result of a long passage of l. donovani isolate on golden hamsters (21 passages were observed), in transplanting the agent from animals with a distinct clinical picture there was formed a highly virulent strain "g" of l. donovani for this species of animals. the weight arrest and then body mass losses were the most early signs of the disease. parasites were regularly accumulated in spleen and liver and to a less extent in bone marrow. the main manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis in ham ...	1987	3431905
a comparison of five selective media for the primary isolation of leishmania strains in india.	leishmania parasites of the three distinct pathogenic forms of indian origin (cutaneous, visceral and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) were assessed with five selective media for their rate of primary isolation. leishmania donovani strains showed the higher rate of isolation in modified tobie's medium, and leishmania tropica in tobie's with fcs. however, strains of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) showed 100% isolation in schneider's with fcs medium. but as a whole modified tobie's ...	1987	3432954
heterologous protection in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.	mice immunized with a glycolipid antigen (gl) of leishmania major plus adjuvant are relatively resistant to subsequent infection with this protozoan parasite. the gl is affinity purified on the monoclonal antibody wic-79.3 which is l. major-specific and does not react with l. donovani. when another monoclonal, wic-108.3, which cross-reacts with several leishmania species, is used to affinity purify gl from l. donovani, the eluted material can partially protect genetically resistant mice against ...	1987	3436638
differentiation of leishmania strains of indian origin by lectin-mediated agglutination.	characterisation of surface saccharides was carried out in 3 different strains of indian leishmaniae by 7 lectins. energy dependent agglutination and role of cytoskeletal disintegrator were also analysed. wisteria floribunda, peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin can be used to differentiate clearly the leishmanial strains causing disease like visceral leishmaniasis, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. the remaining lectins have mixed agglutination behaviour towar ...	1987	3441740
serodiagnostic assay for visceral leishmaniasis employing monoclonal antibodies.	a highly specific and sensitive competitive serodiagnostic assay for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was developed using species specific leishmania donovani monoclonal antibodies. this assay, either ria or elisa, is based on the specific inhibition of monoclonal antibody binding to a crude parasite homogenate by serum from patients with vl. 15 monoclonal antibodies were examined. the binding of 13 antibodies was significantly inhibited by vl serum and unaffected by normal serum. 3 species-specific ...	1987	3445339
natural infection of phlebotomus perfiliewi with leishmania infantum in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the abruzzi region, italy.	one out of 213 phlebotomus perfiliewi caught from an endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in abruzzi region (italy) was naturally infected with promastigotes. the parasites were grown in culture medium and in a hamster, typed by the examination of 11 isoenzymes, and found to be indistinguishable from leishmania infantum s.st. (montpellier zymodeme 1). the probable role of p. perfiliewi in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to l. infantum s.l. in the focus is discussed.	1987	3445341
dermal and visceral leishmaniasis and their causative agents.		1987	3445360
antiprotozoal activity of diospyrin towards leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro.	diospyrin, a bis-naphthoquinone derivative, isolated from a plant, known for its antitumour properties against ehrlich ascites carcinoma in swiss a mice, exhibits antiprotozoal activity towards l. donovani promastigotes in culture.	1987	3449989
congenital transmission of kala-azar.		1987	3454359
leishmania and trypanosoma surface glycoproteins have a common glycophospholipid membrane anchor.	the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) of the african trypanosomes is the major membrane protein of the plasma membrane of the bloodstream stage of the parasite. it is anchored in the plasma membrane by a glycolipid covalently bound to the c-terminal amino acid of the protein. the vsg is released through the action of a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c that removes dimyristoylglycerol and exposes the carbohydrate antigenic determinant common to all vsgs. promastigotes of leishmania ...	1986	3461472
