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identification of crucial amino acids of bacterial peptide deformylases affecting enzymatic activity in response to oxidative stress.peptide deformylase (pdf) is an essential bacterial metalloprotease involved in deformylation of n-formyl group from nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. iron-containing variants of this enzyme from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (spdf) and mycobacterium tuberculosis (mpdf), although inhibited by oxidizing agents like h2o2, exhibited strikingly different 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) that ranged from nanomolar (spdf) to millimolar (mpdf) levels. furthermore, the ...201424142250
ubij, a new gene required for aerobic growth and proliferation in macrophage, is involved in coenzyme q biosynthesis in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.ubiquinone (coenzyme q or q8) is a redox active lipid which functions in the respiratory electron transport chain and plays a crucial role in energy-generating processes. in both escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, the yigp gene is located between ubie and ubib, all three being likely to constitute an operon. in this work, we showed that the uncharacterized yigp gene was involved in q8 biosynthesis in both strains, and we have renamed it ubij. under aerobic conditions, ...201424142253
dormant intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium discriminates among salmonella pathogenicity island 2 effectors to persist inside fibroblasts.salmonella enterica uses effector proteins delivered by type iii secretion systems (ttss) to colonize eukaryotic cells. recent in vivo studies have shown that intracellular bacteria activate the ttss encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (spi-2) to restrain growth inside phagocytes. growth attenuation is also observed in vivo in bacteria colonizing nonphagocytic stromal cells of the intestinal lamina propria and in cultured fibroblasts. spi-2 is required for survival of nongrowing bacteri ...201424144726
low-molecular-mass penicillin binding protein 6b (dacd) is required for efficient gob-18 metallo-β-lactamase biogenesis in salmonella enterica and escherichia coli.metallo-β-lactamases (mbls) are zn(2+)-containing secretory enzymes of clinical relevance, whose final folding and metal ion assembly steps in gram-negative bacteria occur after secretion of the apo form to the periplasmic space. in the search of periplasmic factors assisting mbl biogenesis, we found that dacd null (δdacd) mutants of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli expressing the pre-gob-18 mbl gene from plasmids showed significantly reduced resistance to cefotaxime and concomitant lowe ...201424145538
engineered salmonella typhimurium expressing e7 fusion protein, derived from human papillomavirus, inhibits tumor growth in cervical tumor-bearing mice.the tumor-suppressing effects of sipb160/hpv16 e7 fusion protein, derived from human papillomavirus, and expressed in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, were evaluated in a cervical cancer model. the expressed e7 protein resulted in efficacious cytotoxicity and tumor growth retardation in tc-1 cervical cancer cells. in addition, in mice bearing tc-1 tumors, live cells of salmonella expressing hpv16 e7 were administered orally and induced immune responses through interferon-gamma and tumor ...201424146199
salmonella typhimurium ttss-2 deficient mig-14 mutant shows attenuation in immunocompromised mice and offers protection against wild-type salmonella typhimurium infection.development of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) live attenuated vaccine carrier strain to prevent enteric infections has been a subject of intensive study. several mutants of s. typhimurium have been proposed as an effective live attenuated vaccine strain. unfortunately, many such mutant strains failed to successfully complete the clinical trials as they were suboptimal in delivering effective safety and immunogenicity. however, it remained unclear, whether the existing l ...201324148706
serotype profile and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from gastroenteritis cases over nine years.resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) is emerging worldwide. we report the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) phenotypes in 53.4 % of nts isolated over a period of nine years from gastroenteritis cases. esbl and ampc co-production was observed in 21 % of the isolates. occurrence of blactx-m-15 and blacmy-2 resistance genes was observed in 11.6 % and 37 % of the isolates respectively. overall, salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg was ...201424149623
dual role of acidic diacetate sophorolipid as biostabilizer for zno nanoparticle synthesis and biofunctionalizing agent against salmonella enterica and candida albicans.in the present study, a yeast species isolated from cetp, vellore, tamilnadu was identified as cryptococcus sp. vitgbn2 based on molecular techniques and was found to be a potent producer of acidic diacetate sophorolipid in mineral salt media containing vegetable oil as additional carbon source. the chemical structure of the purified biosurfactant was identified as acidic diacetate sophorolipid through gc-ms analysis. this sophorolipid was used as a stabilizer for synthesis of zinc oxide nanopar ...201424150496
multiple interfaces between a serine recombinase and an enhancer control site-specific dna inversion.serine recombinases are often tightly controlled by elaborate, topologically-defined, nucleoprotein complexes. hin is a member of the dna invertase subclass of serine recombinases that are regulated by a remote recombinational enhancer element containing two binding sites for the protein fis. two hin dimers bound to specific recombination sites associate with the fis-bound enhancer by dna looping where they are remodeled into a synaptic tetramer competent for dna chemistry and exchange. here we ...201324151546
complete nucleotide sequences of virulence-resistance plasmids carried by emerging multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from cattle in hokkaido, japan.in the present study, we have shown that virulence-resistance plasmids from emerging multidrug-resistant isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were derived from a virulence-associated plasmid, essential for systematic invasiveness of s. typhimurium in mice (pslt), through acquisition of a large insert containing a resistance island flanked by is1294 elements. a bla cmy-2-carrying plasmid from a cefotaxime-resistant isolate comprised a segment of escherichia coli plasmid par060302 a ...201324155970
phylogenetic diversity of the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica subsp. enterica inferred from genome-wide reference-free snp characters.the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in the world. the species is extremely diverse, containing more than 2,500 named serovars that are designated for their unique antigen characters and pathogenicity profiles-some are known to be virulent pathogens, while others are not. questions regarding the evolution of pathogenicity, significance of antigen characters, diversity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) loci, ...201324158624
