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rice 14-3-3 protein (gf14e) negatively affects cell death and disease resistance.plant 14-3-3 proteins regulate important cellular processes, including plant immune responses, through protein-protein interactions that affect a wide range of target proteins. in rice, the gf14e gene, which encodes a 14-3-3 protein, is induced during effector triggered immunity (eti) associated with pathogens such as xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). to determine if gf14e gene has a direct role in resistance to disease in rice, we suppressed its expression by rnai silencing. gf14e suppressio ...201121793954
genome-wide identification, classification, and expression analysis of autophagy-associated gene homologues in rice (oryza sativa l.).autophagy is an intracellular degradation process for recycling macromolecules and organelles. it plays important roles in plant development and in response to nutritional demand, stress, and senescence. organisms from yeast to plants contain many autophagy-associated genes (atg). in this study, we found that a total of 33 atg homologues exist in the rice [oryza sativa l. (os)] genome, which were classified into 13 atg subfamilies. six of them are alternatively spliced genes. evolutional analysi ...201121795261
gene coexpression network analysis as a source of functional annotation for rice genes.with the existence of large publicly available plant gene expression data sets, many groups have undertaken data analyses to construct gene coexpression networks and functionally annotate genes. often, a large compendium of unrelated or condition-independent expression data is used to construct gene networks. condition-dependent expression experiments consisting of well-defined conditions/treatments have also been used to create coexpression networks to help examine particular biological process ...201121799793
bioactive metabolites from phoma species, an endophytic fungus from the chinese medicinal plant arisaema erubescens.through bioassay-guided fractionation, the etoac extract of a culture broth of the endophytic fungus phoma species zjwcf006 in arisaema erubescens afforded a new α-tetralone derivative, (3s)-3,6,7-trihydroxy-α-tetralone (1), together with cercosporamide (2), β-sitosterol (3), and trichodermin (4). the structures of compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. compounds 1, 2, and 3 were obtained from phoma species for the first time. additionally, the compounds were subjecte ...201121814808
lytic myophage abp53 encodes several proteins similar to those encoded by host acinetobacter baumannii and phage phiko2.acinetobacter baumannii is an important gram-negative opportunistic pathogen causing nosocomial infections. the emergence of multiple drug resistant a. baumannii isolates has increased in recent years. directed towards phage therapy, a lytic phage of a. baumannii, designated abp53, was isolated from a sputum sample in this study. abp53 has an isometric head and a contractile tail with tail fibers, belonging to myoviridae, a latent period of about 10 min, and a burst size of approximately 150 pfu ...201121821767
a quantitative account of genomic island acquisitions in prokaryotes.microbial genomes do not merely evolve through the slow accumulation of mutations, but also, and often more dramatically, by taking up new dna in a process called horizontal gene transfer. these innovation leaps in the acquisition of new traits can take place via the introgression of single genes, but also through the acquisition of large gene clusters, which are termed genomic islands. since only a small proportion of all the dna diversity has been sequenced, it can be hard to find the appropri ...201121864345
the rnd-family transporter, hpnn, is required for hopanoid localization to the outer membrane of rhodopseudomonas palustris tie-1.rhodopseudomonas palustris tie-1 is a gram-negative bacterium that produces structurally diverse hopanoid lipids that are similar to eukaryotic steroids. its genome encodes several homologues to proteins involved in eukaryotic steroid trafficking. in this study, we explored the possibility that two of these proteins are involved in intracellular hopanoid transport. r. palustris has a sophisticated membrane system comprising outer, cytoplasmic, and inner cytoplasmic membranes. it also divides asy ...201121873238
soybean homologs of mpk4 negatively regulate defense responses and positively regulate growth and development.mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play important roles in disease resistance in model plant species such as arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). however, the importance of mapk signaling pathways in the disease resistance of crops is still largely uninvestigated. to better understand the role of mapk signaling pathways in disease resistance in soybean (glycine max), 13, nine, and 10 genes encoding distinct mapks, mapkks, and mapkkks, respectively, we ...201121878550
genomic analysis and temperature-dependent transcriptome profiles of the rhizosphere originating strain pseudomonas aeruginosa m18.our previously published reports have described an effective biocontrol agent named pseudomonas sp. m18 as its 16s rdna sequence and several regulator genes share homologous sequences with those of p. aeruginosa, but there are several unusual phenotypic features. this study aims to explore its strain specific genomic features and gene expression patterns at different temperatures.201121884571
evolution of the deaminase fold and multiple origins of eukaryotic editing and mutagenic nucleic acid deaminases from bacterial toxin systems.the deaminase-like fold includes, in addition to nucleic acid/nucleotide deaminases, several catalytic domains such as the jab domain, and others involved in nucleotide and adp-ribose metabolism. using sensitive sequence and structural comparison methods, we develop a comprehensive natural classification of the deaminase-like fold and show that its ancestral version was likely to operate on nucleotides or nucleic acids. consequently, we present evidence that a specific group of jab domains are l ...201121890906
Silencing of G proteins uncovers diversified plant responses when challenged by three elicitors in Nicotiana benthamiana.Signalling through heterotrimeric G protein composed of a-, ß- and ?-subunits is essential in numerous physiological processes. Here we show that this prototypical G protein complex acts mechanistically by controlling elicitor sensitivity towards hypersensitive response (HR) and stomatal closure in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ga-, Gß1-, and Gß2-silenced plants were generated using virus-induced gene silencing. All silenced plants were treated with Xanthomonas oryzae harpin, Magnaporthe oryzae Nep1 an ...201221895695
a novel antimicrobial protein for plant protection consisting of a xanthomonas oryzae harpin and active domains of cecropin a and melittin.discoveries about antimicrobial peptides and plant defence activators have made possible the de novo and rational design of novel peptides for use in crop protection. here we report a novel chimeric protein, hcm1, which was made by linking the active domains of cecropin a and melittin to the hypersensitive response (hr)-elicitor hpa1 of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak. the resulting chimeric protein maintained not only the hr-inducing property of ...201121895994
