Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the impact of post-learning sleep vs. wakefulness on recognition memory for faces with different facial expressions. | a beneficial effect of sleep after learning, compared to wakefulness, on memory formation has been shown in many studies using a variety of tasks. however, none of these studies has specifically addressed recognition memory for faces so far. the recognition of familiar faces, together with the extraction of emotional information from facial expression, is a fundamental cognitive skill in human everyday life, for which specific neural systems and mechanisms of processing have been developed. here ... | 2007 | 17336554 |
| metabolic interaction of dietary sugars and plasma lipids with a focus on mechanisms and de novo lipogenesis. | the elevation of blood lipid concentrations in response to the consumption of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets is known as carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolaemia (hptg). an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between carbohydrates and plasma lipids may help determine whether carbohydrate-induced hptg would increase cardiovascular risk. there is growing evidence to suggest that the sugar component of the diet may be largely responsible, rather than the total carbohy ... | 2007 | 17343772 |
| per3 polymorphism predicts sleep structure and waking performance. | circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis interact to regulate sleep-wake cycles [1-4], but the genetic basis of individual differences in sleep-wake regulation remains largely unknown [5]. period genes are thought to contribute to individual differences in sleep timing by affecting circadian rhythmicity [6], but not sleep homeostasis [7, 8]. we quantified the contribution of a variable-number tandem-repeat polymorphism in the coding region of the circadian clock gene period3 (per3) [9, 10] to ... | 2007 | 17346965 |
| association between polysomnographic measures of disrupted sleep and prothrombotic factors. | subjective sleep disturbances have been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease (cad). we hypothesized that disrupted sleep as verified by polysomnography is associated with increased levels of prothrombotic hemostasis factors previously shown to predict cad risk. | 2007 | 17356087 |
| [molecular imaging of histamine receptors in the human brain]. | brain histamine is involved in a wide range of physiological functions such as regulation of sleep-wake cycle, arousal, appetite control, cognition, learning and memory mainly through the 4 receptor subtypes: h1, h2, h3 and h4. neurons producing histamine, histaminergic neurons, are exclusively located in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and are transmitting histamine to almost all regions of the brain. roles of brain histamine have been studied using animals including ... | 2007 | 17370648 |
| myron prinzmetal 1908-1987: the man behind the variant angina. | prinzmetal or variant angina refers to decrease in blood flow secondary to spontaneous spasm of the arterial wall usually without significant atherosclerotic plaques. these symptoms happen at rest and often may wake up the patient during the night. this angina is named after myron prinzmetal (1908-1987), who worked most of his life in los angeles and published 165 medical publications during his brilliant career. his interests ranged from disease of the lung, kidneys, and peripheral vascular dis ... | 2008 | 17379334 |
| effects of ageing on the fine distribution of the circadian clock protein in reticular formation neurons. | many biochemical, physiological and behavioural processes, from bacteria to human, exhibit roughly 24 h cyclic oscillations defined as circadian rhythms. however, during ageing, numerous aspects of the circadian biology undergo alterations; in particular, the sleep pattern changes, with more frequent awakenings and shorter sleep time. the basic mechanism of the circadian clock relies on intracellular molecular pathways involving interlocking transcriptional/translational feedback loops, and cloc ... | 2007 | 17415583 |
| [medicen paris région: a world-class ''competitiveness cluster'' in the paris region incorporating a neuroscience ''subcluster'']. | the french public-private partnerships known as "competitive clusters" [pôles de compétitivité (pdc)] are intended to be novel and ambitious engines of regional growth, employment and biomedical innovation. partly funded by government and local councils, they aim to capitalize on regional expertise by bringing together basic scientists, clinicians, innovative entrepreneurs and local decision-makers around specific themes that have become too costly and complex for any of these actors to tackle a ... | 2007 | 17433236 |
| on mathematical modeling of circadian rhythms, performance, and alertness. | mathematical models of neurobehavioral performance and alertness have both basic science and practical applications. these models can be especially useful in predicting the effect of different sleep-wake schedules on human neurobehavioral objective performance and subjective alertness under many conditions. several relevant models currently exist in the literature. in principle, the development and refinement of any mathematical model should be based on an explicit modeling methodology, such as ... | 2007 | 17440211 |
| a quantitative model of sleep-wake dynamics based on the physiology of the brainstem ascending arousal system. | a quantitative, physiology-based model of the ascending arousal system is developed, using continuum neuronal population modeling, which involves averaging properties such as firing rates across neurons in each population. the model includes the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlpo), where circadian and homeostatic drives enter the system, the monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei of the ascending arousal system, and their interconnections. the human sleep-wake cycle is governed by the activities of ... | 2007 | 17440218 |
| constant light housing during nursing causes human dsps (delayed sleep phase syndrome) behaviour in clock-mutant mice. | delayed sleep phase syndrome (dsps) is very often seen among patients with sleep-wake rhythm disorders. humans with the 3111c allele of the human clock gene tend to demonstrate a higher evening preference on the morningness-eveningness (me) preference test. dsps is thought to be an extreme form of this evening preference. clock-mutant mice have been proposed as an animal model of evening preference. in this study, we looked at whether constant light (ll) housing of clock-mutant mice during lacta ... | 2007 | 17445238 |
| medical support to sri lanka in the wake of tsunamis: planning considerations and lessons learned. | when massive tsunamis affected the coast of sri lanka and other indian ocean littorals, elements of the third force service support group and assigned navy, air force, army, and coast guard units from the u.s. pacific command were "task organized" to form combined support group-sri lanka (csg-sl), charged to conduct humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (ha/dr) operations. the specific mission was to provide immediate relief to the affected population of sri lanka and the maldives, to minimize ... | 2006 | 17447616 |
