Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| a high-throughput small-molecule screen to identify a novel chemical inhibitor of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a highly drug-resistant gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, remains a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea and antibiotic-associated colitis. clinically, only a handful of antibiotics are used for treating c. difficile infection (cdi), suggesting a necessity for the development of new treatment options. here we performed a high-throughput screen of 2000 drug-like compounds for inhibition of c. difficile. from this screen, one compound, 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroli ... | 2014 | 24837414 |
| managing clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection has emerged as a significant clinical challenge for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). c. difficile can both precipitate and worsen flares of ibd, contributing to emergent colectomies and mortality. advances in the management of c. difficile infection in ibd include recommendations for testing for this infection in the setting of clinical flare and hospitalization, improved diagnostic testing, identification of high rates of c ... | 2014 | 24838421 |
| the flagellin flic of clostridium difficile is responsible for pleiotropic gene regulation during in vivo infection. | clostridium difficile is the main agent responsible for hospital acquired antibiotic associated diarrhoea. in recent years, epidemic strains have emerged causing more severe infections. whilst c. difficile has two major virulence factors, toxins tcda and tcdb, it is generally accepted that other virulence components of the bacterium contribute to disease. previously, it has been suggested that flagella expression from pathogenic bacteria might be implicated in virulence. in a recent study, we ob ... | 2014 | 24841151 |
| [clostridium difficile infections: update on new european recommendations]. | clostridium difficile infections: update on new european recommandations while metronidazole and vancomycin have been the only drug options to date for the treatment of c. difficile infection, new therapeutic approaches with promising results have recently emerged for the treatment of the first episode and relapses. fidaxomicin is a new macrocyclic antibiotic more active against c. difficile and with a narrow spectrum allowing preservation of the intestinal microbiota. while having the same effi ... | 2014 | 24843988 |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization as a reservoir for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection (cdi) is the leading cause of healthcare associated diarrhea despite intense hospital infection prevention programs. a substantial proportion of the population is asymptomatically colonized with cd, and evidence is mounting that these individuals serve as a reservoir for cdi. the purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanisms by which individuals may harbor toxigenic cd but remain asymptomatic, the evidence that asymptomatically colonized individuals ser ... | 2014 | 24848084 |
| serum bacterial toxins are related to the progression of inflammatory bowel disease. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc), is an autoimmune disease. disorder of intestinal microbes is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ibd. detection of bacterial toxins could become a new approach to judge the situation of this disease. | 2014 | 24853095 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in children with recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile eradication using fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been successful in adults but little information is available in pediatrics. we report 6 pediatric patients with refractory c. difficile cured by fmt with no recurrences to date. our results demonstrate that fmt can be an effective treatment for refractory c. difficile infection in pediatrics. long-term safety and efficacy need to be studied. | 2014 | 24853539 |
| puerperal retroperitoneal abscess caused by clostridium difficile: case report and review of the literature. | retroperitoneal infection can be lethal. optimal management is still elusive to describe because of the small number of case reports. we presented here a case of retroperitoneal abscess caused by clostridium difficile arising in the puerperal period. | 2014 | 24853835 |
| timing and type of surgical treatment of clostridium difficile-associated disease: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. | clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states; however, few patients will develop fulminant c. difficile-associated disease (cdad), necessitating an urgent operative intervention. mortality for patients who require operative intervention is very high, up to 80% in some series. since there is no consensus in the literature regarding the best operative treatment for this disease, we sought to answer the following:pico [population, intervention, co ... | 2014 | 24854320 |
| clinical and economic consequences of vancomycin and fidaxomicin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection in canada. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a public health problem with increasing incidence and severity. | 2014 | 24855476 |
| species and genus level resolution analysis of gut microbiota in clostridium difficile patients following fecal microbiota transplantation. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic human intestinal pathogen, and c. difficile infection (cdi) is one of the main causes of antibiotic-induced diarrhea and colitis. one successful approach to combat cdi, particularly recurrent form of cdi, is through transplantation of fecal microbiota from a healthy donor to the infected patient. in this study we investigated the distal gut microbial communities of three cdi patients before and after fecal microbiota transplantation, and we compared thes ... | 2014 | 24855561 |
| lactobacillus acidophilus modulates the virulence of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-producing, anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract. this pathogen causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in animals and humans. antibiotic-associated diseases may be treated with probiotics, and interest is increasing in such uses of probiotics. this study investigated the effect of lactobacillus strains on the quorum-sensing signals and toxin production of c. difficile. in addition, an in vivo experiment was ... | 2014 | 24856984 |
