Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| the role of wlarg, wlatb and wlatc in lipooligosaccharide synthesis by campylobacter jejuni strain 81116. | campylobacter jejuni is a major bacterial cause of gastroenteritis world-wide. c. jejuni produces a range of glycans including lipooligosaccharide (los), an important virulence factor. the genetic content of the los synthesis locus varies between c. jejuni strains and 19 classes have been described. three los synthesis genes of c. jejuni strain 81116 (nctc 11828), wlarg, wlatb and wlatc were the focus of this study. wlarg and the remaining two proteins of interest share sequence similarity to am ... | 2012 | 22445818 |
| an engineered eukaryotic protein glycosylation pathway in escherichia coli. | we performed bottom-up engineering of a synthetic pathway in escherichia coli for the production of eukaryotic trimannosyl chitobiose glycans and the transfer of these glycans to specific asparagine residues in target proteins. the glycan biosynthesis was enabled by four eukaryotic glycosyltransferases, including the yeast uridine diphosphate-n-acetylglucosamine transferases alg13 and alg14 and the mannosyltransferases alg1 and alg2. by including the bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase pglb from ... | 2012 | 22446837 |
| zoonotic agents in small ruminants kept on city farms in southern germany. | sheep and goats are popular examples of livestock kept on city farms. in these settings, close contacts between humans and animals frequently occur. although it is widely accepted that small ruminants can carry numerous zoonotic agents, it is unknown which of these agents actually occur in sheep and goats on city farms in germany. we sampled feces and nasal liquid of 48 animals (28 goats, 20 sheep) distributed in 7 city farms and on one activity playground in southern germany. we found that 100% ... | 2012 | 22447607 |
| flaa proteins in leptospira interrogans are essential for motility and virulence but are not required for formation of the flagellum sheath. | spirochetes have periplasmic flagella composed of a core surrounded by a sheath. the pathogen leptospira interrogans has four flab (proposed core subunit) and two flaa (proposed sheath subunit) genes. the flaa genes are organized in a locus with flaa2 immediately upstream of flaa1. in this study, flaa1 and flaa2 mutants were constructed by transposon mutagenesis. both mutants still produced periplasmic flagella. the flaa1 mutant did not produce flaa1 but continued to produce flaa2 and retained n ... | 2012 | 22451522 |
| comparative genomics and evolution of molybdenum utilization. | the trace element molybdenum (mo) is the catalytic component of important enzymes involved in global nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon metabolism in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. with the exception of nitrogenase, mo is complexed by a pterin compound thus forming the biologically active molybdenum cofactor (moco) at the catalytic sites of molybdoenzymes. the physiological roles and biochemical functions of many molybdoenzymes have been characterized. however, our understanding of the occurrence an ... | 2011 | 22451726 |
| coevolution of aah: a dps-like gene with the host bacterium revealed by comparative genomic analysis. | a protein named aah was isolated from the bacterium microbacterium arborescens se14, a gut commensal of the lepidopteran larvae. it showed not only a high sequence similarity to dps-like proteins (dna-binding proteins from starved cell) but also reversible hydrolase activity. a comparative genomic analysis was performed to gain more insights into its evolution. the gc profile of the aah gene indicated that it was evolved from a low gc ancestor. its stop codon usage was also different from the ge ... | 2012 | 22454608 |
| a case of salmonella gastroenteritis following ingestion of raw venison sashimi. | an interesting case of gastroenteritis due to salmonella birkenhead following ingestion of raw venison sashimi is described. a 65-year-old man presented with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. on exam he was hypotensive, tachycardic, with evidence of severe dehydration following ingestion of raw venison sashimi produced with game meat hunted on the hawaiian island of lana'i. he responded rapidly to vigorous volume resuscitation, and stool cultures later were positive for salmonella birkenhead. non-t ... | 2012 | 22454811 |
| peptidoglycan-modifying enzyme pgp1 is required for helical cell shape and pathogenicity traits in campylobacter jejuni. | the impact of bacterial morphology on virulence and transmission attributes of pathogens is poorly understood. the prevalent enteric pathogen campylobacter jejuni displays a helical shape postulated as important for colonization and host interactions. however, this had not previously been demonstrated experimentally. c. jejuni is thus a good organism for exploring the role of factors modulating helical morphology on pathogenesis. we identified an uncharacterized gene, designated pgp1 (peptidogly ... | 2012 | 22457624 |
| multiple peptidoglycan modification networks modulate helicobacter pylori's cell shape, motility, and colonization potential. | helical cell shape of the gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori has been suggested to promote virulence through viscosity-dependent enhancement of swimming velocity. however, h. pylori csd1 mutants, which are curved but lack helical twist, show normal velocity in viscous polymer solutions and the reason for their deficiency in stomach colonization has remained unclear. characterization of new rod shaped mutants identified csd4, a dl-carboxypeptidase of peptidoglycan (pg) tripeptide monomers and c ... | 2012 | 22457625 |
| involvement of multiple distinct bordetella receptor proteins in the utilization of iron liberated from transferrin by host catecholamine stress hormones. | bordetella bronchiseptica is a pathogen that can acquire iron using its native alcaligin siderophore system, but can also use the catechol xenosiderophore enterobactin via the bfea outer membrane receptor. transcription of bfea is positively controlled by a regulator that requires induction by enterobactin. catecholamine hormones also induce bfea transcription and b. bronchiseptica can use the catecholamine noradrenaline for growth on transferrin. in this study, b. bronchiseptica was shown to us ... | 2012 | 22458330 |
| external quality assessment of national public health laboratories in africa, 2002-2009. | to describe findings from an external quality assessment programme involving laboratories in africa that routinely investigate epidemic-prone diseases. | 2012 | 22461714 |
| using sequence data to identify alternative routes and risk of infection: a case-study of campylobacter in scotland. | genetic typing data are a potentially powerful resource for determining how infection is acquired. in this paper mlst typing was used to distinguish the routes and risks of infection of humans with campylobacter jejuni from poultry and ruminant sources | 2012 | 22462563 |