| human relational memory requires time and sleep. | relational memory, the flexible ability to generalize across existing stores of information, is a fundamental property of human cognition. little is known, however, about how and when this inferential knowledge emerges. here, we test the hypothesis that human relational memory develops during offline time periods. fifty-six participants initially learned five "premise pairs" (a>b, b>c, c>d, d>e, and e>f). unknown to subjects, the pairs contained an embedded hierarchy (a>b>c>d>e>f). following an ... | 2007 | 17449637 |
| circadian desynchronization of core body temperature and sleep stages in the rat. | proper functioning of the human circadian timing system is crucial to physical and mental health. much of what we know about this system is based on experimental protocols that induce the desynchronization of behavioral and physiological rhythms within individual subjects, but the neural (or extraneural) substrates for such desynchronization are unknown. we have developed an animal model of human internal desynchrony in which rats are exposed to artificially short (22-h) light-dark cycles. under ... | 2007 | 17452631 |
| brain orexins and wake regulation in rats exposed to maternal deprivation. | maternal deprivation (md) is a neonatal stressor that leads to behavioral and molecular manifestations of chronic stress in adulthood. recent evidence has suggested that stress may impact wake regulation through corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and the orexinergic system. we studied the wake/sleep features and brain levels of orexin and orexin receptors in adult rats neonatally subjected to either ten days of md or a control procedure from postnatal day 4. at 3 months of age, one set of rat ... | 2007 | 17466285 |
| neuroimaging in sleep medicine. | the development of neuroimaging techniques has made possible the characterization of cerebral function throughout the sleep-wake cycle in normal human subjects. indeed, human brain activity during sleep is segregated within specific cortical and subcortical areas in relation to the sleep stage, sleep physiological events and previous waking activity. this approach has allowed sleep physiological theories developed from animal data to be confirmed, but has also introduced original concepts about ... | 2007 | 17470413 |
| clinical and neurobiological aspects of narcolepsy. | narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (eds), cataplexy and/or other dissociated manifestations of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep (hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis). narcolepsy is currently treated with amphetamine-like central nervous system (cns) stimulants (for eds) and antidepressants (for cataplexy). some other classes of compounds such as modafinil (a non-amphetamine wake-promoting compound for eds) and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (ghb, a short-acting sedative f ... | 2007 | 17470414 |
| wake-up call: history reminds us to take flu preparations seriously. | 2007 | 17481419 | |
| emerging links between the biological clock and the dna damage response. | for life forms to survive, they must adapt to their environmental conditions. one such factor that impacts on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms is the light-dark cycle, a consequence of planetary rotation in relation to our sun. in mammals, the daily light cycle has affected the regulation of many cellular processes such as sleep-wake and calorific intake activities, hormone secretion, blood pressure and immune system responses. such rhythmic behaviour is the consequence of circadian rhy ... | 2007 | 17492458 |
| entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker to longer-than-24-h days. | entrainment of the circadian pacemaker to the light:dark cycle is necessary for rhythmic physiological functions to be appropriately timed over the 24-h day. nonentrainment results in sleep, endocrine, and neurobehavioral impairments. exposures to intermittent bright light pulses have been reported to phase shift the circadian pacemaker with great efficacy. therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a modulated light exposure (mle) with bright light pulses in the evening would entrain subjects to ... | 2007 | 17502598 |
| legal implications of public health guidelines. | medical guidelines aim to provide stylised procedures to manage illnesses. doctors might believe that conforming to guidelines provides protection within legal proceedings. guidelines were deemed inadmissible evidence in regina v ross gillett, raising some concerns. gillett was a middle aged man who denied having epilepsy when applying for a driver's licence and was involved in a car crash which killed three people. he had confirmed epilepsy yet expert witnesses testified he was within austroads ... | 2007 | 17511410 |
| uncovering physiologic mechanisms of circadian rhythms and sleep/wake regulation through mathematical modeling. | mathematical models of neurobehavioral function are useful both for understanding the underlying physiology and for predicting the effects of rest-activity-work schedules and interventions on neurobehavioral function. in a symposium titled "modeling human neurobehavioral performance i: uncovering physiologic mechanisms" at the 2006 society for industrial and applied mathematics/society for mathematical biology (siam/smb) conference on the life sciences, different approaches to modeling the physi ... | 2007 | 17517913 |
| developing mathematical models of neurobehavioral performance for the "real world". | work-related operations requiring extended wake durations, night, or rotating shifts negatively affect worker neurobehavioral performance and health. these types of work schedules are required in many industries, including the military, transportation, and health care. these industries are increasingly using or considering the use of mathematical models of neurobehavioral performance as a means to predict the neurobehavioral deficits due to these operational demands, to develop interventions tha ... | 2007 | 17517914 |
| number and function of circulating human antigen presenting cells regulated by sleep. | there is evidence that sleep facilitates the adaptive immune response to infectious agents and, thereby, supports immunologic memory. the effect might be attained by sleep-induced changes in the number and function of dendritic cells (dcs), which play a key role in the initiation of the immune response. this study aimed to dissociate effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on circulating numbers of dc precursors, ie, cd14+cd16- and cd14(dim)cd16+ monocytes, myeloid dendritic cell precursors (pre-m ... | 2007 | 17520784 |