| fecal transplant for treatment of toxic megacolon associated with clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with duchenne muscular dystrophy. | clostridium difficile (c diff) colitis infection is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea and the prevalence is increasing worldwide. toxic megacolon is a severe complication of c diff colitis associated with high mortality. gastrointestinal (gi) comorbidity and impaired smooth muscle contraction are risk factors for the development of c diff-associated toxic megacolon. we present a case of fulminant c diff colitis with toxic megacolon in a patient with duchenne muscular dystro ... | 2016 | 24858336 |
| surgical management of severe colitis in the intensive care unit. | severe colitis, an umbrella encompassing several entities, is one of the most common acute gastrointestinal disorders resulting in critical illness. clostridium difficile infection is responsible for the majority of nosocomial diarrhea with fulminant c difficile colitis (cdc) carrying a high mortality. optimal outcomes can be achieved by early identification and treatment of fulminant cdc, with appropriate surgical intervention when indicated. ischemic colitis, on the other hand, is uncommon wit ... | 2015 | 24859995 |
| effect of treatment variation on outcomes in patients with clostridium difficile. | new guidelines for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea were published by the infectious disease society of america (idsa) in 2010, however, there has been no literature evaluating the effectiveness of these guidelines. the purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes of clostridium difficile infection including death, c difficile infection recurrence, toxic megacolon, and surgery between patients who received guideline-concordant therapy vs guideline-discorda ... | 2014 | 24862310 |
| evaluation of dedicated infectious diseases pharmacists on antimicrobial stewardship teams. | patient care improvements and cost savings achieved by a large integrated health system through the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (asps) at two hospitals are reported. | 2014 | 24865759 |
| gastrointestinal colonization with a cephalosporinase-producing bacteroides species preserves colonization resistance against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and clostridium difficile in cephalosporin-treated mice. | antibiotics that are excreted into the intestinal tract may disrupt the indigenous intestinal microbiota and promote colonization by health care-associated pathogens. β-lactam, or penicillin-type, antibiotics are among the most widely utilized antibiotics worldwide and may also adversely affect the microbiota. many bacteria are capable, however, of producing β-lactamase enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics. we hypothesized that prior establishment of intestinal colonization with a β-lact ... | 2014 | 24867962 |
| association between clostridium difficile infection and antimicrobial usage in a large group of english hospitals. | this study aimed to determine the association between the reduction in the number of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) cases reported by the english national health service (nhs) hospitals and concurrent antimicrobial use. | 2014 | 24868578 |
| [clostridium difficile infecion--diagnostics, prevention and treatment]. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of an antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. frequency of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) increased in the last decade. this study presents current preventive measure i.e. hand washing, disposable gloves. additionally, the article presents diagnostic methods: detection glutamine dehydrogenase (gdh), toxins a and b, cytotoxicity neutralization test, polymerase chain reaction methods (pcr) i.e. nucleic acid amplification test (naat) and stool culture ... | 2014 | 24868904 |
| cags and acs evidence based reviews in surgery. is a diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage an alternative to colectomy for the treatment of severe clostridium difficile-associated disease? | the term “evidence-based medicine” was first coined by sackett and colleagues as “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”1 the key to practising evidencebased medicine is applying the best current knowledge to decisions in individual patients. medical knowledge is continually and rapidly expanding. for clinicians to practise evidence-based medicine, they must have the skills to read and interpret the medic ... | 2014 | 24869615 |
| recent evolution of antibiotic resistance in the anaerobes as compared to previous decades. | evolution of antibiotic resistance in the anaerobes was reviewed using recent data covering 2000-2013 as compared to previous years. all studies reported growing moxifloxacin resistance in bacteroides/parabacteroides spp. in europe and usa and in clostridium difficile in europe. in half or more studies, the resistance rates in bacteroides/parabacteroides spp. to amoxicillin-clavulanate or ampicillin-sulbactam and clindamycin rose. in some studies, an increase in resistance was found in bacteroid ... | 2015 | 24875330 |
| results from the first 12 months of the national surveillance of healthcare associated outbreaks in germany, 2011/2012. | in august 2011, the german protection against infection act was amended, mandating the reporting of healthcare associated infection (hai) outbreak notifications by all healthcare workers in germany via local public health authorities and federal states to the robert koch institute (rki). | 2014 | 24875674 |
| risk of aki with gentamicin as surgical prophylaxis. | in 2009, the scottish government issued a target to reduce clostridium difficile infection by 30% in 2 years. consequently, scottish hospitals changed from cephalosporins to gentamicin for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. this study examined rates of postoperative aki before and after this policy change. the study population comprised 12,482 adults undergoing surgery (orthopedic, urology, vascular, gastrointestinal, and gynecology) with antibiotic prophylaxis between october 1, 2006, and septemb ... | 2014 | 24876113 |