detection of salmonella spp, salmonella enteritidis and typhimurium in naturally infected broiler chickens by a multiplex pcr-based assay.the presence of salmonella in the intestinal tract, on the chickens skin and among their feathers, may cause carcasses contamination during slaughtering and processing and possibly it is responsible by the introduction of this microorganism in the slaughterhouses. a rapid method to identify and monitor salmonella and their sorovars in farm is becoming necessary. a pre-enriched multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) assay employing specific primers was developed and used to detect salmonella ...201324159281
antagonistic activity of lactobacillus acidophilus la10 against salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis se86 in mice.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the main pathogens responsible for foodborne illness in brazil. probiotic bacteria can play a role in defense and recovery from enteropathogenic infections. in this study, the ability of lactobacillus acidophilus la10 to colonise and exert antagonistic effects in the gastrointestinal tract was tested before and during experimental infection in conventional mice contaminated with s. enteritidis (se86). a dose of 0.1 ml containing 10(8) viable cell ...201324159284
the prevalence of swine enteropathogens in brazilian grower and finish herds.diarrhoea among growing and finishing pigs is an important problem in many herds. the prevalence of l. intracellularis, b. pilosicoli, b. hyodysenteriae, salmonella spp., enterotoxigenic e. coli, trichuris suis and the occurrence of mixed infection were investigated. fecal samples for forty-six herds with diarrhea or a history of diarrhea were randomly collected in minas gerais state, brazil. the enteric pathogens were detected by culture (e. coli and salmonella sp.), pcr (l. intracellularis and ...201324159297
a comparison of subtyping methods for differentiating salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates obtained from food and human sources.to evaluate the abilities of these subtyping methods, we distinguished salmonella enteritidis (s. enteritidis) isolated from food products and human clinical samples between 2009 and 2010 in seoul using five subtyping methods.201324159526
molecular epidemiological analysis of five outbreaks associated with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis between 2008 and 2010 on jeju island, republic of korea.with the increasing incidence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) infections, five se foodborne outbreaks were identified between 2008 and 2010 on jeju island, republic of korea. in this study, the genetic relatedness of isolates recovered from the five outbreaks was investigated to identify the source of foodborne se infections. in total, 57 se isolates from five outbreaks (17 isolates, 5 isolates, 18 isolates, 8 isolates, and 9 isolates, respectively) were used for antimicrobial su ...201424161024
crisprs: molecular signatures used for pathogen subtyping.rapid and accurate strain identification is paramount in the battle against microbial outbreaks, and several subtyping approaches have been developed. one such method uses clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), dna repeat elements that are present in approximately half of all bacteria. though their signature function is as an adaptive immune system against invading dna such as bacteriophages and plasmids, crisprs also provide an excellent framework for pathogen tracki ...201424162568
nod1 and nod2 enhance tlr-mediated invariant nkt cell activation during bacterial infection.invariant nkt (inkt) cells act at the crossroad between innate and adaptive immunity and are important players in the defense against microbial pathogens. inkt cells can detect pathogens that trigger innate receptors (e.g., tlrs, rig-i, dectin-1) within apcs, with the consequential induction of cd1d-mediated ag presentation and release of proinflammatory cytokines. we show that the cytosolic peptidoglycan-sensing receptors nod1 and nod2 are necessary for optimal ifn-γ production by inkt cells, a ...201324163408
an antibiotic-altered microbiota provides fuel for the enteric foe.antibiotic therapies disrupt the intestinal microbiota and render the host susceptible to enteric infections. a recent report by ng et al. explores the ability of two intestinal pathogens (salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and clostridium difficile) to use this disruption to their advantage and consume host carbohydrates that would otherwise be unavailable in the presence of a normal gut microbiota.201424165893
ferric uptake regulator-dependent antinitrosative defenses in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenesis.herein we report an important role for the ferric uptake regulator (fur) in the resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to the reactive nitrogen species produced by inducible nitric oxide (no) synthase in an nramp1(r) murine model of acute systemic infection. the expression of fur protected salmonella grown under normoxic and hypoxic conditions against the bacteriostatic activity of no. the hypersusceptibility of fur-deficient salmonella to the cytotoxic actions of no coincides wit ...201424166960
the abc-type efflux pump macab protects salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from oxidative stress.multidrug efflux pumps are integral membrane proteins known to actively excrete antibiotics. the macrolide-specific pump macab, the only abc-type drug efflux pump in salmonella, has previously been linked to virulence in mice. the molecular mechanism of this link between macab and infection is unclear. we demonstrate that macab plays a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ros), compounds that salmonellae are exposed to at various stages of infection. macab is induced upon expos ...201324169575
targeting dxp synthase in human pathogens: enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial activity of butylacetylphosphonate.the unique methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential in most bacterial pathogens. the first enzyme in this pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (dxp) synthase, catalyzes a distinct thiamin diphosphate (thdp)-dependent reaction to form dxp from d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (d-gap) and pyruvate and represents a potential anti-infective drug target. we have previously demonstrated that the unnatural bisubstrate analog, butylacetylphosphonate (bap), exhibits sele ...201424169798
inhibition of multidrug efflux as a strategy to prevent biofilm formation.we have recently shown that inactivation of any of the multidrug efflux systems of salmonella results in loss of the ability to form a competent biofilm. the aim of this study was to determine the mechanism linking multidrug efflux and biofilm formation, and to determine whether inhibition of efflux is a viable antibiofilm strategy.201424176982
dynamics of spread of salmonella enterica in the systemic compartment.traditional microbiological and immunological tools, combined with modern imaging, and molecular and mathematical approaches, have revealed the dispersive nature of salmonella infections. bacterial escape from infected cells, spread in the tissues and attempts to restrain this process by the host give rise to fascinating scenarios that underpin the pathogenesis of salmonelloses.201324183878
strain variability of the behavior of foodborne bacterial pathogens: a review.differences in phenotypic responses among strains of the same microbial species constitute an important source of variability in microbiological studies, and as such they need to be assessed, characterized and taken into account. this review provides a compilation of available research data on the strain variability of four basic behavioral aspects of foodborne bacterial pathogens including: (i) virulence; (ii) growth; (iii) inactivation; and (iv) biofilm formation. a particular emphasis is plac ...201324184609
