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dynamics of intestinal metabolites and morphology in response to necrotic enteritis challenge in broiler chickens.despite the relatively small contribution to metabolizable energy that volatile fatty acids (vfas) provide in chickens, these organic acids have been reported to play beneficial roles in the gastrointestinal tract (git) of birds, for example, inhibition of the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. however, information regarding the dynamics of these metabolites in the git of chickens is still scarce, especially under disease conditions such as necrotic enteritis (ne). here, we investigated the dyn ...201627245303
effect of encapsulated carvacrol on the incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens.there is an urgent need to control necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by clostridium perfringens in chickens when antibiotics are withdrawn from feed. carvacrol has strong antimicrobial activity and its delivery to the animal intestine can be significantly enhanced after encapsulation. the present study has investigated the potential of encapsulated carvacrol in controlling ne. in general, micro-encapsulation of carvacrol in an alginate-whey protein matrix showed no adverse effect on its antimicrobi ...201627245304
red cell damps and inflammation.intravascular hemolysis, or the destruction of red blood cells in the circulation, can occur in numerous diseases, including the acquired hemolytic anemias, sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia, as well as during some transfusion reactions, preeclampsia and infections, such as those caused by malaria or clostridium perfringens. hemolysis results in the release of large quantities of red cell damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) into the circulation, which, if not neutralized by innate p ...201627251171
evaluating the performance of a new model for predicting the growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked, uncured meat and poultry products under isothermal, heating, and dynamically cooling conditions.clostridium perfringens type a is a significant public health threat and its spores may germinate, outgrow, and multiply during cooling of cooked meats. this study applies a new c. perfringens growth model in the usda integrated pathogen modeling program-dynamic prediction (ipmp dynamic prediction) dynamic prediction to predict the growth from spores of c. perfringens in cooked uncured meat and poultry products using isothermal, dynamic heating, and cooling data reported in the literature. the r ...201627259065
analysis of the virulence-associated revsr two-component signal transduction system of clostridium perfringens.clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that causes human gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis) and food poisoning. early studies showed that virulence was regulated by the virsr two-component signal transduction system. however, our identification of the revr orphan response regulator indicated that more than one system was involved in controlling virulence. to further characterize this virulence-associated regulator, gel mobility shift experiments, coupl ...201627267179
uterine perforation with intra-abdominal clostridium perfringens gas gangrene: a rare and fatal infection.background:clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is an extremely rare and fatal infection. necrosis of the myometrium is rarely seen and has only been recorded in 18 cases to date. of these 18 reported cases, only 5 have occurred in nonpregnant women. this article presents the 6th case of myometrium necrosis from c. perfringens.case: a 72-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, presented with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. after examinations, laboratory testing, and several surgical intervention ...201627274183
spleen and portal pneumatosis secondary to clostridium perfringens septicemia. 201627276089
[postoperative necrotizing fasciitis: a rare and fatal complication].postoperative parietal complications can be exceptionally severe and serious threatening vital prognosis. necrotizing fasciitis is a rare infection of the skin and deep subcutaneous tissues, spreading along fascia and adipose tissue. it is mainly caused by group a streptococcus (streptococcus pyogenes) but also by other bacteria such as vibrio vulnificus, clostridium perfringens or bacteroides fragilis. necrotizing fasciitis is a real surgical and medical emergency. we report, in this study, a v ...201627279950
in vivo effects of tea polyphenol intake on human intestinal microflora and metabolism.effects of tea polyphenol intake (0.4 g/volunteer, 3 times per day, for four weeks) on fecal microflora, bacterial metabolites, and ph were investigated using eight healthy human volunteers. counts for clostridium perfringens and other clostridium spp. were significantly decreased during the tea polyphenol intake periods. percentage of volunteers having c. perfringens in their feces decreased significantly, but not for other clostridium spp. percentage of bifidobacterium spp. (the acid forming b ...199227280652
the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broilers infected with necrotic enteritis with gene expression analysis.to study the efficacy of na-butyrate encapsulated in palm fat on performance of broiler chickens experimentally infected with necrotic enteritis (ne) with the determination of its protective effect against the changes in the gene expression profiles and deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) fragmentation.201627284219
innovative bionanocomposite films of edible proteins containing liposome-encapsulated nisin and halloysite nanoclay.films and coatings based on natural polymers have gained increased interest for food packaging applications. in this work, halloysite and phosphatidylcholine liposomes encapsulating nisin were used to develop nanocomposite films of gelatin and casein. liposomes prepared with either soybean lecithin or phospholipon(®) showed particle size ranging from 124 to 178nm and high entrapment efficiency (94-100%). considering their stability, phospholipon(®) liposomes with 1.0mg/ml nisin were selected for ...201627289315