Structure of the cystathionine ?-synthase MetB from Mycobacterium ulcerans.Cystathionine ?-synthase (CGS) is a transulfurication enzyme that catalyzes the first specific step in L-methionine biosynthesis by the reaction of O(4)-succinyl-L-homoserine and L-cysteine to produce L-cystathionine and succinate. Controlling the first step in L-methionine biosythesis, CGS is an excellent potential drug target. Mycobacterium ulcerans is a slow-growing mycobacterium that is the third most common form of mycobacterial infection, mainly infecting people in Africa, Australia and So ...201121904066
mycobacterium tuberculosis rv0899 defines a family of membrane proteins widespread in nitrogen-fixing bacteria.the mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane protein rv0899 confers adaptation of the bacterium to acidic environments. due to strong sequence homology of its c-terminus to bacterial ompa-like domains, rv0899 has been proposed to constitute an outer membrane porin of m. tuberculosis. however, ompa-like domains are widespread in a wide variety of bacterial proteins with different functions. furthermore, the three-dimensional structure of rv0899 does not contain a transmembrane β-barrel, and recent evi ...201121905117
The Ax21 protein is a cell-cell signal that regulates virulence in the nosocomial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.Stenotrophomonas maltophilia encodes proteins related to the Rax proteins of Xanthomonas oryzae, which are required for the synthesis and secretion of the Ax21 protein. Here we show that Ax21 acts as a cell-cell signal to regulate a diverse range of functions, including virulence, in this nosocomial pathogen.201121908663
Post-synthetic modification of plant cell walls by expression of microbial hydrolases in the apoplast.The systematic creation of defined cell wall modifications in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by expression of microbial hydrolases with known specific activities is a promising approach to examine the impacts of cell wall composition and structure on both plant fitness and cell wall recalcitrance. Moreover, this approach allows the direct evaluation in living plants of hydrolase specificity, which can differ from in vitro specificity. To express genes encoding microbial hydrolases in A. th ...201121910026
the xylella fastidiosa biocontrol strain eb92-1 genome is very similar and syntenic to pierce's disease strains.xylella fastidiosa infects a wide range of plant hosts and causes economically serious diseases, including pierce's disease (pd) of grapevines. x. fastidiosa biocontrol strain eb92-1 is infectious to grapevines but does not cause symptoms. the draft genome of eb92-1 reveals that it may be missing 10 potential pathogenicity effectors.201121914886
multilocus sequence analysis and type iii effector repertoire mining provide new insights into the evolutionary history and virulence of xanthomonas oryzae.multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) and type iii effector (t3e) repertoire mining were performed to gain new insights into the genetic relatedness of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) and xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc), two major bacterial pathogens of rice. based on a collection of 45 african and asian strains, we first sequenced and analysed three housekeeping genes by mlsa, bayesian clustering and a median-joining network approach. second, we investigated the distribution of 32 t3e ...201121929565
Ortholog Alleles at Xa3/Xa26 Locus Confer Conserved Race-Specific Resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae in Rice.The rice disease resistance (R) gene Xa3/Xa26 (having also been named Xa3 and Xa26) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight disease, belongs to a multiple gene family clustered in chromosome 11 and is from an AA genome rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L.). This family encodes leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase-type proteins. Here, we show that the orthologs (alleles) of Xa3/Xa26, Xa3/Xa26-2, and Xa3/Xa26-3, from wild Oryza species O. officinalis (CC genome) a ...201121930802
Ortholog Alleles at Xa3/Xa26 Locus Confer Conserved Race-Specific Resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae in Rice.The rice disease resistance (R) gene Xa3/Xa26 (having also been named Xa3 and Xa26) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight disease, belongs to a multiple gene family clustered in chromosome 11 and is from an AA genome rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L.). This family encodes leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase-type proteins. Here, we show that the orthologs (alleles) of Xa3/Xa26, Xa3/Xa26-2, and Xa3/Xa26-3, from wild Oryza species O. officinalis (CC genome) a ...201121930802
Expression of a novel antimicrobial peptide Penaeidin4-1 in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) enhances plant fungal disease resistance.Turfgrass species are agriculturally and economically important perennial crops. Turfgrass species are highly susceptible to a wide range of fungal pathogens. Dollar spot and brown patch, two important diseases caused by fungal pathogens Sclerotinia homoecarpa and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively, are among the most severe turfgrass diseases. Currently, turf fungal disease control mainly relies on fungicide treatments, which raises many concerns for human health and the environment. Antimicrobia ...201121931807
oswrky iia transcription factors modulate rice innate immunity.wrky transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes including responses to biotic stresses. our previous studies indicate that oswrky62, an oswrky iia subfamily member, functions as a negative regulator of the rice defense against xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. here, we report that a large inverted repeat construct designed to knock down the expression of the four oswrky iia subfamily members (oswrky62, oswrky28, oswrky71, and oswrky76) leads to overexpression of all four genes and disea ...201021961049
controlling rice bacterial blight in africa: needs and prospects.rice cultivation has drastically increased in africa over the last decade. during this time, the region has also seen a rise in the incidence of rice bacterial blight caused by the pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. the disease is expanding to new rice production areas and threatens food security in the region. yield losses caused by x. oryzae pv. oryzae range from 20 to 30% and can be as high as 50% in some areas. employing resistant cultivars is the most economical and effective way to co ...201121963588
identification and fine-mapping of xa33, a novel gene for resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.abstract broadening of the genetic base for identification and transfer of genes for resistance to insect pests and diseases from wild relatives of rice is an important strategy in resistance breeding programs across the world. an accession of oryza nivara, international rice germplasm collection (irgc) accession number 105710, was identified to exhibit high level and broad-spectrum resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. in order to study the genetics of resistance and to tag and map the ...201121970567