| helminthic therapy: improving mucosal barrier function. | the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases and helminth infections led to suggestions that helminths could improve inflammatory conditions, which was then tested using animal models. this has translated to clinical investigations aimed at the safe and controlled reintroduction of helminthic exposure to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases (so-called 'helminthic therapy') in an effort to mitigate the inflammatory response. in this review, we summarize the results of recent clinical trials of ... | 2012 | 22464690 |
| presence and characterization of campylobacter jejuni in organically raised chickens in quebec. | the objective of this study was to estimate the presence of the important foodborne pathogen campylobacter jejuni in organically raised chickens in the province of quebec. the recovered isolates were further characterized for their antimicrobial resistance profile, autoagglutination property and chemotaxis. antimicrobial resistance was evaluated using agar dilution for: tetracycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, clindamycin, ampicillin, azithromycin, ... | 2011 | 22468028 |
| chemoinformatic identification of novel inhibitors against mycobacterium tuberculosis l-aspartate α-decarboxylase. | l-aspartate α-decarboxylase (adc) belongs to a class of pyruvoyl dependent enzymes and catalyzes the conversion of aspartate to β-alanine in the pantothenate pathway, which is critical for the growth of several micro-organisms, including mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb). its presence only in micro-organisms, fungi and plants and its absence in animals, particularly human, make it a promising drug target. we have followed a chemoinformatics-based approach to identify potential drug-like inhibitor ... | 2012 | 22470451 |
| sialylation of campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides: impact on phagocytosis and cytokine production in mice. | guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is a post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy, frequently associated with antecedent campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni) infection. the presence of sialic acid on c. jejuni lipo-oligosaccharide (los) is considered a risk factor for development of gbs as it crucially determines the structural homology between los and gangliosides, explaining the induction of cross-reactive neurotoxic antibodies. sialylated c. jejuni are recognised by tlr4 and sialoadhesin; however, the fu ... | 2012 | 22470569 |
| chlamydia psittaci in ocular adnexa malt lymphoma: a possible role in lymphomagenesis and a different geographical distribution. | ocular adnexa malt-lymphomas represent approximatively 5-15% of all extranodal lymphomas. almost 75% of oamls are localized in orbital fat, while 25% of cases involves conjunctive. malt-lymphomas often recognize specific environmental factors responsible of lymphoma development and progression. in particular as helicobacter pylori in gastric malt lymphomas, other bacterial infections have been recognized related to malt lymphomas in specific site. recently chlamydia psittaci has been identified ... | 2012 | 22472082 |
| fitness of escherichia coli strains carrying expressed and partially silent incn and incp1 plasmids. | understanding the survival of resistance plasmids in the absence of selective pressure for the antibiotic resistance genes they carry is important for assessing the value of interventions to combat resistant bacteria. here, several poorly explored questions regarding the fitness impact of incp1 and incn broad host range plasmids on their bacterial hosts are examined; namely, whether related plasmids have similar fitness impacts, whether this varies according to host genetic background, and what ... | 2012 | 22475035 |
| computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics. | acra-acrb-tolc efflux pumps extrude drugs of multiple classes from bacterial cells and are a leading cause for antimicrobial resistance. thus, they are of paramount interest to those engaged in antibiotic discovery. accurate prediction of antibiotic efflux has been elusive, despite several studies aimed at this purpose. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) ratios of 32 β-lactam antibiotics were collected from literature. 3-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship on the β-lacta ... | 2012 | 22483632 |
| commensal flora, is it an unwelcomed companion as a triggering factor of autoimmune pancreatitis? | the etiopathogenesis of many autoimmune disorders has not been identified. the aim of this paper is to focus on the involvement of bacterial exposure, as an environmental factor, in the pathogenesis of autoimmune pancreatitis (aip), which is broadly categorized as autoimmune disorders involving pancreatic lesions. avirulent and/or commensal bacteria, which may have an important role(s) as initiating/progressing factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorder aip, will be emphasized. | 2012 | 22485093 |
| campylobacterjejuni cholecystitis: a rare but significant clinical entity. | cholecystitis caused by campylobacter is rare with only 14 cases found in the literature. this case describes a 71-year-old man who presented with right hypochondrial abdominal pain due to a gangrenous gallbladder identified at laparotomy. culture of a bile sample identified a slow-growing gram-negative bacterium identified as campylobacter jejuni. after a poor clinical response, this identification allowed targeted antibiotic treatment resulting in a slow but successful recovery and discharge 1 ... | 2010 | 22485123 |
| the promoter of rv0560c is induced by salicylate and structurally-related compounds in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (tb), is a major global health threat. during infection, bacteria are believed to encounter adverse conditions such as iron depletion. mycobacteria synthesize iron-sequestering mycobactins, which are essential for survival in the host, via the intermediate salicylate. salicylate is a ubiquitous compound which is known to induce a mild antibiotic resistance phenotype. in m. tuberculosis salicylate highly induces the expression of rv0 ... | 2012 | 22485172 |
| chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of kumquat (fortunella crassifolia swingle) peel. | the aim of this study was to determine the main constituents of the essential oil isolated from fortunella crassifolia swingle peel by hydro-distillation, and to test the efficacy of the essential oil on antimicrobial activity. twenty-five components, representing 92.36% of the total oil, were identified by gc-ms analysis. the essential oil showed potent antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative (e. coli and s. typhimurium) and gram-positive (s. aureus, b. cereus, b. subtilis, l. bulgari ... | 2012 | 22489157 |
| infection, inflammation and host carbohydrates: a glyco-evasion hypothesis. | microbial immune evasion can be achieved through the expression, or mimicry, of host-like carbohydrates on the microbial cell surface to hide from detection. however, disparate reports collectively suggest that evasion could also be accomplished through the modulation of the host glycosylation pathways, a mechanism that we call the "glyco-evasion hypothesis". here, we will summarize the evidence in support of this paradigm by reviewing three separate bodies of work present in the literature. we ... | 2012 | 22492234 |
