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PPE38 Modulates the Innate Immune Response and Is Required for Mycobacterium marinum Virulence.The proline-glutamic acid (PE) and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family proteins are prevalent in pathogenic mycobacteria and play a diverse role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. While some members have been studied, the function of most PE/PPE proteins remains unknown. In this study, we isolated a transposon-inactivated PPE38 mutant of Mycobacterium marinum and characterized its phenotype. We found that the PPE38 protein is associated with the cell wall and exposed on the cell surface. The ...201222038915
Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum infection in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient.Mycobacterium marinum is a photochromogenic mycobacterium that is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In the general population, exposure to aquaria is the most common cause of M. marinum infection. Known as "swimmer's granuloma" or "fish tank granuloma," M. marinum is an occupational hazard for aquarium cleaners and fishermen. There are several reports in the literature of M. marinum infection in immunocompromised hosts, including those with solid organ transplants, but none in patients who ...201122093773
imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases regulate mycobacterial pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets against tuberculosis.the lengthy course of treatment with currently used antimycobacterial drugs and the resulting emergence of drug-resistant strains have intensified the need for alternative therapies against mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis. we show that mtb and mycobacterium marinum use abl and related tyrosine kinases for entry and intracellular survival in macrophages. in mice, the abl family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib (gleevec), when administered prophylactically ...201122100163
functional dissection of the pe domain responsible for translocation of pe_pgrs33 across the mycobacterial cell wall.pe are peculiar exported mycobacterial proteins over-represented in pathogenic mycobacterial species. they are characterized by an n-terminal domain of about 110 amino acids (pe domain) which has been demonstrated to be responsible for their export and localization. in this paper, we characterize the pe domain of pe_pgrs33 (pe(rv1818c)), one of the best characterized pe proteins. we constructed several mutated proteins in which portions of the pe domain were deleted or subjected to defined mutat ...201122110736
mycobacterium marinum infection. 201122125046
potential of mycobacterium vanbaalenii as a model organism to study drug transporters of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium ulcerans: homology analysis of m. tuberculosis drug transporters among mycobacterial species.drug efflux pumps have been one of the important mechanisms of drug resistance in mycobacterium tuberculosis. there is a prerequisite to study the behavior and mechanisms of these drug efflux pumps in detail for being considered in future anti-tb drug designing. the need of a rapid grower non-pathogenic mycobacterium with significant genomic homology for such type of studies is often being felt. during microarray and real-time pcr analysis of drug efflux pump genes of m. tuberculosis, we found 1 ...201122127144
Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic pattern of Mycobacterium marinum infection: A retrospective series of 35 cases from southern France. 201222177650
new insights into the pathogenesis of tuberculosis revealed by mycobacterium marinum: the zebrafish model from the systems biology perspective.tuberculosis remains a worldwide health concern, largely due to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (mdr) and extensive-drug-resistant (xdr) mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection with hiv. the exact mechanism of mycobacterium virulence, pathogenesis, and persistence is not fully understood. the hallmark of tuberculosis, granulomas are promoted by mycobacterium virulence factors, and they have long been considered a structural advantage to the host. however, this traditional view has been cha ...201122181703
CZE-ESI-MS/MS as an alternative proteomics platform to UPLC-ESI-MS/MS for samples of intermediate complexity.We demonstrate the use of capillary zone electrophoresis with an electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow electrospray interface for the analysis of a tryptic digest of a sample of intermediate protein complexity, the secreted protein fraction of Mycobacterium marinum. For electrophoretic analysis, 11 fractions were generated from the sample using reversed phase liquid chromatography; each fraction was analyzed by CZE-ESI-MS/MS, and 334 peptides corresponding to 140 proteins were identified in 165 ...201122182061
mycobacterium marinum infections in humans and tracing of its possible environmental sources.the low frequency of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, nonspecific symptoms for individual mycobacteria, and the lack of specific identification methods could alter correct diagnosis. this study presents a combined microbiology and molecular-based approach for mycobacterium marinum detection in four aquarists with cutaneous mycobacterial infection. simultaneously, ecology screening for m. marinum presence in the aquarists' fish tanks was performed. a total of 38 mycobacterial isolates o ...201122182182
Antibacterial activities of dendritic amphiphiles against nontuberculous mycobacteria.The anti-mycobacterial activities of nine series of dicarboxyl and tricarboxyl dendritic amphiphiles with one alkyl, two alkyl, and cholestanyl tails against Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis have been measured. The dendritic amphiphiles overcame the limited aqueous solubility of natural long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and amines to enable profiling the susceptibilities of the different mycobacterial species ...201122209468
conserved mechanisms of mycobacterium marinum pathogenesis within the environmental amoeba, acanthamoeba castellanii.mycobacterium marinum is a water-borne mycobacterial pathogen. due to their common niche, protozoa likely represent natural hosts for m. marinum. we demonstrate that the esx-1 secretion system is required for m. marinum pathogenesis and that m. marinum utilizes actin-based motility in amoebae. therefore, at least two virulence pathways used by m. marinum in macrophages are conserved during m. marinum infection of amoeba.201222247144