| bioinformatics and human identification in mass fatality incidents: the world trade center disaster. | victim identification initiatives undertaken in the wake of mass fatality incidents (mfis) where high-body fragmentation has been sustained are often dependent on dna typing technologies to complete their mandate. the success of these endeavors is linked to the choice of dna typing methods and the bioinformatic tools required to make the necessary associations. several bioinformatic tools were developed to assist with the identification of the victims of the world trade center attacks, one of th ... | 2007 | 17524061 |
| sleep enhances serum interleukin-7 concentrations in humans. | growing evidence points towards a beneficial effect of sleep on immune function. human studies indicate that the t cell mediated adaptive immune function including formation of antigen specific antibodies is facilitated by sleep. along this line, here we aimed to dissociate the effect of sleep and circadian rhythm on circulating interleukin-7 (il-7) and interleukin-15 (il-15). these cytokines play a key role in the homeostatic regulation of naïve and memory t cell numbers and are critical for th ... | 2007 | 17524612 |
| addition of a non-photic component to a light-based mathematical model of the human circadian pacemaker. | mathematical models have become vital to the study of many biological processes in humans due to the complexity of the physiological mechanisms underlying these processes and systems. while our current mathematical representation of the human circadian pacemaker has proven useful in many experimental situations, it uses as input only a direct effect of light on the circadian pacemaker. although light (a photic stimulus) has been shown to be the primary synchronizer of the circadian pacemaker acr ... | 2007 | 17531270 |
| [withholding and withdrawing treatment, ethical and legal aspects]. | in the wake of medical progress an important ethical discussion has arisen about when to withhold and when to withdraw life-sustaining treatment. | 2007 | 17571104 |
| [the relativity of abnormity]. | in the late 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, mental diseases and abnormal behavior was considered to be a great danger to culture and society. "degeneration" was the buzzword of the time, used and misused by artists and scientists alike. at the same time, some scientists saw abnormity as the key to unlock the mysteries of the ordinary mind. naturalistic curiosity left pandoras box open when religion declined in darwins wake. two swedish scientists, the physician bror gadeli ... | 2006 | 17575643 |
| amphibians as models for studying environmental change. | the use of amphibians as models in ecological research has a rich history. from an early foundation in studies of amphibian natural history sprang generations of scientists who used amphibians as models to address fundamental questions in population and community ecology. more recently, in the wake of an environment that human disturbances rapidly altered, ecologists have adopted amphibians as models for studying applied ecological issues such as habitat loss, pollution, disease, and global clim ... | 2007 | 17592188 |
| melatonin and the human hippocampus, a time dependent interplay. | melatonin serves as a signal of darkness and participates in sleep/wake regulation. animal studies demonstrated effects of melatonin in the hippocampus, particularly suggesting involvement in synaptic plasticity. we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify and investigate effects of melatonin in the human hippocampus. activity in the hippocampal complex during a memory task was examined at 22:00 hr (when endogenous melatonin levels are normally increasing) and compared with 16:00 h ... | 2007 | 17614839 |
| human african trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease. | this review discusses the challenges of chemotherapy for human african trypanosomiasis (hat). the few drugs registered for use against the disease are unsatisfactory for a number of reasons. hat has two stages. in stage 1 the parasites proliferate in the haemolymphatic system. in stage 2 they invade the central nervous system and brain provoking progressive neurological dysfunction leading to symptoms that include the disrupted sleep wake patterns that give hat its more common name of sleeping s ... | 2007 | 17618313 |
| circadian phase response curves to light in older and young women and men. | abstract: | 2007 | 17623102 |
| race, language, and mental evolution in darwin's descent of man. | charles darwin was notoriously ambiguous in his remarks about the relationship between human evolution and biological race. he stressed the original unity of the races, yet he also helped to popularize the notion of a racial hierarchy filling the gaps between the highest anthropoids and civilized europeans. a focus on darwin's explanation of how humans initially evolved, however, shows that he mainly stressed not hierarchy but a version of humanity's original mental unity. in his book the descen ... | 2007 | 17623873 |
| hiv risk behavior among injection drug users in tehran, iran. | iran faces parallel human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and injection drug use epidemics; more than 62% of known hiv cases occur among injection drug users (idu). we conducted a formative study of idu in tehran to explore risk behavior in the wake of the recent harm reduction efforts. | 2007 | 17645427 |
| sleep-stage-specific regulation of plasma catecholamine concentration. | the catecholaminergic system is critically involved in the regulation of sleep, wake and arousal states. in the central nervous system, sleep is characterized by low levels of norepinephrine compared to wakefulness, reaching minimum levels during rapid eye movement (rem) sleep. it is not yet clear whether blood catecholamine concentrations (as a measure of sympathetic activity in the body periphery) show a similar sleep stage-dependent decline or depend mainly on a circadian rhythm. here, we sho ... | 2007 | 17651907 |
| human thalamic and cortical activities assessed by dimension of activation and spectral edge frequency during sleep wake cycles. | using spectral edge frequency (sef95) and dimension of activation (da), a new tool derived from the dimension of correlation, we assessed the activation of thalamus and cortex in the different vigilance states. | 2007 | 17682662 |
| plasticity of the intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system. | human expeditions to mars will require adaptation to the 24.65-h martian solar day-night cycle (sol), which is outside the range of entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker under lighting intensities to which astronauts are typically exposed. failure to entrain the circadian time-keeping system to the desired rest-activity cycle disturbs sleep and impairs cognitive function. furthermore, differences between the intrinsic circadian period and earth's 24-h light-dark cycle underlie human circa ... | 2007 | 17684566 |