development and application of a multiplex pcr assay for detection of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin-encoding genes cpe and becab.clostridium perfringens causes food-borne gastroenteritis following the consumption of contaminated food by producing c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) in the intestines. recently, we reported a novel enterotoxin, binary enterotoxin of c. perfringens (bec) in c. perfringens isolates, which caused two disease outbreaks in japan. consequently, in the event of food poisoning outbreaks caused by c. perfringens, it is now necessary to screen for both the cpe and becab genes by diagnostic pcr. here, we ...201627291714
behavior and inactivation of enterotoxin-positive clostridium perfringens in pork picadillo and tamales filled with pork picadillo under different cooking, storage, and reheating conditions.this study analyzed the behavior of clostridium perfringens in individual ingredients and tamales containing different pathogen concentrations upon exposure to different temperatures and methods of cooking, storage, and reheating. in ground pork, c. perfringens cells were inactivated when exposed to 95°c for 30 min. three lots of picadillo inoculated with 0, 3, and 5 log cfu/g c. perfringens cells, respectively, were exposed to different storage temperatures. at 20°c, cell counts increased 1 log ...201627296420
assessment of the microbiological quality of meat pies from retail sale in england 2013.outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by bacillus cereus and listeria monocytogenes in england associated with meat pie consumption were detected in 2012. to obtain baseline data for pies unrelated to outbreaks, 862 samples of ready-to-eat meat pies were collected at retail or from catering facilities in england in 2013 and examined to enumerate food-poisoning bacteria and indicator organisms using organization for standardization (iso) methods for listeria spp. including l. monocytogenes (iso 1 ...201627296425
occurrence of clostridium perfringens types a, e, and c in fresh fish and its public health significance.fish remains among the most traded of food commodities, and egypt is one of the emerging countries being recognized as an important world fish exporter. clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen to consider in fish trade, as it has been implicated as the causative organism of two fish outbreaks. the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and toxin diversity of c. perfringens associated with fresh and canned fish and to examine the public health significance o ...201627296604
gene regulation by the virs/virr system in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming rod, clostridium perfringens, is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. c. perfringens produces many secreted toxins and enzymes that are involved in the pathogenesis of gas gangrane and gastrointestinal disease. one of the most important systems regulating the production of these proteins in c. perfringens is the virs/virr-vr-rna signal transduction cascade. the agr system also important fo ...201627296833
toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis is caused by clostridium perfringens type a. due to the rapid progress and fatal outcome of the disease, vaccination would be of high value. in this study, c. perfringens toxins, either as native toxins or after formaldehyde inactivation, were evaluated as possible vaccine antigens. we determined whether antisera raised in calves against these toxins were able to protect against c. perfringens challenge in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic ent ...201627297520
real-time dna amplification and detection system based on a cmos image sensor.in the present study, we developed a polypropylene well-integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor (cmos) platform to perform the loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique for real-time dna amplification and detection simultaneously. an amplification-coupled detection system directly measures the photon number changes based on the generation of magnesium pyrophosphate and color changes. the photon number decreases during the amplification process. the cmos image sensor obse ...201627302586
clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs innate immunity via inhibition of neutrophil differentiation.although granulopoiesis is accelerated to suppress bacteria during infection, some bacteria can still cause life-threatening infections, but the mechanism behind this remains unclear. in this study, we found that mature neutrophils in bone marrow cells (bmcs) were decreased in c. perfringens-infected mice and also after injection of virulence factor α-toxin. c. perfringens infection interfered with the replenishment of mature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation and the accumulation of neut ...201627306065
incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility to clostridium perfringens in premarket broilers in taiwan.clostridium perfringens infection causes subclinical and clinical necrotic enteritis in poultry flocks, and it is estimated to result in us$2 billion of losses worldwide every year. the aims of this study were to determine the incidence, toxin types, and antimicrobial resistance levels to c. perfringens isolated from premarket, 5-wk-old, clinically healthy broiler chickens in taiwan, and to examine the relationships between intestinal lesions and the numbers of c. perfringens in intestinal conte ...201627309285
effects of high-pressure treatment on spores of clostridium species.this work analyzes the high-pressure (hp) germination of spores of the food-borne pathogen clostridium perfringens (with inner membrane [im] germinant receptors [grs]) and the opportunistic pathogen clostridium difficile (with no im grs), which has growing implications as an emerging food safety threat. in contrast to those of spores of bacillus species, mechanisms of hp germination of clostridial spores have not been well studied. hp treatments trigger bacillus spore germination through spores' ...201627316969
