Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
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| a detection dog to identify patients with clostridium difficile infection during a hospital outbreak. | early and rapid identification of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is important to prevent transmission. in this study we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a trained detection dog for detecting cdi cases on hospital wards in an outbreak setting. | 2014 | 24973552 |
| clostridium difficile infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: strain diversity and outcomes associated with nap1/027. | allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients are at high risk for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we studied the incidence, risk factors, nap1/027 prevalence, and clinical outcomes, including acute lower gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (gi gvhd), associated with early cdi in this population. a retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent allogeneic hsct at memorial sloan kettering cancer center from january 1, 2005 to september ... | 2014 | 24973628 |
| clostridium difficile infection at a tertiary care hospital in south india. | the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile in patients presenting with antibiotic associated diarrhoea. | 2013 | 24974492 |
| bacterial xylrs and synthetic promoters function as genetically encoded xylose biosensors in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable and abundant starting material for biofuel production. however, lignocellulosic hydrolysates contain not only glucose, but also other sugars including xylose which cannot be metabolized by the industrial workhorse saccharomyces cerevisiae. hence, engineering of xylose assimilating s. cerevisiae has been much studied, including strain optimization strategies. in this work, we constructed genetically encoded xylose biosensors that can control protein expres ... | 2015 | 24975936 |
| pomegranate extract exhibits in vitro activity against clostridium difficile. | to determine the possible utility of pomegranate extract in the management or prevention of clostridium difficile infections or colonization. | 2014 | 24976424 |
| intestinal microbiota and the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal disease. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) refers to the infusion of a fecal suspension from a healthy person into the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of another person to cure a specific disease. fmt is by no means a new therapeutic modality, although it was only relatively recently that stool was shown to be a biologically active, complex mixture of living organisms with great therapeutic potential for recurrent clostridium difficile infection and perhaps other gi and non-gi disorders. the published r ... | 2014 | 24976806 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. | retrospective database analysis. | 2014 | 24979408 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil. | despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ... | 2014 | 24979683 |
| bortezomib for refractory autoimmunity in pediatrics. | therapy of refractory autoimmunity remains challenging. in this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, by targeting plasma cells in 7 patients (median age, 9.9 years). four doses of bortezomib were administered at a dose of 1.3 mg/m(2) intravenously (n = 6) or subcutaneously (n = 1) every 72 hours. bortezomib was administered at a median of 120 days from laboratory confirmation of autoantibodies. all patients had failed 2 or more standard therapies. rit ... | 2014 | 24979732 |
| measuring the impact of clostridium difficile infection with the nap1 strain on severity and mortality. | 2014 | 24982035 | |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24982288 | |
| pleiotropic role of the rna chaperone protein hfq in the human pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an emergent human pathogen and the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. our recent data strongly suggest the importance of rna-based mechanisms for the control of gene expression in c. difficile. in an effort to understand the function of the rna chaperone protein hfq, we constructed and characterized an hfq-depleted strain in c. difficile. hfq depletion led to a growth defect, morphological changes, an increased sensitivity to stresses, and a better ability to spor ... | 2014 | 24982306 |
| clostridium difficile contains plasmalogen species of phospholipids and glycolipids. | analysis of the polar lipids of many pathogenic and non-pathogenic clostridia has revealed the presence of plasmalogens, alk-1'-enyl ether-containing phospholipids and glycolipids. an exception to this finding so far has been clostridium difficile, an important human pathogen which is the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and other more serious complications. we have examined the polar lipids of three strains of c. difficile by thin-layer chromatography and have found acid-labile polar lip ... | 2014 | 24983203 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile-associated colitis in a severely immunocompromized critically ill aids patient: a case report. | 2014 | 24983544 | |
| a population-based spatio-temporal analysis of clostridium difficile infection in queensland, australia over a 10-year period. | to identify the spatio-temporal patterns and environmental factors associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in queensland, australia. | 2014 | 24984276 |
| bugs or drugs: are probiotics safe for use in the critically ill? | probiotics are living microorganisms which have demonstrated many benefits in prevention, mitigation, and treatment of various disease states in critically ill populations. these diseases include antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile diarrhea, ventilator-associated pneumonia, clearance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from the gi tract, pancreatitis, liver transplant, major abdominal surgery, and trauma. however, their use has been severely limited due to a variety of factors ... | 2014 | 24986534 |