| genes encoding toxin of clostridium difficile in children with and without diarrhea. | the presence of gene 16s rrna and genes encoding toxin a (tcda), toxin b (tcdb), and binary toxin (cdta/cdtb) of clostridium difficile in stool samples from children with (110) and without (150) diarrhea was determined by using a taqman system. fifty-seven (21.9%) out of 260 stool samples harbored the 16s rrna gene. the genetic profile of tcda+/tcdb- and cdta+/cdtb+ was verified in one c. difficile-positive diarrhea sample and of tcda+/tcdb+ in three c. difficile-positive nondiarrhea samples. th ... | 2014 | 24876992 |
| fatal spontaneous clostridium septicum gas gangrene: a possible association with iatrogenic gastric acid suppression. | the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors has been linked to an increased risk for the development of gastric polyps, hip fractures, pneumonia, and clostridium difficile colitis. there is evidence that chronic acid suppression from long-term use of proton pump inhibitors poses some risk for the development of c difficile-associated diarrhea by decreasing the elimination of pathogenic microbes before reaching the lower gastrointestinal tract. here we present a case of a 51-year-old woman with a ... | 2014 | 24878026 |
| [contamination of healthcare workers hands with clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with c. difficile infection.] | 2014 | 24878917 | |
| appendicectomy and clostridium difficile infection: is there a link? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a gradually emerging healthcare problem in the western world, occurring predominantly from the de-arrangement of the gut microbiota and the widespread use of antibiotics. recently, it has been proposed that the presence or absence of the appendix could be a factor influencing the occurrence and/or the severity of cdi. we performed a review of the literature, aiming to identify and interpret in an accumulative way the results of the published clinical stud ... | 2014 | 24883147 |
| detection of clostridium difficile infection clusters, using the temporal scan statistic, in a community hospital in southern ontario, canada, 2006-2011. | in hospitals, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) surveillance relies on unvalidated guidelines or threshold criteria to identify outbreaks. this can result in false-positive and -negative cluster alarms. the application of statistical methods to identify and understand cdi clusters may be a useful alternative or complement to standard surveillance techniques. the objectives of this study were to investigate the utility of the temporal scan statistic for detecting cdi clusters and determine if ... | 2014 | 24885351 |
| patience is a virtue: an argument for delayed surgical intervention in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | recently, the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased. in cases of fulminant infection, surgery is a viable therapeutic option but associated with high mortality. we sought to examine factors associated with mortality in a large sample of patients with severe cdi that underwent surgery. a retrospective study was conducted in patients with severe cdi undergoing colectomy. demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, clinical and laboratory data, and time betwee ... | 2014 | 24887802 |
| deciphering meta-analytic results: a mini-review of probiotics for the prevention of paediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficile infections. | meta-analyses are used to evaluate pooled effects of a wide variety of investigational agents, but the interpretation of the results into clinical practices may be difficult. this mini-review offers a three-step process to enable healthcare providers to decipher pooled meta-analysis estimates into results that are useful for therapeutic decisions. as an example of how meta-analyses should be interpreted, a recent meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of paediatric antibiotic-associated ... | 2015 | 24889895 |
| fecal microbiota transplant for treatment of clostridium difficile infection in immunocompromised patients. | patients who are immunocompromised (ic) are at increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), which has increased to epidemic proportions over the past decade. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) appears effective for the treatment of cdi, although there is concern that ic patients may be at increased risk of having adverse events (aes) related to fmt. this study describes the multicenter experience of fmt in ic patients. | 2014 | 24890442 |
| fidaxomicin inhibits clostridium difficile toxin a-mediated enteritis in the mouse ileum. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common, debilitating infection with high morbidity and mortality. c. difficile causes diarrhea and intestinal inflammation by releasing two toxins, toxin a and toxin b. the macrolide antibiotic fidaxomicin was recently shown to be effective in treating cdi, and its beneficial effect was associated with fewer recurrent infections in cdi patients. since other macrolides possess anti-inflammatory properties, we examined the possibility that fidaxomicin alt ... | 2014 | 24890583 |
| preclinical studies of amixicile, a systemic therapeutic developed for treatment of clostridium difficile infections that also shows efficacy against helicobacter pylori. | amixicile shows efficacy in the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in a mouse model, with no recurrence of cdi. since amixicile selectively inhibits the action of a b vitamin (thiamine pyrophosphate) cofactor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor), it may both escape mutation-based drug resistance and spare beneficial probiotic gut bacteria that do not express this enzyme. amixicile is a water-soluble derivative of nitazoxanide (ntz), an antiparasitic therapeutic that also ... | 2014 | 24890599 |