new insights into clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.epsilon toxin (etx), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, is responsible for diseases that occur mostly in ruminants. etx is produced in the form of an inactive prototoxin that becomes proteolytically-activated by several proteases. a recent ex vivo study using caprine intestinal contents demonstrated that etx prototoxin is processed in a step-wise fashion into a stable, active ∼27 kda band on sds-page. when characterized further by mass spectrometry, the stable ∼27 kda band was sh ...201627321761
alterations of intestinal microbiome by antibiotic therapy in hospitalized children.the administration of antimicrobial agents leads to an ecological imbalance of the host-microorganisms relationship, and it causes a rapid and significant reduction in the microbial diversity. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of antibiotic therapy on intestinal microbiota of children between 3 and 12 years of age. the fecal samples were collected from hospitalized children (n = 31) and from healthy untreated children (n = 30). the presence of bacteria and their quantities ...201727328205
spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis: case report, radiologic findings, and literature review.the utility of computed tomography (ct) has not been studied in the initial evaluation of a patient with suspected spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis. here, we present a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and neutropenia who developed spontaneous clostridium perfringens myonecrosis after induction chemotherapy. although suspected, the patient's symptoms and physical exam findings were not specific for clostridial myonecrosis. ct confirmed the diagnosis and helped direct surgical in ...201327330636
clostridium perfringens sporulation and sporulation-associated toxin production.the ability of clostridium perfringens to form spores plays a key role during the transmission of this gram-positive bacterium to cause disease. of particular note, the spores produced by food poisoning strains are often exceptionally resistant to food environment stresses such as heat, cold, and preservatives, which likely facilitates their survival in temperature-abused foods. the exceptional resistance properties of spores made by most type a food poisoning strains and some type c foodborne d ...201627337447
putative function of hypothetical proteins expressed by clostridium perfringens type a strains and their protective efficacy in mouse model.the whole genome sequencing and annotation of clostridium perfringens strains revealed several genes coding for proteins of unknown function with no significant similarities to genes in other organisms. our previous studies clearly demonstrated that hypothetical proteins cpf_2500, cpf_1441, cpf_0876, cpf_0093, cpf_2002, cpf_2314, cpf_1179, cpf_1132, cpf_2853, cpf_0552, cpf_2032, cpf_0438, cpf_1440, cpf_2918, cpf_0656, and cpf_2364 are genuine proteins of c. perfringens expressed in high abundanc ...201627353489
faecal contamination of commuters' hands in main vehicle stations in dhaka city, bangladesh.faecal-oral carriage via hands is an important transmission pathway for diarrhoeal pathogens. the level of faecal contamination of commuters' hands in dhaka, bangladesh, was examined in this study.201627358288
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of clostridium perfringens type b using a commercially available escherichia coli strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosetta(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosetta(de3). recombina ...201627380656
emphysematous cholecystitis due to clostridium perfringens successfully treated by cholecystectomy.emphysematous cholecystitis is life threatening if left untreated. it is associated with arteriosclerosis, embolic events, and diabetes mellitus. in this report, a patient was presented with an early diagnosis of emphysematous cholecystitis and was treated by cholecystectomy without complications. a 46-year-old male presented at the emergency department. laboratory results as well as the abdominal ultrasound showed no abnormalities. one day after admission, infection parameters started rising. a ...201627385144
gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of clostridium perfringens.t cells from neuromyelitis optica (nmo) patients, which recognize the immunodominant epitope of aquaporin-4, exhibit th17 polarization and cross-react with a homologous sequence of a clostridium perfringens adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter. therefore, this commensal microbe might participate in nmo pathogenesis. we examined the gut microbiome by phylochip g3 from 16 nmo patients, 16 healthy controls (hc), and 16 multiple sclerosis patients. a significant difference in the abun ...201627398819
regulation of toxin production in clostridium perfringens.the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in nature, especially in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. c. perfringens causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and it produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that are thought to act synergistically and contribute to its pathogenesis. a complicated regulatory network of toxin genes has been reported that includes a two-component system for regulatory rna and cell-cell communication. ...201627399773
prevalence of netf-positive clostridium perfringens in foals in southwestern ontario.netf-producing clostridium perfringens have recently been identified as a cause of necrotizing enteritis in neonatal foals, but little is known about its prevalence in clinically normal foals. foals (n = 88) ranging in age from < 1 wk to 2 to 4 mo (median age 2 to 4 wk) on 8 horse-breeding farms in ontario were examined on 1 or 2 occasions for the presence of c. perfringens. of the foals that tested positive, 5 isolates (n = 675) were examined for the netf and enterotoxin (cpe) genes. colonizati ...201627408339
outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis in a senior high school in south-eastern ghana: a retrospective cohort study.on 4th february 2015, a group of senior high school students from fanteakwa district presented to the emergency unit of the district hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. all the students had eaten from a specific food vendor and had neither eaten any other common meal that day nor the previous day. a foodborne disease outbreak was suspected. we investigated to verify the outbreak, determine its magnitude, identify the source and implement control measures.201627411682