| development and evaluation of a quantitative pcr assay targeting sandhill crane (grus canadensis) fecal pollution. | while the microbial water quality in the platte river is seasonally impacted by excreta from migrating cranes, there are no methods available to study crane fecal contamination. here we characterized microbial populations in crane feces using phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna gene fecal clone libraries. using these sequences, a novel crane quantitative pcr (crane1) assay was developed, and its applicability as a microbial source tracking (mst) assay was evaluated by determining its host specific ... | 2012 | 22492437 |
| impact of fluoroquinolone resistance mutations on gonococcal fitness and in vivo selection for compensatory mutations. | quinolone-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae (qrng) arise from mutations in gyra (intermediate resistance) or gyra and parc (resistance). here we tested the consequence of commonly isolated gyra(91/95) and parc86 mutations on gonococcal fitness. | 2012 | 22492860 |
| fructose degradation in the haloarchaeon haloferax volcanii involves a bacterial type phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system, fructose-1-phosphate kinase, and class ii fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. | the halophilic archaeon haloferax volcanii utilizes fructose as a sole carbon and energy source. genes and enzymes involved in fructose uptake and degradation were identified by transcriptional analyses, deletion mutant experiments, and enzyme characterization. during growth on fructose, the gene cluster hvo_1495 to hvo_1499, encoding homologs of the five bacterial phosphotransferase system (pts) components enzyme iib (eiib), enzyme i (ei), histidine protein (hpr), eiia, and eiic, was highly upr ... | 2012 | 22493022 |
| a new family of membrane electron transporters and its substrates, including a new cell envelope peroxiredoxin, reveal a broadened reductive capacity of the oxidative bacterial cell envelope. | the escherichia coli membrane protein dsbd functions as an electron hub that dispatches electrons received from the cytoplasmic thioredoxin system to periplasmic oxidoreductases involved in protein disulfide isomerization, cytochrome c biogenesis, and sulfenic acid reduction. here, we describe a new class of dsbd proteins, named scsb, whose members are found in proteobacteria and chlamydia. scsb has a domain organization similar to that of dsbd, but its amino-terminal domain differs significantl ... | 2012 | 22493033 |
| alterations in the porcine colon microbiota induced by the gastrointestinal nematode trichuris suis. | helminth parasites ensure their survival by regulating host immunity through mechanisms that dampen inflammation. these properties have recently been exploited therapeutically to treat human diseases. the biocomplexity of the intestinal lumen suggests that interactions between the parasite and the intestinal microbiota would also influence inflammation. in this study, we characterized the microbiota in the porcine proximal colon in response to trichuris suis (whipworm) infection using 16s rrna g ... | 2012 | 22493085 |
| genome signature difference between deinococcus radiodurans and thermus thermophilus. | the extremely radioresistant bacteria of the genus deinococcus and the extremely thermophilic bacteria of the genus thermus belong to a common taxonomic group. considering the distinct living environments of deinococcus and thermus, different genes would have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer after their divergence from a common ancestor. their guanine-cytosine (gc) contents are similar; however, we hypothesized that their genomic signatures would be different. our findings indicate ... | 2012 | 22500246 |
| characterization of α2,3- and α2,6-sialyltransferases from helicobacter acinonychis. | genome sequence data were used to clone and express two sialyltransferase enzymes of the gt-42 family from helicobacter acinonychis atcc 51104, a gastric disease isolate from cheetahs. the deposited genome sequence for these genes contains a large number of tandem repeat sequences in each of them: hac1267 (rqkele)(15) and hac1268 (eekllefkni)(13). we obtained two clones with different numbers of repeat sequences for the hac1267 gene homolog and a single clone for the hac1268 gene homolog. both g ... | 2012 | 22504533 |
| infection as a cause of type 1 diabetes? | it is the current opinion that pathogens, such as viruses, are contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes (t1d) in susceptible individuals. this opinion is based on epidemiological associations, direct isolation of pathogens from the islets of langerhans, as well as a large amount of data from various experimental animal models. human enteroviruses have dominated the literature associated with the etiology of t1d. however, virus infections have also been reported to protect from autoimmu ... | 2012 | 22504578 |
| the relative roles of factor h binding protein, neisserial surface protein a, and lipooligosaccharide sialylation in regulation of the alternative pathway of complement on meningococci. | neisseria meningitidis inhibits the alternative pathway (ap) of complement using diverse mechanisms, including expression of capsule (select serogroups), neisserial surface protein a (nspa), factor h (fh) binding protein (fhbp), and lipooligosaccharide (los) sialylation. the contribution of the latter three molecules in ap regulation in encapsulated meningococci was studied using isogenic mutants. when los was unsialylated, deleting nspa alone from group a strain a2594 (low fhbp/high nspa) signi ... | 2012 | 22504643 |
| to b or not to b: a question of resolution? | in choosing and refining any crystallographic structural model, there is tension between the desire to extract the most detailed information possible and the necessity to describe no more than what is justified by the observed data. a more complex model is not necessarily a better model. thus, it is important to validate the choice of parameters as well as validating their refined values. one recurring task is to choose the best model for describing the displacement of each atom about its mean p ... | 2012 | 22505267 |
| structure of escherichia coli aspartate α-decarboxylase asn72ala: probing the role of asn72 in pyruvoyl cofactor formation. | the crystal structure of the asn72ala site-directed mutant of escherichia coli aspartate α-decarboxylase (adc) has been determined at 1.7 å resolution. the refined structure is consistent with the presence of a hydrolysis product serine in the active site in place of the pyruvoyl group required for catalysis, which suggests that the role of asn72 is to protect the ester formed during adc activation from hydrolysis. in previously determined structures of activated adc, including the wild type and ... | 2012 | 22505409 |
| treatment of dysphagia with pyridostigmine bromide in a patient with the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of guillain-barré syndrome. | a 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. the electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. the repetitive nerve stimulation study (rns) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (cmaps). the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (vfss) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. he was diagnosed as havi ... | 2012 | 22506249 |