| clinical impact of clostridium difficile colonization. | clostridium difficile can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. asymptomatic colonization by c. difficile is common during the neonatal period and early infancy, ranging from 21% to 48%, and in childhood. the colonization rate of c. difficile in adult hospitalized patients shows geographic variation, ranging from 4.4% to 23.2%. asymptomatic carriage in neonates caused no further disease in many studies, whereas adult patients colonized with toxigenic c. difficile were pro ... | 2015 | 24890755 |
| herbal therapy is equivalent to rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. | patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (sibo) have chronic intestinal and extraintestinal symptomatology which adversely affects their quality of life. present treatment of sibo is limited to oral antibiotics with variable success. a growing number of patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies for their gastrointestinal health. the objective was to determine the remission rate of sibo using either the antibiotic rifaximin or herbals in a tertiary care re ... | 2014 | 24891990 |
| clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | patients undergoing solid organ and stem cell transplantation are at increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) compared with nontransplant patients. cdi may be associated with significant morbidity in this population including prolonged hospitalization, increased hospital charges, and complications in the transplanted organ. a combination of host factors, including both b-cell and t-cell immunosuppression, in addition to traditional risk factors for cdi such as broad-spectrum antib ... | 2014 | 24893981 |
| carriage and acquisition rates of clostridium difficile in hospitalized horses, including molecular characterization, multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. | clostridium difficile has been identified as a significant agent of diarrhoea and enterocolitis in both foals and adult horses. hospitalization, antibiotic therapy or changes in diet may contribute to the development of c. difficile infection. horses admitted to a care unit are therefore at greater risk of being colonized. the aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of c. difficile in hospitalized horses and the possible influence of some risk factors in colonization. during a seven-mo ... | 2014 | 24894133 |
| clinical characteristics of relapses and re-infections in clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with relapses or re-infections in patients with recurring clostridium difficile infections (cdis). from september 2008 to january 2012, cases with two or more isolates from consecutive cdi episodes were included. pcr-ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis were performed using paired isolates. among 473 patients, 68 (14.4%) experienced one to five recurrences. fifty-one of these with two or more isolates from c ... | 2014 | 24894547 |
| national trends and inpatient outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease patients with concomitant chronic liver disease. | there is little information on the frequency of chronic liver disease among hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). in this study, we seek to define the common etiologies contributing to chronic liver disease among ibd patients and to identify potential risk factors predictive of increased mortality in this population. | 2014 | 24895841 |
| outcomes from rectal vancomycin therapy in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24896763 | |
| risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) can lead to complications, recurrence, and death. numerous studies have assessed risk factors for these unfavourable outcomes, but systematic reviews or meta-analyses published so far were limited in scope or in quality. | 2014 | 24897375 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) hospitalization among hospitalized patients with an initial cdi episode: a retrospective cohort study. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is observed in up to 25% of patients with an initial cdi episode (icdi). we assessed risk factors for rcdi among patients hospitalized with icdi. | 2014 | 24898123 |
| an antimicrobial stewardship program's real-world experience with fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a case series. | to evaluate real-world clinical and economic outcomes in patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) treated with fidaxomicin. | 2014 | 24898525 |
| pyknotic cell death induced by clostridium difficile tcdb: chromatin condensation and nuclear blister are induced independently of the glucosyltransferase activity. | tcda and tcdb are the main pathogenicity factors of clostridium difficile-associated diseases. both toxins inhibit rho gtpases, and consequently, apoptosis is induced in the affected cells. we found that tcdb at higher concentrations exhibits cytotoxic effects that are independent on rho glucosylation. tcdb and the glucosyltransferase-deficient mutant tcdb d286/288n induced pyknotic cell death which was associated with chromatin condensation and reduced h3 phosphorylation. affected cells showed ... | 2014 | 24898616 |
| clostridium difficile: case report and concise review of fecal microbiota transplantation. | 2013 | 24902394 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in liver transplant recipients: a retrospective study of rates, risk factors and outcomes. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) occurs in 3-7% of liver transplant recipients (ltr). however, few data exist on the recent epidemiology, predictors and outcomes of cdi in ltr. a cohort study was performed including ltr from 2000 to 2010 at a tertiary care hospital in detroit. cdi was defined as diarrhea with a stool c. difficile positive test. data analyzed included demographics, comorbidities, length of stay (los), severity of cdi, rates of recurrence (<12 weeks), relapse (<4 weeks) and o ... | 2014 | 24902610 |
| severe clostridium difficile infection: incidence and risk factors at a tertiary care university hospital in vienna, austria. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of hospital-acquired bacterial diarrhoea. the incidence of cdi has been increasing in canada, the us and europe and severe cases are becoming more common. | 2014 | 24903143 |
