Publications

the evolution of eukaryotic cilia and flagella as motile and sensory organelles.	eukaryotic cilia and flagella are motile organelles built on a scaffold of doublet microtubules and powered by dynein atpase motors. some thirty years ago, two competing views were presented to explain how the complex machinery of these motile organelles had evolved. overwhelming evidence now refutes the hypothesis that they are the modified remnants of symbiotic spirochaete-like prokaryotes, and supports the hypothesis that they arose from a simpler cytoplasmic microtubule-based intracellular t ...	2007	17977465
attempt to produce an arsenic-resistant strain of spirochaeta pallida in experimental syphilis.		1948	18104102
the flagella of spirillum volutans.		1949	18108887
morphology, cultural characteristics, and a method for mass cultivation by the reiter spirochete.		1949	18113370
measurement of aerobic respiration in leptospira icterohaemorhagiae.		1949	18113779
immobilization of treponema pallidum in vitro by antibody produced in syphilitic infection.	treponema pallida were extracted from rabbit testicular syphilomas and suspended in a special medium in which the organisms remain motile and infectious for several days. on incubation of such suspensions with syphilitic rabbit or human sera and guinea pig complement, the treponemes became non-motile and lost their capacity to infect rabbits. various factors affecting this immobilization have been investigated. in a preliminary survey of individual sera, immobilizing antibody could be detected i ...	1949	18113911
the protective value of leptospiral vaccines in hamsters.		1949	18114832
[not available].		1949	18115137
notes on spirochaeta persica from palestine and spirochaetes of relapsing fever from the western desert (tobruk area).		1949	18117642
[effect of certain antibiotics on the culture of spirochaeta pallida (treponema pallidum)].		1949	18119099
morphologic changes in syphilitic lesions during the jarisch-herxheimer reaction.		1949	18121294
[not available].		1948	18124085
hyaluronidase activity in the reiter strain of treponema pallidum.		1949	18124716
streptomycin in the treatment of leptospira carriers; experiments with hamsters and dogs.		1949	18125280
notes on endemic and acute malaria in central african natives.		1949	18125557
[not available].		1949	18126996
the bactericidal action of oxygen-liberating substances on oral microorganisms; studies with oral spirochetes.		1949	18127198
electron-microscope studies on relapsing fever spirochaetes.		1948	18129322
the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin g in experimental syphilis produced by five different strains of treponema pallidum.		1949	18129450
studies of the life and motility of treponema pallidum in fertile hens' eggs.		1949	18133280
observations on the growth of the nonpathogenic nichols strain of treponema pallidum in the embryonated chick egg under anaerobic conditions.		1949	18133282
biology of the oral spirochetes; a review.		1949	18134640
[not available].		1949	18137508
studies on the cultivation of treponema pallidum.		1949	18140308
[not available].		1949	18140891
treponemal immobilization test of normal and syphilitic serums.		1949	18144104
[not available].		1949	18145213
[not available].		1949	18149192
the anti-borrelia effect of borrelidin.		1949	18150150
[not available].		1949	18153577
biochemical and phylogenetic characterization of a novel diaminopimelate biosynthesis pathway in prokaryotes identifies a diverged form of ll-diaminopimelate aminotransferase.	a variant of the diaminopimelate (dap)-lysine biosynthesis pathway uses an ll-dap aminotransferase (dapl, ec 2.6.1.83) to catalyze the direct conversion of l-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate to ll-dap. comparative genomic analysis and experimental verification of dapl candidates revealed the existence of two diverged forms of dapl (dapl1 and dapl2). dapl orthologs were identified in eubacteria and archaea. in some species the corresponding dapl gene was found to lie in genomic contiguity with othe ...	2008	18310350
treponema isoptericolens sp. nov., a novel spirochaete from the hindgut of the termite incisitermes tabogae.	a novel spirochaete, treponema sp. strain spit5t, was isolated from hindgut contents of the drywood termite incisitermes tabogae (snyder). the cells of strain spit5t were motile, helical in shape, 0.4-0.5 microm in diameter and generally 12-20 microm long. the strain is obligately anaerobic and ferments different mono-, di- and oligosaccharides by forming ethanol as the main liquid fermentation end product. furthermore, strain spit5t was able to grow anaerobically with yeast extract as sole carb ...	2008	18450692
the unique glycoside hydrolase family 77 amylomaltase from borrelia burgdorferi with only catalytic triad conserved.	glycoside hydrolase family 77 (gh77) contains prokaryotic amylomaltases and plant-disproportionating enzymes (both possessing the 4-alpha-glucanotransferase activity; ec 2.4.1.25). together with gh13 and gh70, it forms the clan gh-h, known as the alpha-amylase family. bioinformatics analysis revealed that the putative gh77 amylomaltase (malq) from the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi genome (bb0166) contains several amino acid substitutions in the positions that are important and co ...	2008	18494783