kdgr, an iclr family transcriptional regulator, inhibits virulence mainly by repression of hrp genes in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.kdgr has been reported to negatively regulate the genes involved in degradation and metabolization of pectic acid and other extracellular enzymes in soft-rotting erwinia spp. through direct binding to their promoters. the possible involvement of a kdgr orthologue in virulence by affecting the expression of extracellular enzymes in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of rice blight disease, was examined by comparing virulence and regulation of extracellular enzymes between the wild ty ...201121984784
parsing a multifunctional biosynthetic gene cluster from rice: biochemical characterization of cyp71z6 & 7.rice (oryza sativa) contains a biosynthetic gene cluster associated with production of at least two groups of diterpenoid phytoalexins, the antifungal phytocassanes and antibacterial oryzalides. while cytochromes p450 (cyp) from this cluster are known to be involved in phytocassane production, such mono-oxygenase activity relevant to oryzalide biosynthesis was unknown. here we report biochemical characterization demonstrating that cyp71z6 from this cluster acts as an ent-isokaurene c2-hydroxylas ...201121985968
identification of hrpx regulon genes in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola using a gfp visualization technique.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak in rice and injects repertoires of t3s effectors (t3ses), which are normally regulated by a global regulator hrpx, into plant cells to suppress plant innate immunity for disease development. to establish a visualization technique to identify hrpx regulon genes in this pathogen, we chose six known or unknown t3se genes of x. oryzae pv. oryzicola (strain rs105) as the targets in this report. the promoters of these candid ...201121987378
complete genomic sequence of bacteriophage felix o1.bacteriophage o1 is a myoviridae a1 group member used historically for identifying salmonella. sequencing revealed a single, linear, 86,155-base-pair genome with 39% average g+c content, 131 open reading frames, and 22 trnas. closest protein homologs occur in erwinia amylovora phage fea21-4 and escherichia coli phage wv8. proteomic analysis indentified structural proteins: gp23, gp36 (major tail protein), gp49, gp53, gp54, gp55, gp57, gp58 (major capsid protein), gp59, gp63, gp64, gp67, gp68, gp ...201021994654
bacterial transition metal p(1b)-atpases: transport mechanism and roles in virulence.p(1b)-type atpases are polytopic membrane proteins that couple the hydrolysis of atp to the efflux of cytoplasmic transition metals. this paper reviews recent progress in our understanding of the structure and function of these proteins in bacteria. these are members of the p-type superfamily of transport atpases. cu(+)-atpases are the most frequently observed and best-characterized members of this group of transporters. however, bacterial genomes show diverse arrays of p(1b)-type atpases with a ...201121999638
the influence of the accessory genome on bacterial pathogen evolution.bacterial pathogens exhibit significant variation in their genomic content of virulence factors. this reflects the abundance of strategies pathogens evolved to infect host organisms by suppressing host immunity. molecular arms-races have been a strong driving force for the evolution of pathogenicity, with pathogens often encoding overlapping or redundant functions, such as type iii protein secretion effectors and hosts encoding ever more sophisticated immune systems. the pathogens' frequent expo ...201122016845
determination of the crystal structure and active residues of fabv, the enoyl-acp reductase from xanthomonas oryzae.enoyl-acp reductase (enr) catalyses the last reduction reaction in the fatty acid elongation cycle in bacteria and is a good antimicrobial target candidate. fabv is the most recently discovered class of enr, but we lack information about the atomic structure and the key residues involved in reductase activity except for the known conserved tyrosine and lysine residues in the y-x(8)-k active site motif.201122039545
genetic dissection of the biotic stress response using a genome-scale gene network for rice.rice is a staple food for one-half the world's population and a model for other monocotyledonous species. thus, efficient approaches for identifying key genes controlling simple or complex traits in rice have important biological, agricultural, and economic consequences. here, we report on the construction of ricenet, an experimentally tested genome-scale gene network for a monocotyledonous species. many different datasets, derived from five different organisms including plants, animals, yeast, ...201122042862
[analysis of the flgd and fige genes regulated by diffusible signal factor in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola].to investigate functions of flgdxoc and flgexoc genes regulated by diffusible signal factor (dsf) in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola(xoc)rs105.201122043789
Characterization of Streptomyces padanus JAU4234, a Producer of Actinomycin X2, Fungichromin, and a New Polyene Macrolide Antibiotic.Strain JAU4234, identified as Streptomyces padanus, was isolated from soil collected in Jiangxi Province, China. It produced actinomycin X2, fungichromin, and a new polyene macrolide compound with antifungal activity, antifungalmycin 702. Antifungalmycin 702 had good general antifungal activity and may have potential future agricultural and/or clinical applications.201222057866
Transcriptional Profiles Uncover Aspergillus flavus-Induced Resistance in Maize Kernels.Aflatoxin contamination caused by the opportunistic pathogen A. flavus is a major concern in maize production prior to harvest and through storage. Previous studies have highlighted the constitutive production of proteins involved in maize kernel resistance against A. flavus' infection. However, little is known about induced resistance nor about defense gene expression and regulation in kernels. In this study, maize oligonucleotide arrays and a pair of closely-related maize lines varying in afla ...201122069739
identification of seven genes of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola potentially involved in pathogenesis in rice.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) causes bacterial leaf streak (bls) in rice, an emerging and destructive disease worldwide. identification of key virulence factors is prerequisite for understanding the pathogenesis of xoc. in this study, a tn5-tagged mutant library of xoc strain rs105 was screened on rice, and 27 tn5 mutants were identified that were either nonpathogenic or showed reduced virulence in rice. fourteen of the nonpathogenic mutants were also unable to elicit the hypersensitiv ...201122075022
copper: an essential metal in biology. 201122075424
effect of modified glucose catabolism on xanthan production in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.in this study, the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (xoo2314) was inactivated in order to modulate the intracellular glucose 6-phosphate, and its effects on xanthan production in a wild-type strain of xanthomonas oryzae were evaluated. the intracellular glucose 6-phosphate was increased from 17.6 to 99.4 μmol g(-1) (dry cell weight) in the gene-disrupted mutant strain. the concomitant increase in the glucose 6-phosphate was accompanied by an increase in xanthan production of up to 2.23 g l ...201122075924