two-drug antimicrobial chemotherapy: a mathematical model and experiments with mycobacterium marinum.multi-drug therapy is the standard-of-care treatment for tuberculosis. despite this, virtually all studies of the pharmacodynamics (pd) of mycobacterial drugs employed for the design of treatment protocols are restricted to single agents. in this report, mathematical models and in vitro experiments with mycobacterium marinum and five antimycobacterial drugs are used to quantitatively evaluate the pharmaco-, population and evolutionary dynamics of two-drug antimicrobial chemotherapy regimes. time ...201222253599
esx-5-deficient mycobacterium marinum is hypervirulent in adult zebrafish.esx-5 is a mycobacterial type vii protein secretion system responsible for transport of numerous pe and ppe proteins. it is involved in the induction of host cell death and modulation of the cytokine response in vitro. in this work, we studied the effects of esx-5 in embryonic and adult zebrafish using mycobacterium marinum. we found that esx-5-deficient m. marinum was slightly attenuated in zebrafish embryos. surprisingly, the same mutant showed highly increased virulence in adult zebrafish, ch ...201222256857
both phthiocerol dimycocerosates and phenolic glycolipids are required for virulence of mycobacterium marinum.phthiocerol dimycocerosates (pdims) and structurally related phenolic glycolipids (pgls) are complex cell wall lipids unique to pathogenic mycobacteria. while these lipids have been extensively studied in recent years, there are conflicting reports on some aspects of their biosynthesis and on the role of pdims and especially pgls in virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis. this has been complicated by the natural deficiency of pgls in many clinical strains of m. tuberculosis and the frequent los ...201222290144
host genotype-specific therapies can optimize the inflammatory response to mycobacterial infections.susceptibility to tuberculosis is historically ascribed to an inadequate immune response that fails to control infecting mycobacteria. in zebrafish, we find that susceptibility to mycobacterium marinum can result from either inadequate or excessive acute inflammation. modulation of the leukotriene a(4) hydrolase (lta4h) locus, which controls the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, reveals two distinct molecular routes to mycobacterial susceptibility converging on dysregulated tnf ...201222304914
the genome, evolution and diversity of mycobacterium ulcerans.mycobacterium ulcerans (m. ulcerans) causes a devastating infection of the skin and underlying tissue commonly known as buruli ulcer (bu). genetic analyses indicate that m. ulcerans has a common ancestor with mycobacterium marinum (m. marinum) and has diverged from this fish and human pathogen perhaps around a million years ago. m. ulcerans is characterized by minimal genetic diversity and since it has a highly clonal population structure, genetic differences between individual isolates reflect ...201222306192
exposure of mycobacteria to cell wall-inhibitory drugs decreases production of arabinoglycerolipid related to mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan metabolism.the "cell wall core" consisting of a mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (magp) complex represents the hallmark of the mycobacterial cell envelope. it has been the focus of intense research at both structural and biosynthetic levels during the past few decades. because it is essential, magp is also regarded as a target for several antitubercular drugs. herein, we demonstrate that exposure of mycobacterium bovis bacille calmette-guérin or mycobacterium marinum to thiacetazone, a second line ant ...201222315220
phagosomal rupture by mycobacterium tuberculosis results in toxicity and host cell death.survival within macrophages is a central feature of mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. despite significant advances in identifying new immunological parameters associated with mycobacterial disease, some basic questions on the intracellular fate of the causative agent of human tuberculosis in antigen-presenting cells are still under debate. to get novel insights into this matter, we used a single-cell fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-based method to investigate the potential c ...201222319448
mycobacterium marinum cutaneous infection with sporotrichoid distribution treated with azithromycin monotherapy. 201222324181
disruption of the esx-5 system of mycobacterium tuberculosis causes loss of ppe protein secretion, reduction of cell wall integrity and strong attenuation.the chromosome of mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes five type vii secretion systems (esx-1-esx-5). while the role of the esx-1 and esx-3 systems in m. tuberculosis has been elucidated, predictions for the function of the esx-5 system came from data obtained in mycobacterium marinum, where it transports ppe and pe_pgrs proteins and modulates innate immune responses. to define the role of the esx-5 system in m. tuberculosis, in this study, we have constructed five m. tuberculosis h37rv esx-5 knoc ...201222340629
flexor tenosynovial fistulas in the palm.tenosynovial fistulas in the palm are rare. if conservative treatment is unsuccessful, surgical treatment may include excision of the fistula and local flap coverage. in this article, i report 15 patients who were surgically treated for tenosynovial fistulas in the palm.201222386552
[the fate of 20 sea breams. mycobacterium marinum infection].cutaneous infections with mycobacterium marinum are rare. they also are known as swimming pool or fish tank granulomas. often the history of contact with contaminated water associated with microtrauma of the upper extremities leads to the correct diagnosis. since chlorination of swimming pools has become standard, cases of swimming pool granuloma have become rare. contact with fish tanks now is the most common route of infection. positive culture of skin biopsy leads to the correct diagnosis. mo ...201222406761
cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection mimicking felon in a patient with psoriatic arthritis treated with infliximab. 201222413775
ecca1, a component of the mycobacterium marinum esx-1 protein virulence factor secretion pathway, regulates mycolic acid lipid synthesis.pathogenic mycobacteria, which cause multiple diseases including tuberculosis, secrete factors essential for disease via the esx-1 protein export system and are partially protected from host defenses by their lipid-rich cell envelopes. these pathogenic features of mycobacterial biology are believed to act independently of each other. key esx-1 components include three atpases, and ecca1 (mycobacterium marinum mmar_5443; m. tuberculosis rv3868) is the least characterized. here we show that m. mar ...201222444592
infection of zebrafish embryos with intracellular bacterial pathogens.zebrafish (danio rerio) embryos are increasingly used as a model for studying the function of the vertebrate innate immune system in host-pathogen interactions. the major cell types of the innate immune system, macrophages and neutrophils, develop during the first days of embryogenesis prior to the maturation of lymphocytes that are required for adaptive immune responses. the ease of obtaining large numbers of embryos, their accessibility due to external development, the optical transparency of ...201222453760