| evaluation of current molecular approaches for genotyping of campylobacter jejuni strains. | campylobacter jejuni has been recognized as the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, in both developed and developing countries, since the late 1970s. a number of genotyping schemes have been developed to identify the sources and route of transmission of these foodborne pathogens so that proper control measures can be developed. in this review, we provide current genotypic schemes developed for campylobacter spp. (particularly c. jejuni) over the last decades, along with an ... | 2012 | 22506653 |
| analysis of campylobacter jejuni whole-genome dna microarrays: significance of prophage and hypervariable regions for discriminating isolates. | campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness in humans, and improving our understanding of the epidemiology of this organism is essential. the objective of this study was to identify the genes that discriminate isolates of c. jejuni by analysis with whole-genome dna microarrays. statistical analyses of whole-genome data from 95 geographically diverse cattle, chicken, and human c. jejuni isolates identified 142 most significant variable genes. of this total, 125 (88%) belonged to genomic ... | 2012 | 22506962 |
| cj1136 is required for lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis, hyperinvasion, and chick colonization by campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial food-borne enteritis worldwide, and invasion into intestinal epithelial cells is an important virulence mechanism. recently we reported the identification of hyperinvasive c. jejuni strains and created a number of transposon mutants of one of these strains, some of which exhibited reduced invasion into int-407 and caco-2 cells. in one such mutant the transposon had inserted into a homologue of cj1136, which encodes a putative galactosyltransfera ... | 2012 | 22508861 |
| borrelia burgdorferi needs chemotaxis to establish infection in mammals and to accomplish its enzootic cycle. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, can be recovered from different organs of infected animals and patients, indicating that the spirochete is very invasive. motility and chemotaxis contribute to the invasiveness of b. burgdorferi and play important roles in the process of the disease. recent reports have shown that motility is required for establishing infection in mammals. however, the role of chemotaxis in virulence remains elusive. our previous studies showed that chea ... | 2012 | 22508862 |
| trend analysis of antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from belgian pork and poultry meat products using surveillance data of 2004-2009. | the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare antimicrobial resistance in campylobacter spp. isolated from pork and poultry carcasses, and pork and poultry meat (at slaughterhouse level, during meat cutting, and at retail) in belgium, using available surveillance data over the period 2004-2009. the susceptibilities of 1724 campylobacter isolates for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, erythromycin, and gentamicin were tested by e-test. gentamicin resistance was low (n ... | 2012 | 22510058 |
| bactquant: an enhanced broad-coverage bacterial quantitative real-time pcr assay. | bacterial load quantification is a critical component of bacterial community analysis, but a culture-independent method capable of detecting and quantifying diverse bacteria is needed. based on our analysis of a diverse collection of 16 s rrna gene sequences, we designed a broad-coverage quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay--bactquant--for quantifying 16 s rrna gene copy number and estimating bacterial load. we further utilized in silico evaluation to complement laboratory-based qpcr characte ... | 2012 | 22510143 |
| xer recombinase and genome integrity in helicobacter pylori, a pathogen without topoisomerase iv. | in the model organism e. coli, recombination mediated by the related xerc and xerd recombinases complexed with the ftsk translocase at specialized dif sites, resolves dimeric chromosomes into free monomers to allow efficient chromosome segregation at cell division. computational genome analysis of helicobacter pylori, a slow growing gastric pathogen, identified just one chromosomal xer gene (xerh) and its cognate dif site (difh). here we show that recombination between directly repeated difh sit ... | 2012 | 22511919 |
| high incidence of campylobacter concisus in gastroenteritis in north jutland, denmark: a population-based study. | the incidence of non-thermophilic campylobacter species was assessed in an unselected population-based study in a mixed urban and rural community in north jutland, denmark. in a 2-year study period, 11,314 faecal samples from 8302 patients with gastroenteritis were cultured with supplement of the filter method. we recovered a high incidence of campylobacter concisus (annual incidence 35/100,000 inhabitants), almost as high as the common campylobacter jejuni/coli. in contrast, there was a very lo ... | 2013 | 22512739 |
| human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. | human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are a family of structurally diverse unconjugated glycans that are highly abundant in and unique to human milk. originally, hmos were discovered as a prebiotic "bifidus factor" that serves as a metabolic substrate for desired bacteria and shapes an intestinal microbiota composition with health benefits for the breast-fed neonate. today, hmos are known to be more than just "food for bugs". an accumulating body of evidence suggests that hmos are antiadhesive anti ... | 2012 | 22513036 |
| hepatitis e in a canadian traveller. | hepatitis e is clinically indistinguishable from hepatitis a and is caused by an enterically transmitted rna virus that is endemic in developing countries of asia, africa, the middle east and north america. this report describes a canadian traveller to nepal, thailand and india with one of the first confirmed cases of hepatitis e reported in canada. although this disease is usually self-limited with no known sequelae, it may produce fulminant hepatitis with a high case fatality rate in pregnancy ... | 1995 | 22514380 |
| emerging zoonotic diseases. | 1995 | 22514399 | |
| recent developments in bacterial protein glycan coupling technology and glycoconjugate vaccine design. | the discovery of the campylobacter jejuni n-linked glycosylation system combined with its functional expression in escherichia coli marked the dawn of a new era in glycoengineering. the process, termed protein glycan coupling technology (pgct), has, in particular, been applied to the development of glycoconjugate vaccines. in this review, we highlight recent technical developments in this area, including the first structural determination of the coupling enzyme pglb, the use of glycotags for opt ... | 2012 | 22516134 |
| evaluation of the clinical value of elisa based on mpt64 antibody aptamer for serological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. | presently, tuberculosis (tb) poses a global threat to human health. the development of reliable laboratory tools is vital to the diagnosis and treatment of tb. mpt64, a protein secreted by mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is highly specific for tb, making antibody to mpt64 a reagent specific for the diagnosis of tb. | 2012 | 22520654 |
| storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria. | microbially-unsafe water is still a major concern in most developing countries. although many water-purification methods exist, these are expensive and beyond the reach of many people, especially in rural areas. ayurveda recommends the use of copper for storing drinking-water. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper pot on microbially-contaminated drinking-water. the antibacterial effect of copper pot against important diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including vibrio ... | 2012 | 22524115 |
| glycobiology of immune responses. | unlike their protein "roommates" and their nucleic acid "cousins," carbohydrates remain an enigmatic arm of biology. the central reason for the difficulty in fully understanding how carbohydrate structure and biological function are tied is the nontemplate nature of their synthesis and the resulting heterogeneity. the goal of this collection of expert reviews is to highlight what is known about how carbohydrates and their binding partners-the microbial (non-self), tumor (altered-self), and host ... | 2012 | 22524422 |
| sialic acid metabolism and sialyltransferases: natural functions and applications. | sialic acids are a family of negatively charged monosaccharides which are commonly presented as the terminal residues in glycans of the glycoconjugates on eukaryotic cell surface or as components of capsular polysaccharides or lipooligosaccharides of some pathogenic bacteria. due to their important biological and pathological functions, the biosynthesis, activation, transfer, breaking down, and recycle of sialic acids are attracting increasing attention. the understanding of the sialic acid meta ... | 2012 | 22526796 |
| bactericidal effect of hydrolysable and condensed tannin extracts on campylobacter jejuni in vitro. | strategies are sought to reduce intestinal colonisation of food-producing animals by campylobacter jejuni, a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illness worldwide. presently, we tested the antimicrobial activity of hydrolysable-rich blackberry, cranberry and chestnut tannin extracts and condensed tannin-rich mimosa, quebracho and sorghum tannins (each at 100 mg/ml) against c. jejuni via disc diffusion assay in the presence of supplemental casamino acids. we found that when compared to non ... | 2012 | 22528299 |
| mucosa-associated bacteria in two middle-aged women diagnosed with collagenous colitis. | to characterize the colon microbiota in two women histologically diagnosed with collagenous colitis using a culture-independent method. | 2012 | 22529692 |
| worm burden-dependent disruption of the porcine colon microbiota by trichuris suis infection. | helminth infection in pigs serves as an excellent model for the study of the interaction between human malnutrition and parasitic infection and could have important implications in human health. we had observed that pigs infected with trichuris suis for 21 days showed significant changes in the proximal colon microbiota. in this study, interactions between worm burden and severity of disruptions to the microbial composition and metabolic potentials in the porcine proximal colon microbiota were i ... | 2012 | 22532855 |
| rapid paracellular transmigration of campylobacter jejuni across polarized epithelial cells without affecting ter: role of proteolytic-active htra cleaving e-cadherin but not fibronectin. | campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important bacterial pathogens causing food-borne illness worldwide. crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier and host cell entry by c. jejuni is considered the primary reason of damage to the intestinal tissue, but the molecular mechanisms as well as major bacterial and host cell factors involved in this process are still widely unclear. | 2012 | 22534208 |
| functional metagenomics reveals novel salt tolerance loci from the human gut microbiome. | metagenomics is a powerful tool that allows for the culture-independent analysis of complex microbial communities. one of the most complex and dense microbial ecosystems known is that of the human distal colon, with cell densities reaching up to 10(12) per gram of faeces. with the majority of species as yet uncultured, there are an enormous number of novel genes awaiting discovery. in the current study, we conducted a functional screen of a metagenomic library of the human gut microbiota for pot ... | 2012 | 22534607 |
| comparison of medium, temperature, and length of incubation for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | campylobacter (campy; bd diagnostics, sparks, md), spectra vre (remel, lenexa, ks), and bile-esculin-azide-vancomycin (beav; remel) agars were compared for their ability to detect vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in 750 stool specimens. the media were compared at 24 h and 48 h of incubation at 35°c and 42°c. when incubated for 24 h at 35°c, campy was the most sensitive (97.8%) and specific (99.9%) but was comparable to spectra, which has a sensitivity of 95.6% and a specificity of 99.1%, w ... | 2012 | 22535989 |
| antibody recognition of cancer-related gangliosides and their mimics investigated using in silico site mapping. | modified gangliosides may be overexpressed in certain types of cancer, thus, they are considered a valuable target in cancer immunotherapy. structural knowledge of their interaction with antibodies is currently limited, due to the large size and high flexibility of these ligands. in this study, we apply our previously developed site mapping technique to investigate the recognition of cancer-related gangliosides by anti-ganglioside antibodies. the results reveal a potential ganglioside-binding mo ... | 2012 | 22536387 |
| whole cell biosynthesis of a functional oligosaccharide, 2'-fucosyllactose, using engineered escherichia coli. | 2'-fucosyllactose (2-fl) is a functional oligosaccharide present in human milk which protects against the infection of enteric pathogens. because 2-fl can be synthesized through the enzymatic fucosylation of lactose with guanosine 5'-diphosphate (gdp)-l-fucose by α-1,2-fucosyltransferase (fuct2), an 2-fl producing escherichia coli can be constructed through overexpressing genes coding for endogenous gdp- l-fucose biosynthetic enzymes and heterologous fucosyltransferase. | 2012 | 22545760 |
| incidence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of campylobacter in retail chicken livers and gizzards. | campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease in the united states. campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the two main species that are of concern to human health, and they cause approximately 95% of human infections. the number of studies investigating campylobacter in chicken livers and gizzards is very limited in the literature. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in retail chicken live ... | 2012 | 22545960 |
| antimicrobial effect of diallyl sulphide on campylobacter jejuni biofilms. | bacterial biofilms pose significant food safety risks because of their attachment to fomites and food surfaces, including fresh produce surfaces. the purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the activity of selected antimicrobials on campylobacter jejuni biofilms. | 2012 | 22550133 |