dna methylation patterns of brachypodium distachyon chromosomes and their alteration by 5-azacytidine treatment.sequential immunolocalisation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mec) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation with chromosome-specific bac clones were performed on brachypodium distachyon mitotic metaphase chromosomes to determine specific dna methylation patterns of each chromosome in the complement. in the majority of cells examined, chromosomes bd4 and bd5, which bear the loci of 5s and 35s ribosomal dna, respectively, had characteristic 5-mec patterns. in contrast, the distribution of 5-mec along the met ...201122076608
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions.The Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is an important model to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the interaction with the host. To gain insight into the transcriptome of the Xcv strain 85-10, we took a differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach. Using a novel method to automatically generate comprehensive transcription start site (TSS) maps we report 1421 putative TSSs in the Xcv genome. Genes in Xcv exhibit a poorly conserved -10 promo ...201122080557
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions.The Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is an important model to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the interaction with the host. To gain insight into the transcriptome of the Xcv strain 85-10, we took a differential RNA sequencing (dRNA-seq) approach. Using a novel method to automatically generate comprehensive transcription start site (TSS) maps we report 1421 putative TSSs in the Xcv genome. Genes in Xcv exhibit a poorly conserved -10 promo ...201122080557
mutational biosynthesis of neomycin analogs by a mutant of neomycin-producing streptomyces fradiae.neomycin, produced by streptomyces fradiae, has been widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections in clinical and agricultural applications. in this study, a neomycin nonproducing mutant of s. fradiae was obtained by gene disruption technique for mutational biosynthesis. a crucial gene neoc (neo7) which encodes 2-deoxystreptamine (2-dos) synthases was disrupted. the mutant could resume producing neomycin in the presence of 2-dos. salen derivatives of 2-dos were synthesized and individua ...201122083789
A pair of orthologs of a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase-like disease resistance gene family regulates rice response to raised temperature.ABSTRACT:201122085497
Type Three Effector Gene Distribution and Sequence Analysis Provide New Insights into the Pathogenicity of Plant-Pathogenic Xanthomonas arboricola.Xanthomonas arboricola is a complex bacterial species which mainly attacks fruit trees and is responsible for emerging diseases in Europe. It comprises seven pathovars (X. arboricola pv. pruni, X. arboricola pv. corylina, X. arboricola pv. juglandis, X. arboricola pv. populi, X. arboricola pv. poinsettiicola, X. arboricola pv. celebensis, and X. arboricola pv. fragariae), each exhibiting characteristic disease symptoms and distinct host specificities. To better understand the factors underlying ...201222101042
identification and characterisation of a novel gene hshb in xathomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola co-regulated by quorum sensing and clp.virulence factors of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc), the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak in rice, are regulated by diffusible signal factor (dsf)-dependent quorum-sensing (qs) system (44). in this study, a novel pathogenicity-related gene, xoryp_010100018570 (named hshb), of xoc was characterized. hshb encodes a hydrolase with a putative signal peptide, which is a homolog of imidazolonepropionase (huti). bioinformatic analysis showed that hshb is relatively conserved in the genus x ...201122106829
horizontal gene transfer in histophilus somni and its role in the evolution of pathogenic strain 2336, as determined by comparative genomic analyses.abstract: background: pneumonia and myocarditis are the most commonly reported diseases due to histophilus somni, an opportunistic pathogen of the reproductive and respiratory tracts of cattle. thus far only a few genes involved in metabolic and virulence functions have been identified and characterized in h. somni using traditional methods. analyses of the genome sequences of several pasteurellaceae species have provided insights into their biology and evolution. in view of the economic and ec ...201122111657
the comprehensive phytopathogen genomics resource: a web-based resource for data-mining plant pathogen genomes.the comprehensive phytopathogen genomics resource (cpgr) provides a web-based portal for plant pathologists and diagnosticians to view the genome and trancriptome sequence status of 806 bacterial, fungal, oomycete, nematode, viral and viroid plant pathogens. tools are available to search and analyze annotated genome sequences of 74 bacterial, fungal and oomycete pathogens. oomycete and fungal genomes are obtained directly from genbank, whereas bacterial genome sequences are downloaded from the a ...201122120664
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Sphaeropsidins and Chemical Derivatives toward Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Bacterial Blight.Sphaeropsidin A, the main phytotoxin produced by Diplodia cupressi, as well as the two natural analogues sphaeropsidins B and C and 14 derivatives obtained by chemical modifications were assayed for antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, and Burkholderia glumae, the causal agents of severe bacterial rice diseases. The results showed a strong and specific activity of sphaeropsidin A against X. oryzae pv. oryzae, while no activity was observed again ...201122124378
Antimicrobial Compounds Profile During Cheonggukjang Fermentation Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo).Xanthomonas oryzae causes rice bacterial blight, which has been reported as one of the most destructive diseases of rice. Metabolites were identified through cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soybean product fermented by the Bacillus spp., to control the bacteria. HPLC, MS, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analyses were performed to identify metabolites responsible for antimicrobial activity. In this analysis, the m/z values of 253.0498, 283.0600, 269.0455, 992.6287, and 1,006.6436 were identified ...201122127125
unraveling plant responses to bacterial pathogens through proteomics.plant pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in important crops and seriously and negatively impact agricultural production. therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms by which plants resist bacterial infection at the stage of the basal immune response or mount a successful specific r-dependent defense response is crucial since a better understanding of the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying these interactions will enable molecular and transgenic approaches to crops with increased bio ...201122131803
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Draft Genomes Comparison Reveal Strain-Specific Features Involved in Adaptation and Virulence to Actinidia Species.A recent re-emerging bacterial canker disease incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is causing severe economic losses to Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa cultivations in southern Europe, New Zealand, Chile and South Korea. Little is known about the genetic features of this pathovar. We generated genome-wide Illumina sequence data from two Psa strains causing outbreaks of bacterial canker on the A. deliciosa cv. Hayward in Japan (J-Psa, type-strain of the pathovar) and in Italy ...201122132095