mycobacterium ulcerans causes minimal pathogenesis and colonization in medaka (oryzias latipes): an experimental fish model of disease transmission.mycobacterium ulcerans causes buruli ulcer in humans, a progressive ulcerative epidermal lesion due to the mycolactone toxin produced by the bacterium. molecular analysis of m. ulcerans reveals it is closely related to mycobacterium marinum, a pathogen of both fish and man. molecular evidence from diagnostic pcr assays for the insertion sequence is2404 suggests an association of m. ulcerans with fish. however, fish infections by m. ulcerans have not been well documented and is2404 has been found ...201222465732
unexpected link between lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis and surface protein release in mycobacterium marinum.the mycobacterial cell envelope is characterized by the presence of a highly impermeable second membrane, which is composed of mycolic acids intercalated with different unusual free lipids, such as lipooligosaccharides (los). transport across this cell envelope requires a dedicated secretion system for extracellular proteins, such as pe_pgrs proteins, which are specific mycobacterial proteins with polymorphic gc-rich sequence (pgrs). in this study, we set out to identify novel components involve ...201222505711
short course monotherapy with clarithromycin for localized mycobacterium marinum skin infection.in vitro studies have shown that mycobacterium marinum is usually susceptible to clarithromycin. however, there are limited published data on the clinical use of clarithromycin for the treatment of m marinum infections. this report describes a previously healthy 58-year-old man who developed a chronic soft tissue infection of his right hand caused by m marinum. he responded to four weeks' therapy with clarithromycin. follow-up at six months showed no relapse. our experience and review of the lit ...199722514489
direct detection of bacterial protein secretion using whole colony proteomics.bacteria use a variety of secretion systems to transport proteins beyond their cell membrane to interact with their environment. for bacterial pathogens, these systems are key virulence determinants that transport bacterial proteins into host cells. genetic screens to identify bacterial genes required for export have relied on enzymatic or fluorescent reporters fused to known substrates to monitor secretion. however, they cannot be used in analysis of all secretion systems, limiting the implemen ...201222580590
[a case of lung infection complicated by pneumothorax caused by mycobacterium marinum].mycobacterium marinum is a waterborne mycobacterium that commonly infects fish and amphibians worldwide, but transmission to humans can occasionally occur, typically as a granulomatous skin infection following minor hand trauma. infection involving the lungs is very rare. we herein describe a case of m. marinum-associated pneumonia and pneumothorax. in august 2008, an 81-year-old man was admitted to a hospital for detailed examination of weight loss and an abnormal shadow on chest imaging. based ...201222606882
host cell autophagy activated by antibiotics is required for their effective antimycobacterial drug action.the current standard of treatment against tuberculosis consists of a cocktail of first-line drugs, including isoniazid and pyrazinamide. although these drugs are known to be bactericidal, contribution of host cell responses in the context of antimycobacterial chemotherapy, if any, remains unknown. we demonstrate that isoniazid and pyrazinamide promote autophagy activation and phagosomal maturation in mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb)-infected host cells. treatment of mtb-infected macrophages with ...201222607799
musculoskeletal ultrasound prompts a rare diagnosis of mycobacterium marinum infection. 201222632095
on the origin of mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer.mycobacterium ulcerans is an unusual bacterial pathogen with elusive origins. while closely related to the aquatic dwelling m. marinum, m. ulcerans has evolved the ability to produce the immunosuppressive polyketide toxin mycolactone and cause the neglected tropical disease buruli ulcer. other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (mpm) have been identified in fish and frogs and given distinct species designations (m. pseudoshottsii, m. shinshuense, m. liflandii and m. marinum), however the evoluti ...201222712622
the antibiotic resistance arrow of time: efflux pump induction is a general first step in the evolution of mycobacterial drug resistance.we hypothesize that low-level efflux pump expression is the first step in the development of high-level drug resistance in mycobacteria. we performed 28-day azithromycin dose-effect and dose-scheduling studies in our hollow-fiber model of disseminated mycobacterium avium-m. intracellulare complex. both microbial kill and resistance emergence were most closely linked to the within-macrophage area under the concentration-time curve (auc)/mic ratio. quantitative pcr revealed that subtherapeutic azi ...201222751536
a case of opportunistic skin infection with mycobacterium marinum during adalimumab treatment in a patient with crohn's disease.opportunistic infections, especially reactivation with m. tuberculosis, are major complications during treatment with anti-tnf agents. infections with atypical mycobacteria like mycobacterium marinum are rare and tend to turn into a difficult and prolonged course due to delayed diagnosis. this is the first case of m. marinum infection during adalimumab therapy in a patient with crohn's disease. the most important diagnostic step was a detailed medical history as pcr tested for m. tuberculosis an ...201322770648
structural determination and toll-like receptor 2-dependent proinflammatory activity of dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol from mycobacterium marinum.although it was identified in the cell wall of several pathogenic mycobacteria, the biological properties of dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol have not been documented yet. in this study an apolar glycolipid, presumably corresponding to dimycolyl-diarabino-glycerol, was purified from mycobacterium marinum and subsequently identified as a 5-o-mycolyl-β-araf-(1→2)-5-o-mycolyl-α-araf-(1→1')-glycerol (designated mma_dmag) using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometr ...201222798072