immunomodulation of murine visceral leishmaniasis by administration of monoclonal anti-ia antibodies: differential effects of anti-i-a vs. anti-i-e antibodies.	on a b10 genetic background noncure and cure phenotypes for murine visceral leishmaniasis are controlled by h-2. in this report results are presented which show the effects of administering specific anti-i-a and anti-i-e monoclonal antibodies to b10.d2/n (h-2d) noncure mice prior to and during 85 days of infection with leishmania donovani lv9. the effects of the two anti-ia antibodies were precisely equivalent in diminishing circulating anti-leishmanial igg levels throughout infection, possibly ...	1987	3479333
the role of phlebotomus alexandri sinton, 1928 in the transmission of kala-azar.	since 1968, kala-azar has been occurring sporadically in meiyaogou, turfan county, xinjiang-uygur autonomous region, where four species of sandflies are known to exist. the present study of sandflies collected in this area from may to august 1983 shows that phlebotomus alexandri is the only anthropophilic and predominant species, accounting for 81.1% (7716/8843) of the sandfly population. after having been fed on cotton rats or hamsters infected with leishmania donovani, 93.9% (230/245) of p. al ...	1986	3488133
occurrence of autoantibodies to intermediate filament proteins in human visceral leishmaniasis and their induction by experimental polyclonal b-cell activation.	fifteen sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis were investigated for the occurrence of autoantibodies. they were found in high incidence and titre, and with specificity to the intermediate filament (infil) proteins vimentin (12 out of 15 with a titre higher than 1:10) and keratin (9 out of 15 with a titre higher than 1:10) as well as to speckled anti-nuclear antigens (ana). additionally, supernatants of leishmania major and leishmania donovani cultures containing soluble parasite-derived a ...	1986	3492440
parasite accessory cell interactions in murine leishmaniasis. i. evasion and stimulus-dependent suppression of the macrophage interleukin 1 response by leishmania donovani.	interleukin 1 (il 1) is a principal mediator of the host immune response to microbial challenge. accessory cells of the monocyte-macrophage series are a major source of this cytokine and are also chronically parasitized by protozoa of the genus leishmania. this suggests that characterization of the macrophage il 1 response to leishmania would increase our understanding of the regulation of host immunity to these organisms. in the present study, the macrophage il 1 response to leishmania donovani ...	1987	3493291
in vitro granuloma formation in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.		1987	3497212
further characterization of leishmania isolates from children with visceral infection in alexandria area, egypt.	two visceral leishmania isolates from children (aged 1 1/2 and 4 years) living in el agamy area, alexandria, egypt, were compared with 5 marker strains, and 2 other human isolates from sinai and sudan, identified on clinical and geographical grounds as cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis respectively. isoenzyme variations were assessed on the basis of their electrophoretic profiles on cellulose acetate membranes. the enzymes studied were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase e.c.1.1.1.49, phosphogl ...	1987	3503408
a new leishmania infantum enzymatic variant, agent of an urban visceral case unresponsive to drugs.		1987	3503411
regulation of aerobic fermentation in leishmania donovani promastigotes by nadp+-dependent malic enzyme.	nadp+-dependent malic enzyme (decarboxylating) was extracted from leishmania donovani promastigotes with triton x-100. the enzyme was specific for nadp+ and did not decarboxylate oxaloacetate (oa). the substrate activity relationship was hyperbolic for both l-malate and nadp+, and km values were calculated as 0.18 and 0.12 mm, respectively. the enzyme exhibited a broad ph optimum of 7.5-8.0. pyruvate, nadph and oa inhibited the reaction in a competitive manner with apparent ki values of 0.2, 0.0 ...	1987	3503645
leishmanin test survey in an endemic village of indian kala-azar near calcutta.	a leishmanin test survey was carried out in a village during the declining phase of an outbreak of indian kala-azar. one hundred and fifty of the total population of 220, including 25 clinically cured cases of kala-azar, were available for this study. nineteen per cent (24 of 125) of the otherwise normal subjects showed delayed hypersensitivity to leishmanin antigen. the majority of these were household contacts of kala-azar patients, and the remainder came from the close neighbourhood. this may ...	1987	3503646
inhibition of leishmania donovani growth by streptomycin and tobramycin.		1987	3503649
interaction of human eosinophils with leishmania donovani.		1987	3503650