modeling and kinetic characterization of wastewater disinfection using chlorine and uv irradiation.sewage disinfection has the primary objective of inactivating pathogenic organisms to prevent the dissemination of waterborne diseases. this study analyzed individual disinfection, with chlorine alone, ultraviolet radiation alone, and a combined disinfection process (chlorine-uv radiation). pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 15442, escherichia coli atcc 11229, salmonella typhi atcc 14028, and clostridium perfringens were selected to evaluate the efficiency of different disinfection processes. the aim o ...201627421857
efficient and regioselective synthesis of β-galnac/glcnac-lactose by a bifunctional transglycosylating β-n-acetylhexosaminidase from bifidobacterium bifidum.β-n-acetylhexosaminidases have attracted interest particularly for oligosaccharide synthesis, but their use remains limited by the rarity of enzyme sources , low efficiency, and relaxed regioselectivity of transglycosylation. in this work, genes of 13 β-n-acetylhexosaminidases, including 5 from bacteroides fragilis atcc 25285, 5 from clostridium perfringens atcc 13124, and 3 from bifidobacterium bifidum jcm 1254, were cloned and heterogeneously expressed in escherichia coli the resulting recombi ...201627422836
dietary casein and soy protein isolate modulate the effects of raffinose and fructooligosaccharides on the composition and fermentation of gut microbiota in rats.although diet has an important influence on the composition of gut microbiota, the impact of dietary protein sources has only been studied to a minor extent. in this study, we examined the influence of different dietary protein sources regarding the effects of prebiotic oligosaccharides on the composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota. thirty female rats were fed casein and soy protein isolate with cellulose, raffinose (raf), and fructooligosaccharides (fos). microbiota composition wa ...201627434756
oligomer formation of clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is induced by activation of neutral sphingomyelinase.clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin is responsible for fatal enterotoxemia in ungulates. the toxin forms a heptamer in the lipid rafts of madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells, leading to cell death. here, we showed that epsilon-toxin requires neutral sphingomyelinase (nsmase) activity during oligomerization.201627453200
a chimeric protein composed of the binding domains of clostridium perfringens phospholipase c and trueperella pyogenes pyolysin induces partial immunoprotection in a mouse model.trueperella pyogenes and clostridium perfringens are two kinds of conditional pathogens frequently associated with wound infections and succeeding lethal complications in various economic livestock. pyolysin (plo) and phospholipase c (plc) are the key virulence factors of these two pathogens, respectively. in our study, a chimeric protein called rpc-pd4, which is composed of the binding regions of plo and plc, was synthesized. the toxicity of rpc-pd4 was evaluated. results revealed that rpc-pd4 ...201627473983
effects of live yeast dietary supplementation on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in beagle dogs.the effects of live yeast (strain cncm i-4407; actisaf sc 47; phileo lesaffre animal care, marcq-en-baroeul, france) administration on nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora in dogs were investigated. the study included 24 young beagle dogs. they were allocated in control and live yeast (ly) groups (6 males and 6 females in each). during the adaptation (d 1 to 28) and trial (d 29 to 70) periods, the dogs received a standard dry pelleted diet. in the trial period, the ly dogs were given caps ...201627482677
a case of acute onset postoperative gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfringens.gas gangrene is a necrotic infection of soft tissue associated with high mortality rates. we report a case of postoperative gas gangrene with very acute onset and rapid progression of symptoms. to our knowledge, this case is the most acute onset of postoperative gas gangrene ever reported.201627488346
the crystal structure of clostridium perfringens slem, a muramidase involved in cortical hydrolysis during spore germination.clostridium perfringens spores employ two peptidoglycan lysins to degrade the spore cortex during germination. slec initiates cortex hydrolysis to generate cortical fragments that are degraded further by the muramidase slem. here, we present the crystal structure of the c. perfringens s40 slem protein at 1.8 å. slem comprises an n-terminal catalytic domain that adopts an irregular α/β-barrel fold that is common to gh25 family lysozymes, plus a c-terminal fibronectin type iii domain. the latter i ...201627488615
simultaneous identification of 13 foodborne pathogens by using capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism coupled with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and its application in foods.capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (ce-sscp) coupled with stuffer-free multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (mlpa) was developed to identify 13 species of foodborne pathogens simultaneously. species-specific mlpa probes were designed for nine of these species. these probes were targeted to the groel, glya, mms, tuf, inv, ipah, nuc, vvh, and 16s rrna genes, which corresponded to bacillus cereus, campylobacter coli, cronobacter sakazakii, enterococcus spp ...201627494415
the river ruhr - an urban river under particular interest for recreational use and as a raw water source for drinking water: the collaborative research project "safe ruhr" - microbiological aspects.along the intense industrialization of the ruhr valley (germany), the river ruhr became increasingly polluted. over time, using it for recreational purposes became a serious health hazard and bathing was banned due to chemical and microbiological risks. the purpose of the collaborative project "safe ruhr" was to verify the current status and to provide a scientific basis for lifting the bathing ban. as the river also provides a raw water source for drinking water production, it was investigated ...201627495908