| metabolomics analysis identifies intestinal microbiota-derived biomarkers of colonization resistance in clindamycin-treated mice. | the intestinal microbiota protect the host against enteric pathogens through a defense mechanism termed colonization resistance. antibiotics excreted into the intestinal tract may disrupt colonization resistance and alter normal metabolic functions of the microbiota. we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that alterations in levels of bacterial metabolites in fecal specimens could provide useful biomarkers indicating disrupted or intact colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment. | 2014 | 24988418 |
| lactobacillus rhamnosus l34 and lactobacillus casei l39 suppress clostridium difficile-induced il-8 production by colonic epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and colitis known as c. difficile-associated disease (cdad).with increased severity and failure of treatment in cdad, new approaches for prevention and treatment, such as the use of probiotics, are needed. since the pathogenesis of cdad involves an inflammatory response with a massive influx of neutrophils recruited by interleukin (il)-8, this study aimed to investigate the probiotic effects of lactobacillus spp. on the suppre ... | 2014 | 24989059 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) following total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has been increasingly recognized over the past 5 years. cdi of the ileal pouch has been recognized in ∼10% of symptomatic patients seen at a tertiary referral center for pouch dysfunction. in contrast to colonic cdi in the general population or in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, postoperative antibiotic exposure and the use of immunosuppressive agents or proton pump inh ... | 2014 | 24989088 |
| funding may influence trial results examining probiotics and clostridium difficile diarrhea rates. | 2014 | 24989097 | |
| clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapeutic options. | the incidence and mortality rate of clostridium difficile infection have increased remarkably in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. the growth of infection may be caused by multiple factors including inappropriate antibiotic usage, poor standards of environmental cleanliness, changes in infection control practices, large outbreaks of c. difficile infection in hospitals, alteration of circulating strains of c. difficile, and spread of hypervirulent strains. detectio ... | 2014 | 24991448 |
| high rates of intestinal colonisation with fluoroquinolone-resistant esbl-harbouring enterobacteriaceae in hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | the purposes of this study were to investigate the intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-harbouring enterobacteriaceae (esbl-en) and associated fluoroquinolone resistance (fq-r) in 120 hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, and to investigate a correlation between clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection and intestinal colonisation with esbl-en in these patients. stool samples were screened for c. difficile infection by toxin a/b enzyme-linked immunosorb ... | 2014 | 24993152 |
| role of microbiota and innate immunity in recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. the pathogenesis is not yet completely known. recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. various factors can cause dysbiosis. the causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, nsaids, acid suppressing therapies, and age. gut microbiota im ... | 2014 | 24995345 |
| hospitalization stay and costs attributable to clostridium difficile infection: a critical review. | in most healthcare systems, third-party payers fund the costs for patients admitted to hospital for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) whereas, for cdi cases arising as complications of hospitalization, not all related costs are refundable to the hospital. we therefore aimed to critically review and categorize hospital costs and length of hospital stay (los) attributable to clostridium difficile infection and to investigate the economic burden associated with it. a comprehensive literature re ... | 2014 | 24996516 |
| extended antimicrobial use in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy and associated antibiotic related complications. | despite global concern about antibiotic related complications the duration of antibiotic therapy at percutaneous nephrolithotomy varies based on individual physician practice. we evaluated perioperative antibiotic related complications in patients who received extended antimicrobial therapy at percutaneous nephrolithotomy. | 2014 | 24998482 |
| clostridium difficile recurrence is characterized by pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) phenotype. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a prevalent nosocomial and increasingly community-acquired problem. little is known about the productive cellular response in patients. we used flow cytometry to define inflammatory (th1 and th17) and regulatory [foxp3(+) t-regulatory (treg)] cells present in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from cdi patients. we consented 67 inpatients that tested either positive or negative for cdi and 16 healthy controls and compared their pbmc phe ... | 2014 | 25001105 |
| the evolution of urban c. difficile infection (cdi): cdi in 2009-2011 is less severe and has better outcomes than cdi in 2006-2008. | over the past decade, the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has shown a remarkable increase in incidence with an associated increase in severity. this study was designed to compare the demographics, medication exposure, evaluation, treatment patterns, and outcomes of patients with cdi in two different time periods: 2006-2008 and 2009-2011. we hypothesized that mortality is decreasing with increasing appropriateness of medical management. | 2014 | 25001255 |
| organization and scope of surveillance of infections in polish hospitals. results of the project prohibit. | the paper presents results of a survey on organization of surveillance programs in polish hospitals. survey was performed by means of the standardized questionnaire in the year 2012. materialand method: completed questionnaires were obtained from 9 hospitals of different size and type: 3 small, 2 medium and 4 large, most of them public (6 hospitals). questions concerning general organization of the infection control in hospitals were answered by infection control teams. | 2014 | 25004628 |