infective stages of leishmania in the sandfly vector and some observations on the mechanism of transmission.	infective stages of leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, capable of producing amastigote infections in hamster skin, were shown to be present in the experimentally infected sandfly vector lutzomyia flaviscutellata 15, 25, 40, 49, 70, 96 and 120 hours after the flies had received their infective blood-meal. similarly, infective stages of leishmania (l.) chagasi were demonstrated in the experimentally infected vector lu. longipalpis examined 38, 50, 63, 87, 110, 135, 171 and 221 hours following th ...	1987	3507574
a spectrum in the susceptibility of leishmanial strains to intracellular killing by murine macrophages.	the susceptibility of 26 strains and clones of leishmania to in vitro killing by lymphokine (lk)-activated macrophages was determined. a spectrum in the susceptibility of leishmania to macrophage killing was observed. some leishmanias were completely resistant to killing, including some but not all of the l. mexicana strains studied. this resistance was expressed in amastigotes and stationary growth-phase promastigotes, but not in logarithmic promastigotes. in contrast, some l. braziliensis para ...	1986	3511147
a protein a-binding, polyethylene glycol precipitation-based immunoradiometric assay. application to the detection of immune complexes and c3 in human sera and of private antigens in cross-reacting parasite extracts.	an immunoradiometric assay, based on the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes by polyethylene glycol (peg) and on the subsequent binding of peg-soluble radiolabelled staphylococcal protein a to the peg-insoluble complexes, is described. the assay can be applied to the detection of naturally occurring, circulating immune complexes, and of complexes artificially created by mixing antigen and antibody solutions, which makes it of potential use for the detection of either antigen or antibody ...	1986	3517172
phagocytosis of leishmania infantum promastigotes by monocytes isolated from leishmania-infected dogs.	fifteen dogs with generalised leishmaniasis have been evaluated for their monocyte capacity to ingest leishmania promastigotes. these cells displayed a lower phagocytic ability when compared to monocytes recovered from normal dogs. moreover, sera from leishmania-infected dogs caused a remarkable decrease of monocyte phagocytic ability in healthy dogs, whereas sera from healthy dogs could restore monocyte phagocytosis in sick animals. similar results were seen when candida albicans was used as st ...	1986	3520243
leishmania mexicana: amastigote hydrolases in unusual lysosomes.	leishmania mexicana mexicana (m379) amastigotes were found to contain much higher activities than cultured promastigotes of five putative lysosomal enzymes: cysteine proteinase; arylsulfatase (ec 3.1.6.1); beta-glucuronidase (ec 3.2.1.31); dnase (ec 3.1.22.1), and rnase (ec 3.1.27.1). the release profiles of the first three of these enzymes from digitonin-permeabilized amastigotes suggests that they are located within organelles. cytochemical staining for cysteine proteinase, using gold labeled ...	1986	3522261
leishmaniasis donovani presenting as an isolated lesion in the larynx.	a case of leishmaniasis of the larynx caused by leishmania donovani occurring in a 42-year-old man is reported. the oral cavity and the upper respiratory tract are commonly involved in mucocutaneous american leishmaniasis, but are less frequently reported in the 'old world'. the primary and isolated location in the larynx is exceptional. the immunoperoxidase technique using antisera to anti-l. donovani is a useful method to identify the parasite.	1986	3523370
reciprocal relationships between undernutrition and the parasitic disease visceral leishmaniasis.	little is known about the interrelationship between undernutrition and parasitic infections in areas of the world where both are prevalent. the associations between undernutrition and visceral leishmaniasis, an important protozoal disease, were assessed in a study of residents of an area in brazil with endemic leishmaniasis. mid-arm anthropometry was used to assess fat and muscle area. children with visceral leishmaniasis came from large families (9.6 +/- 1.1 members vs. 6.8 +/- 0.7 members in n ...	1986	3523702
expression of the natural resistance gene (lsh) in wild mice infected experimentally with leishmania donovani or salmonella typhimurium.		1986	3525014