acute necrotizing colitis with pneumatosis intestinalis in an amazonian manatee calf.on 25 january 2014, a 1 mo old female amazonian manatee trichechus inunguis calf weighing 12 kg was rescued by air transport in guajará, brazil, and transferred to mamirauá institute's community-based amazonian manatee rehabilitation center. the calf presented piercing/cutting lesions on the back, neck, and head, in addition to dehydration and intermittent involuntary buoyancy. x-ray analysis revealed a large amount of gases in the gastrointestinal tract. daily procedures included wound cleaning ...201627503914
gram staining of blood cultures for clostridium perfringens. 201627516231
chloroquine analog interaction with c2- and iota-toxin in vitro and in living cells.c2-toxin from clostridium botulinum and iota-toxin from clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary a-b-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit a and a binding component b that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. the enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin adp-ribosyltransferases that modify r177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. following their binding to host cells' receptors a ...201627517960
comparative transcriptome analysis by rnaseq of necrotic enteritis clostridium perfringens during in vivo colonization and in vitro conditions.necrotic enteritis (ne) caused by netb-positive type a clostridium perfringens is an important bacterial disease of poultry. through its complex regulatory system, c. perfringens orchestrates the expression of a collection of toxins and extracellular enzymes that are crucial for the development of the disease; environmental conditions play an important role in their regulation. in this study, and for the first time, global transcriptomic analysis was performed on ligated intestinal loops in chic ...201627520106
clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a potential drug for intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.the current intravesical treatment of bladder cancer (bc) is limited to a few chemotherapeutics that show imperfect effectiveness and are associated with some serious complications. thus, there is an urgent need for alternative therapies, especially for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive (nmibc). clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe), cytolytic protein binds to its receptors: claudin 3 and 4 that are expressed in epithelial cells. this binding is followed by rapid cell death. claudi ...201627520378
microwave ablation of liver metastasis complicated by clostridium perfringens gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) in a patient with past gastrectomy.gas-forming pyogenic liver abscess (gpla) caused by c. perfringens is rare but fatal. patients with past gastrectomy may be prone to such infection post-ablation.201627529833
enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of <i>clostridium perfringens</i> type b using a commercially available <i>escherichia coli</i> strain.clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types b and c and plays an important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that originate in the intestines. we compared the expression of c. perfringens type b vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the escherichia coli strains rosettatm(de3) and bl21(de3). the beta toxin gene was extracted from pjetβ and ligated with pet22b(+). pet22β was transformed into e. coli strains bl21(de3) and rosettatm(de3). recom ...201627543150
total combining power: technique for the evaluation of the quality control process of clostridiosis vaccines.an efficient technique for evaluation of the quality control of vaccines against clostridiosis is described in this study. this technique is capable of quantifying the toxoid of the bacterium clostridium perfringens type d, which is commonly found within these vaccines. the described method is performed in vivo to quantify the toxoid, replacing the current predominant approaches that use the titration of toxins before the inactivation process. this method is based on the partial neutralization o ...201627569385
administration of non-pathogenic isolates of escherichia coli and clostridium perfringens type a to piglets in a herd affected with a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea.a bacterial cocktail of living strains of clostridium perfringens type a (cpa) without β2-toxin gene and non-pathogenic escherichia coli was administered orally to newborn piglets before first colostrum intake and on 2 consecutive days on a farm with a high incidence of diarrhoea and antibiotic treatment in suckling piglets associated with e. coli and cpa. this clinical field study was driven by the hypothetic principle of competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria due to prior colonization of ...201727574018
diversity of clostridium perfringens toxin-genotypes from dairy farms.clostridium (c.) perfringens is the causative agent of several diseases in animals and humans, including histotoxic and enteric infections. to gain more insight into the occurrence of its different toxin-genotypes in dairy herds, including those toxin genes previously associated with diseases in cattle or humans, 662 isolates cultivated from feces, rumen content and feed collected from 139 dairy farms were characterized by pcr (detecting cpa, cpb, iap, etx, cpe, and both allelic variants of cpb2 ...201627577792
decay rates of zoonotic pathogens and viral surrogates in soils amended with biosolids and manures and comparison of qpcr and culture derived rates.the purpose of this study was to establish inactivation decay constants of foodborne pathogens and coliphage in clay and sandy soils for future "downstream" analyses such as quantitative microbial risk analysis and to compare cultivation-dependent and -independent (e.g. qpcr) methods.201627585434
effect of carbohydrase and protease on growth performance and gut health of young broilers fed diets containing rye, wheat, and feather meal.an experiment was conducted to characterize a gut health challenge model consisting of a diet containing rye, wheat, and feather meal and a mild mixed-species eimeria challenge, and to evaluate the effect of carbohydrase and protease on growth performance and gut health of young broilers. the study included 4 treatments: negative control, carbohydrase alone, protease alone, and combination of carbohydrase and protease. each test diet was fed to 18 battery pens of broilers with 8 male birds per p ...201627587727
ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater: reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system.a batch chlorination system was optimized for on-site wastewater treatment and reuse system (owrs) and its efficiency was evaluated for reducing viruses, protozoa, bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in cold and warm seasons.201627588570
cloning, purification and characterization of the collagenase cola expressed by bacillus cereus atcc 14579.bacterial collagenases differ considerably in their structure and functions. the collagenases colh and colg from clostridium histolyticum and cola expressed by clostridium perfringens are well-characterized collagenases that cleave triple-helical collagen, which were therefore termed as ´true´ collagenases. cola from bacillus cereus (b. cereus) has been added to the collection of true collagenases. however, the molecular characteristics of b. cereus cola are less understood. in this study, we id ...201627588686
nitrate salts suppress sporulation and production of enterotoxin in clostridium perfringens strain nctc8239.clostridium perfringens type a is a common source of food-borne illness in humans. ingested vegetative cells sporulate in the small intestinal tract and in the process produce c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). although sporulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of food-borne illness, the molecules triggering/inhibiting sporulation are still largely unknown. it has previously been reported by our group that sporulation is induced in c. perfringens strain nctc8239 co-cultured with caco- ...201627594514
correlations between pathogen concentration and fecal indicator marker genes in beach environments.the concentrations of several potential pathogens were measured using a microfluidic quantitative pcr (mfqpcr) platform in beach water, sand, and sediment samples collected in duluth, mn. among the 19 pathogen marker genes examined, eaea from escherichia coli and plc from clostridium perfringens were most frequently detected in all samples. in beach water and wastewater samples, positive correlations were observed between quantities of potential pathogens and most of the fecal indicator genetic ...201627595940
substrate specificity characterization for eight putative nudix hydrolases. evaluation of criteria for substrate identification within the nudix family.the nearly 50,000 known nudix proteins have a diverse array of functions, of which the most extensively studied is the catalyzed hydrolysis of aberrant nucleotide triphosphates. the functions of 171 nudix proteins have been characterized to some degree, although physiological relevance of the assayed activities has not always been conclusively demonstrated. we investigated substrate specificity for eight structurally characterized nudix proteins, whose functions were unknown. these proteins were ...201627618147
modelling study to estimate the health burden of foodborne diseases: cases, general practice consultations and hospitalisations in the uk, 2009.to generate estimates of the burden of uk-acquired foodborne disease accounting for uncertainty.201627625054
roles of the first-generation claudin binder, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, in the diagnosis and claudin-targeted treatment of epithelium-derived cancers.given that most malignant tumors are derived from epithelium, developing a strategy for treatment of epithelium-derived cancers (i.e., carcinomas) is a pivotal issue in cancer therapy. carcinomas, including ovarian, breast, prostate, and pancreatic cancers, are known to overexpress various claudins (cldns); in particular, cldn-3 and -4 are frequently overexpressed in malignant case. the generation of cldn binders is a key for expanding cldn-targeted cancer therapy but has been delayed due to the ...201727629072
the neat domain-containing proteins of clostridium perfringens bind heme.the ability of a pathogenic bacterium to scavenge iron from its host is important for its growth and survival during an infection. our studies on c. perfringens gas gangrene strain jir325, a derivative of strain 13, showed that it is capable of utilizing both human hemoglobin and ferric chloride, but not human holo-transferrin, as an iron source for in vitro growth. analysis of the c. perfringens strain 13 genome sequence identified a putative heme acquisition system encoded by an iron-regulated ...201627637108
a five site clostridium perfringens food-borne outbreak: a retrospective cohort study.in may of 2012, we investigated a food-borne clostridium perfringens outbreak in slovenia involving a single kitchen and five venues, with 477 exposed persons.201527646622
structural basis for disruption of claudin assembly in tight junctions by an enterotoxin.the food-poisoning bacterium clostridium perfringens produces an enterotoxin (~35 kda) that specifically targets human claudin-4, among the 26 human claudin proteins, and causes diarrhea by fluid accumulation in the intestinal cavity. the c-terminal domain of the clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (c-cpe, ~15 kda) binds tightly to claudin-4, and disrupts the intestinal tight junction barriers. in this study, we determined the 3.5-å resolution crystal structure of the cell-free synthesized human ...201627647526
prebiotic effects of xylooligosaccharides on the improvement of microbiota balance in human subjects.it has been indicated that probiotics can be nourished by consuming prebiotics in order to function more efficiently, allowing the bacteria to stay within a healthy balance. in this study, we investigated the effects of xylooligosaccharides- (xos-) enriched rice porridge consumption on the ecosystem in the intestinal tract of human subjects. twenty healthy subjects participated in this 6-week trial, in which 10 subjects received xos-enriched rice porridge while the others received placebo rice p ...201627651791