| structural and biochemical analyses of alanine racemase from the multidrug-resistant clostridium difficile strain 630. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients. c. difficile is frequently associated with antibiotic treatment, and causes diseases ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. the severity of c. difficile infections is exacerbated by the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant strains, which are difficult to treat and are often associated w ... | 2014 | 25004969 |
| the structure of the cysteine protease and lectin-like domains of cwp84, a surface layer-associated protein from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major problem as an aetiological agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. the mechanism by which the bacterium colonizes the gut during infection is poorly understood, but undoubtedly involves a myriad of components present on the bacterial surface. the mechanism of c. difficile surface-layer (s-layer) biogenesis is also largely unknown but involves the post-translational cleavage of a single polypeptide (surface-layer protein a; slpa) into low- and high-molecular-we ... | 2014 | 25004975 |
| serine/threonine protein phosphatase-mediated control of the peptidoglycan cross-linking l,d-transpeptidase pathway in enterococcus faecium. | the last step of peptidoglycan polymerization involves two families of unrelated transpeptidases that are the essential targets of β-lactam antibiotics. d,d-transpeptidases of the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) family are active-site serine enzymes that use pentapeptide precursors and are the main or exclusive cross-linking enzymes in nearly all bacteria. however, peptidoglycan cross-linking is performed mainly by active-site cysteine l,d-transpeptidases that use tetrapeptides in mycobacterium ... | 2014 | 25006233 |
| effects of polysaccharopeptide from trametes versicolor and amoxicillin on the gut microbiome of healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial. | interactions between the microbial flora of the intestine and the human host play a critical role inmaintaining intestinal health and in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of disorders such as antibiotic associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection, and inflammatory bowel disease. prebiotics can confer health benefits by beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiome, whereas antibiotics can disrupt the microbiome leading to diarrhea andother side effects. | 2014 | 25006989 |
| the impact of clostridium difficile on paediatric surgical practice: a systematic review. | the pathogenic potential of clostridium difficile in children remains a controversial subject as healthy infants can be colonised by this organism. however recent analyses have clarified that c. difficile is an important enteropath in paediatric populations, particularly in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. paediatric surgical patients including those with hirschsprung's disease (hd) may be especially vulnerable to c. difficile infection (cdi) and complicated c. difficile enterocolitis such as ps ... | 2014 | 25008231 |
| detecting clostridium difficile spores from inanimate surfaces of the hospital environment: which method is best? | the recovery of clostridium difficile spores from hospital surfaces was assessed using rayon swabs, flocked swabs, and contact plates. the contact plate method was less laborious, achieved higher recovery percentages, and detected spores at lower inocula than swabs. rayon swabs were the least efficient method. however, further studies are required in health care settings. | 2014 | 25009047 |
| challenges and opportunities in the management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in all regions of the world where sought. there is no gold standard for diagnosis of cdi, with available tests having limitations. prevention of cdi will be seen with antibiotic stewardship, improved disinfection of hospitals and nursing homes, chemo- and immuno-prophylaxis and next generation probiotics. the important therapeutic agents are oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin with metronidazole being used only in mild cases or when oral therapy ca ... | 2014 | 25012255 |
| clostridium difficile 027 increasing detection in a teaching hospital in rome, italy. | 2014 | 25012877 | |
| efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic-administered fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing and refractory community- and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | to report the efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for community- and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25014180 |
| clostridium difficile infection in diabetes. | diabetes-related hospitalization and hospital utilization is a serious challenge to the health care system, a situation which may be further aggravated by nosocomial clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi). studies have demonstrated that diabetes increases the risk of recurrent cdi with or (95% ci) 2.99 (1.88, 4.76). c. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium which is widely distributed in the environment. up to 7% of healthy adults and up to 45% of infants m ... | 2014 | 25015315 |
| gastrointestinal pathogens detected by multiplex nucleic acid amplification testing in stools of pediatric patients and patients returning from the tropics. | gastrointestinal infections are caused by a broad spectrum of pathogens. conventional diagnostic procedures are resource and time consuming due to single pathogen testing, often in different laboratories. | 2014 | 25015433 |
| in vitro activity of mcb3681 against clostridium difficile strains. | one hundred fourteen clostridium difficile strains were collected from 67 patients and analyzed for the presence of c. difficile toxin b by the cell cytotoxoicity neutralization assay, genes for toxin a, toxin b, binary toxin and tcdc deletion by pcr. all strains were also pcr-ribotyped. the mics of the isolates were determined against mcb3681 and nine other antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. all isolates were positive for toxin b as well as for toxin a and b genes. in addition, 1 ... | 2014 | 25016084 |
| pharmacokinetic evaluation of esomeprazole for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are widely used for the treatment of acid-related diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). they are recommended by the american college of gastroenterology for healing erosive esophagitis (eo) and as long-term treatment in patients with healed eo. the available ppis differ somewhat in their pharmacokinetics and clinical properties, but whether these differences are of clinical relevance is a matter of debate. some safety concerns have been raised wit ... | 2014 | 25019289 |
| synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics against clostridium difficile. | accelerating rates of health care-associated infections caused by clostridium difficile, with increasing recurrence and rising antibiotic resistance rates, have become a serious problem in recent years. this study was conducted to explore whether a combination of antibiotics with human antimicrobial peptides may lead to an increase in antibacterial activity. the in vitro activities of the antimicrobial peptides hbd1 to hbd3, hnp1, hd5, and ll-37 and the antibiotics tigecycline, moxifloxacin, pip ... | 2014 | 25022581 |
| in vivo assessment of smt19969 in a hamster model of clostridium difficile infection. | smt19969 [2,2'-bis(4-pyridyl)3h,3'-h 5,5-bibenzimidazole] is a novel narrow-spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotic currently in development for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. the comparative activities of smt19969 and vancomycin against nonepidemic and epidemic strains of c. difficile were studied in an established hamster model. against nonepidemic (va11) strains, the survival rates of smt19969-treated animals ranged from 80% to 95%. vancomycin exhibited 100% protection during tre ... | 2014 | 25022586 |
| efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in 2 children with recurrent clostridium difficile infection and its impact on their growth and gut microbiome. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is recognized as an alternative therapeutic modality for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi); however, data on its efficacy in children are lacking, including its effect on their growth and fecal microbiota. we report on 2 young children (<3 years old) who failed available therapeutics for rcdi, but responded remarkably well to fmt. besides resolution of clinical features of c difficile infection (cdi), fmt administration led to marked improvem ... | 2014 | 25023578 |
| an optimized, synthetic dna vaccine encoding the toxin a and toxin b receptor binding domains of clostridium difficile induces protective antibody responses in vivo. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) constitutes a large majority of nosocomial diarrhea cases in industrialized nations and is mediated by the effects of two secreted toxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). patients who develop strong antitoxin antibody responses can clear c. difficile infection and remain disease free. key toxin-neutralizing epitopes have been found within the carboxy-terminal receptor binding domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb, which has generated interest in devel ... | 2014 | 25024365 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections: comparative study of two immuno enzyme assays with confirmation by pcr and culture followed by pcr ribotyping]. | comparison of two commercially avail-able tests for the detection of clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and toxins a and b for their sensitivity and specificity. | 2014 | 25025672 |
| [does the hospital cost of care differ for inflammatory bowel disease patients with or without gastrointestinal infections? a case-control study]. | gastrointestinal infections have been implicated as possible causes of exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) or risk factors for severe flares in general. the introduction of the g-drg reimbursement system has greatly increased the pressure to provide cost effective treatment in german hospitals. few studies have compared the costs of treating ibd patients with or without gastrointestinal infections and none of them have specifically considered the german reimbursement situation. | 2014 | 25026005 |
| clostridium difficile infections in veterans health administration acute care facilities. | an initiative was implemented in july 2012 to decrease clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in veterans affairs (va) acute care medical centers nationwide. this is a report of national baseline cdi data collected from the 21 months before implementation of the initiative. | 2014 | 25026621 |
| effectiveness of screening hospital admissions to detect asymptomatic carriers of clostridium difficile: a modeling evaluation. | both asymptomatic and symptomatic clostridium difficile carriers contribute to new colonizations and infections within a hospital, but current control strategies focus only on preventing transmission from symptomatic carriers. our objective was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of methods targeting asymptomatic carriers to control c. difficile colonization and infection (cdi) rates in a hospital ward: screening patients at admission to detect asymptomatic c. difficile carriers and placing ... | 2014 | 25026622 |
| comparison of the verigene clostridium difficile, simplexa c. difficile universal direct, bd max cdiff, and xpert c. difficile assays for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile. | we compared the verigene clostridium difficile test (nanosphere, northbrook, il, usa), the simplexa c. difficile universal direct (focus diagnostics, cypress, ca, usa), the bd max cdiff (becton dickinson, franklin lakes, nj, usa), and the xpert c. difficile (cepheid, sunnyvale, ca, usa) assays for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile. one hundred and ninety deidentified, remnant diarrheal specimens were included in this study. after resolution of discordant results by toxigenic culture, the x ... | 2014 | 25027069 |
| tailored cyclodextrin pore blocker protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile binary toxin cdt. | some clostridium difficile strains produce, in addition to toxins a and b, the binary toxin clostridium difficile transferase (cdt), which adp-ribosylates actin and may contribute to the hypervirulence of these strains. the separate binding and translocation component cdtb mediates transport of the enzyme component cdta into mammalian target cells. cdtb binds to its receptor on the cell surface, cdta assembles and cdtb/cdta complexes are internalised. in acidic endosomes, cdtb mediates the deliv ... | 2014 | 25029374 |