identification of the mycobacterium marinum apa antigen o-mannosylation sites reveals important glycosylation variability with the m. tuberculosis apa homologue.the 45/47 kda apa, an immuno-dominant antigen secreted by mycobacterium tuberculosis is o-mannosylated at multiple sites. glycosylation of apa plays a key role in colonization and invasion of the host cells by m. tuberculosis through interactions of apa with the host immune system c-type lectins. mycobacterium marinum (m.ma) a fish pathogen, phylogenetically close to m. tuberculosis, induces a granulomatous response with features similar to those described for m. tuberculosis in human. although ...201222828516
an in vivo platform for rapid high-throughput antitubercular drug discovery.treatment of tuberculosis, like other infectious diseases, is increasingly hindered by the emergence of drug resistance. drug discovery efforts would be facilitated by facile screening tools that incorporate the complexities of human disease. mycobacterium marinum-infected zebrafish larvae recapitulate key aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis and drug treatment. here, we develop a model for rapid in vivo drug screening using fluorescence-based methods for serial quantitative assessment of drug e ...201222840407
specific chaperones for the type vii protein secretion pathway.mycobacteria use the dedicated type vii protein secretion systems esx-1 and esx-5 to secrete virulence factors across their highly hydrophobic cell envelope. the substrates of these systems include the large mycobacterial pe and ppe protein families, which are named after their characteristic pro-glu and pro-pro-glu motifs. pathogenic mycobacteria secrete large numbers of pe/ppe proteins via the major export pathway, esx-5. in addition, a few pe/ppe proteins have been shown to be exported by esx ...201222843727
mycobacterium marinum seca2 promotes stable granulomas and induces tumor necrosis factor alpha in vivo.seca2 is an atpase present in some pathogenic gram-positive bacteria, is required for translocation of a limited set of proteins across the cytosolic membrane, and plays an important role in virulence in several bacteria, including mycobacteria that cause diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy. however, the mechanisms by which seca2 affects virulence are incompletely understood. to investigate whether seca2 modulates host immune responses in vivo, we studied mycobacterium marinum infection in ...201222851747
mycobacterium marinum: an increasingly common opportunistic infection in patients on infliximab. 201222859009
analysis of the immune response in infections of the goldfish (carassius auratus l.) with mycobacterium marinum.the rapid doubling time and genetic relatedness of the fish pathogen mycobacterium marinum to mycobacterium tuberculosis has rendered the former an attractive model for investigating mycobacterial host-pathogen interactions. we employed the m. marinum-goldfish infection model to investigate the in vivo immune responses to this pathogen in the context of a natural host. histological analysis revealed mycobacterial infiltrates in goldfish kidney and spleen tissues, peaking 28 days post infections ...201222885635
fish tank granuloma caused by mycobacterium marinum.mycobacterium marinum causes skin and soft tissue, bone and joint, and rare disseminated infections. in this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between treatment outcome and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. a total of 27 patients with m. marinum infections were enrolled.201222911774
composition of the type vii secretion system membrane complex.pathogenic mycobacteria require type vii secretion (t7s) systems to transport virulence factors across their complex cell envelope. these bacteria have up to five of these systems, termed esx-1 to esx-5. here, we show that esx-5 of mycobacterium tuberculosis mediates the secretion of esxn, ppe and pe_pgrs proteins, indicating that esx-5 is a major secretion pathway in this important pathogen. using the esx-5 system of mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium bovis bcg as a model, we have purified ...201222925462
mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand and wrist.to review records of 166 patients who underwent treatment for mycobacterium marinum tenosynovitis of the hand and wrist to identify factors associated with functional outcome.201222933682
genetic diversity and population structure of mycobacterium marinum: new insights into host and environmental specificities.mycobacterium marinum causes a systemic tuberculosis-like disease in fish and skin infections in humans that can spread to deeper structures, resulting in tenosynovitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. however, little information is available concerning (i) the intraspecific genetic diversity of m. marinum isolated from humans and animals; (ii) m. marinum genotype circulation in the different ecosystems, and (iii) the link between m. marinum genetic diversity and hosts (humans and fish). here, we ...201222952269
neutrophils exert protection in the early tuberculous granuloma by oxidative killing of mycobacteria phagocytosed from infected macrophages.neutrophils are typically the first responders in host defense against invading pathogens, which they destroy by both oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. however, despite a longstanding recognition of neutrophil presence at disease sites in tuberculosis, their role in defense against mycobacteria is unclear. here we exploit the genetic tractability and optical transparency of zebrafish to monitor neutrophil behavior and its consequences during infection with mycobacterium marinum, a natural f ...201222980327
mycobacterium marinum causes a latent infection that can be reactivated by gamma irradiation in adult zebrafish.the mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation of human tuberculosis are still unclear, mainly due to the lack of standardized animal models for latent mycobacterial infection. in this longitudinal study of the progression of a mycobacterial disease in adult zebrafish, we show that an experimental intraperitoneal infection with a low dose (≈ 35 bacteria) of mycobacterium marinum, results in the development of a latent disease in most individuals. the infection is characterized by limited mor ...201223028333
genotypic characteristics of a mycobacterium sp. isolated from yellowtail seriola quinqueradiata and striped jack pseudocaranx dentex in japan.in japan, a mycobacterium marinum-like mycobacterium was isolated from the yellowtail, seriola quinqueradiata. the species was identified as m. marinum by a commercial mycobacterial dna-dna hybridization kit. nevertheless, pcr restriction analysis of the dna of its rna polymerase β-subunit gene definitively showed that this mycobacterium sp. was m. ulcerans. pcr analysis revealed the genotypic characteristics of m. ulcerans in the mycobacterium sp., only the mup053 gene sequence being absent, as ...201323043488