a thin-layer chromatography autographic method for the detection of inhibitors of the salmonella phop-phoq regulatory system.the phop-phoq system from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium controls the expression of factors that are critical for the bacterial entry into host cells and the bacterial intramacrophage survival. therefore it constitutes an interesting target to search for compounds that would control salmonella virulence. localisation of such compounds in complex matrixes could be facilitated by thin-layer chromatography (tlc) bioautography.201424185747
specific discrimination of three pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes by carb-based oligonucleotide microarray.it is important to rapidly and selectively detect and analyze pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in contaminated food to reduce the morbidity and mortality of salmonella infection and to guarantee food safety. in the present work, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray containing duplicate specific capture probes based on the carb gene, which encodes the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase large subunit, as a competent biomarker evaluated by genetic analysis to selectively and efficie ...201424185846
genomic investigation of lysogen formation and host lysis systems of the salmonella temperate bacteriophage spn9cc.to understand phage infection and host cell lysis mechanisms in pathogenic salmonella, a novel salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-targeting bacteriophage, spn9cc, belonging to the podoviridae family was isolated and characterized. the phage infects s. typhimurium via the o antigen of lipopolysaccharide (lps) and forms clear plaques with cloudy centers due to lysogen formation. phylogenetic analysis of phage major capsid proteins revealed that this phage is a member of the lysogen-forming p2 ...201424185850
in silico identification and experimental characterization of regulatory elements controlling the expression of the salmonella csrb and csrc genes.the small rnas csrb and csrc of salmonella indirectly control the expression of numerous genes encoding widespread cellular functions, including virulence. the expression of csrb and csrc genes, which are located in different chromosomal regions, is coordinated by positive transcriptional control mediated by the two-component regulatory system bara/sira. here, we identified by computational analysis an 18-bp inverted repeat (ir) sequence located far upstream from the promoter of salmonella enter ...201424187088
salmonella enterica serotype arizonae meningitis in a neonate.typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella infections are common causes of gastroenteritis in the community. however, salmonella only rarely causes invasive infections like meningitis. we report a 13-day-old female neonate with signs and symptoms of meningitis whose cerebrospinal fluid (csf) culture showed salmonella enterica serotype arizonae that was sensitive to ceftriaxone. she presented with fever and failure to feed for 2 days. despite prompt treatment with ampicillin, gentamicin, and ceftriaxo ...201324187642
prevalence of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes aph(3')-iiia and aph(3')-iia in escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and staphylococcus aureus isolates in austria.the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase aph(3')-iia primarily inactivates kanamycin and neomycin, whilst aph(3')-iiia also inactivates amikacin. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of both resistance genes in major human pathogens to obtain their baseline prevalence in the gene pool of these bacterial populations in austria. in total, 10 541 escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and staphylococcus ...201424194558
evaluation of vaccine candidate potential of deltaaroa, deltahtra and deltaaroadeltahtra mutants of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi in guinea pigs.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi (s. abortusequi), a host adapted salmonella causes abortions, still births and foal mortality in equids. though known since more than 100 years, it is still a problem in many of the developing countries including india. there is dearth of really good vaccine affording immunity lasting at least for one full gestation. in search of a potential vaccine candidate, three defined deletion mutants (deltaaroa, deltahtra and deltaaroadeltahtra) ...201324195347
salmonella enterica flagellin is recognized via fls2 and activates pamp-triggered immunity in arabidopsis thaliana.infections with salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. recent evidence indicates that plants recognize s. enterica and raise defense responses. nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction of s. enterica with plants are still largely unclear. here, we show that flagellin from s. enterica represents a prominent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) in ar ...201424198231
phylogenomic analysis identifies gene gains that define salmonella enterica subspecies i.comparative methods for analyzing whole genome sequence (wgs) data enable us to assess the genetic information available for reconstructing the evolutionary history of pathogens. we used the comparative approach to determine diagnostic genes for salmonella enterica subspecies i. s. enterica subsp. i strains are known to infect warm-blooded organisms regularly while its close relatives tend to infect only cold-blooded organisms. we found 71 genes gained by the common ancestor of salmonella enteri ...201324204679
a novel antisense rna from the salmonella virulence plasmid pslt expressed by non-growing bacteria inside eukaryotic cells.bacterial small rnas (srnas) are regulatory molecules playing relevant roles in response to environmental changes, stressful conditions and pathogenesis. the intracellular bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is known to regulate expression of some srnas during colonization of fibroblasts. here, we characterize a previously unknown srna encoded in the s. typhimurium pslt virulence plasmid that is specifically up-regulated by non-growing dormant bacteria per ...201324205037
analysis of triclosan-selected salmonella enterica mutants of eight serovars revealed increased aminoglycoside susceptibility and reduced growth rates.the biocide triclosan (trc) is used in a wide range of household, personal care, veterinary, industrial and medical products to control microbial growth. this extended use raises concerns about a possible association between the application of triclosan and the development of antibiotic resistance. in the present study we determined triclosan mutant prevention concentrations (mpc) for salmonella enterica isolates of eight serovars and investigated selected mutants for their mechanisms mediating ...201324205194
interaction of phytophagous insects with salmonella enterica on plants and enhanced persistence of the pathogen with macrosteles quadrilineatus infestation or frankliniella occidentalis feeding.recently, most foodborne illness outbreaks of salmonellosis have been caused by consumption of contaminated fresh produce. yet, the mechanisms that allow the human pathogen salmonella enterica to contaminate and grow in plant environments remain poorly described. we examined the effect of feeding by phytophagous insects on survival of s. enterica on lettuce. larger s. enterica populations were found on leaves infested with macrosteles quadrilineatus. in contrast, pathogen populations among plant ...201324205384