| a role for rna viruses in the pathogenesis of burkitt's lymphoma: the need for reappraisal. | certain infectious agents are associated with lymphomas, but the strength of the association varies geographically, suggesting that local environmental factors make important contributions to lymphomagenesis. endemic burkitt's lymphoma has well-defined environmental requirements making it particularly suitable for research into local environmental factors. the epstein-barr virus and holoendemic malaria are recognized as important cofactors in endemic burkitt's lymphoma and their contributions ar ... | 2011 | 22550493 |
| a role for rna viruses in the pathogenesis of burkitt's lymphoma: the need for reappraisal. | certain infectious agents are associated with lymphomas, but the strength of the association varies geographically, suggesting that local environmental factors make important contributions to lymphomagenesis. endemic burkitt's lymphoma has well-defined environmental requirements making it particularly suitable for research into local environmental factors. the epstein-barr virus and holoendemic malaria are recognized as important cofactors in endemic burkitt's lymphoma and their contributions ar ... | 2011 | 22550493 |
| dynamics of populations of campylobacter jejuni in two grandparent broiler breeder farms: persistent vs. transient strains. | the objectives of the study were to characterize and investigate the populations of campylobacter jejuni in two grandparent broiler breeder farms over four years. caecal as well as farm environmental samples were obtained. campylobacter isolates were characterized by macrorestriction profile (smai and kpni-pfge) and pcr-rflp of the flaa gene. susceptibility tests against seven antimicrobials were also performed. birds were negative for campylobacter spp. when they came to these two production fa ... | 2012 | 22551591 |
| immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with campylobacter jejuni. | 2012 | 22552252 | |
| the isolation rate of escherichia coli 0157:h7 in toronto and surrounding communities. | verocytotoxin-producing strains of escherichia coli, most often serotype 0157:h7, have been associated with both sporadic and epidemic diarrheal disease in canada. in order to determine the isolation rate of e coli 0157:h7 in outpatients with diarrhea, all stool specimens submitted for culture to med-chem laboratories in metropolitan toronto between june 1988 and september 1989 were cultured on macconkey-sorbitol agar in addition to standard enteric media. a total of 46 (0.3%) of 16,125 stool sp ... | 1990 | 22553432 |
| prospective study of human norovirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in greece. | noroviruses are considered as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in childhood worldwide. this prospective study was undertaken to investigate the frequency and clinical features of norovirus infections in children aged less than 5 years with acute gastroenteritis in greece. | 2012 | 22555327 |
| how a sugary bug gets through the day: recent developments in understanding fundamental processes impacting campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis. | campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent yet fastidious bacterial pathogen that poses a significant health burden worldwide. lacking many hallmark virulence factors, it is becoming increasingly clear that c. jejuni pathogenesis involves different strategies compared with other well-characterized enteric organisms. this includes the involvement of basic biological processes and cell envelope glycans in a number of aspects related to pathogenesis. the past few years have seen significant progres ... | 2012 | 22555465 |
| signature tagged mutagenesis in the functional genetic analysis of gastrointestinal pathogens. | signature tagged mutagenesis is a genetic approach that was developed to identify novel bacterial virulence factors. it is a negative selection method in which unique identification tags allow analysis of pools of mutants in mixed populations. the approach is particularly well suited to functional genetic analysis of the gastrointestinal phase of infection in foodborne pathogens and has the capacity to guide the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. in this review we outline the techni ... | 2012 | 22555467 |
| comparing the similarity of different groups of bacteria to the human proteome. | numerous aspects of the relationship between bacteria and human have been investigated. one aspect that has recently received attention is sequence overlap at the proteomic level. however, there has not yet been a study that comprehensively characterizes the level of sequence overlap between bacteria and human, especially as it relates to bacterial characteristics like pathogenicity, g-c content, and proteome size. in this study, we began by performing a general characterization of the range of ... | 2012 | 22558081 |
| [campylobacter infections in children]. | campylobacter infections are essentially enteric infections frequently occurring before 15 years of age. the main species responsible for these infections is campylobacter jejuni. the infection is observed mainly during summertime, and boys are more often affected than girls. the transmission is usually food-borne (poultry or cross-contamination of raw food). environmental contamination is also possible. in addition to the digestive symptoms, systemic infectious complications or postinfectious c ... | 2012 | 22559950 |
| expression of colonization factor cs5 of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is enhanced in vivo and by the bile component na glycocholate hydrate. | enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) is an important cause of acute watery diarrhoea in developing countries. colonization factors (cfs) on the bacterial surface mediate adhesion to the small intestinal epithelium. two of the most common cfs worldwide are coli surface antigens 5 and 6 (cs5, cs6). in this study we investigated the expression of cs5 and cs6 in vivo, and the effects of bile and sodium bicarbonate, present in the human gut, on the expression of cs5. five cs5+cs6 etec isolates fro ... | 2012 | 22563407 |
| intestinal microbiota shifts towards elevated commensal escherichia coli loads abrogate colonization resistance against campylobacter jejuni in mice. | the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne enterocolitis in humans worldwide. the understanding of immunopathology underlying human campylobacteriosis is hampered by the fact that mice display strong colonization resistance against the pathogen due to their host specific gut microbiota composition. | 2012 | 22563475 |
| human gastric mucins differently regulate helicobacter pylori proliferation, gene expression and interactions with host cells. | helicobacter pylori colonizes the mucus niche of the gastric mucosa and is a risk factor for gastritis, ulcers and cancer. the main components of the mucus layer are heavily glycosylated mucins, to which h. pylori can adhere. mucin glycosylation differs between individuals and changes during disease. here we have examined the h. pylori response to purified mucins from a range of tumor and normal human gastric tissue samples. our results demonstrate that mucins from different individuals differ i ... | 2012 | 22563496 |