prevalence, disease associations and risk factors for colonization with intestinal spirochaetes (brachyspira spp.) in flocks of laying hens in north-eastern italy.	the present study investigated the occurrence of anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus brachyspira in laying hen flocks in treviso province, north-eastern italy, with respect to prevalence, spirochaete species present, disease associations and risk factors for colonization. a total of 450 faecal samples from 45 sheds on 29 laying hen farms were cultured for intestinal spirochaetes. nineteen sheds on 12 farms contained chickens with symptoms consistent with avian intestinal spirochaetosi ...	2008	18568654
neuroborreliosis with extrapyramidal symptoms: a case report.	the disease of lyme is a tick-borne infection. it involves skin, the nervous system, joints and the heart. spirochaeta borrelia burgdorferi is the etiologic agent of the disease. in the majority of cases, clinical symptoms, like migrating erythema, occur from 3 to 30 days, sometimes to 3 months after a bite from a tick. the early disseminated infection involves multiple migrating erythema, neuroborreliosis, arthritis, myocarditis and other organ-related symptoms. the late stage of chronic infect ...	2008	18619183
evaluation of recombinant bhlp29.7 as an elisa antigen for detecting pig herds with swine dysentery.	swine dysentery (sd) results from infection of the porcine large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. diagnosis of sd traditionally has relied on detecting the spirochaete in the faeces of acutely affected pigs. to date simple and reliable serological assays that can be applied as a diagnostic tool at the herd level have not been available. in the current study a recombinant histidine tagged 29.7 kda lipoprotein of b. hyodysenteriae (his6-bhlp29.7) was ...	2009	18619744
presence of pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents in zhejiang, south-east china.	a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species in the forest areas of zhejiang province, south-east china. a total of 182 ticks of 6 species and 200 rodents of 8 species were collected and individually examined for the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. dna by nested pcr targeting the 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer. forty-one ticks of four species, haemaphysalis concinna, haemaphysalis longicornis, rhipicephal ...	2008	18628499
assessment of the clinical significance of intestinal spirochaetosis.	spirochaetes are well known causative agents of diarrhoea in veterinary medicine. however, there is no agreement as to whether or not they have any clinical significance in humans.	2008	18682422
in vivo diagnosis of intestinal spirochaetosis by confocal endomicroscopy.		2008	18719143
penicillin resistance in the intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli associated with oxa-136 and oxa-137, two new variants of the class d beta-lactamase oxa-63.	penicillin resistance mediated by beta-lactamase activity has been reported previously in the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli, and a novel class d beta-lactamase (oxa-63) hydrolysing oxacillin was described recently in a resistant human strain from france. in the current study, 18 b. pilosicoli strains from australia and papua new guinea were tested for ampicillin and oxacillin susceptibility, and investigated for the presence of the class d beta-lactamase gene blaoxa-63 ...	2008	18719182
syphilology: viability of spirochaeta pallida.		1928	18740847
treponema denticola tror is a manganese- and iron-dependent transcriptional repressor.	treponema denticola harbours a genetic locus with significant homology to most of the previously characterized treponema pallidum tro operon. within this locus are five genes (troabcdr) encoding for the components of an atp-binding cassette cation-transport system (troabcd) and a dtxr-like transcriptional regulator (tror). in addition, a sigma(70)-like promoter and an 18 bp region of dyad symmetry were identified upstream of the troa start codon. this putative operator sequence demonstrated simi ...	2008	18761626
plasma-cell cheilitis: successful treatment with intralesional injections of corticosteroids.	plasma-cell cheilitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the lip characterized histologically by a band-like infiltrate of plasma cells in the upper dermis. it is considered an oral counterpart of plasma-cell balanitis. clinically, it presents as a circumscribed, flat to slightly raised, eroded area of the lip. the cause of plasma-cell cheilitis is unknown, and the treatment is often disappointing. we describe a 55-year-old woman who had a long-lasting painful, swollen, and eroded area on her li ...	2009	18795938