crystal structure of malonyl coa-acyl carrier protein transacylase from xanthomanous oryzae pv. oryzae and its proposed binding with acp.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is a plant bacterial pathogen that causes bacterial blight (bb) disease, resulting in serious production losses of rice. the crystal structure of malonyl coa-acyl carrier protein transacylase (xomcat), encoded by the gene fabd (xoo0880) from xoo, was determined at 2.3 å resolution in complex with ncyclohexyl-2-aminoethansulfonic acid. malonyl coa-acyl carrier protein transacylase transfers malonyl group from malonyl coa to acyl carrier protein (acp). the trans ...201122134719
crystal structure of malonyl coa-acyl carrier protein transacylase from xanthomanous oryzae pv. oryzae and its proposed binding with acp.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is a plant bacterial pathogen that causes bacterial blight (bb) disease, resulting in serious production losses of rice. the crystal structure of malonyl coa-acyl carrier protein transacylase (xomcat), encoded by the gene fabd (xoo0880) from xoo, was determined at 2.3 å resolution in complex with ncyclohexyl-2-aminoethansulfonic acid. malonyl coa-acyl carrier protein transacylase transfers malonyl group from malonyl coa to acyl carrier protein (acp). the trans ...201122134719
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of β-ketoacyl-acp synthase i (xofabb) from xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.the proteins in the fatty-acid synthesis pathway in bacteria have significant potential as targets for the development of antibacterial agents. an essential elongation step in fatty-acid synthesis is performed by β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase i (fabb). the organism xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) causes a destructive bacterial blight disease of rice. the xofabb protein from xoo was expressed, purified and crystallized for the three-dimensional structure determination that is essen ...201122139163
Computational and Biochemical Analysis of the Xanthomonas Effector AvrBs2 and Its Role in the Modulation of Xanthomonas Type Three Effector Delivery.Effectors of the bacterial type III secretion system provide invaluable molecular probes to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant immunity and pathogen virulence. In this report, we focus on the AvrBs2 effector protein from the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe), the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. Employing homology-based structural analysis, we generate a three-dimensional structural model for the AvrBs2 protein and identify catalytic sites in ...201122144898
a ccch-type zinc finger nucleic acid-binding protein quantitatively confers resistance against rice bacterial blight disease.bacterial blight is a devastating disease of rice caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). zinc finger proteins harboring the motif with three conserved cysteine residues and one histidine residue (ccch) belong to a large family. although at least 67 ccch-type zinc finger protein genes have been identified in the rice genome, their functions are poorly understood. here we report that one of the rice ccch-type zinc finger proteins, c3h12, containing five typical cx8-cx5-cx3-h zinc finger mo ...201122158700
a ccch-type zinc finger nucleic acid-binding protein quantitatively confers resistance against rice bacterial blight disease.bacterial blight is a devastating disease of rice caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). zinc finger proteins harboring the motif with three conserved cysteine residues and one histidine residue (ccch) belong to a large family. although at least 67 ccch-type zinc finger protein genes have been identified in the rice genome, their functions are poorly understood. here we report that one of the rice ccch-type zinc finger proteins, c3h12, containing five typical cx8-cx5-cx3-h zinc finger mo ...201122158700
the gcp molecular marker toolkit, an instrument for use in breeding food security crops.crop genetic resources carry variation useful for overcoming the challenges of modern agriculture. molecular markers can facilitate the selection of agronomically important traits. the pervasiveness of genomics research has led to an overwhelming number of publications and databases, which are, nevertheless, scattered and hence often difficult for plant breeders to access, particularly those in developing countries. this situation separates them from developed countries, which have better endowe ...201022162942
the gcp molecular marker toolkit, an instrument for use in breeding food security crops.crop genetic resources carry variation useful for overcoming the challenges of modern agriculture. molecular markers can facilitate the selection of agronomically important traits. the pervasiveness of genomics research has led to an overwhelming number of publications and databases, which are, nevertheless, scattered and hence often difficult for plant breeders to access, particularly those in developing countries. this situation separates them from developed countries, which have better endowe ...201022162942
Functional analysis of the aroC gene encoding chorismate synthase from Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae.Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causes bacterial blight in rice, and this bacterial blight has been widely found in the major rice-growing areas. We constructed a transposon mutagenesis library of X. oryzae pv. oryzae and identified a mutant strain (KXOM9) that is deficient for pigment production and virulence. Furthermore, the KXOM9 mutant was unable to grow in minimal medium lacking aromatic amino acids. Thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR and sequence analysis of KXOM9 revealed that the transposo ...201122169355
Small protein-mediated quorum sensing in a gram-negative bacterium.The rice XA21 pattern recognition receptor binds a type I secreted sulfated peptide, called axY(S)22, derived from the Ax21 (activator of XA21-mediated immunity) protein. The conservation of Ax21 in all sequenced Xanthomonas spp. and closely related genera suggests that Ax21 serves a key biological function. Here we show that the predicted N-terminal sequence of Ax21 is cleaved prior to secretion outside the cell and that mature Ax21 serves as a quorum sensing (QS) factor in Xanthomonas oryzae p ...201122174954
characteristic expression of rice pathogenesis-related proteins in rice leaves during interactions with xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins play an important role in the disease resistance response. to better understand the function of rice pr proteins, we examined the expressions of ten pr proteins in rice leaves at different developmental stages with or without the interaction between rice and xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). the results showed that most of the pr proteins were expressed in rice leaves in normal growth conditions, suggesting that they play a role in rice growth. six out of te ...201122187088
inheritance of bacterial blight resistance in the rice cultivar ajaya and high-resolution mapping of a major qtl associated with resistance.summarythe cultivar ajaya (iet 8585) exhibits durable broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight (bb) disease of rice and is widely used as a resistance donor. the present study was carried out to decipher the genetics of bb resistance in ajaya and map the gene(s) conferring resistance. genetic analysis in the f2 indicated a quantitative/additive nature of resistance governed by two loci with equal effects. linked marker analysis and allelic tests revealed that one of the resistance genes is ...201122189605