| increasing length of wakefulness and modulation of hypocretin-1 in the wake-consolidated squirrel monkey. | the neuropeptides hypocretins (orexins), the loss of which results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy, are hypothesized to be involved in the consolidation of wakefulness and have been proposed to be part of the circadian-driven alertness signal. to elucidate the role of hypocretins in the consolidation of human wakefulness we examined the effect of wake extension on hypocretin-1 in squirrel monkeys, primates that consolidate wakefulness during the daytime as do humans. wake was extended up to 7 h ... | 2007 | 17686881 |
| optimizing emergency awakening to audible smoke alarms: an update. | this review examines research on arousal from sleep in an emergency. it considers whether the current smoke alarm signal is optimal for waking those most at risk of dying in a fire and, if not, how it may be improved. | 2007 | 17702211 |
| as the worm turns: hope as meaning construction in the wake of grief and loss. | this article presents findings from reimmersion in the data from a study on hope in australian youth. carried out in 2002 using a gadamerian hermeneutic phenomenological approach, the study explored meanings that young people ascribed to their experiences of hope. it was clear from original analysis that the participants expressed hope as a driving force characterized by a necessity for human connectedness and the need to have options and choices in life which when experienced produced feelings ... | 2007 | 17703116 |
| the brain 5-ht1a receptor gene expression in hibernation. | hibernation is a unique physiological state characterized by profound reversible sleep-like state, depression in body temperature and metabolism. the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine(1a) (5-ht(1a)) receptor gene sequence in typical seasonal hibernator, ground squirrel (spermophilus undulatus), was specified. it was found that the fragment encoding the fifth transmembrane domain showed 93.6% of homology with the analogous fragment of the mouse and rat genes and displayed 88.5% homology with the huma ... | 2008 | 17711450 |
| anomalous sounds from the entry of meteor fireballs. | a very bright fireball observed over new south wales in 1978 produced anomalous sounds clearly audible to some of the observers. an investigation of the phenomenon indicates that bright fireballs radiate considerable electromagnetic energy in the very-low-frequency (vlf) region of the spectrum. a mechanism for the production of vlf emissions from the highly energetic wake turbulence of the fireball is proposed. trials with human subjects revealed a very extended range of thresholds for the perce ... | 1980 | 17751127 |
| pharmacological characterization of jnj-28583867, a histamine h(3) receptor antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. | wake-promoting agents such as modafinil are used in the clinic as adjuncts to antidepressant therapy in order to alleviate lethargy. the wake-promoting action of histamine h(3) receptor antagonists has been evidenced in numerous animal studies. they may therefore be a viable strategy for use as an antidepressant therapy in conjunction with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. jnj-28583867 (2-methyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenyl)-7-(3-morpholin-4-yl-propoxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline) is a ... | 2007 | 17765221 |
| breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. | the present experimental study was designed to determine how breastfeeding from a mother who smokes affects infants in the short-term. | 2007 | 17766521 |
| human issues in human rights. | the national academy of sciences' committee on human rights and its 350 correspondent academy members seeks to ease the plight of individual scientists, engineers, and medical personnel suffering severe repression. it has engaged in a program of private inquiry, public remonstrance, and moral support in behalf of individuals from 11 countries. in developing this activity, members of the committee had to engage in a series of troubling issues related to the nature of human rights, the choice of c ... | 1978 | 17790426 |
| meeting report: the role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. | light, including artificial light, has a range of effects on human physiology and behavior and can therefore alter human physiology when inappropriately timed. one example of potential light-induced disruption is the effect of light on circadian organization, including the production of several hormone rhythms. changes in light-dark exposure (e.g., by nonday occupation or transmeridian travel) shift the timing of the circadian system such that internal rhythms can become desynchronized from both ... | 2007 | 17805428 |
| identification of coding polymorphisms in human circadian rhythm genes per1, per2, per3, clock, arntl, cry1, cry2 and timeless in a multi-ethnic screening panel. | in this study, the exonic regions of the circadian rhythm genes per1, per2, per3, clock, arntl, cry1, cry2 and timeless were re-sequenced and coding changes identified in a panel of 95 individuals varying in ethnicity. | 2008 | 17852344 |
| microarray analysis of exstrophic human bladder smooth muscle. | to compare the genetic profiles of 'healthy' bladder smooth muscle cells (smcs) and exstrophic smcs (esmcs) to identify genes that are over- and under-expressed in esmcs, thus providing a molecular evaluation of the quality and therapeutic potential of esmc tissue. | 2008 | 17868416 |
| bv8/prokineticin proteins and their receptors. | the bv8/prokineticins (pks) are a new family of peptides identified in frog, fish, reptiles and mammals that signal through two highly homologous g-protein coupled receptors, pkr1 and pkr2. bv8/pk proteins possess a unique structural motif comprising five disulfide bonds and a completely conserved n-terminal hexapeptide sequence that is essential for the peptide's biological activities. over the past few years, several biological functions of bv8/pk proteins have been elucidated. this review con ... | 2007 | 17881008 |
| kraepelin's dichotomy is true: contrasting brain dysfunction at the extremes of human growth and maturation. excitability, the fundamental property of nervous tissue, is affected. | the distribution of kraepelin's ubiquitous dichotomy varies with standard of living and pubertal age: when one rises, the other declines. the universal similar clinical picture--mortality risk, manic depressive psychosis, episodic dysfunction of brainstem control systems (sleep-wake cycle, food, mood control mechanism)--is caused by abridged pubertal pruning of excitatory synapses, which is treated with anti-epileptics, as opposed to convulsant neuroleptics in dementia praecox, where the clinica ... | 2009 | 17886163 |