| study of the frequency of clostridium difficile tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb genes in feces of calves in south west of iran. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a gram-positive, toxin-producing bacillus which is an intestinal pathogen in both humans and animals and causes a range of digestive disorders including inflammation of the bowel, abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea. c. difficile toxins include enterotoxin (toxin a), cytotoxin (toxin b) and a binary toxin. two large protein toxins a and b are encoded by separate genes, tcda and tcdb. clostridium difficile infection (cdi) mainly caused by the activity of the ... | 2014 | 24903619 |
| [development of gastrointestinal infectious diseases between 2000 and 2012]. | infectious gastroenterological diseases are of increasing medical and health-economic significance. | 2014 | 24905106 |
| rhode island clostridium difficile infection trends and laboratory id events ranking. | 2014 | 24905379 | |
| haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins. | large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ... | 2014 | 24905543 |
| clostridium difficile infection among immunocompromised patients in rio de janeiro, brazil and detection of moxifloxacin resistance in a ribotype 014 strain. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore forming anaerobic bacterium, often associated with nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the acquisition of this organism occurs primarily in hospitals through accidental ingestion of spores, and its establishment and proliferation in the colon results from the removal of members of the normal intestinal flora during or after antibiotic therapy. in this study, stool samples from patients admitted to the university hospital clementino fra ... | 2014 | 24907488 |
| establishing a list of qualifying pathogens under the food and drug administration safety and innovation act. final rule. | the food and drug administration (fda or agency) is issuing a regulation to establish a list of "qualifying pathogens'' that have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health. this final rule implements a provision of the generating antibiotic incentives now (gain) title of the food and drug administration safety and innovation act (fdasia). gain is intended to encourage development of new antibacterial and antifungal drugs for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections, ... | 2014 | 24908687 |
| initiation of sporulation in clostridium difficile: a twist on the classic model. | the formation of dormant endospores is a complex morphological process that permits long-term survival in inhospitable environments for many gram-positive bacteria. sporulation for the anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen clostridium difficile is necessary for survival outside of the gastrointestinal tract of its host. while the developmental stages of spore formation are largely conserved among endospore-forming bacteria, the genus clostridium appears to be missing a number of conserved regulato ... | 2014 | 24910370 |
| multidisciplinary analysis of a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain with stable resistance to metronidazole. | stable resistance to metronidazole in a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain was investigated at both the genomic and proteomic levels. alterations in the metabolic pathway involving the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase were found, suggesting that reduction of metronidazole, required for its activity, may be less efficient in this strain. proteomic studies also showed a cellular response to oxidative stress. | 2014 | 24913157 |
| antibiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), namely ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn's disease (cd), have worse outcomes with clostridium difficile infection (cdi), including increased readmissions, colectomy, and death. oral vancomycin is recommended for the treatment of severe cdi, while metronidazole is the standard of care for nonsevere infection. we aimed to assess treatment outcomes of cdi in ibd. we conducted a retrospective observational study of inpatients with cdi and ibd from janu ... | 2014 | 24913174 |
| hematologic diseases: high risk of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | to investigate the incidence and clinical outcome of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated diarrhea (cdad) in patients with hematologic disease. | 2014 | 24914383 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the hematopoietic unit: a meta-analysis of published studies. | hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients are at high risk of contracting clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we systematically searched the pubmed and embase databases through march 2014 and performed a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and trends of cdi over time. among 48 eligible articles that included 12,025 patients at risk, we estimated that 7.9% (95% confidence interval [ci], 6.5% to 9.5%) of hsct patients are diagnosed with cdi during the peri-transpl ... | 2014 | 24914822 |
| protein expression, characterization, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of a fic protein from clostridium difficile. | fic domains in proteins are found in abundance in nature from the simplest prokaryotes to animals. interestingly, fic domains found in two virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria have recently been demonstrated to catalyse the transfer of the amp moiety from atp to small host gtpases. this post-translational modification has attracted considerable interest and a role for adenylylation in pathology and physiology is emerging. this work was aimed at the structural characterization of a newly i ... | 2014 | 24915103 |
| the prediction of complicated clostridium difficile infections in children. | we validated proposed definitions for severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in adults for prediction of complicated cdi in children. complicated cdi occurred in 9 of 202 cases. definitions for severe cdi in adults showed poor measures for discrimination of complicated cdi in children, which calls into question the usefulness of such definitions in pediatric cohorts. | 2014 | 24915226 |
| pediatric clostridium difficile infection: 6-year active surveillance in a defined patient population. | 2014 | 24915227 | |