isolation of a novel cutinase homolog with polyethylene terephthalate degrading activity from leaf-branch compost using a metagenomic approach.the gene encoding a cutinase homolog, lc-cutinase, was cloned from a fosmid library of a leaf-branch compost metagenome by functional screening using tributyrin agar plates. lc-cutinase shows the highest amino acid sequence identity of 59.7% to thermomonospora curvata lipase. it also shows the 57.4% identity to thermobifida fusca cutinase. when lc-cutinase without a putative signal peptide was secreted to the periplasm of e. coli cells with the assistance of the pelb leader sequence, more than 5 ...201122194294
xopr, a type iii effector secreted by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, suppresses microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in arabidopsis thaliana.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice. the xopr protein, secreted into plant cells through the type iii secretion apparatus, is widely conserved in xanthomonads and is predicted to play important roles in bacterial pathogenicity. 　here, we examined the function of xopr by constructing transgenic arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing it under control of the dexamethasone (dex)-inducible promoter. in the transgenic plants treated with dex, slightly d ...201122204644
small protein-mediated quorum sensing in a gram-negative bacterium: novel targets for control of infectious disease.control of gram-negative bacterial infections of plants and animals remains a major challenge because conventional approaches are often not sufficient to eradicate these infections. one major reason for their persistence seems to be the capability of the bacteria to grow within biofilms that protect them from adverse environmental factors. quorum sensing (qs) plays an important role in the formation of biofilms. in qs, small molecules serve as signals to recognize bacterial cell population size, ...201122204763
Screening and Identification of Antimicrobial Compounds from Streptomyces bottropensis Suppressing Rice Bacterial Blight.Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the most devastating pathogen to Oryza sativa and has been shown to cause bacterial blight. Two bioactive compounds showing antimicrobial activities against Xoo strain KACC 10331 were isolated from a Streptomyces bottropensis strain. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated on a Sephadex LH-20 column, and then purified by preparative HPLC. The purified compounds were identified as bottromycin A2 and dunaimycin D3S by HR/MS and 1H NMR analyses. The MIC val ...201122210608
characterization of cyp76m5-8 indicates metabolic plasticity within a plant biosynthetic gene cluster.recent reports have revealed genomic clustering of enzymatic genes for particular biosynthetic pathways in plant specialized/secondary metabolism. rice (oryza sativa) carries two such clusters for production of antimicrobial diterpenoid phytoalexins, with the cluster on chromosome 2 containing four closely related/homologous members of the cytochrome p450 cyp76m subfamily (cyp76m5-8). notably, the underlying evolutionary expansion of these cyp appears to have occurred after assembly of the ances ...201222215681
the burkholderia cenocepacia bdsf quorum sensing fatty acid is synthesized by a bifunctional crotonase homologue having both dehydratase and thioesterase activities.signal molecules of the diffusible signal factor (dsf) family have been shown recently to be involved in regulation of pathogenesis and biofilm formation in diverse gram-negative bacteria. dsf signals are reported to be active not only on their cognate bacteria, but also on unrelated bacteria and the pathogenic yeast, candida albicans. dsfs are monounsaturated fatty acids of medium chain length containing an unusual cis-2 double bond. although genetic analyses had identified genes involved in ds ...201222221091
the crystal structure of tal effector pthxo1 bound to its dna target.dna recognition by tal effectors is mediated by tandem repeats, each 33 to 35 residues in length, that specify nucleotides via unique repeat-variable diresidues (rvds). the crystal structure of pthxo1 bound to its dna target was determined by high-throughput computational structure prediction and validated by heavy-atom derivatization. each repeat forms a left-handed, two-helix bundle that presents an rvd-containing loop to the dna. the repeats self-associate to form a right-handed superhelix wr ...201222223736
[identification of extracellular polysaccharide-associated genes in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola].previously, seventeen extracellular polysaccharide-associated mutants of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (xoc) were acquired from our randomly tn5-inserted mutant library. to know the tn5-inserted genes of these mutants and their contribution to eps production and virulence in rice,201122233054
a novel phage-encoded transcription antiterminator acts by suppressing bacterial rna polymerase pausing.gp39, a small protein encoded by thermus thermophilus phage p23-45, specifically binds the host rna polymerase (rnap) and inhibits transcription initiation. here, we demonstrate that gp39 also acts as an antiterminator during transcription through intrinsic terminators. the antitermination activity of gp39 relies on its ability to suppress transcription pausing at poly(u) tracks. gp39 also accelerates transcription elongation by decreasing rnap pausing and backtracking but does not significantly ...201222238378
a convenient method for simultaneous quantification of multiple phytohormones and metabolites: application in study of rice-bacterium interaction.simultaneous analysis of multiple functional-related phytohormones and their metabolites will improve our understanding of interactions among different hormones in the same biologic process.201222243810
one-step expression and tyrosine o-sulfonation of ax21 in escherichia coli.ax21 (activator of xa21-mediated immunity), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern secreted by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, can be perceived by a membrane-located pattern recognition receptor xa21 and triggered immune responses in rice. an ax21-derived peptide (17-amino acid) containing a sulfated tyrosine-22 (axy(s)22) is sufficient for ax21 activity. here, we expressed ax21 and o-sulfated its tyrosine-22 through coexpressing a putative tyrosine sulfotransferase, raxst, and two other genes i ...201222249854
the colrs system of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is required for virulence and growth in iron-limiting conditions.xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice, produces siderophores only under iron-limiting conditions. we screened 15 400 mtn5-induced mutants of x. oryzae pv. oryzae and isolated 27 mutants that produced siderophores even under iron-replete conditions. we found that the mtn5 insertions in 25 of these mutants were in or close to six genes. mutants with insertions in five of these genes [cols, xoo1806 (a conserved hypothetical protein), acnb, prpr and prpb] exhibi ...201222257308