an unexpectedly high prevalence of colonization with the intestinal spirochaete brachyspira aalborgi amongst residents of the indonesian island of bali.	pcr assays designed to amplify dna from the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira aalborgi were conducted on dna extracted from 938 faecal samples from 469 residents on the indonesian island of bali. the individuals tested were sampled twice in one year and were from four rural villages, one peri-urban centre and the capital city, denpasar. overall, an unexpectedly high prevalence of colonization (24.7%) was found, with prevalence rates at different locations varying from a low of 15.6% a ...	2008	18809551
exilispira thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic spirochaete isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney.	a novel thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium, strain rasen(t), was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney sample collected in the iheya north field, okinawa trough, japan, at a water depth of 982 m. the cells were motile, gram-negative and helical with hooked ends, 0.23-0.28x15-27 microm in size with an approximate wavelength of 1.1-1.5 microm. growth of the strain was observed at 37-60 degrees c (optimum 50 degrees c), in 2.5-3.5 % (w/v) nacl (optimum 2.5-3 % nacl) and at ph 6.0-7.5 (o ...	2008	18842837
[not available].		1948	18866073
dental roentgenographic interpretation and diagnosis; a systematic examination of dental tissues.		1948	18875170
characteristics of pathogenic spirochetes and spirochetoses with special reference to the mechanisms of host resistance.		1948	18880564
[not available].		1948	18880587
[not available].		1947	18880880
[not available].		1948	18881354
[not available].		1948	18882208
factors affecting the survival of treponema pallidum in vitro.		1948	18884297
spirochaetes in aetiologically obscure diseases.		1948	18891989
on the resistance of treponema pallidum.		1948	18892001
[not available].		1947	18896624
[not available].		1947	18898327
the action of bacitracin and subtilin on treponema pallidum in vitro and in vivo.		1948	18902257
[not available].		1947	18903799
the transmission of spirochaeta duttoni novy & knapp by pediculus humanus corporis de geer.		1948	18907587
[not available].		1947	18911483
rat bite fever caused by spirillum minus treated with penicillin; report of a case.		1948	18912486
discussion of methods for differentiating tick- from louse-borne relapsing fever spirochaetes.		1948	18915552
the minimal infectious inoculum of spirochaeta pallida (nichols strain) and a consideration of its rate of multiplication in vivo.		1948	18917621
a study of the nutritional requirements of the reiter strain of treponema pallidum.		1948	18917624
[not available].		1947	18918718
[not available].		1947	18921701
viability of treponema pallidum.		1947	18935610
identification of genes associated with prophage-like gene transfer agents in the pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes brachyspira hyodysenteriae, brachyspira pilosicoli and brachyspira intermedia.	vsh-1 is an unusual prophage-like gene transfer agent (gta) that has been described in the intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. the gta does not self-propagate, but it assembles into a virus-like particle and transfers random 7.5kb fragments of host dna to other b. hyodysenteriae cells. to date the gta vsh-1 has only been analysed in b. hyodysenteriae strain b204, in which 11 late function genes encoding prophage capsid, tail and lysis elements have been described. the aim of the c ...	2009	18950961
modification of borrelia burgdorferi to overproduce ospa or vlse alters its infectious behaviour.	the surface lipoproteins of the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi directly interact with tissue microenvironments during mammalian infection, and thus potentially affect various aspects of infection. to investigate the influence of surface antigen synthesis on infectious behaviour, b. burgdorferi was modified to constitutively produce the well-characterized surface lipoproteins ospa and invariant vlse. although increasing ospa or vlse production did not significantly affect synthesis ...	2008	18957595
spirochaeta cellobiosiphila sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, marine spirochaete.	a facultatively anaerobic, marine spirochaete, designated strain sip1(t), was isolated from interstitial water from a cyanobacteria-containing microbial mat. cells of strain sip1(t) were 0.3-0.4x10-12 mum in size, helical with a body pitch of approximately 1.4 mum and motile by means of two to four periplasmic flagella (one, or occasionally two, being inserted near each end of the cell). cells were catalase-negative and used a variety of monosaccharides and disaccharides and pectin as energy sou ...	2008	19060054
in vitro susceptibility of bovine digital dermatitis associated spirochaetes to antimicrobial agents.	bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) is an infectious lameness in cattle, which has a large global impact in terms of animal welfare and cost. the majority of evidence suggests that spirochaetes are the aetiological agent of this disease. the aim of this study was to identify the susceptibility of bdd associated spirochaetes to a range of antimicrobial agents with a view to potential usage in vivo to treat this widespread cattle disease. a microdilution method was adapted to determine the in vitro su ...	2009	19081208