| hospital clostridium difficile infection testing rates: is "don't ask, don't tell" at play? | 2014 | 24915231 | |
| structural, spectroscopic and functional investigation into fe-substituted mnsod from human pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, which inhabits the human digestive tract, is an etiological agent that causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the oxidative stress tightly relates to its virulence, which highlights the function of its superoxide dismutase (sod). the sod from clostridium difficile (sodcd) is a mn/fe cambialistic sod with mnsodcd exhibiting an optimal activity while fe-sub-mnsodcd showing 10-fold less activity. to explain why the fe-loaded protein exhibits a muc ... | 2014 | 24915901 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile infections due to pcr ribotype 027 in bucharest, romania. | little is known about prevailing ribotypes of clostridium difficile infection in romania where cdi is not a mandatory notifiable disease. | 2014 | 24916866 |
| staggered and tapered antibiotic withdrawal with administration of kefir for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | daily administration of the probiotic kefir given in combination with a staggered and tapered antibiotic withdrawal regimen may resolve recurrent clostridium difficile infection as effectively as fecal microbiota transplantation. | 2014 | 24917658 |
| innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of rho gtpases by the pyrin inflammasome. | cytosolic inflammasome complexes mediated by a pattern recognition receptor (prr) defend against pathogen infection by activating caspase 1. pyrin, a candidate prr, can bind to the inflammasome adaptor asc to form a caspase 1-activating complex. mutations in the pyrin-encoding gene, mefv, cause a human autoinflammatory disease known as familial mediterranean fever. despite important roles in immunity and disease, the physiological function of pyrin remains unknown. here we show that pyrin mediat ... | 2014 | 24919149 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe clostridium difficile colitis. | intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) has been utilized in patients with recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile colitis. it is increasingly being used in patients with initial clinical presentation of severe colitis. herein, we report a case of severe c. difficile colitis successfully treated with ivig with a review of the medical literature to identify the optimal timing and clinical characteristics for this treatment strategy. | 2014 | 24926170 |
| clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, and the threat associated with cdi continues to grow in all patient populations. there is increasing evidence that cdi has a substantial impact on the morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients. furthermore, new diagnostic and treatment options and strategies for cdi have emerged over the last decade. the purpose of this review is to provide a general understanding of cdi and ... | 2014 | 24927151 |
| multilocus sequence typing analysis and antibiotic resistance of clostridium difficile strains isolated from retail meat and humans in belgium. | clostridium difficile has been isolated from food animals and meat, specially ground pork and ground beef. the recovered isolates were closely related to c. difficile human strains, indicating that animals and food are possible transmission routes of human c. difficile infection. the main objective of this study was to characterize c. difficile isolates from retail meat and to compare with human isolates recovered from hospital patients in belgium. raw meat (beef and pork) was obtained from the ... | 2014 | 24929733 |
| fate of clostridium difficile during wastewater treatment and incidence in southern ontario watersheds. | to investigate the prevalence of clostridium difficile encountered during sewage treatment and in water sources into which treated effluent was directly or indirectly discharged. | 2014 | 24930867 |
| survey of c. difficile-specific infection control policies in local long-term care facilities. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing and long-term care facility (ltcf) residents are at high risk given their age, co-morbidities, and high antibiotic exposure. infection control policies are crucial for controlling cdi, but there are currently no regulatory guidelines in the united states. therefore, we evaluated infection control policies in local ltcfs to define the cdi-specific policies and the administrative and staff understanding of cdi, ... | 2014 | 24932422 |
| nosocomial transmission of c. difficile in english hospitals from patients with symptomatic infection. | recent evidence suggests that less than one-quarter of patients with symptomatic nosocomial clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are linked to other in-patients. however, this evidence was limited to one geographic area. we aimed to investigate the level of symptomatic cdi transmission in hospitals located across england from 2008 to 2012. | 2014 | 24932484 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: pathogenesis, prevention, treatment]. | the article reviews a pathogenesis of pseudomembranous colitis. questions of prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile--associated diarrhea are shown by the evidence-based medicine. there is an accent on the rational prescription of antibiotics. | 2013 | 24933996 |
| antibiotic overuse and clostridium difficile: a teachable moment. | 2014 | 24935617 | |
| tryptophan catabolism restricts ifn-γ-expressing neutrophils and clostridium difficile immunopathology. | the interplay between clostridium difficile and the host's metabolome is believed to influence the severity of infection. however, the mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear. in this study, we model one of these metabolic pathways by focusing on tryptophan metabolism in the host. we found that inhibition of tryptophan catabolism in ido1-knockout mice led to increased mucosal destruction, cecal hemorrhage, and increased production of ifn-γ in response to c. difficile infection, but no sign ... | 2014 | 24935925 |