| the bristol stool scale and its relationship to clostridium difficile infection. | the bristol stool form scale classifies the relative density of stool samples. in a prospective cohort study, we investigated the associations between stool density, c. difficile assay positivity, hospital-onset c. difficile infection, complications, and severity of c. difficile. we describe associations between the bristol score, assay positivity, and clinical c. difficile infection. | 2014 | 25031446 |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children. | this article defines the risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hospitalized children in light of recent studies demonstrating a change in the epidemiology of these infections in both adults and children. | 2014 | 25032717 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25036411 | |
| clostridium difficile and the microbiota. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading health care-associated illness. both human and animal models have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiota's capability of providing colonization resistance against c. difficile. risk factors for disease development include antibiotic use, which disrupts the gut microbiota, leading to the loss of colonization resistance and subsequent cdi. identification of the specific microbes capable of restoring this function remains elusive. futu ... | 2014 | 25036699 |
| an in vitro culture model to study the dynamics of colonic microbiota in syrian golden hamsters and their susceptibility to infection with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are caused by colonization and growth of toxigenic strains of c. difficile in individuals whose intestinal microbiota has been perturbed, in most cases following antimicrobial therapy. determination of the protective commensal gut community members could inform the development of treatments for cdi. here, we utilized the lethal enterocolitis model in syrian golden hamsters to analyze the microbiota disruption and recovery along a 20-day period following a s ... | 2015 | 25036923 |
| comparison of culture based methods for the isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples in a research setting. | effective isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples is important in the research setting, especially where low numbers of spores/vegetative cells may be present within a sample. in this study, three protocols for stool culture were investigated to find a sensitive, cost effective and timely method of c. difficile isolation. for the initial enrichment step, the effectiveness of two different rich media, cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth (ccfb) and cycloserine-cefoxitin mannitol bro ... | 2014 | 25038491 |
| clinical predictors of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in out-patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) recurs in 20-30% of patients. | 2014 | 25039269 |
| diarrhoea in general practice: when should a clostridium difficile infection be considered? results of a nested case-control study. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are frequent in hospitals, but also seem to increase in the community. here, we aim to determine the incidence of cdi in general practice and to evaluate current testing algorithms for cdi. three dutch laboratories tested all unformed faeces (12,714) for c. difficile when diagnostic testing (for any enteric pathogen) was requested by a general practitioner (gp). additionally, a nested case-control study was initiated, including 152 cdi patients and 304 age ... | 2014 | 25040463 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a significant burden on the healthcare system and is associated with poor outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) patients. data are limited evaluating recurrence rates and risk factors for recurrence in hsct patients. | 2014 | 25040545 |
| humoral immune response as predictor of recurrence in clostridium difficile infection. | low serum concentrations of antibodies directed against the toxins tcda and tcdb have been associated with a higher risk of recurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after successful antibiotic treatment. however, there are conflicting reports. herein, we compared serum levels of antibodies of patients with a single episode of cdi with those of patients who subsequently suffered a recurrence. we used a serum bank from patients who received an experimental whey protein product following ... | 2014 | 25041274 |
| reply to hughes et al.: impact of cleaning and other interventions on the reduction of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infections in two hospitals in england assessed using a breakpoint model. | 2014 | 25044362 | |
| 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibits acute clostridium difficile toxin a-induced colitis in rats. | we tested the hypothesis that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-asa) inhibits toxin a-induced generation of colonic leukotriene b4 (ltb4) and toxin a colitis in rats. isolated colonic segments in anesthetized rats were treated intraluminally with toxin a for 3 hours with or without 30 minutes of pretreatment with either 5-asa or sulfapyridine and then colonic tissue levels of ltb4 were measured and inflammation was assessed. separately, sulfasalazine was administered to rats in their drinking water for 5 ... | 2014 | 25045574 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection, australia, 2011-2012. | 2014 | 25045987 | |
| role of gm-csf in the inflammatory cytokine network that regulates neutrophil influx into the colonic mucosa during clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice results in acute colitis characterized by severe intestinal histopathology, robust neutrophil influx, and increased expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, including gm-csf. we utilized a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) against gm-csf in a murine model to study the role of gm-csf during acute c. difficile colitis. cefoperazone-treated mice were challenged with c. difficile (strain 630) spores. expression of gm-csf was signi ... | 2014 | 25045999 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of refractory clostridium difficile infection in children: an update. | the use of transplanted fecal material for the treatment of diarrheal illness dates back to the fourth-century china. while fecal microbiota transplant has gained increasing popularity over the past 50 years for the treatment of refractory clostridium difficile infections (rcdis) in adults, it has only been recently utilized in children. the purpose of this article is to review the use of fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) in the treatment of pediatric rcdis. | 2014 | 25046331 |