fatal clostridium perfringens septicemia after colonoscopic polypectomy, without bowel perforation.since its introduction, colonoscopy has played an important role as a diagnostic, therapeutic, and screening tool. in general, colonoscopy is regarded as a safe procedure, but complications may occur. the most dreaded of these complications is colonic perforation. bacteremia postprocedure may occur, and although it is not uncommon, it rarely results in clinically significant complications. patients with ibd (inflammatory bowel disease) are a high-risk population for bacteremia, which may leads t ...201627654636
prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of bacterial enteropathogens in suckling piglets in farrow-to-finish herds.the aim of the study was to determine both environmental and infectious factors, influencing occurrence of bacterial enteropathogens in suckling piglets. for this purpose, a cross-sectional study in 70 polish farrow-to-finish pig herds was performed. in each herd, presence of selected intestinal pathogens (escherichia coli, clostridium perfringens and salmonella species) in faeces of suckling piglets were determined using bacteriological and pcr methods. using logistic regression models, risk fa ...201627655436
the generation and characterization of recombinant protein and antibodies of clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin.introduction. clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) beta2 toxin (cpb2) is an important virulent factor of necrotic enteritis in both animals and humans. however, studies of its pathogenic roles and functional mechanisms have been hampered due to the difficulty of purification and lack of specific antibodies against this toxin. methods. a recombinant his-tagged c. perfringens beta2 (rcpb2) toxin and monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) against cpb2 were generated and characterized by assays of cytoto ...201727672668
characterization of germinants and their receptors for spores of non-food-borne clostridium perfringens strain f4969.clostridium perfringens type a can cause both food poisoning (fp) and non-food-borne (nfb) gastrointestinal diseases. our previous study reported that a mixture of l-asparagine and kcl (ak)-germinated spores of fp and nfb isolates well, but kcl and, to a lesser extent, l-asparagine induced spore germination only in fp isolates. we now report that the germination response of fp and nfb spores differsignificantly in several defined germinants and rich media. spores of nfb strain f4969 geraa, gerka ...201627692042
synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory properties of silver nanoparticle suspensions in experimental colitis in mice.the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of newly developed silver nanoparticle aqueous suspensions nanoag1 and nanoag2 in the mouse models mimicking ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease. nanoag1 and nanoag2 were synthesized in aqueous medium with the involvement of tannic acid. to elucidate their anti-inflammatory activity, semi-chronic mouse models of inflammation induced by dextrane sulfate sodium addition to drinking water and intracolonic (i.c.) administration of 2,4,6-trinitrob ...201727696734
assessing methanobrevibacter smithii and clostridium difficile as not conventional faecal indicators in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant integrated with sludge anaerobic digestion.wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) are an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens, affecting the role of environmental water as a microbial reservoir. we describe the release to the environment of certain anaerobes of human and environmental concern. the work was focused on emerging microbial targets. they are tracing, by rt-qpcr, on wwtp effluents, both liquid and solid, when an anaerobic digestion step is included. the focus is placed on clostridium spp. with the s ...201627697372
the probiotic butyricicoccus pullicaecorum reduces feed conversion and protects from potentially harmful intestinal microorganisms and necrotic enteritis in broilers.probiotics which do not result in the development and spread of microbial resistance are among the candidate replacements for antibiotics previously used as growth promotors. in this study the effect of in-feed supplementation of the butyrate producing butyricicoccus pullicaecorum strain 25-3(t) on performance, intestinal microbiota and prevention of necrotic enteritis (ne), a disease caused by clostridium perfringens was evaluated in broilers. for the performance study, day old ross 308 chicks ...201627708624
role of pannexin 1 in clostridium perfringens beta-toxin-caused cell death.beta-toxin produced by clostridium perfringens is a key virulence factor of fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis and enterotoxemia. this toxin belongs to a family of β-pore-forming toxins (pfts). we reported recently that the atp-gated p2x7 receptor interacts with beta-toxin. the atp-release channel pannexin 1 (panx1) is an important contributor to p2x7 receptor signaling. hence, we investigated the involvement of panx1 in beta-toxin-caused cell death.201627720686
clostridium perfringens α-toxin impairs lipid raft integrity in neutrophils.clostridium perfringens type a, a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium, causes gas gangrene. recently, we reported that c. perfringens α-toxin blocked neutrophil differentiation in an enzyme activity-dependent manner to impair host innate immunity, which should be crucial for the pathogenesis of c. perfringens. however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. lipid rafts have been reported to be platforms for signaling molecules involved in the regulation of cell differentiation in many different ...201627725448
use of plant extracts as an effective manner to control clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in poultry.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. for decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (agps) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including clostridium perfringens (cp), the causative agent of ne. however, the use of agps in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of a ...201627747227