isolation of the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli from long-term residents and indonesian visitors to perth, western australia.	brachyspira pilosicoli is an anaerobic spirochaete that colonizes the large intestine of humans and various species of animals and birds. the spirochaete is an important enteric pathogen of pigs and poultry, but its pathogenic potential in humans is less clear. in the current study, the occurrence of b. pilosicoli in faecal samples from 766 individuals in two different population groups in perth, western australia, was investigated by selective anaerobic culture. of 586 individuals who were long ...	2009	19141744
development of a multiplex qpcr for detection and quantitation of pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes in the faeces of pigs and chickens.	anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus brachyspira include several important pathogenic species, particularly those infecting pigs and chickens. in this study a multiplex-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (m-qpcr) assay was developed based on amplification of a 198 base pair portion of the nadh oxidase gene, using taqman probes for detecting and quantifying the three main pathogenic species, b. hyodysenteriae, b. pilosicoli and b. intermedia. the specificity of the assay was validat ...	2009	19171443
a reverse vaccinology approach to swine dysentery vaccine development.	swine dysentery (sd) is a mucohaemorrhagic colitis of pigs resulting from infection of the large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira hyodysenteriae. whole-cell bacterin vaccines are available to help control sd, but their performance has been inconsistent. this study aimed to use a reverse vaccinology approach to identify b. hyodysenteriae proteins for use as recombinant vaccine components. nineteen open reading frames (orfs) predicted to encode potential vaccine cand ...	2009	19179021
phylogenetic diversity and temporal variation in the spirochaeta populations from two mediterranean microbial mats.	spirochetes are among the bacterial groups often observed in hydrogen-sulfide-rich layers of coastal microbial mats. however, relatively few spirochetes from these microbial mats have been described and characterized. we used 16s rdna phylogenetic analysis to investigate the spirochetal diversity of microbial mats from two locations in the western mediterranean (ebro delta, spain, and camargue, france). samples from each location were monitored in the spring and winter over a period of 1 to 2 ye ...	2008	19204899
characterization of the cell surface glycolipid from spirochaeta aurantia.	spirochaeta aurantia is a free-living saprophytic spirochete that grows easily in simple laboratory media, and thus can be used as a model for the investigation of surface carbohydrate structures in spirochetae, which are normally not available in sufficient amounts. freeze-substitution electron microscopy indicated the presence of a capsule-like material projecting from the surface of s. aurantia. extraction of cells gave two major glycolipids, the one with a higher molecular mass glycolipid wa ...	2009	19214746
the borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein erpx binds mammalian laminin.	the lyme disease spirochaete, borrelia burgdorferi, can invade and persistently infect its hosts' connective tissues. we now demonstrate that b. burgdorferi adheres to the extracellular matrix component laminin. the surface-exposed outer-membrane protein erpx was identified as having affinity for laminin, and is the first laminin-binding protein to be identified in a lyme disease spirochaete. the adhesive domain of erpx was shown to be contained within a small, unstructured hydrophilic segment a ...	2009	19246757
a two-host fosmid system for functional screening of (meta)genomic libraries from extreme thermophiles.	a new cloning system is described, which allows the construction of large-insert fosmid libraries in escherichia coli and the transfer of the recombinant libraries to the extreme thermophile thermus thermophilus via natural transformation. libraries are established in the thermophilic host by site-specific chromosomal insertion of the recombinant fosmids via single crossover or double crossover recombination at the t. thermophilus pyr locus. comparative screening of a fosmid library constructed ...	2009	19285378
treponema pedis sp. nov., a spirochaete isolated from bovine digital dermatitis lesions.	bovine digital dermatitis (bdd) is a debilitating infection that is being increasingly recognized in livestock worldwide. several treponeme phylotypes have been identified in bdd lesions, although only a single bdd-associated treponeme taxon (treponema brennaborense) has been proposed thus far. in a previous study, we observed that four bdd-associated spirochaete isolates formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster on the basis of 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and shared less than 97 % sequence sim ...	2009	19406779