insights into tuberculosis from the zebrafish model.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) continues to plague humanity because of significant gaps in our understanding of mtb infection, including the nature of a protective versus pathological host response, why antimicrobial cure is so difficult, and the ineffectiveness of vaccination. the development of a zebrafish model, utilizing infection with the natural fish pathogen mycobacterium marinum (mm), has yielded important insights into tuberculosis with immediate clinical applications.201223084762
mycobacterium marinum infection in drosophila melanogaster for antimycobacterial activity assessment.the major advantages of drosophila melanogaster are a well-characterized immune system and high degree of susceptibility to tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium marinum. the d. melanogaster-m. marinum infection model is gaining momentum as a screening tool because it is genetically amenable, low priced, rapid, technically convenient and ethically acceptable. in this context, the aim of this study was to develop a new, effective d. melanogaster-m. marinum in vivo efficacy model for antimycobacter ...201323118147
phoy2 of mycobacteria is required for metabolic homeostasis and stress response.the ability of pathogenic mycobacteria to adapt to diverse environments is essential for their success as pathogens. here we describe a transposon-inactivated phoy2 mutant of mycobacterium marinum. phoy2 of mycobacteria is a functional homologue of phou in escherichia coli and an important component of the pho regulon. we found that phoy2 is required for maintaining intracellular inorganic phosphate (p(i)) homeostasis and balanced energy and redox states. disruption of phoy2 resulted in elevated ...201323123909
dictyostelium host response to legionella infection: strategies and assays.the professional phagocyte dictyostelium discoideum is a simple eukaryotic microorganism, whose natural habitat is deciduous forest soil and decaying leaves, where the amoebae feed on bacteria and grow as separate, independent, single cells. in the last decade, the organism has been successfully used as a host for several human pathogens, including legionella pneumophila, mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium marinum,pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, cryptococcus neoformans, and sal ...201323150412
exposure to a cutinase-like serine esterase triggers rapid lysis of multiple mycobacterial species.mycobacteria are shaped by a thick envelope made of an array of uniquely structured lipids and polysaccharides. however, the spatial organization of these molecules remains unclear. here, we show that exposure to an esterase from mycobacterium smegmatis (msmeg_1529), hydrolyzing the ester linkage of trehalose dimycolate in vitro, triggers rapid and efficient lysis of mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis bcg, and mycobacterium marinum. exposure to the esterase immediately releases free ...201323155047
identification of the mycobacterium tuberculosis protein pe-pgrs62 as a novel effector that functions to block phagosome maturation and inhibit inos expression.using a genetic screen in yeast we found that mycobacterium tuberculosis pe-pgrs62 was capable of disrupting yeast vacuolar protein sorting, suggesting effects on endosomal trafficking. to study the impact of pe-pgrs62 on macrophage function, we infected murine macrophages with mycobacterium smegmatis expressing pe-pgrs62. infected cells displayed phagosome maturation arrest. phagosomes acquired rab5, but displayed a significant defect in rab7 and lamp-1 acquisition. macrophages infected with m. ...201323167250
characterization of three nod-like receptors and their role in antimicrobial responses of goldfish (carassius auratus l.) macrophages to aeromonas salmonicida and mycobacterium marinum.the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins nod1, nod2 and nlrx1 are cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptors (prrs) of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family. in this report, goldfish nod1 (gfnod1), nod2 (gfnod2) and nlrx1 (gfnlrx1) genes were cloned and characterized. the full length of gfnod1, gfnod2 and gfnlrx1 were 3234bp, 3129bp and 4900bp, encoding 937, 982 and 1008 amino acids, respectively. the three nod-like receptors have a nacht domain and c-terminal leucine rich repeat (lrr ...201323194927
complete genome sequence of the frog pathogen mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar liflandii.in 2004, a previously undiscovered mycobacterium resembling mycobacterium ulcerans (the agent of buruli ulcer) was reported in an outbreak of a lethal mycobacteriosis in a laboratory colony of the african clawed frog xenopus tropicalis. this mycobacterium makes mycolactone and is one of several strains of m. ulcerans-like mycolactone-producing mycobacteria recovered from ectotherms around the world. here, we describe the complete 6,399,543-bp genome of this frog pathogen (previously unofficially ...201323204453
increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, 1980 to 2009: a population-based study.to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial (ntm) infection during the past 30 years and whether the predominant species have changed.201323218797
successful treatment of refractory cutaneous infection caused by mycobacterium marinum with a combined regimen containing amikacin.the incidence of mycobacterium marinum infection has been increasing. first-line antituberculous drugs and other common antibiotics are effective for most cutaneous m. marinum infections; however, treatment failure still occurs in some rare cases. we report a case of a 70-year-old man with refractory cutaneous infection caused by m. marinum. reasons for delayed diagnosis and related factors of the refractory infection are also discussed.201223226012
bacterial classification of fish-pathogenic mycobacterium species by multigene phylogenetic analyses and maldi biotyper identification system.mycobacterium marinum is difficult to distinguish from other species of mycobacterium isolated from fish using biochemical methods. here, we used genetic and proteomic analyses to distinguish three mycobacterium strains: m. marinum strains mb2 and europe were isolated from tropical and marine fish in thailand and europe, and mycobacterium sp. 012931 strain was isolated from yellowtail in japan. in phylogenetic trees based on gyrb, rpob, and ag85b genes, mycobacterium sp. 012931 clustered with m. ...201323229498
carboxylic acid reductase is a versatile enzyme for the conversion of fatty acids into fuels and chemical commodities.aliphatic hydrocarbons such as fatty alcohols and petroleum-derived alkanes have numerous applications in the chemical industry. in recent years, the renewable synthesis of aliphatic hydrocarbons has been made possible by engineering microbes to overaccumulate fatty acids. however, to generate end products with the desired physicochemical properties (e.g., fatty aldehydes, alkanes, and alcohols), further conversion of the fatty acid is necessary. a carboxylic acid reductase (car) from mycobacter ...201323248280