identification of genes required for cf-dependent hypersensitive cell death by combined proteomic and rna interfering analyses.identification of hypersensitive cell death (hcd) regulators is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance. in this study, combined proteomic and rna interfering (rnai) analyses were employed to identify genes required for the hcd conferred by the tomato resistance gene cf-4 and the cladosporium fulvum avirulence gene avr4. forty-nine proteins differentially expressed in the tomato seedlings mounting and those not mounting cf-4/avr4-dependent hcd were ident ...201222275387
environmental factors affecting the expression of pilab as well as the proteome and transcriptome of the grass endophyte azoarcus sp. strain bh72.bacterial communication is involved in regulation of cellular mechanisms such as metabolic processes, microbe-host interactions or biofilm formation. in the nitrogen-fixing model endophyte of grasses azoarcus sp. strain bh72, known cell-cell signaling systems have not been identified; however, the pila gene encoding the structural protein of type iv pili that are essential for plant colonization appears to be regulated in a population density-dependent manner.201222276194
xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae triggers immediate transcriptomic modulations in rice.xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae is a devastating pathogen of rice and has been extensively studied as a model pathogen of monocotyledons. expressional studies in both the contenders have been undertaken in past to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the compatible and incompatible interactions in the pathosystem. continuous update on database and gene annotations necessitates constant updating on the roles of the new entities as well as reinterpretation of regulations of the previous ones ...201222289642
molecular detection of plant pathogenic bacteria using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism.the application of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology to molecular diagnostics holds great promise for the early identification of agriculturally important plant pathogens. ralstonia solanacearum, xanthomoans axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, and xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae are phytopathogenic bacteria, which can infect vegetables, cause severe yield loss. pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) is a simple and powerful technique for identifying sequence changes in amplified d ...201222291005
distribution and properties of the genes encoding the biosynthesis of the bacterial cofactor, pyrroloquinoline quinone.pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) is a small, redox active molecule that serves as a cofactor for several bacterial dehydrogenases, introducing pathways for carbon utilization that confer a growth advantage. early studies had implicated a ribosomally translated peptide as the substrate for pqq production. this study presents a sequence- and structure-based analysis of the components of the pqq operon. we find the necessary components for pqq production are present in 126 prokaryotes, most of which ...201222324760
atypical regulation of virulence-associated functions by a diffusible signal factor in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.in xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, a secreted fatty acid signaling molecule known as diffusible signal factor (dsf) is required for virulence and growth on low-iron medium. to identify other virulence-associated traits that are regulated by dsf in this pathogen, we have performed microarray analysis of transcriptional changes between the wild type and dsf-deficient mutants of x. oryzae pv. oryzae. expression of genes that encode secreted hydrolytic enzymes, ...201222352717
a rice transient assay system identifies a novel domain in nrr required for interaction with nh1/osnpr1 and inhibition of nh1-mediated transcriptional activation.arabidopsis npr1 is a master regulator of systemic acquired resistance. npr1 binds to tga transcription factors and functions as a transcriptional co-activator. in rice, nh1/osnpr1 functions to enhance innate immunity. nrr disrupts nh1 function, when over-expressed.201222353606
sulfolipid-1 biosynthesis restricts mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in human macrophages.mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a highly evolved human pathogen characterized by its formidable cell wall. many unique lipids and glycolipids from the mtb cell wall are thought to be virulence factors that mediate host-pathogen interactions. an intriguing example is sulfolipid-1 (sl-1), a sulfated glycolipid that has been implicated in mtb pathogenesis, although no direct role for sl-1 in virulence has been established. previously, we described the bioch ...201222360425
bioinformatic identification of cassava mirnas differentially expressed in response to infection by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis.micrornas (mirnas) are short rna molecules that control gene expression by silencing complementary mrna. they play a crucial role in stress response in plants, including biotic stress. some mirnas are known to respond to bacterial infection in arabidopsis thaliana but it is currently unknown whether these responses are conserved in other plants and whether novel species-specific mirnas could have a role in defense.201222361011
genes that influence swarming motility and biofilm formation in variovorax paradoxus eps.variovorax paradoxus is an aerobic soil bacterium associated with important biodegradative processes in nature. we use v. paradoxus eps to study multicellular behaviors on surfaces.201222363744
the conjugated auxin indole-3-acetic acid-aspartic acid promotes plant disease development.auxin is a pivotal plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. auxin signaling is also known to promote plant disease caused by plant pathogens. however, the mechanism by which this hormone confers susceptibility to pathogens is not well understood. here, we present evidence that fungal and bacterial plant pathogens hijack the host auxin metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana, leading to the accumulation of a conjugated form of the hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (iaa)-a ...201222374398
fructose-bisphophate aldolase exhibits functional roles between carbon metabolism and the hrp system in rice pathogen xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola.fructose-bisphophate aldolase (fbab), is an enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in living organisms. the mutagenesis in a unique fbab gene of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak, led the pathogen not only unable to use pyruvate and malate for growth and delayed its growth when fructose was used as the sole carbon source, but also reduced extracellular polysaccharide (eps) production and impaired bacterial virulence and growth in rice. intriguingl ...201222384086
loss of cellulose synthase-like f6 function affects mixed-linkage glucan deposition, cell wall mechanical properties, and defense responses in vegetative tissues of rice.mixed-linkage glucan (mlg) is a cell wall polysaccharide containing a backbone of unbranched (1,3)- and (1,4)-linked β-glucosyl residues. based on its occurrence in plants and chemical characteristics, mlg has primarily been associated with the regulation of cell wall expansion due to its high and transient accumulation in young, expanding tissues. the cellulose synthase-like f (cslf) subfamily of glycosyltransferases has previously been implicated in mediating the biosynthesis of this polymer. ...201222388489