treponema pallidum, the stealth pathogen, changes, but how?	treponema pallidum rapidly disseminates from a genital site of inoculation to diverse organs where it establishes persistent infection. t. pallidum has long been regarded as a stealth pathogen because of its poorly antigenic and non-inflammatory surface. there is now increasing evidence that antigenic variation also contributes to the ability of the spirochaete to evade host defences. among the small number of proteins encoded by the t. pallidum genome with sequence similarity to well-characteri ...	2009	19432802
identification of conserved antigens for early serodiagnosis of relapsing fever borrelia.	borrelia hermsii is a blood-borne pathogen transmitted by the argasid tick ornithodoros hermsi. since spirochaete clearance in mice is associated with an igm-mediated response, an immunoproteomic analysis was used to identify proteins reactive with igm. we report that igm from both mice and human patients infected with b. hermsii not only reacted with the previously identified variable membrane proteins but also identified candidate antigens including heat-shock proteins, an adhesin protein, abc ...	2009	19443544
borrelia burgdorferi bb0426 encodes a 2'-deoxyribosyltransferase that plays a central role in purine salvage.	borrelia burgdorferi is an obligate parasite with a limited genome that severely narrows its metabolic and biosynthetic capabilities. thus survival of this spirochaete in an arthropod vector and mammalian host requires that it can scavenge amino acids, fatty acids and nucleosides from a blood meal or various host tissues. additionally, the utilization of ribonucleotides for dna synthesis is further complicated by the lack of a ribonucleotide reductase for the conversion of nucleoside-5'-diphosph ...	2009	19460093
myths, legends and realities of relapsing fever borreliosis.	relapsing fever borreliosis is often shrouded in mystery. from its discovery, it has evaded fulfilment of koch's postulates. it has resulted in epidemic waves of infection, although it is now mostly localized to particular endemic pockets of infection. structurally, this spirochaete breaks many paradigms for conventional microorganisms, e.g. through its segmented genomic structure. disclosure of host-microbial interactions is revealing a plethora of mechanisms, from antigenic variation to bindin ...	2009	19489920
major proteins and antigens of treponema denticola.	treponema denticola is a gram-negative, motile, asaccharolytic, anaerobic spirochaete which along with porphyromonas gingivalis and tannerella forsythia has been shown to form a bacterial consortium called the red complex that is strongly associated with the clinical progression of chronic periodontitis. t. denticola was grown in continuous culture in a complex medium with a mean generation time of 15.75 h. samples from two different membrane-enriched preparations and a cytoplasm-enriched prepar ...	2009	19501677
spirochaeta dissipatitropha sp. nov., an alkaliphilic, obligately anaerobic bacterium, and emended description of the genus spirochaeta ehrenberg 1835.	a novel obligately anaerobic, mesophilic, alkaliphilic spirochaete, strain aspc2(t), was isolated from an anaerobic sediment of alkaline, hypersaline owens lake in california, usa. the gram-negative cells are motile, helical in shape and 0.23 x 8.0-18.0 mum. growth occurs within the following ranges: 13-41 degrees c, with optimal growth at 35 degrees c; 1-3 % (w/v) nacl, with optimal growth at 2 % (w/v) nacl; and ph 7.8-10.5, with optimal growth at ph 10.0. the novel isolate is strictly alkaliph ...	2009	19578151
experimental challenge of mallards (anas platyrhynchos) with brachyspira hyodysenteriae and "brachyspira suanatina" isolated from pigs and mallards.	brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the aetiological agent of swine dysentery, and a recently proposed and closely related enteropathogenic spirochaete "brachyspira suanatina", originally isolated from pigs or mallards (anas platyrhynchos), were used to inoculate week-old mallard ducklings orally or cloacally. the colonization rate, clinical outcome, faecal dry matter content, blood leucocyte counts and gross, microscopical and electron microscopical features 14-16 days post-inoculation were investigate ...	2009	19640549
molecular monitoring of culturable bacteria from deep-sea sediment of the nankai trough, leg 190 ocean drilling program.	culturable bacteria were detected in deep-sea sediment samples collected from the nankai trough site 1173 (ocean drilling program, odp, leg 190) at 4.15 m below the seafloor with 4791 m of overlying water. in this deep ocean near surface sediment, mainly fermentative heterotrophs, autotrophic acetogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria were enriched by using two different non-selective enrichment culture media. culturable bacterial population shifts within the deep marine sediment enrichments were m ...	2004	19712305
molecular sequence analysis of prokaryotic diversity in the anoxic sediments underlying cyanobacterial mats of two hypersaline ponds in mediterranean salterns.	abstract small-subunit (16s) ribosomal dna clone libraries were constructed using dna isolated from the anoxic sediments underlying the cyanobacterial mats from two sampling stations of different salinity (station a, 150-200 per thousand salinity; station b, 250-320 per thousand salinity) located in the mediterranean salterns of salin-de-giraud (france). previous studies have shown that the mats at these two sites differ greatly in physicochemical and microbial composition. sequence analysis of ...	2003	19719657