macrophage type 3 complement receptors mediate serum-independent binding of leishmania donovani. detection of macrophage-derived complement on the parasite surface by immunoelectron microscopy.	in this study, direct visual evidence for local opsonization of l. donovani by macrophage (m phi)-derived complement components was obtained using immunoelectron microscopy. c3 deposition was detected on the surface of both promastigotes and amastigotes after 20 min serum-free incubation with murine resident peritoneal m phi (rpm), followed by fixation and incubation first with specific antibody directed against c3 and then with gold-labelled protein a. gold deposition was not observed around ei ...	1986	3531384
a new liquid medium without blood and serum for culture of hemoflagellates.	a liquid medium without blood or serum was developed for cultivation of hemoflagellates. to a basic lit medium containing liver infusion broth and tryptose, a mixture of rpmi 1640 and medium 199 was added. this combination permitted high parasite yields useful for biochemical and immunological studies.	1986	3532849
biosynthetic preparation of radioactively labelled ethanolamine plasmalogen (1-o-[1'-14c]octadec-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanola mine) using a protozoan cell culture.	ethanolamine plasmalogen radiolabelled mainly in the o-alkenyl moiety was prepared from cell suspension cultures of the flagellate leishmania donovani previously incubated with [1-14c]octadecanol over one growth period. the optimal concentration of [1-14c]octadecanol for labelling was shown to be 1 microm, when 60% of total lipid radioactivity appeared in the 1,2-diradyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine fraction, with an overall yield of approx. 35%. analysis of this fraction revealed that 93% o ...	1986	3536139
identification of specific and cross-reactive antigens of leishmania donovani chagasi by human infection sera.	cloned leishmania donovani chagasi (ldc) promastigotes were analyzed by sds-page separation and immunoblotting with human infection sera. the patterns of antigen reactivity were compared by using sera from individuals with ldc, leishmania mexicana amazonensis (lma), trypanosoma cruzi, mycobacterium tuberculosis, or mycobacterium leprae infections. sera from individuals with these infections recognized ldc antigens in several m.w. ranges. reactivity was due to recognition of ldc molecules and not ...	1987	3543131
effect of tunicamycin on the extracellular acid phosphatase of leishmania donovani promastigotes.	inhibition of replication of leishmania donovani promastigotes in axenic culture medium by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine linked protein glycosylation, depends upon the cell density of the culture at the time of addition of tunicamycin as well as upon the concentration of tunicamycin itself. parasite multiplication in cultures with initial densities of less than or equal to 1 x 10(6) cells ml-1 and a tunicamycin concentration of 1 microgram ml-1 was limited to 2-3 replications, but this ...	1987	3543672
a seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis in two different districts in alexandria, egypt.		1987	3553357
[detection of circulating antigens by mcab-ast for evaluation of the therapeutic effect of kala-azar cases].		1986	3557420
a new medium for large scale production of leishmania donovani promastigotes for biochemical studies.		1986	3557564
nutrition of leishmania donovani donovani: growth in new semidefined & completely chemically defined media.		1986	3557565
ultrastructure of bone marrow in patients with visceral leishmaniasis.	ultrastructural studies were performed on bone marrow aspirates from three patients with visceral leishmaniasis. the patients were moderately anaemic but showed a suboptimal increase in the absolute reticulocyte count. serum and red cell folate concentrations and serum vitamin b12 concentrations were normal in all three cases, and serum ferritin concentrations were normal or increased. the bone marrows were hypercellular and showed erythroid hyperplasia; a high proportion of the erythroblasts sh ...	1987	3558859
characterization of inositol lipids from leishmania donovani promastigotes: identification of an inositol sphingophospholipid.	inositol lipids account for 15% of the total cellular phospholipids of leishmania donovani promastigotes. four major inositol lipids were identified and characterized: phosphatidylinositol (pi), phosphatidylinositol phosphate (pi-p), phosphatidylinositol diphosphate (pi-p2), and an inositol sphingophospholipid (insl). diacyl and alkyl acyl pi were identified. the major esterified fatty acids of pi, pi-p, and pi-p2 were similar and unlike those of mammalian inositol glycerolipids. leishmania inos ...	1986	3559392
anti-parasite activity of nucleoside analogues: the metabolism of carbocyclic inosine in promastigotes of leishmania tropica and leishmania donovani and its activity against amastigotes of leishmania donovani in vitro.	carbocyclic inosine is a potent inhibitor for the growth of the promastigote form of leishmania tropica and leishmania donovani. in culture, the ec50 values of carbocyclic inosine are 8.3 x 10(-8) and 1.3 x 10(-7) m for the promastigotes of l. tropica and l. donovani, respectively. on the other hand, it is less toxic towards mouse mammary tumor fm3a cells: the ec50 value is 2.7 x 10(-4)m. carbocyclic inosine is metabolized by leishmania promastigotes to give carbocyclic adenosine-5'-triphosphate ...	1986	3562260