| the htra-like protease cd3284 modulates virulence of clostridium difficile. | in the past decade, clostridium difficile has emerged as an important gut pathogen. symptoms of c. difficile infection range from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. besides the two main virulence factors toxin a and toxin b, other virulence factors are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. in other gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, conserved high-temperature requirement a (htra)-like proteases have been shown to have a role in protein homeostasis an ... | 2014 | 25047848 |
| the regulatory network controlling spore formation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, is a major cause of nosocomial infections such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. spores are the vector of its transmission and persistence in the environment. despite the importance of spores in the infectious cycle of c. difficile, little was known until recently about the control of spore development in this enteropathogen. in this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory network cont ... | 2014 | 25048412 |
| intestinal microbiota transplantation, a simple and effective treatment for severe and refractory clostridium difficile infection. | restoring normal fecal flora through intestinal microbiota transplantation (imt) was successful in curing recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, only a few cases have been reported of imt being utilized for the treatment of severe or fulminant cdi. | 2015 | 25052150 |
| clostridium difficile infection: nursing considerations. | clostridium difficile is a bacterium which commonly causes diarrhoea in inpatients. c. difficile affects hospitalised patients worldwide and can pose a significant risk to patients. this article explores the transmission and risk factors for c. difficile infection (cdi). there are many aspects to the prevention and control of cdi: appropriate antibiotic use, early instigation and maintenance of prevention and control strategies, and high standards of environmental cleanliness, education, and sur ... | 2014 | 25052676 |
| investigation of toxin gene diversity and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile strains. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been previously reported in a number of studies. however, data collected from the chinese population is limited. in the present study, the diversity of the toxin genes, tcda and tcdb, of 57 clostridium difficile (c. difficile) isolates from a chinese population were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (38 a(+)b(+), 14 a(-)b(+) and 5 a(-)b(-)). quantitative pcr was used to check the expression of these two genes and it was fou ... | 2014 | 25054021 |
| the combined repetitive oligopeptides of clostridium difficile toxin a counteract premature cleavage of the glucosyl-transferase domain by stabilizing protein conformation. | toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb) from clostridium difficile enter host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. a prerequisite for proper toxin action is the intracellular release of the glucosyltransferase domain by an inherent cysteine protease, which is allosterically activated by inositol hexaphosphate (ip6). we found that in in vitro assays, the c-terminally-truncated tcda1-1065 was more efficient at ip6-induced cleavage compared with full-length tcda. we hypothesized that the c-terminally-locate ... | 2014 | 25054784 |
| inter- and intraspecies transfer of a clostridium difficile conjugative transposon conferring resistance to mlsb. | resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b group of antibiotics in clostridium difficile is generally due to erm(b) genes. tn6194, a conjugative transposon initially detected in pcr-ribotype 027 isolates, is an erm(b)-containing element also detected in other relevant c. difficile pcr-ribotypes. in this study, the genome of a c. difficile pcr-ribotype 001 strain was sequenced, and an element with two nucleotidic changes compared to tn6194 was detected. this element was transferred b ... | 2014 | 25055190 |
| healthcare resource utilization for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a large university hospital in houston, texas. | there are limited data examining healthcare resource utilization in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25057871 |
| the cd27l and ctp1l endolysins targeting clostridia contain a built-in trigger and release factor. | the bacteriophage φcd27 is capable of lysing clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause for nosocomial infection. a recombinant cd27l endolysin lyses c. difficile in vitro, and represents a promising alternative as a bactericide. to better understand the lysis mechanism, we have determined the crystal structure of an autoproteolytic fragment of the cd27l endolysin. the structure covers the c-terminal domain of the endolysin, and represents a novel fold that is identified ... | 2014 | 25058163 |
| ambulatory-treated clostridium difficile infection: a comparison of community-acquired vs. nosocomial infection. | the purpose of this study was to identify the clinical outcomes of ambulatory-treated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and risk factors associated with community-associated cdi (ca-cdi). adult patients diagnosed with cdi in the institutional or ambulatory-care setting between 1 april 2005 and 30 april 2011, with no other cdi diagnosis in the previous 180 days, and who purchased an ambulatory, anti-cdi agent within 7 days of cdi diagnosis were included. a total of 1201 patients were included ... | 2015 | 25058469 |
| cyclophilin-facilitated membrane translocation as pharmacological target to prevent intoxication of mammalian cells by binary clostridial actin adp-ribosylated toxins. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium difficile cdt belong to the family of binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins and are composed of a binding/translocation component and a separate enzyme component. the enzyme components adp-ribosylate g-actin in the cytosol of target cells resulting in depolymerization of f-actin, cell rounding and cell death. the binding/translocation components bind to their cell receptors and form complexes with the respective en ... | 2015 | 25058685 |