| a polymer microfluidic chip for quantitative detection of multiple water- and foodborne pathogens using real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | inexpensive, portable, and easy-to-use devices for rapid detection of microbial pathogens are needed to ensure safety of water and food. in this study, a disposable polymer microfluidic chip for quantitative detection of multiple pathogens using isothermal nucleic acid amplification was developed. the chip contains an array of 15 interconnected reaction wells with dehydrated primers for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp), and requires only a single pipetting step for dispensing of sam ... | 2012 | 22566273 |
| bactericidal effects of 405 nm light exposure demonstrated by inactivation of escherichia, salmonella, shigella, listeria, and mycobacterium species in liquid suspensions and on exposed surfaces. | the bactericidal effect of 405 nm light was investigated on taxonomically diverse bacterial pathogens from the genera salmonella, shigella, escherichia, listeria, and mycobacterium. high-intensity 405 nm light, generated from an array of 405-nm light-emitting diodes (leds), was used to inactivate bacteria in liquid suspension and on exposed surfaces. l. monocytogenes was most readily inactivated in suspension, whereas s. enterica was most resistant. in surface exposure tests, l. monocytogenes wa ... | 2012 | 22566760 |
| the ambiguity in immunology. | in the present article, we discuss the various ambiguous aspects of the immune system that render this complex biological network so highly flexible and able to defend the host from different external invaders. this ambiguity stems mainly from the property of the immune system to be both protective and harmful. immunity cannot be fully protective without producing a certain degree of damage (immunopathology) to the host. the balance between protection and tissue damage is, therefore, critical fo ... | 2012 | 22566903 |
| molecular characterization of the 16s rrna gene of helicobacter fennelliae isolated from stools and blood cultures from paediatric patients in south africa. | forty strains of h. fennelliae collected from paediatric blood and stool samples over an 18 year period at a children's hospital in cape town, south africa, were amplified by pcr of the 16s rrna. two distinct genotypes of h. fennelliae were identified based on the phylogenetic analysis. this was confirmed by sequencing a portion of the beta subunit of the rna polymerase (rpob) gene. all isolates from south africa clustered with a proposed novel helicobacter strain (accession number af237612) iso ... | 2010 | 22567323 |
| molecular characterization of the 16s rrna gene of helicobacter fennelliae isolated from stools and blood cultures from paediatric patients in south africa. | forty strains of h. fennelliae collected from paediatric blood and stool samples over an 18 year period at a children's hospital in cape town, south africa, were amplified by pcr of the 16s rrna. two distinct genotypes of h. fennelliae were identified based on the phylogenetic analysis. this was confirmed by sequencing a portion of the beta subunit of the rna polymerase (rpob) gene. all isolates from south africa clustered with a proposed novel helicobacter strain (accession number af237612) iso ... | 2010 | 22567323 |
| a selective chromogenic plate, yeca, for the detection of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica: specificity, sensitivity, and capacity to detect pathogenic y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils. | a new selective chromogenic plate, yeca, was tested for its specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy to detect pathogenic y. enterocolitica from pig tonsils. we tested a panel of 26 bacterial strains on yeca and compared it to pca, cin, and yecm media. detection of pathogenic y. enterocolitica was carried out on 50 pig tonsils collected in one slaughter house. enrichment was done in psb and itc broths. streaking on yeca and cin was done in direct, after 24h incubation of itc, after 48h incubation ... | 2011 | 22567328 |
| antimicrobial activity of copper alone and in combination with lactic acid against escherichia coli o157:h7 in laboratory medium and on the surface of lettuce and tomatoes. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper alone and in combination with lactic acid against e. coli o157:h7 in laboratory medium and on the surface of lettuce and tomatoes. four strains of e. coli o157:h7 were individually inoculated into bhi broth containing different concentrations of copper (5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm, w/v), lactic acid (0.1 and 0.2%, v/v), and their combinations. after incubation, aliquots of 1 ml from each sample were withdrawn and plated on bhi agar to de ... | 2011 | 22567336 |
| an inactivation kinetics model for campylobacter jejuni on chicken meat under low-temperature storage. | campylobacter jejuni is susceptible to low temperatures. freezing and chilling are effective interventions for reducing the occurrence of c. jejuni on poultry meat. the survival rates of three c. jejuni strains (atcc33560, jr0706-2, and alm-80) inoculated onto chicken meat samples were measured at -20°c and 4°c, and the survival curves of these three strains were determined. the results showed that the number of surviving cells decreased by 3.16, 2.87, and 3.14 log colony-forming unit (cfu)/g, r ... | 2012 | 22568749 |
| prediction and identification of sequences coding for orphan enzymes using genomic and metagenomic neighbours. | despite the current wealth of sequencing data, one-third of all biochemically characterized metabolic enzymes lack a corresponding gene or protein sequence, and as such can be considered orphan enzymes. they represent a major gap between our molecular and biochemical knowledge, and consequently are not amenable to modern systemic analyses. as 555 of these orphan enzymes have metabolic pathway neighbours, we developed a global framework that utilizes the pathway and (meta)genomic neighbour inform ... | 2012 | 22569339 |
| barriers to horizontal gene transfer in campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is among the most frequent agent of foodborne gastroenteritis in the world, but its physiology and pathogenesis is less well understood than other bacterial enteric pathogens. this is due in part to the incompatibility of the molecular tools that have enabled advances in the characterization of other bacterial species. most notably, the dearth of plasmid-based complementation, reporter assays, and plasmid-based unmarked mutagenesis procedures in many of the type strains has ... | 2012 | 22569516 |
| the lipopolysaccharide from capnocytophaga canimorsus reveals an unexpected role of the core-oligosaccharide in md-2 binding. | capnocytophaga canimorsus is a usual member of dog's mouths flora that causes rare but dramatic human infections after dog bites. we determined the structure of c. canimorsus lipid a. the main features are that it is penta-acylated and composed of a "hybrid backbone" lacking the 4' phosphate and having a 1 phosphoethanolamine (p-etn) at 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose (glcn). c. canimorsus lps was 100 fold less endotoxic than escherichia coli lps. surprisingly, c. canimorsus lipid a was 20,000 fold le ... | 2012 | 22570611 |