the agglutination of erythrocytes and leishmania parasites by sandfly gut extracts: evidence for lectin activity.	lysates of heads, hind- and midguts of male and female phlebotomus papatasi were found to contain lectins or lectin-like molecules capable of agglutinating human red blood cell types of the abo(h) system and promastigotes of leishmania aethiopica, l. major and l. donovani but not l. hertigi hertigi promastigotes or crithidia fasciculata choanomastigotes. the agglutination of erythrocytes from the human o rhesus positive blood group by sandfly midgut extracts was inhibited by two disaccharides; t ...	1986	3563322
activity of purine analogs against leishmania donovani in vivo.	the dose of orally administered 9-deazainosine calculated to suppress 50% of leishmania donovani amastigotes in hamster livers was 19 mg/kg (body weight) per day; 96 to 99% of leishmania organisms were eliminated from the liver and spleen of squirrel monkeys by 50 mg/kg per day. because these activities were greater than that of the experimental clinical agent allopurinol and comparable to that of the classical agent parenteral pentavalent antimony, 9-deazainosine should be considered for clinic ...	1987	3566235
an approach towards the isolation and characterization of some polysaccharide components of the protozoan leishmania donovani.		1987	3567989
leishmania donovani and l. major: cultivation in vitro in tick embryonic cell lines.		1987	3569476
early histopathology of experimental infection with leishmania donovani in hamsters.	the extracellular promastigote stage of leishmania donovani is inoculated by a phlebotomine sandfly into the skin of a susceptible host, after which visceral dissemination and clinical disease may ensue. using a hamster model we examined the histopathology of early infection with l. donovani after intradermal inoculation of cultured promastigotes. the initial response was a mixed polymorphonuclear (pmn)-mononuclear phagocyte infiltrate, noted between 1 and 24 hr after inoculation, which became p ...	1987	3572666
evidence for phosphorylation of the extracellular acid phosphatase of leishmania donovani.	the presence of two phosphorylated molecular species in the culture supernatants of axenically cultivated leishmania donovani promastigotes was demonstrated by biosynthetically labeling cultures with [32p]phosphate. one of these species was resolved into two bands with mr's of 149,000 and 97,000 by dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and copurified with the extracellular acid phosphatase activity produced by the promastigotes. the site of phosphorylation of the extracellular acid pho ...	1987	3572843
active cutaneous leishmaniasis in brazil, induced by leishmania donovani chagasi.	l.d. chagasi was isolated from active cutaneous leishmaniasis in both human and canine infections in an endemic area in rio de janeiro, brazil. both isolates were identified by molecular and immunological characterization of the parasite using three different methods: electrophoretic mobility of isoenzymes; restriction endonuclease fragment analysis of kdna and serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies. this seems to be the first well documented case in the new world of a "viscerotropic" lei ...	1986	3574128
[basic results of the fulfillment of the field program, "development and practical implementation of scientific principles of leishmaniasis control"].		1987	3574250
cytotoxicity of ester and ether lysophospholipids on leishmania donovani promastigotes.	the cytotoxic activity of four ester lysophospholipids, three ether lysophospholipids, and two radylglycerols on leishmania donovani promastigotes was determined by measuring the inhibition of cell growth. the 1-acyl lysophospholipids reduced cell growth to 50% of controls at concentrations of 6.4-10.9 microm. in contrast, 1-o-alkenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1-o-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 1-o-hexadecyl-sn-glycerol already showed a 50% inhibition of growth at concentrati ...	1987	3574353
comparative study of lipids of leishmania donovani & hamster spleen tissue.		1987	3583353
lipids & fatty acids of leishmania donovani donovani promastigotes.		1987	3596681