attraction of brachyspira pilosicoli to mucin.	the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species, including humans. in the colon this spirochaete can penetrate the overlying mucus layer, attach by one cell end to the underlying enterocytes, and initiate localized colitis and diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to investigate whether, as part of the colonization process, b. pilosicoli is attracted to mucin. fifteen b. pilosicoli strains isolated from humans, pigs, chickens and dogs, ...	2010	19833772
concerning the morphology and reproduction of spirochaeta pallida and a rapid method for staining the organism.		1906	19867050
spirochaeta (treponema) pallida and syphilis.		1907	19867104
method for the pure cultivation of pathogenic treponema pallidum (spirochaeta pallida).	in conclusion, it may be pointed out that this is the first time that treponema pallidum of schaudinn has been proven beyond all doubt to have been obtained in pure culture. the method of cultivation described would appear also to be suitable for obtaining indefinite generations of the microorganism. doubtless slight modifications will adapt it to a larger number of strains and possibly to the cultivation of all strains and to still other species of treponema. finally, it may now be accepted as ...	1911	19867465
pure cultivation of spirochaeta refringens.	a strain of spirochoeta refringens has been obtained in pure culture, and its morphological and cultural characteristics have been studied. the strain possessed no pathogenicity for rabbits or monkeys. it probably belongs to the genus treponema, but it is easily differentiated from treponema pallidum, treponema microdentium, and treponema macrodentium. its relation to spirochoeta balanitidis and spirochoeta buccalis is still undetermined.	1912	19867539
treponema mucosum (new species), a mucin-producing spirochaeta from pyorrhea alveolaris, grown in pure culture.	1. a mucin-producing spirochoeta has been obtained in pure culture from a case of pyorrhea alveolaris. this organism is an independent species of the genus treponema and, as it is recognized for the first time, i propose for it the name treponema mucosum. 2. morphologically the mucosum is difficult to separate from the pallidum and microdentium, but, through its biological properties and animal reactions it is easily differentiated from all the rest of the spirochoetae. 3. the mucosum is not par ...	1912	19867565
the pure cultivation of spirochaeta duttoni, spirochaeta kochi, spirochaeta obermeieri, and spirochaeta novyi.	1. a method for the pure cultivation of spirochoeta duttoni, spirochoeta kochi, spirochoeta obermeieri, and spirochoeta novyi is described in this paper. in vitro these strains reach their maximum growth after seven, eight, or nine days at 37 degrees c. for their multiplication they require the presence of a piece of fresh sterile tissue and a body fluid capable of forming a loose fibrin with the tissue. the presence of some oxygen seems indispensable for their growth, since they fail to grow in ...	1912	19867566
pure cultivation of spirochaeta phagedenis (new species), a spiral organism found in phagedenic lesions on human external genitalia.	1. a hitherto undescribed spiral organism has been isolated in pure culture from a case of mild phagedenic ulcer on the external genitalia of a woman. for this organism the name spirochoeta phagedenis is proposed. 2. spirochoeta phagedenis is a strict anaerobe and grows in the presence of fresh tissue in ascitic agar. it produces no apparent change in the media, but a somewhat offensive odor develops in the culture tube. 3. spirochoeta phagedenis incites a slight inflammatory reaction in the ski ...	1912	19867571
a study of complement fixation in syphilis with spirochaeta culture antigens.		1912	19867578
cultivation of spirochaeta gallinarum.	1. spirochoeta gallinarum can be cultivated in suitable artificial media for many successive generations and probably for indefinite periods. the presence of fresh tissue and a certain amount of oxygen seems to be essential for its growth. no perceptible odor is produced in the cultures. 2. the maximum growth of spirochoeta gallinarum is reached on about the fifth day, but the phase of degeneration commences slowly and gradually, so that in this respect the gallinarum differs from the duttoni, k ...	1912	19867601
cultivation of treponema calligyrum (new species) from condylomata of man.	1. on the surface of genital or anal lesions, either syphilitic or non-syphilitic, there may be found occasionally a spirochaeta resembling treponema pallidum, but somewhat thicker than the latter. in general characteristics, this organism occupies an intermediary position between treponema pallidum and spirochaeta refringens. 2. the treponema was obtained in pure culture from two cases. for the organism the name of treponema calligyrum is proposed. 3. treponema calligyrum is non-pathogenic for ...	1913	19867628