| medical ethics in the wake of the holocaust: departing from a postwar paper by ludwik fleck. | in 1948 ludwik fleck published a paper in polish discussing the use of humans in medical experiments, thereby addressing his peers. though the paper has so far not been translated or studied, it has been taken to indicate fleck's deep commitment to ethical questions, notably the question of informed consent. in being written by a former victim of the nazi policy and a survivor of the holocaust also acting as an expert witness in the trial of the ig farben in nuremberg, the paper is of interest. ... | 2007 | 17893071 |
| delayed sleep phase disorder in temporal isolation. | this study sought to characterize sleep and the circadian rhythm of body core temperature of an individual with delayed sleep phase disorder (dspd) in the absence of temporal cues and social entrainment and to compare those measures to age-matched normal control subjects studied under identical conditions. | 2007 | 17910395 |
| predicting worker exposure--the effect of ventilation velocity, free-stream turbulence and thermal condition. | three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (cfd) simulations were used to predict the flow field and resulting worker exposures when toxic airborne contaminants were released into the wake region of a mannequin that had its back to the airflow while holding the source of airborne contaminants. the effects of ventilation velocity, free-stream turbulence, and various thermal conditions on fluid flow and exposure levels were evaluated. the results showed good agreement between predicted and exp ... | 2007 | 17917950 |
| sleep/wake firing patterns of human genioglossus motor units. | although studies of the principal tongue protrudor muscle genioglossus (gg) suggest that whole muscle gg electromyographic (emg) activities are preserved in nonrapid eye movement (nrem) sleep, it is unclear what influence sleep exerts on individual gg motor unit (mu) activities. we characterized the firing patterns of human gg mus in wakefulness and nrem sleep with the aim of determining 1) whether the range of mu discharge patterns evident in wakefulness is preserved in sleep and 2) what effect ... | 2007 | 17928550 |
| epidemiology of the human circadian clock. | humans show large inter-individual differences in organising their behaviour within the 24-h day-this is most obvious in their preferred timing of sleep and wakefulness. sleep and wake times show a near-gaussian distribution in a given population, with extreme early types waking up when extreme late types fall asleep. this distribution is predominantly based on differences in an individuals' circadian clock. the relationship between the circadian system and different "chronotypes" is formally an ... | 2007 | 17936039 |
| alerting effects of light. | light exerts powerful non-visual effects on a wide range of biological functions and behavior. in humans, light is intuitively linked with an alert or wakeful state. compared to the effects of light on human circadian rhythms, little attention has been paid to its acute alerting action. here i summarize studies from the past two decades, which have defined and quantified the dose (illuminance levels), exposure duration, timing and wavelength of light needed to evoke alerting responses in humans, ... | 2007 | 17936041 |
| visual impairment and circadian rhythm disorders. | many aspects of human physiology and behavior are dominated by 24-hour circadian rhythms that have a major impact on our health and well-being, including the sleep-wake cycle, alertness and performance patterns, and many daily hormone profiles. these rhythms are spontaneously generated by an internal "pacemaker" in the hypothalamus, and daily light exposure to the eyes is required to keep these circadian rhythms synchronized both internally and with the external environment. sighted individuals ... | 2007 | 17969867 |
| the role of circadian clock genes in mental disorders. | the study of molecular clock mechanisms in psychiatric disorders is gaining significant interest due to data suggesting that a misalignment between the endogenous circadian system and the sleep-wake cycle might contribute to the clinical status of patients suffering from a variety of psychiatric disorders. sleep disturbances in major depressive disorder (mdd) are characterized by increased sleep latency, poorer sleep efficiency reduced latency to the first rapid eye movement (rem) sleep episode, ... | 2007 | 17969870 |
| automatic sleep classification according to rechtschaffen and kales. | conventionally, polysomnographic recordings are classified according to the rules published in 1968 by rechtschaffen and kales (r&k). the present paper describes an automatic classification system embedded in an e-health solution that has been developed and validated in a large database of healthy controls and sleep disturbed patients. the somnolyzer 24x7 adheres to the decision rules for visual scoring as closely as possible and includes a structured quality control procedure by a human expert. ... | 2007 | 18002875 |
| [physiology of normal sleep]. | normal sleep of a young adult is composed of around 4 to 6 cycles of 90 minutes each. two states of sleep have been established, rem sleep and non rem sleep. rem sleep is mainly characterized by a complete atonia which creates a physiological paralysis. slow wave sleep is characterized by an increase of more than 20% of eeg delta waves. sleep could be represented by a two process model. the first one, the homeostatic component, represents the propensity to sleep, the second one, the circadian co ... | 2007 | 18018451 |
| practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. an american academy of sleep medicine report. | the expanding science of circadian rhythm biology and a growing literature in human clinical research on circadian rhythm sleep disorders (crsds) prompted the american academy of sleep medicine (aasm) to convene a task force of experts to write a review of this important topic. due to the extensive nature of the disorders covered, the review was written in two sections. the first review paper, in addition to providing a general introduction to circadian biology, addresses "exogenous" circadian r ... | 2007 | 18041479 |
| blocking melanin-concentrating hormone mch1 receptor affects rat sleep-wake architecture. | melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) is a hypothalamic peptide that centrally regulates food intake, energy balance and emotion. interestingly, mch and melanin-concentrating hormone mch(1) receptors are distributed in brain areas known to regulate vigilance states. effects of subcutaneous administration of two selective melanin-concentrating hormone mch(1) receptor antagonists, labeled a and b were examined over a broad dose range (1, 3, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) on rat sleep-wake architecture. both comp ... | 2008 | 18062961 |
| expression of clock genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells throughout the sleep/wake and circadian cycles. | the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes in the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) underlies the manifestation of endogenous circadian rhythmicity in behavior and physiology. recent evidence demonstrating rhythmic clock gene expression in non-scn tissues suggests that functional clocks exist outside the central circadian pacemaker of the brain. in this investigation, the nature of an oscillator in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) is evaluated by assessing clock gene e ... | 2007 | 18075796 |