| a novel multi-strain probiotic and synbiotic supplement for prevention of clostridium difficile infection in a murine model. | the protective effect of a multi-strain probiotic and synbiotic formulation was evaluated in c57bl/6 mice infected with clostridium difficile (cd) nap1/027. antibiotic-treated mice were divided into the following four groups: group 1, fed with a synbiotic formulation consisting of lactobacillus plantarum f44, l. paracasei f8, bifidobacterium breve 46, b. lactis 8:8, galacto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, and resistant starch; group 2, fed with the same four probiotic strains as gro ... | 2014 | 25059277 |
| [using the real-time pcr assay to establish taqman-mgb probe for rapid identification of clostridium difficile and its toxin]. | to develop a real-time pcr assay for the rapid identification of clostridium(c.)difficile and its toxin. | 2014 | 25059372 |
| first polish outbreak of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infections among dialysis patients. | this report describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a nephrology ward in 2012, caused by the fluoroquinolone- and clindamycin-resistant polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027 strains. an increase in the number of cases of diarrhoea was noted among patients hospitalised between 26 november 2012 and 17 december 2012 in a hospital in north poland. eight patients were on haemodialysis in the outpatient dialysis facility, while one patient was receiving peritoneal dial ... | 2015 | 25060801 |
| phage tail-like particles kill clostridium difficile and represent an alternative to conventional antibiotics. | current clostridium difficile infection (cdi) antibiotic regimens have become increasingly ineffective at achieving cure and preventing recurrence. a recently developed alternative to conventional antibiotics are phage tail-like particles (ptlps), which are proteins that are morphologically similar to bacteriophages and are produced by c difficile. this study examines the in vitro killing spectrum of a previously unreported ptlp isolated from a clinical isolate of c difficile. | 2015 | 25061002 |
| clostridium difficile in children: to treat or not to treat? | clostridium difficile infection has been increasing since 2000 in children and in adults. frequent antibiotics use, comorbidity, and the development of hypervirulent strains have increased the risk of infection. despite the high carriage rates of c. difficile, infants rarely develop clinical infection. discontinuing antibiotics and supportive management usually leads to resolution of disease. antibiotics use should be stratified depending on the patient's age and severity of the disease. | 2014 | 25061582 |
| infectious diarrhea: an overview. | diarrheal disease, which is most often caused by infectious pathogens, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children. this is particularly true in developing countries. recent outbreaks of infectious diarrhea in developed countries, including the usa, are often attributed to food handling and distribution practices and highlight the need for continued vigilance in this area. another common cause of infectious diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection (cdi), ... | 2014 | 25064318 |
| tigecycline for severe clostridium difficile infection. | limited data suggest that tigecycline may be of value in the treatment of clostridiumdifficile infection. we reviewed our experience using tigecycline to treat severe c. difficile and compared outcomes to similarly ill patients who did not receive tigecycline. we found no difference between the groups. further study is needed before tigecycline can be recommended for use in severe c. difficile infection. | 2014 | 25064460 |
| incidence of polymerase chain reaction-diagnosed clostridium difficile in a large high-risk cohort, 2011-2012. | to describe incidence rates (irs) of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-diagnosed clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a large high-risk cohort. | 2014 | 25064782 |
| community-acquired diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile in an hiv-positive cancer patient: first case report in latin america. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea, mainly associated with antibiotic use and immunodeficiency. although, an increased incidence of community-acquired c. difficile infection (ca-cdi) has been reported worldwide, this infection has been under-diagnosed in latin america. this is the first report of a ca-cdi case in latin america, in an hiv-positive patient with cancer. | 2014 | 25066118 |
| reinforcement of the intestinal mucus layer protects against clostridium difficile intestinal injury in vitro. | clostridium difficile infection is increasing in incidence and severity. attributable factors include virulence factors, including c difficile toxins a and b, as well as host immunologic status. the mucus component of the intestinal barrier is impaired by malnutrition, shock insults, and alterations in the gut microbiome. exogenous phosphatidylcholine (pc) administration results in reinforcement of the mucus layer and is of therapeutic benefit in chronic ulcerative colitis. we therefore studied ... | 2014 | 25067805 |
| a phase ii study of v-beam as conditioning regimen before second auto-sct for multiple myeloma. | high-dose melphalan has been the standard conditioning regimen for auto-sct in multiple myeloma (mm) for decades. a more effective conditioning regimen may induce deeper responses and longer remission duration. it is especially needed in the setting of second auto-sct, which rarely achieves comparable results with the first auto-sct using the same conditioning regimen. here we conducted a phase ii study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a conditioning regimen v-beam (bortezomib-beam) bef ... | 2014 | 25068418 |
| conserved oligopeptide permeases modulate sporulation initiation in clostridium difficile. | the anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen clostridium difficile must form a metabolically dormant spore to survive in oxygenic environments and be transmitted from host to host. the regulatory factors by which c. difficile initiates and controls the early stages of sporulation in c. difficile are not highly conserved in other clostridium or bacillus species. here, we investigated the role of two conserved oligopeptide permeases, opp and app, in the regulation of sporulation in c. difficile. these ... | 2014 | 25069979 |