| investigations of selected historically important syndromic outbreaks: impact and lessons learned for public health preparedness and response. | public health readiness has increased at all jurisdictional levels because of increased sensitivity to threats. since 2001, with billions of dollars invested to bolster the public health system's capacity, the public expects that public health will identify the etiology of and respond to events more rapidly. however, when etiologies are unknown at the onset of the investigation but interventions must be implemented, public health practitioners must benefit from past investigations' lessons to st ... | 2012 | 22571706 |
| prevalence of human pathogens and indicators in stormwater runoff in brisbane, australia. | elevated numbers of enteric pathogens in the receiving waters following a storm event can be a serious public health concern. the purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of human pathogens of concern in urban stormwater runoff. the involvement of a human sewage as a potential source of contamination was also investigated by using microbial source tracking methods. water samples (20 l) were collected after storm events and during the dry weather from six ... | 2012 | 22572123 |
| [development and application of taqman mgb probe fluorescence quantitative pcr method for rapid detection of clostridium piliforme]. | to develop a taqman mgb probe-based, sensitive and specific fluorescence quantitative pcr assay method for rapid detection of clostridium piliforme. | 2012 | 22575149 |
| the incidence and risk of celiac disease in a healthy us adult population. | celiac disease (cd) is an increasingly common disease that may affect as many as 1% of the north american population. recent population-based data suggest a substantial increase in the prevalence of cd over the last several decades. several factors are hypothesized as possible disease triggers including intercurrent illnesses, such as gastroenteritis, surgeries, and trauma. we used the active duty us military, a unique healthy worker population with essentially complete medical diagnostic coding ... | 2012 | 22584218 |
| amixicile, a novel inhibitor of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, shows efficacy against clostridium difficile in a mouse infection model. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a serious diarrheal disease that often develops following prior antibiotic usage. one of the major problems with current therapies (oral vancomycin and metronidazole) is the high rate of recurrence. nitazoxanide (ntz), an inhibitor of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) in anaerobic bacteria, parasites, helicobacter pylori, and campylobacter jejuni, also shows clinical efficacy against cdi. from a library of ∼250 analogues of ntz, we identified lead ... | 2012 | 22585229 |
| structure-function relationships of human milk oligosaccharides. | human milk contains more than a hundred structurally distinct oligosaccharides. in this review, we provide examples of how the structural characteristics of these human milk oligosaccharides (hmo) determine functionality. specific α1-2-fucosylated hmo have been shown to serve as antiadhesive antimicrobials to protect the breast-fed infant against infections with campylobacter jejuni, one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea. in contrast, α1-2-fucosylation may abolish the beneficial ef ... | 2012 | 22585916 |
| advances in analysis of human milk oligosaccharides. | oligosaccharides in human milk strongly influence the composition of the gut microflora of neonates. because it is now clear that the microflora play important roles in the development of the infant immune system, human milk oligosaccharides (hmo) are studied frequently. milk samples contain complex mixtures of hmo, usually comprising several isomeric structures that can be either linear or branched. traditionally, hmo profiling was performed using hplc with fluorescence or uv detection. by usin ... | 2012 | 22585919 |
| human milk oligosaccharides and lewis blood group: individual high-throughput sample profiling to enhance conclusions from functional studies. | human milk oligosaccharides (hmo) are discussed to play a crucial role in an infant's development. lewis blood group epitopes, in particular, seem to remarkably contribute to the beneficial effects of hmo. in this regard, large-scale functional human studies could provide evidence of the variety of results from in vitro investigations, although increasing the amount and complexity of sample and data handling. therefore, reliable screening approaches are needed. to predict the oligosaccharide pat ... | 2012 | 22585923 |
| profiles of human milk oligosaccharides and production of some human milk oligosaccharides in transgenic animals. | during the decade of the 1990s and the first years of the current century, our group embarked on a project to study and synthesize human milk oligosaccharides. this report describes 2 unexpected collateral observations from that endeavor. the first observation was the detection and confirmation of 2 rare neutral human milk oligosaccharides profiles that were uncovered while assessing oligosaccharide content in hundreds of samples of human milk. one of these lacked fucosylated structures altogeth ... | 2012 | 22585925 |
| the predominance of type i oligosaccharides is a feature specific to human breast milk. | human milk and colostrum contain ∼12-13 g/l and ∼22-24 g/l of oligosaccharides, respectively. the chemical structures of >100 human milk oligosaccharides (hmo) have been characterized to date. we determined the concentrations of 10 neutral and 9 acidic colostrum hmo collected during the first 3 d of lactation by using reverse phase hplc after derivatization with 2-aminopyridine or 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-pyrazolon. the predominant oligosaccharides were fuc(α1-2)gal(β1-4glc (2'-fl), fuc(α1-2)gal(β1-3 ... | 2012 | 22585927 |
| high adherence is necessary to realize health gains from water quality interventions. | safe drinking water is critical for health. household water treatment (hwt) has been recommended for improving access to potable water where existing sources are unsafe. reports of low adherence to hwt may limit the usefulness of this approach, however. | 2012 | 22586491 |
| welcome to microbial informatics and experimentation. | 2011 | 22587655 | |
| prediction and comparison of salmonella-human and salmonella-arabidopsis interactomes. | salmonellosis caused by salmonella bacteria is a food-borne disease and a worldwide health threat causing millions of infections and thousands of deaths every year. this pathogen infects an unusually broad range of host organisms including human and plants. a better understanding of the mechanisms of communication between salmonella and its hosts requires identifying the interactions between salmonella and host proteins. protein-protein interactions (ppis) are the fundamental building blocks of ... | 2012 | 22589098 |
| age of the association between helicobacter pylori and man. | when modern humans left africa ca. 60,000 years ago (60 kya), they were already infected with helicobacter pylori, and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with their human hosts. but how long were humans infected by h. pylori prior to the out-of-africa event? did this co-evolution predate the emergence of modern humans, spanning the species divide? to answer these questions, we investigated the diversity of h. pylori in africa, where both humans and h. pylori originated. thr ... | 2012 | 22589724 |