| csf histamine levels in rats reflect the central histamine neurotransmission. | reduced cerebrospinal fluid (csf) histamine levels were found in human hypersomnia. to evaluate the functional significance of changes in csf histamine levels, we measured the levels in rats across 24h, after the administration of wake-promoting compounds modafinil, amphetamine, and thioperamide, and after sleep deprivation and food deprivation. thioperamide significantly increased csf histamine levels with little effects on locomotor activation. both modafinil and amphetamine markedly increased ... | 2008 | 18077091 |
| narcolepsy: pathophysiology and pharmacology. | narcolepsy, which affects 1 in 2000 people in the general population, is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (eds), cataplexy, and other dissociated manifestations of rapid eye movement sleep (hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis). the disease is currently treated with amphetamine-like central nervous system stimulants (for eds) and antidepressants (for cataplexy). some compounds from other classes, such as modafinil (a non-amphetamine wake-promoting compound for eds) and sodi ... | 2007 | 18078360 |
| aerial locomotion in flies and robots: kinematic control and aerodynamics of oscillating wings. | flight in flies results from a feedback cascade in which the animal converts mechanical power produced by the flight musculature into aerodynamic forces. a major goal of flight research is to understand the functional significance of the various components in this cascade ranging from the generation of the neural code, the control of muscle mechanical power output, wing kinematics and unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms. here, i attempted to draw a broad outline on fluid dynamic mechanisms found in ... | 2004 | 18089042 |
| impact of september 11 on refugees and those seeking asylum. | september 11, 2001 profoundly affected the american public. we share the views of a cohort of refugees and those seeking asylum from the boston center for refugee health and human rights. of the 63 individuals from 18 countries interviewed, many had concerns about their personal safety following september 11, as well as fears related to deportation, arrest, detention, imprisonment, discrimination, physical violence and the destruction of property, and war. asylum seekers were more likely than re ... | 2007 | 18089639 |
| consent and nothing but consent? the organ retention scandal. | the organ retention scandal arose in the uk in the autumn of 1999 when knowledge of the practice of organ and tissue retention after post-mortem for subsequent diagnostic, teaching, audit and research purposes fully entered the public domain. many families were shocked and distressed to realise that by allowing a post-mortem on their relative or child they were also deemed to have agreed to the long-term retention of organs and tissues and thus had buried or cremated, as they perceived it, not a ... | 2007 | 18092981 |
| endogenous circadian rhythm in human motor activity uncoupled from circadian influences on cardiac dynamics. | the endogenous circadian pacemaker influences key physiologic functions, such as body temperature and heart rate, and is normally synchronized with the sleep/wake cycle. epidemiological studies demonstrate a 24-h pattern in adverse cardiovascular events with a peak at approximately 10 a.m. it is unknown whether this pattern in cardiac risk is caused by a day/night pattern of behaviors, including activity level and/or influences from the internal circadian pacemaker. we recently found that a scal ... | 2007 | 18093917 |
| abnormal activity in hypothalamus and amygdala during humour processing in human narcolepsy with cataplexy. | narcolepsy with cataplexy (nc) is a complex sleep-wake disorder, which was recently found to be associated with a reduction or loss of hypocretin (hcrt, also called orexin). hcrt is a hypothalamic peptide implicated in the regulation of sleep/wake, motor and feeding functions. cataplexy refers to episodes of sudden and transient loss of muscle tone triggered by strong, mostly positive emotions, such as hearing or telling jokes. cataplexy is thought to reflect the recruitment of ponto-medullary m ... | 2008 | 18094020 |
| office surgery incidents: what seven years of florida data show us. | in the wake of increased media attention focusing on human error in medicine, numerous state medical boards and legislatures have drafted, and are continuing to draft, regulations aimed at protecting patients undergoing procedures in the office setting. these regulations will have a considerable impact on patient access to medically necessary procedures, and any regulations should be based on good data. this report summarizes 7 years of prospective data from the state of florida, the best data a ... | 2008 | 18177404 |
| [fatal familial insomnia--a rare differential diagnosis in dementia]. | fatal familial insomnia (ffi)--first reported in 1986--is a hereditary prion disease with autosomal-dominant inheritance, caused by a missense-mutation at codon 178 of the prion-protein gene (prnp) on chromosome 20. a methionine-valine polymorphism at codon 129 of prnp expresses different phenotypes. the clinical features of ffi are characterized by a disrupted sleep-wake cycle with resulting fluctuations of vigilance, autonomic hyperactivation, myoclonus, motor abnormalities and by cognitive di ... | 2008 | 18189221 |
| do enteric neurons make hypocretin? | hypocretins (orexins) are wake-promoting neuropeptides produced by hypothalamic neurons. these hypocretin-producing cells are lost in people with narcolepsy, possibly due to an autoimmune attack. prior studies described hypocretin neurons in the enteric nervous system, and these cells could be an additional target of an autoimmune process. we sought to determine whether enteric hypocretin neurons are lost in narcoleptic subjects. even though we tried several methods (including whole mounts, sect ... | 2008 | 18191238 |
| nocturnal reduction in circulating adiponectin concentrations related to hypoxic stress in severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. | previous reports demonstrated that adiponectin has antiatherosclerotic properties. obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (osahs) is reported to exacerbate atherosclerotic diseases. we investigated nocturnal alternation of serum adiponectin levels before sleep and after wake-up in osahs patients and the effect of sustained hypoxia on adiponectin in vivo and in vitro. we measured serum adiponectin concentrations in 75 osahs patients and 18 control subjects before sleep and after wake-up and ex ... | 2008 | 18198351 |