| clinical efficacy of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin and metronidazole in clostridium difficile infections: a meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparison. | to evaluate the efficacy of fidaxomicin treatment, which has a limited effect on the normal gut flora, compared with vancomycin and metronidazole treatment in clostridium difficile infections (cdis). | 2014 | 25074856 |
| incidence of diarrhea by clostridium difficile in hematologic patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: risk factors for severe forms and death. | we describe the rate of incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in hematologic and patients undergone stem cell transplant (hsct) at hc-fmusp, from january 2007 to june 2011, using two denominators 1,000 patient and 1,000 days of neutropenia and the risk factors associated with the severe form of the disease and death. the elisa method (ridascreen-biopharm, germany) for the detections of toxins a/b was used to identify c. difficile. a multivariate analysis was performed to ... | 2015 | 25076434 |
| calorie intake of enteral nutrition and clinical outcomes in acutely critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | the appropriate calorie intake to be provided to critically ill patients via enteral nutrition (en) remains unclear. we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the effect of initial underfeeding and full feeding in acutely critically ill patients. | 2015 | 25078609 |
| passive and active immunization strategies against clostridium difficile infections: state of the art. | the pathophysiology of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) could be considered as a three-step process that takes place after disruption of the digestive microbiota by antibiotics: 1) germination of spores; 2) multiplication and persistence of c. difficile in the colonic niche thanks to colonization factors; 3) production of the two toxins tcda and tcdb and for some strains an additional toxin, the binary toxin cdt. different immunization strategies against c. difficile have been developed, f ... | 2014 | 25079668 |
| first clinical and microbiological characterization of clostridium difficile infection in a croatian university hospital. | clinical background and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the university hospital centre split were investigated from january 2010 to december 2011. in total, 54 patients with first episode of cdi were consecutively included in the study based on the positive eia test specific for a and b toxins. demographic and clinical data were prospectively analyzed from medical records. cdi incidence rate was 0.6 per 10,000 patient-days. thirty six cases (70.6%) were healthc ... | 2014 | 25079669 |
| three-week summer period prevalence of clostridium difficile in farm animals in a temperate region of the united states (ohio). | the cross-sectional (period) prevalence of clostridium difficile in 875 farm animals from 29 commercial operations during the summer of 2008 in ohio, usa was quantified. compared to an external referent population of intensively managed race horses (12.7%), intensively managed commercially mature food animals (poultry, cattle, swine; < 0.6%) were infrequent shedders of c. difficile (p < 0.00001) during the warmest weeks of 2008. | 2014 | 25082995 |
| helicobacter pylori: friend or foe? | helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is a gram-negative spiral bacterium that is present in nearly half the world's population. it is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease and a recognized cause of gastric carcinoma. in addition, it is linked to non-ulcer dyspepsia, vitamin b12 deficiency, iron-deficient anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. these conditions are indications for testing and treatment according to current guidelines. an additional indication according to the guidelines is "anyo ... | 2014 | 25083071 |
| current issues on safety of prokinetics in critically ill patients with feed intolerance. | feed intolerance in the setting of critical illness should be treated promptly given its adverse impact on morbidity and mortality. the technical difficulty of postpyloric feeding tube placement and the morbidities associated with parenteral nutrition prevent these approaches being considered as first-line nutrition. prokinetic agents are currently the mainstay of therapy for feed intolerance in the critically ill. current information is limited but suggests that erythromycin or metoclopramide ( ... | 2011 | 25083212 |
| engineering of bacillus subtilis strains to allow rapid characterization of heterologous diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases. | microbial processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence, are often regulated by changes in the available concentration of cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp). generally, high c-di-gmp concentrations are correlated with decreased motility and increased biofilm formation and low c-di-gmp concentrations are correlated with an increase in motility and activation of virulence pathways. the study of c-di-gmp is complicated, however, by the fact that organisms often enco ... | 2014 | 25085482 |
| clostridium difficile infection: clinical challenges and management strategies. | clostridium difficile has become the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. a substantial increase has occurred in morbidity and mortality associated with disease caused by c difficile and in the identification of new hypervirulent strains, warranting a high clinical index of suspicion for infections due to this organism. prevention of infection requires a multidisciplinary approach, including early recognition of disease, effective contact isolation precautions, adherence to disinfecta ... | 2014 | 25086091 |
| delayed presentation of dpd deficiency in colorectal cancer. | case study mr. d., a 55-year-old male, presented to the medical oncology service with a diagnosis of stage iii adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. he presented 7 weeks post sigmoid colectomy with lymph node resection and was initiated on adjuvant chemotherapy with capox (capecitabine [xeloda] and oxaliplatin [eloxatin]). standard dosing was used: oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m(2) on day 1 and capecitabine at approximately 2,000 mg/m(2)/day (rounded to the nearest 500-mg tablet size) for 14 days on an ... | 2014 | 25089219 |