[mycobacterium marinum is difficult to diagnose].the diagnosis of cutaneous mycobacterium marinum infection is often delayed for months after presentation. in this case the diagnosis and correct treatment was delayed for ten months resulting in possible irreversible damage to the patient's infected finger. the main reason for the delay is lack of knowledge of the mycobacterium.201223286770
deficiency in hematopoietic phosphatase ptpn6/shp1 hyperactivates the innate immune system and impairs control of bacterial infections in zebrafish embryos.deficiency in src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1/protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (shp1/ptpn6) is linked with chronic inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies in humans. in this study, we exploited the embryonic and larval stages of zebrafish (danio rerio) as an animal model to study ptpn6 function in the sole context of innate immunity. we show that ptpn6 knockdown induces a spontaneous inflammation-associated phenotype at the late larval stage. sur ...201323335748
dermacase. can you identify this condition? mycobacterium marinum infection. 201323341661
asymmetric growth and division in mycobacterium spp.: compensatory mechanisms for non-medial septa.mycobacterium spp., rod-shaped cells belonging to the phylum actinomycetes, lack the min- and noc/slm systems responsible for preventing the placement of division sites at the poles or over the nucleoids to ensure septal assembly at mid-cell. we show that the position for establishment of the ftsz-ring in exponentially growing mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium smegmatis cells is nearly random, and that the cells often divide non-medially, producing two unequal but viable daughters. septal ...201323387305
fishing-injury-related flexor tenosynovitis of the hand: a case report and review.hand infections occurring after fishing and other marine-related activities may involve uncommon bacteria that are not susceptible to the conventional or empiric antibiotic therapy used to treat soft tissue infections. therefore appropriate treatment is often delayed and could lead to severe hand damage. an illustrative case of fishing-related injury leading to complicated tenosynovitis and horseshoe abscess caused by mycobacterium marinum and its treatment course is outlined. laceration of the ...201323401823
mycobacterium marinum infection in a blue-fronted amazon parrot (amazona aestiva).a blue-fronted amazon parrot (amazona aestiva) was presented with a granuloma involving the proximal rhinotheca and extending into the rostral sinuses. mycobacterium marinum was diagnosed based on results of biopsy and culture. treatment was initiated with clarithromycin, rifampin, and ethambutol, but the bird died 4 months after the onset of antimicrobial therapy. additional granulomas were found in the left lung and liver on postmortem examination. mycobacterial isolation on postmortem samples ...201223409436
vitamin d-dependent cathelicidin inhibits mycobacterium marinum infection in human monocytic cells.1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (1,25(oh)2d3) up-regulates the production of human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (camp) from monocytes/macrophages infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis (m. tbc). camp facilitates the co-localization of autophagolysosomes with m. tbc, promoting the antimicrobial activity of monocytes. mycobacterium marinum (m. marinum) is an acid-fast bacillus that causes less severe granulomatous skin lesions compared with m. tbc.201323452544
differential detergent extraction of mycobacterium marinum cell envelope proteins identifies an extensively modified threonine-rich outer membrane protein with channel activity.a striking characteristic of mycobacteria is the presence of an unusual outer membrane which forms a thick permeability barrier and provides resistance to many antibiotics. although specialized proteins must reside in this layer, only few mycolate outer membrane (mom) proteins have been identified to date. their discovery is complicated by difficulties in obtaining good separation of mycobacterial inner and outer membranes. during our efforts to identify novel mycobacterial outer membrane protei ...201323457249
functional analysis of a zebrafish myd88 mutant identifies key transcriptional components of the innate immune system.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are an important class of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) that recognize microbial and danger signals. their downstream signaling upon ligand binding is vital for initiation of the innate immune response. in human and mammalian models, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) is known for its central role as an adaptor molecule in interleukin 1 receptor (il-1r) and tlr signaling. the zebrafish is increasingly used as a complementary model system for disease resea ...201323471913
identification and expression of stressosomal proteins in mycobacterium marinum under various growth and stress conditions.like other bacteria, mycobacterium spp. have developed different strategies in response to environmental changes such as nutrient limitations and other different stress situations. we have identified candidate genes (rsb genes) from mycobacterium marinum involved in the regulation of the activity of the alternative sigma factor, σ(f) . this is a homolog of the master regulator of general stress response, σ(b) , and the sporulation-specific sigma factor, σ(f) , in bacillus subtilis. the organizat ...201323480639
setting up and monitoring an infection of dictyostelium discoideum with mycobacteria.mycobacterium marinum is the causative agent of fish and amphibian tuberculosis in the wild. it is a genetically close cousin of mycobacterium tuberculosis, and thereby the infection process remarkably shares many of the hallmarks of m. tuberculosis infection in human, at both the cellular and organism levels. therefore, m. marinum is used as a model for the study of mycobacterial infection in various host organisms. recently, the dictyostelium-m. marinum system has been shown to be a valuable m ...201323494320
a rifampicin-resistant mycobacterium marinum infection in a newly diagnosed hiv-1 individual.mycobacterium marinum is a rare non-tuberculous mycobacterium known commonly to cause fish tank granuloma. it is found in aquatic surroundings and is common in healthy individuals. we report a case and review the literature in an immunocompromised hiv-1 individual with a first reported case of a rifampicin-resistant m. marinum organism in the literature.201323512514