| mechanisms by which botanical lipids affect inflammatory disorders. | changes in diet over the past century have markedly altered the consumption of fatty acids. the dramatic increase in the ingestion of saturated and n-6 fatty acids and concomitant decrease in n-3 fatty acids are thought to be a major driver of the increase in the incidence of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, allergy, and atherosclerosis. the central objective of the center for botanical lipids at wake forest university school of medicine and the brigham and women's hospital is to delineate ... | 2008 | 18258646 |
| herpes zoster: new insights provide an important wake-up call for management of nosocomial transmission. | 2008 | 18260760 | |
| sleep-dependent changes in the coupling between heart period and blood pressure in human subjects. | we investigated whether in human subjects, the pattern of coupling between the spontaneous fluctuations of heart period (hp) and those of systolic blood pressure (sbp) differs among wake-sleep states. polysomnographic recordings and finger blood pressure measurements were performed for 48 h in 15 nonobese adults without sleep-disordered breathing. the cross-correlation function (ccf) between the fluctuations of hp and sbp at frequencies <0.15 hz was computed during quiet wakefulness (qw), light ... | 2008 | 18272662 |
| cerebral blood flow changes in man by wake-promoting drug, modafinil: a randomized double blind study. | to investigate the effects of a wake-promoting drug, modafinil on regional cerebral blood flow (rcbf) in healthy volunteers, we performed (99m)tc-ethylcysteinate dimer single photon emission computed tomography (spect) before and after modafinil or placebo administration. twenty-one healthy subjects received single doses of 400 mg modafinil or placebo in a double blind randomized crossover study design. administrations of modafinil or placebo in a subject were separated by a 2-week washout. brai ... | 2008 | 18275558 |
| sleep and eeg features in genetic models of down syndrome. | down syndrome is characterized by a host of behavioral abnormalities including sleep disturbances. sleep and eeg was studied at the age of 3 months in two mouse models of the condition, ts65dn and ts1cje, carrying one extra copy of partially overlapping segments of the mmu chromosome 16 (equivalent to the human chromosome 21). we found that the ts65dn mice showed increased waking amounts at the expense of non-rem sleep, increased theta power during sleep and a delayed sleep rebound after sleep d ... | 2008 | 18282758 |
| acute sleep-promoting action of the melatonin agonist, ramelteon, in the rat. | insomnia, which is severe enough to warrant treatment, occurs in approximately 10% of the general population. it is associated with a range of adverse consequences for human health, economic productivity and quality of life. in animal and human studies, administration of melatonin has been reported to promote sleep, although there has been controversy regarding its effectiveness. the present study used a chronically implanted radiotelemetry transmitter to record electroencephalogram (eeg) and el ... | 2008 | 18298466 |
| high prevalence of central adrenal insufficiency in patients with prader-willi syndrome. | the annual death rate of prader-willi syndrome (pws) patients is very high (3%). many of these deaths are sudden and unexplained. | 2008 | 18303077 |
| [ascidian embryos: from the birth of experimental embryology to the analysis of gene regulatory networks]. | ascidian embryos were the first animal embryos to be experimentally manipulated by man at the end of the 19th century. the mosaic theory of development was born from these experiments and those carried out by conklin 20 years later. these astonishing animals, some of which are eaten as delicacies in france and other countries, belong to the tunicates, which are the only animals to produce cellulose. they are, however, the closest living relatives to the vertebrates. neglected throughout most of ... | 2008 | 18334174 |
| present situation of vector-control management in bangladesh: a wake up call. | kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis is one of the major vector-borne diseases in bangladesh. the disease is transmitted by sandfly. the incidence of the disease, which has been increasing since the early eighties, must be reduced by taking adequate vector-control measures. the objective of the present study was to identify the favorable factors and the constraints of present vector-control management in bangladesh. | 2008 | 18342389 |
| human physiological models of insomnia. | despite the wide prevalence and important consequences of insomnia, remarkably little is known about its pathophysiology. available models exist primarily in the psychological domain and derive from the demonstrated efficacy of behavioral treatment approaches to insomnia management. however, these models offer little specific prediction about the anatomic or physiological foundation of chronic primary insomnia. on the other hand, a growing body of data on the physiology of sleep supports a reaso ... | 2007 | 18346677 |
| pellagra: rekindling of an old flame. | pellagra is a disease largely associated with alcohol abuse, poverty, and malnutrition and is very common in developing countries. however, in the wake of "slimmer is better" fads and the ever-growing population of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, it may be on the surge in the united states. this vitamin deficiency disorder, though easy to diagnose and treat, can be easily missed and requires a high index of suspicion. we describe a case involving a patient who presented with ... | 2008 | 18356638 |
| hypocretin and human african trypanosomiasis. | to detail clinical and polysomnographic characteristics in patients affected with trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tb.g.) human african trypanosomiasis (hat) at different stages of evolution and to measure and compare cerebrospinal fluid (csf) levels of hypocretin-1 with narcoleptic patients and neurologic controls. | 2008 | 18363311 |
| effects of i.c.v. administration of interleukin-1 on sleep and body temperature of interleukin-6-deficient mice. | cytokines in brain contribute to the regulation of physiological processes and complex behavior, including sleep. the cytokines that have been most extensively studied with respect to sleep are interleukin (il)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha, and il-6. administration of these cytokines into laboratory animals, or in some cases into healthy human volunteers, increases the amount of time spent in non-rapid eye movement (nrem) sleep. although antagonizing the il-1 or tnf systems reduces t ... | 2008 | 18367337 |
| wakefulness-sleep transition: emerging electroencephalographic similarities with the rapid eye movement phase. | the covert-rapid eye movement (rem) sleep hypothesis of dreaming suggests that elements of rem sleep emerge during sleep onset, leading to vivid hypnagogic imagery. we tested the physiological part of this hypothesis by analysing scalp-recorded electroencephalograms of 15 human subjects during wake-sleep transition and subsequent night time sleep. wake-sleep transition was categorised semi-automatically as alpha activity, alpha dropout and as early stage 2 sleep. the slow oscillation, the slow a ... | 2008 | 18395615 |