cervical abscesses due to co-infection with burkholderia pseudomallei, salmonella enterica serovar stanley and mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus.infections due to mycobacterium tuberculosis, burkholderia pseudomallei and non-typhoidal salmonella cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. these intracellular pathogens share some common predisposing factors and clinical features. co-infection with two of these organisms has been reported previously but, to our knowledge, this is the first time that infection with all three has been reported in one person.201324209898
hr-mas nmr reveals a ph-dependent lps alteration by de-o-acetylation at abequose in the o-antigen of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.nmr spectroscopy can detect biomolecules like lipopolysaccharide directly on the surface of the cell, thus avoiding isolation and purification, and providing a more realistic description than the one derived from in vitro studies. here we present a high-resolution magic-angle spinning nmr study of the o-antigen of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) performed directly on the cells showing the alteration of its acetylation state over time. the o-antigen region of s. typhimuri ...201324211643
recombination and annealing pathways compete for substrates in making rrn duplications in salmonella enterica.tandem genetic duplications arise frequently between the seven directly repeated 5.5-kb rrn loci that encode ribosomal rnas in salmonella enterica. the closest rrn genes, rrnb and rrne, flank a 40-kb region that includes the purhd operon. duplications of purhd arise by exchanges between rrn loci and form at a high rate (10(-3)/cell/division) that remains high in strains blocked for early steps in recombination (reca, recb, and/or recf), but drops 30-fold in mutants blocked for later holliday jun ...201424214339
enteric yaiw is a surface-exposed outer membrane lipoprotein that affects sensitivity to an antimicrobial peptide.yaiw is a previously uncharacterized gene found in enteric bacteria that is of particular interest because it is located adjacent to the sbma gene, whose baca ortholog is required for sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis and brucella abortus pathogenesis. we show that yaiw is cotranscribed with sbma in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhi and typhimurium strains. we present evidence that the yaiw is a palmitate-modified surface exposed outer membrane lipoprotein. since baca functio ...201424214946
prevalence and characterization of salmonella enterica from the feces of cattle, poultry, swine and hedgehogs in burkina faso and their comparison to human salmonella isolates.production and wild animals are major sources of human salmonellosis and animals raised for food also play an important role in transmission of antimicrobial resistant salmonella strains to humans. furthermore, in sub-saharan africa non-typhoidal salmonella serotypes are common bloodstream isolates in febrile patients. yet, little is known about the environmental reservoirs and predominant modes of transmission of these pathogens. the purpose of this study was to discover potential sources and d ...201324215206
pickled egg production: inactivation rate of salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus during acidification step.based on current u.s. food and drug administration acidified foods guidelines, regulatory approval of commercial pickled egg production without a final heat treatment requires challenge studies. we conducted challenge studies to verify common pickled egg processing parameters. hard-boiled eggs were acidified in ambient temperature brine at a 60:40 egg/brine ratio. four acidification treatments were studied in triplicate: 5% acetic acid (aa) or 2.5% aa brine with and without 0.05% sodium benzoate ...201324215686
crispr-mvlst subtyping of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium and heidelberg and application in identifying outbreak isolates.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and heidelberg (s. heidelberg) are major causes of foodborne salmonellosis, accounting for a fifth of all annual salmonellosis cases in the united states. rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required for routine surveillance and to track specific strains during outbreaks. we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and a recently developed molecular subtyping approach termed crispr-mvlst that e ...201324219629
functional insight from the tetratricopeptide repeat-like motifs of the type iii secretion chaperone sica in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.sica functions both as a class ii chaperone for sipb and sipc of the type iii secretion system (t3ss)-1 and as a transcriptional cofactor for the arac-type transcription factor invf in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. bioinformatic analysis has predicted that sica possesses three tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr)-like motifs, which are important for protein-protein interactions and serve as multiprotein complex mediators. to investigate whether the tpr-like motifs in sica ar ...201424224875
[putative temperature sensitive riboswitchers in salmonella genome].currently, a number of structurally and functionally different temperature-sensitive elements like as rna thermometers which control a variety of biological processes of bacteria, including virulence, are known. well-known rna thermometers correspond to one long step-loop structure or few hairpins which can be matched or mismatched. based on the computer and thermodynamical analysis of 25 isolates of salmonella enterica with complete genome, algorithm and the criteria of search for putative rna ...201324228493
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strain rm6836.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strain rm6836 was isolated from lettuce in 2002. we report here the complete sequence and annotation of the genome of s. thompson rm6836. this is the first reported complete genome sequence for s. thompson and it will enhance our understanding of this serovar and provide another point for comparative studies between salmonella enterica strains.201324233585
effect of chitosan on salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens.public concern with the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly among foodborne pathogens such as salmonella, has been challenging the poultry industry to find alternative means of control. the purposes of the present study were to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effects of chitosan on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) infection in broiler chicks. for in vitro crop assay experiments, tubes containing feed, water, and st were treated with either saline as a control or 0. ...201424237042
[determination of salmonella serotypes by conventional and molecular methods].determination of salmonella enterica serotypes is crucial for epidemiological studies. salmonella serotypes are defined on the basis of somatic (o) and flagellar (h) antigens, both of which are present in the cell wall of salmonella. the aim of this study was to compare the results of molecular serotyping obtained by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) with conventional serotyping results. conventional serotyping has been performed in ministry of health refik saydam hygiene center as part ...201324237438