the gamma-guanidinobutyramide pathway of l-arginine catabolism in leishmania donovani promastigotes.	l-arginine stimulates the respiration of leishmania donovani to rates comparable to those observed with d-glucose. gamma-guanidinobutyramide, co2, urea and succinate have been identified as products of l-arginine catabolism by the cell-free extract. the reactions involved in co2 and urea formation require aerobic conditions. an enzymatic reaction that converts radiolabelled l-arginine to gamma-guanidinobutyramide occurs in cell-free extracts. the enzyme catalyzes a reaction in which o2 consumpti ...	1987	3600696
cloning of a gene encoding the immunodominant surface antigen of leishmania donovani promastigotes.	this study describes the characterisation of externally oriented surface peptides of both morphological forms of leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). using 125i surface labelling techniques and peptide extraction in the detergents triton x-100 and triton x-114, a major iodinable promastigote peptide at 63 kda or 65 kda (depending on detergent used) was identified. this peptide was demonstrated to be the immunodominant membrane peptide of l. donovani and ...	1987	3600697
leishmania infantum, causative organism of visceral leishmaniasis at biskra (algeria)		1986	3603629
two episodes of cutaneous leishmaniasis in man caused by different zymodemes of leishmania infantum s.l.		1986	3603630
elisa titres to polysaccharide antigens of leishmania donovani promastigotes in kala-azar.		1986	3603654
visceral leishmaniasis presenting as fever of unknown origin.	a 41-year-old male presented with a prolonged febrile disease with marked splenomegaly. bone marrow and liver biopsy smears and cultures for leishmania were repeatedly negative and there was no hyperglobulinemia. leishmania parasites were ultimately demonstrated only in the spleen at laparotomy, performed because of severe pancytopenia. the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in israel is reviewed.	1987	3603692
the activity of alkyl phosphorylcholines and related derivatives against leishmania donovani.	several alkyl phosphorylcholines and related derivatives were tested against leishmania donovani amastigotes in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ed50 values were determined in the range of 1-12 microm. the three alkyl phosphorylcholines tested against l. donovani in balb/c mice were active, an ed50 of 12.8 mg/kg/day x 5 was ascertained for one compound, but an alkyl phosphorylethanolamine was inactive.	1987	3606662
structure of the lipid moiety of the leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan.	the lipid moiety of the lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani had been isolated and characterized as a novel lyso-alkylphosphatidylinositol. treatment of lipophosphoglycan with either 10% nh4oh or a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c from staphylococcus aureus liberated a monoalkylglycerol substituent. structural characterization of the monoalkylglycerol by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated the presence of two saturated, unbranched hydrocarbons: a c24 alkyl chai ...	1987	3611065
cell surface lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani.	based on a galactose oxidase/nab[3h]4 technique of radiolabeling macromolecules, the major glycoconjugate (lipophosphoglycan) of leishmania donovani promastigotes was determined to be located on the cell surface. incorporated radioactivity was analyzed by gel filtration on sephadex g-100, chromatography on ricin agglutinin-coupled agarose, and lability to mild acid hydrolysis. lipophosphoglycan was present throughout the various phases of growth of promastigotes, but was preferentially expressed ...	1987	3614272
application of an in vivo culture system for rapid demonstration of anti-leishmania activity of monoclonal antibodies.	in mice, infection with leishmania by the subcutaneous route becomes evident after about 2 months. this delay impedes the selection of monoclonal antibodies able to interfere with the infectiousness of the parasite. using an in vivo culture system--intraperitoneal injection of tg 180 sarcoma cells along with promastigotes or amastigotes--it was possible to define within 15 to 20 days a monoclonal antibody preventing the development of leishmania. pretreatment of promastigotes and amastigotes of ...	1987	3617179
leishmania infantum sensu lato as an agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in abruzzi region (italy).	the extreme difficulty of culturing in vitro parasites from italian causes of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) has so far been a handicap to their biochemical identification. a technique based on the "transient growth" of promastigotes originating from parasites visceralized in lhc inbred hamsters was used. through this technique, promastigote extracts of seven leishmania isolates from cl cases from the abruzzi region were obtained. isoenzyme profiles of these isolates and reference strains of l. tr ...	1987	3617184