ppe38 of mycobacterium marinum triggers the cross-talk of multiple pathways involved in the host response, as revealed by subcellular quantitative proteomics.the pe/ppe family of proteins which are in high abundance in pathogenic species such as mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. marinum , play the critical role in generating antigenic variation and evasion of host immune responses. however, little is known about their functional roles in mycobacterial pathogenesis. previously, we found that ppe38 is associated with the virulence of mycobacteria, presumably by modulating the host immune response. to clarify the link between ppe38 and host response, we ...201323514422
a zebrafish high throughput screening system used for staphylococcus epidermidis infection marker discovery.staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria are a major cause of biomaterial-associated infections in modern medicine. yet there is little known about the host responses against this normally innocent bacterium in the context of infection of biomaterials. in order to better understand the factors involved in this process, a whole animal model with high throughput screening possibilities and markers for studying the host response to s. epidermidis infection are required.201323586901
a new cultivation-independent tool for fast and reliable detection of mycobacterium marinum.the mycobacterium marinum group (mmg) is a class of mycobacteria that includes m. marinum, the cause of chronic systemic infections in fish. this species occasionally causes granulomatous skin lesions in humans. other members of mmg are mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (mpm; m. ulcerans, m. shottsii and m. pseudoshottsii). the cultivation-independent approach presented in this study brings a fast and reliable alternative to classically used cultivation methods. the developed triplex erp/is2404 ...201423634824
mycobacterium marinum infection in a case of psoriasis treated with antitumor necrosis factor α antibody detected by quantiferon(®) -tb test. 201423675972
evaluation of the pathogenesis and treatment of mycobacterium marinum infection in zebrafish.mycobacterium marinum-infected zebrafish are used to study tuberculosis pathogenesis, as well as for antitubercular drug discovery. the small size of zebrafish larvae coupled with their optical transparency allows for rapid analysis of bacterial burdens and host survival in response to genetic and pharmacological manipulations of both mycobacteria and host. automated fluorescence microscopy and automated plate fluorimetry (apf) are coupled with facile husbandry to facilitate large-scale, repeate ...201323680983
comparison of fixatives and fixation time for pcr detection of mycobacterium in zebrafish danio rerio .mycobacteriosis is a common disease of laboratory zebrafish danio rerio. different infection patterns occur in zebrafish depending on mycobacterial species. mycobacterium marinum and m. haemophilum produce virulent infections associated with high mortality, whereas m. chelonae is more widespread and is not associated with high mortality. identification of mycobacterial infections to the species level provides important information for making management decisions. observation of acid-fast bacilli ...201323709464
comparative genome analysis of fish and human isolates of mycobacterium marinum.mycobacterium marinum is a major causative agent of mycobacteriosis in fish that has a broad range of hosts, including in human isolates. so far, genomic analyses have focused on the human isolate. here, we compared the draft genome sequences of two strains of m. marinum isolated from fish (mb2 and europe) with the m. marinum m isolated from humans. m. marinum mb2 and europe have single, circular chromosomes of 6,134,389 and 6,029,340 bp, and average g + c contents of 65.7 and 65.5 %, respective ...201323728847
single cell measurements of vacuolar rupture caused by intracellular pathogens.shigella flexneri are pathogenic bacteria that invade host cells entering into an endocytic vacuole. subsequently, the rupture of this membrane-enclosed compartment allows bacteria to move within the cytosol, proliferate and further invade neighboring cells. mycobacterium tuberculosis is phagocytosed by immune cells, and has recently been shown to rupture phagosomal membrane in macrophages. we developed a robust assay for tracking phagosomal membrane disruption after host cell entry of shigella ...201323792688
lesional patterns associated with mycobacteriosis in an atlantic horse mackerel, trachurus trachurus (l.), aquarium population. 201423802507
mycobacterium marinum infection occurring on the face. 201323834477
the cell wall-associated mycolactone polyketide synthases are necessary but not sufficient for mycolactone biosynthesis.mycolactones are polyketide-derived lipid virulence factors made by the slow-growing human pathogen, mycobacterium ulcerans. three unusually large and homologous plasmid-borne genes (mlsa1: 51 kb, mlsb: 42 kb and mlsa2: 7 kb) encode the mycolactone type i polyketide synthases (pks). the extreme size and low sequence diversity of these genes has posed significant barriers for exploration of the genetic and biochemical basis of mycolactone synthesis. here, we have developed a truncated, more tract ...201323894666
internalization of mycobacterium shottsii and mycobacterium pseudoshottsii by acanthamoeba polyphaga.amoebae serve as environmental hosts to a variety of mycobacteria, including mycobacterium avium and mycobacterium marinum. mycobacterium shottsii and mycobacterium pseudoshottsii are waterborne species isolated from the spleens and dermal lesions of striped bass (morone saxatilis) from the chesapeake bay. the optimal growth temperature for these fish isolates is 25 °c. in the present study, amoebae were examined as a potential environmental reservoir for these fish pathogens. several studies de ...201323899000
mannan core branching of lipo(arabino)mannan is required for mycobacterial virulence in the context of innate immunity.the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb), mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains an important worldwide health threat. although tb is one of the oldest infectious diseases of man, a detailed understanding of the mycobacterial mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remains elusive. here, we studied the role of the α(1→2) mannosyltransferase mptc in mycobacterial virulence, using the mycobacterium marinum zebrafish infection model. like its m. tuberculosis orthologue, disruption of m. marinum mptc (mmar_ ...201323902464
high sensitivity capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of complex proteomes.the vast majority of bottom-up proteomic studies employ reversed-phase separation of tryptic digests coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. these studies are remarkably successful for the analysis of samples containing micrograms of protein. however, liquid chromatography tends to perform poorly for samples containing nanogram amounts of protein, presumably due to loss of trace-level peptides within the chromatographic system. capillary zone electrophoresis provides a muc ...201323911612