evaluating area-level spatial clustering of salmonella enteritidis infections and their socioeconomic determinants in the greater toronto area, ontario, canada (2007 - 2009): a retrospective population-based ecological study.there have been only a few region-level ecological studies conducted in canada investigating enteric infections in humans. our study objectives were to 1) assess the spatial clustering of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) human infections in the greater toronto area, and 2) identify underlying area-level associations between s. enteritidis infection rates and socioeconomic status (ses) indicators that might explain the clustering of infections.201324237666
clinically relevant multidrug resistant salmonella enterica in swine and meat handlers at the abattoir.the presence of multidrug resistant (mdr) salmonella serotypes in slaughtered swine, carcasses, meat and meat handlers is scarcely evaluated. recently we demonstrated that diverse salmonella serotypes are frequently present in swine, pork meat and carcasses, and meat handlers at portuguese abattoirs. here we have characterized their antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes, helping elucidate the flow of mdr salmonella in the food chain. testing 60 salmonella isolates from different serotyp ...201424239169
role of salmonella typhimurium small rnas ryhb-1 and ryhb-2 in the oxidative stress response.as part of the response to specific stress conditions, bacteria express small molecules of non-coding rna which maintain cellular homeostasis by regulating gene expression, commonly at the post-transcriptional level. among these, in salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium, the paralog small non-coding rnas ryhb-1 and ryhb-2 play an important role in iron homeostasis. in addition, in the present work, we show that ryhb-1 and ryhb-2 also participate in the response to hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). deletio ...201424239962
isolation and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella spp. from meat and dairy products in egypt.foodborne pathogens are a major threat to food safety, especially in developing countries where hygiene and sanitation facilities are often poor. salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella spp. are among the major causes of outbreaks of foodborne diseases. this large-scale study investigated the prevalence of these foodborne pathogens in meat (beef and chicken) and dairy products collected from street vendors, butchers, retail markets and slaughterhouses in egypt. a total of 1600 ...201424239976
antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of salmonella enterica in new delhi.enteric fever is a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. antimicrobial resistance is a major issue enteric fever management. this study examined current pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among salmonella enterica isolates from enteric fever cases at a tertiary care centre in new delhi, india.201324240035
bioactive quinic acid derivatives from ageratina adenophora.a novel quinic acid derivative, 5-o-trans-o-coumaroylquinic acid methyl ester (1), together with three known ones, chlorogenic acid methyl ester (2), macranthoin f (3) and macranthoin g (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of the invasive plant ageratina adenophora (spreng.). the structure of new compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1d- and 2d-nmr techniques. compounds 2-4 were isolated from plant a. adenophora for the first time. all the comp ...201324241153
prevalence and fimbrial genotype distribution of poultry salmonella isolates in china (2006 to 2012).in this study, a total of 323 salmonella enterica strains were isolated from 3,566 rectal swab samples of 51 poultry farms in seven regions of 12 provinces of china between 2006 and 2012. the prevalences of salmonella sp. carriage were 12.4% in geese (66 positive/533 samples), 10.4% in turkeys (32/309), 9.8% in chickens (167/1,706), 6.8% in ducks (41/601), and 4.1% in pigeons (17/417), respectively. these isolates belonged to 20 serovars, in which the most frequent serovars were s. enterica sero ...201424242234
uv light inactivation of human and plant pathogens in unfiltered surface irrigation water.fruit and vegetable growers continually battle plant diseases and food safety concerns. surface water is commonly used in the production of fruits and vegetables and can harbor both human- and plant-pathogenic microorganisms that can contaminate crops when used for irrigation or other agricultural purposes. treatment methods for surface water are currently limited, and there is a need for suitable treatment options. a liquid-processing unit that uses uv light for the decontamination of turbid ju ...201424242253
comparative sequence, structure and redox analyses of klebsiella pneumoniae dsba show that anti-virulence target dsba enzymes fall into distinct classes.bacterial dsba enzymes catalyze oxidative folding of virulence factors, and have been identified as targets for antivirulence drugs. however, dsba enzymes characterized to date exhibit a wide spectrum of redox properties and divergent structural features compared to the prototypical dsba enzyme of escherichia coli dsba (ecdsba). nonetheless, sequence analysis shows that dsbas are more highly conserved than their known substrate virulence factors, highlighting the potential to inhibit virulence a ...201324244651
genomic characterisation of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar bovismorbificans isolates from malawi.invasive non-typhoidal salmonella (ints) are an important cause of bacteraemia in children and hiv-infected adults in sub-saharan africa. previous research has shown that ints strains exhibit a pattern of gene loss that resembles that of host adapted serovars such as salmonella typhi and paratyphi a. salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans was a common serovar in malawi between 1997 and 2004.201324244782
evidence of microevolution of salmonella typhimurium during a series of egg-associated outbreaks linked to a single chicken farm.the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. between 2005-2008 a series of s. typhimurium outbreaks occurred in tasmania, australia, that were all traced to eggs originating from a single chicken farm. we sequenced the genomes of 12 isolates linked to these outbreaks, in order to investigate the microevolution of a pathogenic s. typhimurium clone in a natural, spatiotemporally restricted popul ...201324245509
bioprotection of ready-to-eat probiotic artichokes processed with lactobacillus paracasei lmgp22043 against foodborne pathogens.the survival of 3 pathogens listeria monocytogenes atcc19115, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica atcc13311, and escherichia coli atcc8739 was evaluated over time in ready-to-eat (rte) artichoke products processed or not with the probiotic strain lactobacillus paracasei lmgp22043. both probiotic and standard products (final ph about 4.0; aw = 0.98) dressed with oil and packaged in modified atmosphere were inoculated with pathogens at a level of about 3 log cfu/g and stored at 4 ºc for 45 d. path ...201324245894
signal-specific temporal response by the salmonella phop/phoq regulatory system.the two-component system phop/phoq controls a large number of genes responsible for a variety of physiological and virulence functions in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. here we describe a mechanism whereby the transcriptional activator phop elicits expression of dissimilar gene sets when its cognate sensor phoq is activated by different signals in the periplasm. we determine that full transcription of over half of the genes directly activated by phop requires the mg(2+) transporter mgt ...201424256574
salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a carrying ctx-m-15 type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase isolated from a japanese traveller returning from india, japan, july 2013.emerging drug resistance in salmonella typhi and s. paratyphi is a substantial public health concern. we report what appears to be the first case and isolation of multidrug resistant s. paratyphi a carrying ctxm-15-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from a japanese traveller returning from india.201324256887
combining de novo and reference-guided assembly with scaffold_builder.genome sequencing has become routine, however genome assembly still remains a challenge despite the computational advances in the last decade. in particular, the abundance of repeat elements in genomes makes it difficult to assemble them into a single complete sequence. identical repeats shorter than the average read length can generally be assembled without issue. however, longer repeats such as ribosomal rna operons cannot be accurately assembled using existing tools. the application scaffold_ ...201324267787
phage and mlva typing of salmonella enteritidis isolated from layers and humans in belgium from 2000-2010, a period in which vaccination of laying hens was introduced.the aim of the study was to characterize isolates of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) obtained from humans and layer farms in belgium collected during 2000-2010. three periods were compared, namely (i) before implementation of vaccination (2000-2004), (ii) during voluntary vaccination (2005-2006) and (iii) during implementation of the national control program (ncp) for salmonella including mandatory vaccination against s. enteritidis (2007-2010). the characteristics compa ...201424268005
proteomic analysis of intestinal mucosa responses to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in naturally infected pig.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is one of the most frequent salmonella serotypes isolated from european pigs. despite the advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions and host cell responses to s. typhimurium, the global change that occurs in naturally exposed populations has been poorly characterized. here, we present a proteomics study on intestinal mucosa of pigs naturally infected with s. typhimurium, in order to better understand t ...201424268431
novel highly thermostable endolysin from thermus scotoductus mat2119 bacteriophage ph2119 with amino acid sequence similarity to eukaryotic peptidoglycan recognition proteins.in this study, we present the discovery and characterization of a highly thermostable endolysin from bacteriophage ph2119 infecting thermus strain mat2119 isolated from geothermal areas in iceland. nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene affiliated the strain with the species thermus scotoductus. bioinformatics analysis has allowed identification in the genome of phage 2119 of an open reading frame (468 bp in length) coding for a 155-amino-acid basic protein with an mr of 17,555. ph211 ...201424271162
rna sequencing reveals differences between the global transcriptomes of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with high and low pathogenicities.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the important causes of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. field strains of s. enteritidis are relatively genetically homogeneous; however, they show extensive phenotypic diversity and differences in virulence potential. rna sequencing (rna-seq) was used to characterize differences in the global transcriptome between several genetically similar but phenotypically diverse poultry-associated field strains of s. enteritidis grown in lab ...201424271167
core lipopolysaccharide-specific phage ssu5 as an auxiliary component of a phage cocktail for salmonella biocontrol.salmonella spp. are among the major food-borne pathogens that cause mild diarrhea to severe bacteremia. the use of bacteriophages to control various food-borne pathogens, including salmonella, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapy. we isolated the siphoviridae family phage ssu5, which can infect only rough strains of salmonella. the blocking of ssu5 adsorption by periodate treatment of host salmonella cells and spotting and adsorption assays with mutants that contain ...201424271179
genome-scale analyses of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica arac reveal noncanonical targets and an expanded core regulon.escherichia coli arac is a well-described transcription activator of genes involved in arabinose metabolism. using complementary genomic approaches, chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip)-chip, and transcription profiling, we identify direct regulatory targets of arac, including five novel target genes: ytfq, yden, ydem, ygea, and polb. strikingly, only ytfq has an established connection to arabinose metabolism, suggesting that arac has a broader function than previously described. we demonstrate ...201424272778
effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids on growth performance, shedding of organisms, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with multidrug-resistant salmonella spp.to evaluate effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids (qbas) against salmonella spp and determine effects on growth performance, organism shedding, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.201324274891
serovars, bacteriophage types and antimicrobial sensitivities associated with salmonellosis in dogs in the uk (1954-2012).serovars and bacteriophage (phage) types were determined for 442 isolates of salmonella enterica from dogs in the uk submitted to the scottish salmonella reference laboratory from 1954 to 2012. the most frequent serovars were salmonella typhimurium (196 isolates; 44.3 per cent), dublin (40 isolates; 9.0 per cent), enteritidis (28 isolates; 6.3 per cent), montevideo (19 isolates; 4.3 per cent), virchow (10 isolates; 2.3 per cent), heidelberg (8 isolates; 1.8 per cent) and derby (8 isolates; 1.8 p ...201424277916
in vitro effectiveness of the antimicrobial peptide ecath1 against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens of horses.the equine antimicrobial peptide ecath1 previously has been shown to have in vitro activity against antibiotic-susceptible reference strains of rhodococcus equi and common respiratory bacterial pathogens of foals. interestingly, ecath1 was also found to be effective in the treatment of r. equi infection induced in mice. the aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of ecath1 against equine isolates of gram-negative (escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, klebsiella pneumoniae and pse ...201424279745
effects of water, sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, and acidified sodium chlorite on in-shell hazelnuts inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar panama.recent foodborne disease outbreaks involving minimally processed tree nuts have generated a need for improved sanitation procedures. chemical sprays and dips have shown promise for reducing pathogens on fresh produce, but little research has been conducted for in-shell hazelnuts. this study analyzed the effectiveness of 3 chemical sanitizers for reducing salmonella on in-shell hazelnuts. treatments of water, sodium hypochlorite (naocl; 25 and 50 ppm), peroxyacetic acid (paa; 80 and 120 ppm), and ...201324279902