| planning for the progressive control of foot-and-mouth disease worldwide. | in the wake of on-going successful programmes for global eradication of rinderpest and the current effort to contain the spread of avian influenza, the progressive world-wide control of fmd must be regarded as a major contribution to the international public good. fmd is the single most animal disease constraint to international trade in animal products. its control is relevant, on the one hand, to protecting the livestock industries of industrialised countries and, on the other, to the liveliho ... | 2008 | 18397510 |
| assessment of a non-invasive high-throughput classifier for behaviours associated with sleep and wake in mice. | this work presents a non-invasive high-throughput system for automatically detecting characteristic behaviours in mice over extended periods of time, useful for phenotyping experiments. the system classifies time intervals on the order of 2 to 4 seconds as corresponding to motions consistent with either active wake or inactivity associated with sleep. a single polyvinylidine difluoride (pvdf) sensor on the cage floor generates signals from motion resulting in pressure. this paper develops a line ... | 2008 | 18405376 |
| linking human systems: strengthening individuals, families, and communities in the wake of mass trauma. | this article presents an overview of the philosophy and practical principles underlying the linking human systems approach based on the theory of resilience in individuals, families, and communities facing crisis, trauma, and disaster. the link approach focuses on tapping into the inherent strength of individuals and their families and emphasizes resilience rather than vulnerability. it has been successfully used in combating critical public health problems, such as addiction, hiv/aids, and reco ... | 2008 | 18412826 |
| [pain in the fetus: neurobiological, psychophysiological and behavioral aspects.]. | until a short time ago, the view prevailed worldwide that children were less sensitive to pain than adults, and such operations as circumcision were performed in babies without adequate anesthesia or analgesia. this view is now considered a misconception, as psychophysiological and behavioral studies show that even neonates have a well-functioning nociceptive system. nociception generally refers to the neural and sensory aspects of pain, which do not necessarily include conscious experience. the ... | 1991 | 18415186 |
| sleep and circadian rhythms in humans. | during the past 50 years, converging evidence reveals that the fundamental properties of the human circadian system are shared in common with those of other organisms. concurrent data from multiple physiological rhythms in humans revealed that under some conditions, rhythms oscillated at different periods within the same individuals and led to the conclusion 30 years ago that the human circadian system was composed of multiple oscillators organized hierarchically; this inference has recently bee ... | 2007 | 18419318 |
| large eddy simulation and zonal modeling of human-induced contaminant transport. | an immersed boundary method for particulate flow in an eulerian framework is utilized to examine the effects of complex human motion on the transport of trace contaminants. the moving human object is rendered as a level set in the computational domain, and realistic human walking motion is implemented using a human kinematics model. a large eddy simulation (les) technique is used to simulate the fluid and particle dynamics induced by human activity. parametric studies are conducted within a room ... | 2008 | 18422965 |
| arousal has no effect on non-nutritive breathing-swallowing coordination during the first year of human life. | although the brainstem plays an important role in breathing-swallowing coordination (bsc), the role of suprabulbar structures is ill defined. given the known decrease in global cerebral activity during sleep, the sleep-wake paradigm was used to elucidate suprabulbar influences. non-nutritive bsc of 10 healthy human infants was monitored longitudinally during wakefulness and sleep from birth to 1 year of age. time-locked recordings of submental muscle activity, nasal airflow, and thyroid acoustic ... | 2008 | 18455352 |
| modeling the circadian clock: from molecular mechanism to physiological disorders. | based on genetic and biochemical advances on the molecular mechanism of circadian rhythms, a computational model for the mammalian circadian clock is used to examine the dynamical bases of circadian-clock-related physiological disorders in humans. entrainment by the light-dark cycle with a phase advance or a phase delay is associated with the familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (fasps) or the delayed sleep phase syndrome (dsps), respectively. lack of entrainment corresponding to the occurrenc ... | 2008 | 18478538 |
| perinatal alcohol exposure leads to prolonged upregulation of hypothalamic gaba a receptors and increases behavioral sensitivity to gaboxadol. | prenatal alcohol exposure (ae) is associated with lasting abnormalities of sleep and motor development, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. we hypothesized that ae alters development of gabaergic signaling in the hypothalamic regions important for the control of sleep and motor activity. alcohol (5.25 g/(kg day)) was administered intragastrically to male rats on postnatal days (pd) 4-9, a period of brain development equivalent to the human third trimester (ae group). control pups were sha ... | 2008 | 18514412 |
| when clocks go bad: neurobehavioural consequences of disrupted circadian timing. | progress in unravelling the cellular and molecular basis of mammalian circadian regulation over the past decade has provided us with new avenues through which we can explore central nervous system disease. deteriorations in measurable circadian output parameters, such as sleep/wake deficits and dysregulation of circulating hormone levels, are common features of most central nervous system disorders. at the core of the mammalian circadian system is a complex of molecular oscillations within the h ... | 2008 | 18516223 |
| inter-individual differences in habitual sleep timing and entrained phase of endogenous circadian rhythms of bmal1, per2 and per3 mrna in human leukocytes. | individual sleep timing differs and is governed partly by circadian oscillators, which may be assessed by hormonal markers, or by clock gene expression. clock gene expression oscillates in peripheral tissues, including leukocytes. the study objective was to determine whether the endogenous phase of these rhythms, assessed in the absence of the sleep-wake and light-dark cycle, correlates with habitual sleep-wake timing. | 2008 | 18517031 |