plasmid pp62bp1 isolated from an arctic psychrobacter sp. strain carries two highly homologous type ii restriction-modification systems and a putative organic sulfate metabolism operon.the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pp62bp1 (34,467 bp), isolated from arctic psychrobacter sp. dab_al62b, was determined and annotated. the conserved plasmid backbone is composed of several genetic modules, including a replication system (rep) with similarities to the rep region of the iteron-containing plasmid pps10 of pseudomonas syringae. the additional genetic load of pp62bp1 includes two highly related type ii restriction-modification systems and a set of genes (slfrchsl) encoding ...201222392282
[expression and functional analysis of osrboh gene family in rice immune response].the preliminary role of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (rboh) in plant immune response is defined, but the exact function of osrboh gene in rice immune response and its expression pattern is yet unclear. in order to clarify the role of osrboh in rice immune response, we screened seven osrboh genes from the latest rice genome annotation database. the result of tissue specific expression analysis demonstrated that osrbohd was expressed only in spike and calli, and osrbohe and osrbohf were only ...201122393712
dynamic nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat-encoding genes in the grass family.the proper use of resistance genes (r genes) requires a comprehensive understanding of their genomics and evolution. we analyzed genes encoding nucleotide-binding sites and leucine-rich repeats in the genomes of rice (oryza sativa), maize (zea mays), sorghum (sorghum bicolor), and brachypodium distachyon. frequent deletions and translocations of r genes generated prevalent presence/absence polymorphism between different accessions/species. the deletions were caused by unequal crossover, homologo ...201222422941
in planta assays involving epigenetically silenced genes reveal inhibition of cytosine methylation by genistein.cytosine methylation is involved in epigenetic control of gene expression in a wide range of organisms. an increasing number of examples indicate that changing the frequency of cytosine methylation in the genome is a feasible tool to engineer novel traits in plants. although demethylating effects of compounds have been analyzed in human cultured cells in terms of suppressing cancer, their effect in plant cells has not been analyzed extensively. here, we developed in planta assay systems to detec ...201222424588
allelic analysis of sheath blight resistance with association mapping in rice.sheath blight (shb) caused by the soil-borne pathogen rhizoctonia solani is one of the most devastating diseases in rice world-wide. global attention has focused on examining individual mapping populations for quantitative trait loci (qtls) for shb resistance, but to date no study has taken advantage of association mapping to examine hundreds of lines for potentially novel qtls. our objective was to identify shb qtls via association mapping in rice using 217 sub-core entries from the usda rice c ...201222427867
synthesis of 2-furyl-4-arylidene-5(4h)-oxazolones as new potent antibacterial agents against phyto-pathogenic and nitrifying bacteria.crop losses due to bacterial pathogens are a major global concern. most of the available pesticides for these pathogens suffer from various drawbacks such as complicated synthesis, high cost, high toxicity, pesticide resistance and environmental hazards. to overcome these drawbacks, the present study was undertaken to find a potent bactericide. therefore, a series of compounds comprising bioactive furyl and oxazolone rings was synthesized under microwave irradiation and screened for in vitro ant ...201222428894
the rice erf transcription factor oserf922 negatively regulates resistance to magnaporthe oryzae and salt tolerance.rice oserf922, encoding an apetela2/ethylene response factor (ap2/erf) type transcription factor, is rapidly and strongly induced by abscisic acid (aba) and salt treatments, as well as by both virulent and avirulent pathovars of magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. oserf922 is localized to the nucleus, binds specifically to the gcc box sequence, and acts as a transcriptional activator in plant cells. knockdown of oserf922 by means of rnai enhanced resistance against m. ory ...201222442415
adaptive evolution of xa21 homologs in gramineae.the xa21 protein has broad spectrum resistance against xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. although xa21-mediated immunity is well characterized, little is known about the origin and evolutionary history of this gene in grasses. therefore, we analyzed all xa21 gene homologs in eight whole-genome sequenced rice lines, as well as in four gramineous genomes, rice, brachypodium, sorghum and maize; using arabidopsis xa21 homologs as outgroups, 17, 7, 7 and 3 xa21 homologs were detected in these four grass ...201122451352
the mechanism of phloem loading in rice (oryza sativa).carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, that are synthesized in source organs are transported to sink organs to support growth and development. phloem loading of sucrose is a crucial step that drives long-distance transport by elevating hydrostatic pressure in the phloem. three phloem loading strategies have been identified, two active mechanisms, apoplastic loading via sucrose transporters and symplastic polymer trapping, and one passive mechanism. the first two active loading mechanisms require metabol ...201222453778
xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is an information resource to explore the annotation, genomic features, and biology of different strains.the xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is a scientific resource with the aim to provide a user-friendly interface for accessing high-quality manually curated genomic annotation and comparative sequence analysis, as well as for identifying and mapping prophage-like elements, a marked feature of xylella genomes. here we describe a database and tools for exploring the biology of this important plant pathogen. the hallmarks of this database are the high quality genomic annotation, the f ...201222481888
purification and identification of naringenin 7-o-methyltransferase, a key enzyme in biosynthesis of flavonoid phytoalexin sakuranetin in rice.sakuranetin, the major flavonoid phytoalexin in rice, is induced by ultraviolet (uv) irradiation, cucl(2) treatment, jasmonic acid treatment, and infection by phytopathogens. it was recently demonstrated that sakuranetin has anti-inflammatory activity, anti-mutagenic activity, anti-pathogenic activities against helicobacter pylori, leishmania, and trypanosoma and contributes to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in animals. thus, sakuranetin is a useful compound as a plant antibiotic and a p ...201222493492
dotu and vgrg, core components of type vi secretion systems, are essential for francisella lvs pathogenicity.the gram-negative bacterium francisella tularensis causes tularemia, a disease which requires bacterial escape from phagosomes of infected macrophages. once in the cytosol, the bacterium rapidly multiplies, inhibits activation of the inflammasome and ultimately causes death of the host cell. of importance for these processes is a 33-kb gene cluster, the francisella pathogenicity island (fpi), which is believed to encode a type vi secretion system (t6ss). in this study, we analyzed the role of th ...201222514651
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