| importance of antimicrobial stewardship to the english national health service. | antimicrobials are an extremely valuable resource across the spectrum of modern medicine. their development has been associated with dramatic reductions in communicable disease mortality and has facilitated technological advances in cancer therapy, transplantation, and surgery. however, this resource is threatened by the dwindling supply of new antimicrobials and the global increase in antimicrobial resistance. there is an urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship (ams) to protect our remaining ... | 2014 | 24936131 |
| decreasing clostridium difficile infections by an antimicrobial stewardship program that reduces moxifloxacin use. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in hospitalized patients are known to be closely related to antibiotic exposure. although several substances can cause cdi, the risk differs between individual agents. in vienna and other eastern parts of austria, cdi ribotype 027 is currently highly prevalent. this ribotype has the characteristic of intrinsic moxifloxacin resistance. therefore, we hypothesized that moxifloxacin restriction can decrease the number of cdi cases in hospitalized patients. our ... | 2014 | 24936597 |
| recovery of the gut microbiome following fecal microbiota transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection is one of the most common health care-associated infections, and up to 40% of patients suffer from recurrence of disease following standard antibiotic therapy. recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been successfully used to treat recurrent c. difficile infection. it is hypothesized that fmt aids in recovery of a microbiota capable of colonization resistance to c. difficile. however, it is not fully understood how this occurs. here we investigated ch ... | 2014 | 24939885 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in salamanca]. | clostridium difficile infection is considered a major cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in developed countries and is increasingly becoming more important as an etiologic agent of community diarrhoea, also in patients without risk factors. | 2014 | 24940894 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients at a czech tertiary center: analysis of epidemiology, clinical features, and risk factors of fulminant course. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing in incidence, with significant morbidity and mortality, and is subject to geographical and institutional variability. we aimed to characterize epidemiology and clinical manifestations of cdi in a czech tertiary care center and to identify risk factors of fulminant course. | 2014 | 24942955 |
| clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ... | 2014 | 24944124 |
| comparison of polymerase chain reaction ribotyping, toxinotyping and nutritional aspects of toxin production of clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitals worldwide. enterotoxin a (tcda) and cytotoxin b (tcdb), have been identified as the main virulence factors of c. difficile. in china, data on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes and abilities of hospital-derived c. difficile isolates to produce tcda and tcdb are sparse. in this study, we identified 40 c. difficile isolates from the taizhou hospital and investigated their pcr ribotypes based on the ... | 2014 | 24944791 |
| the human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (vocs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. | breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. antoine lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, wilhelm (vilém) petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and johannes müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. a recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. for a large number of compounds, real-time ... | 2014 | 24946087 |
| clinical information on admission is insufficient to determine the appropriate isolation regimen for acute gastroenteritis. | the number of admissions for acute gastroenteritis (ge) is increasing. the majority of patients pass through a single high-flow emergency department (ed) area which increases the risk of spreading ge. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and aetiology of ge for acutely admitted patients and to analyse their clinical information focusing on risk indicators of contagious aetiology and on the chosen isolation regime to determine if the ge required a contact precaution isolation regi ... | 2014 | 24947622 |
| concomitant cmv and clostridium difficile colitis in an immunocompetent patient treated with ganciclovir and fecal transplantation. | 2014 | 24949617 | |
| state-mandated reporting of health care-associated infections in the united states: trends over time. | over the past decade, most us states and territories began mandating that acute care hospitals report health care-associated infections (hais) to their departments of health. trends in state hai law enactment and data submission requirements were determined through systematic legal review; state hai coordinators were contacted to confirm collected data. as of january 31, 2013, 37 us states and territories (71%) had adopted laws requiring hai data submission, most of which were enacted and became ... | 2017 | 24951104 |
| pseudomembranes do not always indicate clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24951848 | |
| detecting and preventing reversion to toxicity for a formaldehyde-treated c. difficile toxin b mutant. | the toxicity of clostridium difficile large clostridial toxin b (tcdb) can be reduced by many orders of magnitude by a combination of targeted point mutations. however, a tcdb mutant with five point mutations (referred to herein as mtcdb) still has residual toxicity that can be detected in cell-based assays and in-vivo mouse toxicity assays. this residual toxicity can be effectively removed by treatment with formaldehyde in solution. storage of the formaldehyde-treated mtcdb as a liquid can resu ... | 2015 | 24951860 |
| evaluation of a chromogenic culture medium for the detection of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is an important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. diagnostic methods for detection of c. difficile infection (cdi) are shifting to molecular techniques, which are faster and more sensitive than conventional methods. although recent advances in these methods have been made in terms of their cost-benefit, ease of use, and turnaround time, anaerobic culture remains an important method for detection of cdi. | 2014 | 24954329 |