antibacterial and herbicidal activity of ring-substituted 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1-carboxanilides.in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1‑carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against staphylococcus aureus, three methicillin-resistant s. aureus strains, mycobacterium marinum, m. kasasii, m. smegmatis. and m. avium paratuberculosis. the compounds were also tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l ...201323924993
mycobacterium marinum: a potential immunotherapy for mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.the aim of the present study was to investigate the immune response induced by mycobacterium marinum infection in vitro and the potential of m. marinum as an immunotherapy for m. tuberculosis infection.201323930073
relative prevalence of mycobacterium marinum in fish collected from aquaria and natural freshwaters in central europe.a survey was carried out on occurrence of mycobacterium marinum in fish kept in aquaria and those living in their natural environment. species-specific qpcr targeting the erp and is2404 genes together with the conventional culture method were used. the analysis of 72 ornamental fish (n = 216 samples: gills, muscle and intestine) collected from aquaria revealed the presence of m. marinum in 30 individuals (41.7%) of whom 17 (23.6%) were later culture positive. culture-independent detection reveal ...201423952681
antimicrobial responses of teleost phagocytes and innate immune evasion strategies of intracellular bacteria.during infection, macrophage lineage cells eliminate infiltrating pathogens through a battery of antimicrobial responses, where the efficacy of these innate immune responses is pivotal to immunological outcomes. not surprisingly, many intracellular pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome macrophage defenses, using these immune cells as residences and dissemination strategies. with pathogenic infections causing increasing detriments to both aquacultural and wild fish populations, it is impe ...201423954721
invasive mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand.mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand is rare. we report the case of a 39-year-old man with m marinum infection that resulted in a chronic soft tissue infection, extensor tendon synovitis, and arthritis of the metacarpophalangeal (mcp) joints. the cause was probably tropical freshwater fishes.201323971680
non-contiguous genome sequence of mycobacterium simiae strain dsm 44165(t.).mycobacterium simiae is a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium causing pulmonary infections in both immunocompetent and imunocompromized patients. we announce the draft genome sequence of m. simiae dsm 44165(t). the 5,782,968-bp long genome with 65.15% gc content (one chromosome, no plasmid) contains 5,727 open reading frames (33% with unknown function and 11 orfs sizing more than 5000 -bp), three rrna operons, 52 trna, one 66-bp tmrna matching with tmrna tags from mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium t ...201323991261
the fish tank strikes again: metachronous nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infection in an immunosuppressed host.an 82-year-old woman on long-term prednisolone for chronic obstructive airways disease presented with a 2-month history of nodules on her left forearm. this occurred 10 years after nodules on her right forearm caused by a culture-proven mycobacterium marinum infection. histopathological examination, polymerase chain reaction and culture of biopsy specimens were positive for m. chelonae. to our knowledge this is the first case of metachronous nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infection reported, ...201423991645
aquarium-borne mycobacterium marinum skin infection. report of 15 cases and review of the literature.mycobacterium marinum is a non-tuberculous photochromogenic mycobacterium, commonly responsible for fish and amphibious infections world-wide. contagion in humans typically follows minor hand trauma from aquarium keeping and manifests as a granulomatous infection of the skin. dissemination is rare and almost exclusive to immunosuppressed hosts. 15 cases of m. marinum fish tank related infection are hereby reported. the site of infection was the upper limbs in all cases. 3 patients presented a si ...201324002023
mycobacterium marinum as a cause of skin chronic granulomatous in the hand.mycobacterium marinum infection has a worldwide distribution and the organism occupies many aquatic environments. infections in human consist of nodular cutaneous lesions that can progress to tenosynovitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis. case presentation : a 27-year-old man was presented with a history of swelling and exudative erythematous lesions and pustules of the right forearm. he worked as a laborer at an aquarium store. a smear from the walls of the necrotic center when stained for acid-f ...201124024015
new derivatives of salicylamides: preparation and antimicrobial activity against various bacterial species.three series of salicylanilides, esters of n-phenylsalicylamides and 2-hydroxy-n-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides, in total thirty target compounds were synthesized and characterized. the compounds were evaluated against seven bacterial and three mycobacterial strains. the antimicrobial activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or isoniazid. derivatives 3f demonstrated high biological activity against staphylococcus au ...201324045008
an adult zebrafish model for preclinical tuberculosis vaccine development.tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge despite extensive vaccination schemes with the current live vaccine, bacillus calmette-guérin. tuberculosis vaccine research has been hampered by a scarcity of animal models which replicate human disease and are suitable for large-scale studies. we have shown recently that mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of mycobacterium tuberculosis, causes an infection resembling human tuberculosis in adult zebrafish (danio rerio). in the present stu ...201324055305
enhanced mycobacterial diagnostics in liquid medium by microaerobic bubble flow in portable microbe enrichment unit.portable microbe enrichment unit (pmeu) method with microaerobic bubbling speeded up the growth of otherwise slowly starting and propagating mycobacterium sp. mycobacterium fortuitum growth was detected after 10-11h and mycobacterium marinum produced clear growth in 4 days. a mycobacterial environmental isolate was verified in 2 days in the pmeu spectrion(®) equipped with infrared sensors. in parallel static (without gas bubbling) cultures hardly any growth occurred. in conclusion, pmeu technolo ...201324075064
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