gatifloxacin versus ofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever in nepal: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial.fluoroquinolones are the most commonly used group of antimicrobials for the treatment of enteric fever, but no direct comparison between two fluoroquinolones has been performed in a large randomised trial. an open-label randomized trial was conducted to investigate whether gatifloxacin is more effective than ofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever caused by nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.201324282626
reduction of salmonella enteritidis number after infections by immunization of liposome-associated recombinant sefa.in order to generate salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) fimbriae, sef14, the sefa gene, which encodes the main subunit of the sef14 fimbrial protein, was amplified from salmonella enteritidis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pet-28a(+) to yield pet-28a(+)-sefa. the recombinant sefa (rsefa) protein was highly expressed and purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. liposome-associated rsefa was prepared for oral i ...201324283128
altered ifn-γ-mediated immunity and transcriptional expression patterns in n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea-induced stat4 mutants confer susceptibility to acute typhoid-like disease.salmonella enterica is a ubiquitous gram-negative intracellular bacterium that continues to pose a global challenge to human health. the etiology of salmonella pathogenesis is complex and controlled by pathogen, environmental, and host genetic factors. in fact, patients immunodeficient in genes in the il-12, il-23/ifn-γ pathway are predisposed to invasive nontyphoidal salmonella infection. using a forward genomics approach by n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (enu) germline mutagenesis in mice, we identifie ...201424285835
resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates from england and wales, 2010-12.to identify the mechanism(s) underlying cefotaxime resistance in 118 of 21,641 (0.55%) non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates collected from humans throughout england and wales from january 2010 to september 2012.201424288030
salmonella in liquid eggs and other foods in fukuoka prefecture, japan.the study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of salmonella in retail and wholesale foods in fukuoka prefecture, japan. a total of 2,021 samples collected between 1999 and 2010 were tested using a culture method. samples consisted of liquid eggs (n = 30), meat (beef and pork) (n = 781), offal (n = 69), processed meats (n = 2), seafood (n = 232), processed seafood (dried fish) (n = 76), vegetables (n = 481), processed vegetables (n = 87), fruits (n = 167), and herbs (n = 96) from 574 outlets and who ...201324288539
fever of unknown origin attributable to haematocolpos infected with salmonella enterica serotypetyphi resistant to nalidixic acid: a case report.the prevalence of nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella typhi (narst) infection is increasing worldwide. we are reporting an unusual case of infected haematocolpos presenting as urinary obstruction in a patient with fever of unknown origin (fuo). this case report highlights the importance of quinolone-resistant typhoid fever in the differential diagnosis of any acute febrile illness in countries, like india, where salmonella infection is endemic.201324288955
isolation and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from poultry house and clinical samples during 2010.a total of 60 salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) enteritidis isolates, 28 from poultry houses and 32 from clinical samples, were isolated during 2010. these isolates were subjected to testing and analyzed for antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, plasmids and plasmid replicon types. to assess genetic diversity, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) fingerprinting, using the xbai restriction enzyme, multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) and plasmid profiles were perform ...201424290628
use of β-cyclodextrin and activated carbon for quantification of salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis from ground beef by conventional pcr without enrichment.the high level of pcr inhibitors present in ground beef is a major factor that affects molecular based techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for the detection of salmonella enterica. in this study, the use of β-cyclodextrin and milk protein coated activated carbon (mp-cac) allowed the pcr to detect low numbers of salmonella seeded into ground beef without enrichment of samples. inva was used as target gene in the conventional pcr protocol. with 25 g samples of ground beef cont ...201424290629
inhibition of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on spinach and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by a commercial lactic acid bacteria food safety intervention.the microbiological safety of fresh produce is of concern for the u.s. food supply. members of the lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been reported to antagonize pathogens by competing for nutrients and by secretion of substances with antimicrobial activity, including organic acids, peroxides, and antimicrobial polypeptides. the objectives of this research were to: (i) determine the capacity of a commercial lab food antimicrobial to inhibit escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on spinac ...201424290643
tailoring the probiotic potential of non-starter lactobacillus strains from ripened parmigiano reggiano cheese by in vitro screening and principal component analysis.non-starter lactic acid bacteria (nslab) inhabiting fermented food have been recently revised as source of probiotic strains. here, we in vitro assessed the potential probiotic aptitude of a de-replicated set of nslab previously isolated from long ripened parmigiano reggiano cheeses (22 lactobacillus rhamnosus, 18 lactobacillus paracasei, 3 lactobacillus casei, 2 lactobacillus harbinensis, and 2 lactobacillus fermentum). most strains showed moderate to good resistance to biological barriers, inc ...201424290648
antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of salmonella circulating in commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products in brazil.antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for 12,582 strains of salmonella isolated by public and private laboratories from commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products from different regions in brazil between 2007 and 2011. these isolates were submitted unsolicited to the national reference laboratory for bacterial enteroinfections, oswaldo cruz institute, oswaldo cruz foundation, rio de janeiro, brazil, for conclusive antigenic characterization. the prevalent salmonella enterica serogroups w ...201324290674
proteomics-based identification of plasma proteins and their association with the host-pathogen interaction in chronic typhoid carriers.current diagnostic tests are inadequate to detect typhoid cases, as well as the chronic carrier state, the sole reservoir of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. the current study was conducted to find new molecular signatures of pathogen/disease to understand the mechanism behind the host-pathogen interaction in enteric fever.201424291468
synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of copper nanoparticles.copper nanoparticle synthesis has been gaining attention due to its availability. however, factors such as agglomeration and rapid oxidation have made it a difficult research area. in the present work, pure copper nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of a chitosan stabilizer through chemical means. the purity of the nanoparticles was authenticated using different characterization techniques, including ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, f ...201324293998
commercially laid eggs vs. discarded hatching eggs: contamination by salmonella spp.salmonella enterica is frequently associated with outbreaks of human salmonellosis, and products of avian origin, such as eggs and chicken meat, are the main vehicles of its transmission. the present study describes the occurrence of different serovars of salmonella enterica and phagotypes of s. enterica serovar enteritidis in eggs destined for human consumption. four thousand eggs obtained from commercial egg laying farms and one thousand discarded hatching eggs from broiler farms, which were a ...201324294223
characterization of antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica isolates determined from ready-to-eat (rte) salad vegetables.in the last decade, ready-to-eat (rte) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in human diet. however, since they are consumed fresh, inadequate washing during processing can bring on some foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, since these food items have natural contamination from soil and water. during 2009-2010, a total of 81 samples were purchased arbitrarily from local markets in ankara, and were examined for salmonella contamination. salmonella screening was performed by using ...201324294226
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of salmonella enterica strains from brazil.the objective of this study was to identify mutations in the quinolone resistance determining sources regions (qrdr) of the gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes and to determine if any of the qnr variants or the aac(6')-ib-cr variant were present in strains of salmonella spp. isolated in brazil. a total of 126 salmonella spp. strains from epidemic (n = 114) and poultry (n = 12) origin were evaluated. one hundred and twelve strains (88.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (nal) and 29 (23.01%) showed ...201324294265
first report of a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolate with carbapenemase (kpc-2) in colombia. 201424295970
host specificity of bacterial pathogens.most pathogens are able to infect multiple hosts but some are highly adapted to a single-host species. a detailed understanding of the basis of host specificity can provide important insights into molecular pathogenesis, the evolution of pathogenic microbes, and the potential for pathogens to cross the species barrier to infect new hosts. comparative genomics and the development of humanized mouse models have provided important new tools with which to explore the basis of generalism and speciali ...201324296346
helicobacter and salmonella persistent infection strategies.some host-adapted bacterial pathogens are capable of causing persistent infections in humans. for example, helicobacter pylori inhabits the human gastric mucosa and persistence can be lifelong. salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes systemic infections that involve colonization of the reticuloendothelial system and some individuals become lifelong carriers. in this review, i compare and contrast the different lifestyles of helicobacter and salmonella within the host and the strategies they hav ...201324296347
salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars.enteric pathogens such as salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. s. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. s. enterica serovars such as s. typhi, s. dublin, and s. gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium have broad host ranges. this review examines how s. enterica ...201324296573
amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide directly inhibits coenzyme a biosynthesis in salmonella enterica.aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (aicar) is a purine biosynthetic intermediate and a by-product of histidine biosynthesis. in bacteria, yeast, and humans, accumulation of aicar has been shown to affect an array of cellular processes by both direct and indirect mechanisms. in purine biosynthesis, aicar is the substrate of the bifunctional protein phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase/imp cyclohydrolase (purh, ec 2.1.2.3/3.5.4.10). strains lacking purh accumulate aicar and h ...201424296672
common antigens prediction in bacterial bioweapons: a perspective for vaccine design.bioweapons (bws) are a serious threat to mankind and the lack of efficient vaccines against bacterial bioweapons (bbws) further worsens the situation in face of bw attack. experts believe that difficulties in detection and ease in dissemination of deadly pathogens make bw a better option for attack compared to nuclear weapons. molecular biology techniques facilitate the use of genetically modified bbws thus creating uncertainty on which bacteria will be used for bw attack. in the present work, a ...201424300889
redundancy in the periplasmic adaptor proteins acra and acre provides resilience and an ability to export substrates of multidrug efflux.the components of the acrab-tolc efflux pump function as a tripartite efflux system conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics and the individual components can also function in conjunction with other efflux pumps. this study aimed to establish whether redundancy exists between the homologous periplasmic adaptor proteins (paps) acra and acre and to measure the impact of this redundancy on antimicrobial resistance and the potential efficacy of inhibitor molecules.201424302652
comparison of two sampling and culture systems for detection of salmonella enterica in the environment of a large animal hospital.nosocomial salmonellosis is an important problem in veterinary hospitals that treat horses and other large animals. detection and mitigation of outbreaks and prevention of healthcare-associated infections often require detection of salmonella enterica in the hospital environment.201424303999
multistate outbreak of salmonella chester infections associated with frozen meals -- 18 states, 2010.on may 24, 2010, a cluster of 17 human salmonella enterica serotype chester clinical isolates with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns was reported to pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. this pfge pattern had not been reported previously. subsequently, cdc conducted an investigation that identified 44 ill persons in 18 states during may 24-june 19, 2010. in a multistate case-control study, consumption of a brand a ...201324304829
typhoid epidemiology, diagnostics and the human challenge model.infection caused by ingestion of human-restricted salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi predominantly affects the most impoverished sections of society. in this review, we describe recent advances made in estimating the burden of illness and the important role improved diagnostic tests may have in controlling infection and report the development of a new human challenge model of typhoid infection.201424304980
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