| clostridium difficile infection in older adults. | clostridium difficile infection, the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea, disproportionately affects older adults. the two most important risk factors for developing c. difficile infection are antimicrobial exposure and age >65 years old. risk factors specific to older adults are frequent interactions with healthcare systems and age-related changes in physiology, including immune senescence and changes to the gut microbiome. metronidazole and oral vancomcyin are the mainstays of conventio ... | 2013 | 24955106 |
| cephalosporins currently in early clinical trials for the treatment of bacterial infections. | healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria remain a major cause of worldwide mortality. with the recent approval of agents such as hetero-resistant cocci (i.e., ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, telavancin) for the treatment of gram-positive infections by and drugs like fidaxomicin for treating clostridium difficile, present-day research on antibacterials has largely shifted to developing interventions for diseases caused by gram-negative bacilli. cephalosporins have gaine ... | 2014 | 24956017 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 126 in southern taiwan: a cluster of three symptomatic cases. | several virulent clostridium difficile clones, designated as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes 017, 027, or 078, are well recognized in western countries. however, the ribotype distribution of clinical c. difficile isolates in taiwan remains unclear. | 2014 | 24956433 |
| national european guidelines for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic qualitative review. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and a major topic in infection prevention. | 2014 | 24957805 |
| sequence variation in tcda and tcdb of clostridium difficile: st37 with truncated tcda is a potential epidemic strain in china. | clostridium difficile is a well-known nosocomial infectious pathogen. research on c. difficile infection has primarily focused on strains such as the hypervirulent pcr ribotype 027 (sequence type 1 [st1]) emerging in europe and north america. however, other new emerging ribotypes in some countries have attracted attention, such as pcr ribotype 17 (st37) in asia and latin america. we collected 70 strains and sequenced their toxin genes, tcda and tcdb. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to ... | 2014 | 24958798 |
| sensitive and selective culture medium for detection of environmental clostridium difficile isolates without requirement for anaerobic culture conditions. | effective and easy-to-use methods for detecting clostridium difficile spore contamination would be useful for identifying environmental reservoirs and monitoring the effectiveness of room disinfection. culture-based detection methods are sensitive for detecting c. difficile, but their utility is limited due to the requirement of anaerobic culture conditions and microbiological expertise. we developed a low-cost selective broth medium containing thioglycolic acid and l-cystine, termed c. difficil ... | 2014 | 24958803 |
| clostridium difficile in goats and sheep in slovenia: characterisation of strains and evidence of age-related shedding. | diversity of clostridium difficile in different age groups of goats (n = 109) and sheep (n = 105) was investigated. c. difficile was detected in 9.2% of goats and 5.7% of sheep. none of the adult animals were positive. isolates belonged to four toxinotypes (0, v, xia, xii), six pcr-ribotypes (010, 014/020, 045, 056, slo 061, slo 151) and six pulsotypes. pcr-ribotypes 010, 014/020, 045 and 056 were found previously in other animal species and humans in slovenia. additionally, three pulsotypes wer ... | 2014 | 24960532 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infections: the importance of the intestinal microbiota. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are a leading cause of antibiotic-associated and nosocomial diarrhea. despite effective antibiotic treatments, recurrent infections are common. with the recent emergence of hypervirulent isolates of c. difficile, cdi is a growing epidemic with higher rates of recurrence, increasing severity and mortality. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an alternative treatment for recurrent cdi. a better understanding of intestinal microbiota and its role in cdi ... | 2014 | 24966611 |
| modulating the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases: prebiotics, probiotics or faecal transplantation? | crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) are the two major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) which constitute a spectrum of chronic, debilitating diseases characterised by a relapsing inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining. evidence from a variety of disciplines implicates the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of idiopathic ibd and their complications, including pouchitis. many studies have reported a dysbiosis in ibd, characterised by a decrease in diversity ... | 2014 | 24969143 |
| c. difficile ribotype 027 or 176? | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen of present times. the analysis of 624 c. difficile strains from 11 hospitals in the czech republic in 2013 revealed that 40% of isolates belonged to ribotype 176. these results suggest that the incidence of cdi (c. difficile infection) in the czech republic has increased probably in connection with c. difficile ribotype 176. the molecular systems xpert c. difficile epi assay (cepheid inc., sunnyvale, ca) diagnoses toxigenic strains and support ... | 2014 | 24970104 |
| international clostridium difficile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of intestinal infections in some animal species and animals might be a reservoir for community associated human infections. here we describe a collection of animal associated c. difficile strains from 12 countries based on inclusion criteria of one strain (pcr ribotype) per animal species per laboratory. | 2014 | 24972659 |