in vitro antimicrobial activities of metabolites from vaginal lactobacillus strains against clostridium perfringens isolated from a woman's vagina.more than 50 different species of bacteria may live in a woman's vagina, with lactobacilli being the predominant microorganism found in healthy adult females. lactobacilli are relevant as a barrier to infection and are important in the impairment of colonization by pathogens, owing to competitive adherence to adhesion sites in the vaginal epithelium and their capacity to produce antimicrobial compounds.201727751758
crystal structure of the adp-ribosylating component of bec, the binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens.binary enterotoxin of clostridium perfringens (bec), consisting of the components beca and becb, was recently identified as a novel enterotoxin produced by c. perfringens that causes acute gastroenteritis in humans. although the detailed mechanism of cell intoxication by bec remains to be defined, beca shows both nad(+)-glycohydrolase and actin adp-ribosyltransferase activities in the presence of nad(+). in this study, we determined the first crystal structure of beca in its apo-state and in com ...201627751850
antimicrobial activity of lactobacillus strains of chicken origin against bacterial pathogenss.this study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin. among 90 isolates 14 lactobacillus species were distinguished using maldi-tof mass spectrometry and 16s-ardra. the dominant species was l. salivarius (34.4%), followed by l. johnsonii (23.3%), l. crispatus (13.3%) and l. reuteri (11.1%). all lactobacilli were screened for antimicrobial activity against wild-type strains of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and clost ...201627762430
fulminant sepsis caused by clostridium perfringens. 201627765298
enteropathogen infections in canine puppies: (co-)occurrence, clinical relevance and risk factors.laboratory confirmation of the causative agent(s) of diarrhoea in puppies may allow for appropriate treatment. the presence of potential pathogens however, does not prove a causal relationship with diarrhoea. the aim of this study was to identify specific enteropathogens in ≤12 month old puppies with and without acute diarrhoea and to assess their associations with clinical signs, putative risk factors and pathogen co-occurrence. faecal samples from puppies with (n=113) and without (n=56) acute ...201627771056
acute hemolysis with renal failure due to clostridium bacteremia in a patient with aml.we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and clostridium perfringens bacteremia in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. the high fatality of c. perfringens bacteremia requires that clinicians recognize and rapidly treat patients at risk for this infection. although other hemolytic processes are in the differential diagnosis of these events, the presence of high fever, chills, and rapidly positive blood cultures may help narrow the diagnosis. most cases of c. perfringens ...201627774325
synchronous dynamic research on respiratory and intestinal microflora of chronic bronchitis rat model.to investigate the mechanism of the chinese medicine theory that fei (lung) and dachang (large intestine) are exteriorly and interiorly related via synchronous observation on the dynamic changes of the respiratory and intestinal microflora.201727778265
poultry: the most common food in outbreaks with known pathogens, united states, 1998-2012.as poultry consumption continues to increase worldwide, and as the united states accounts for about one-third of all poultry exports globally, understanding factors leading to poultry-associated foodborne outbreaks in the united states has important implications for food safety. we analysed outbreaks reported to the united states' foodborne disease outbreak surveillance system from 1998 to 2012 in which the implicated food or ingredient could be assigned to one food category. of 1114 outbreaks, ...201727780481
bacteriological and molecular studies of clostridium perfringens infections in newly born calves.clostridium perfringens is considered one of the important causes of calf diarrhea. two hundred and twenty-seven clinical samples from newly born and dead diarrheic calves were examined bacteriologically and by pcr. bacterial culture identified c. perfringens in 168 of 227 samples. a total of 144 of these isolates were lecithinase positive, indicating c. perfringens type a. in addition, 154 isolates were positive by alpha toxin encoding gene-pcr assay. this study showed high agreement between th ...201727785764
detection of toxigenic clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum from food sold in lagos, nigeria.food-borne diseases contribute to the huge burden of sickness and death globally and in the last decade, have become more frequently reported in africa. in line with this, food safety is becoming a significant and growing public health problem in nigeria. diarrhoea is a common problem in nigeria and has been reported but there has been little data on the possibility of clostridia as aetiological agents. clostridium species are ubiquitous in the environment and in the gastrointestinal tract of ma ...201627789246
adult necrotising enterocolitis-pig-bel disease: a pacific disease in london.adult necrotising enterocolitis secondary clostridium perfringens type c-pig-bel disease-is rarely seen outside of pacific populations, with the highest incidence being in papau new guinea. we present the first reported case of pig-bel disease in a previously well patient without diabetes following food poisoning since 1996. in this case, the enterotoxin-induced disease necessitated emergency laparotomy and bowel resection following the failure of medical treatment and worsening septic shock. we ...201627793875
inactivation strategies for clostridium perfringens spores and vegetative cells.clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen to human and animals and causes a wide array of diseases, including histotoxic and gastrointestinal illnesses. c. perfringens spores are crucial in terms of the pathogenicity of this bacterium because they can survive in a dormant state in the environment and return to being live bacteria when they come in contact with nutrients in food or the human body. although the strategies to inactivate c. perfringens vegetative cells are effective, the inac ...201727795314
microbiological and chemical evaluation of helix spp. snails from local and non-eu markets, utilised as food in sardinia.with this study, 28 pools of snails of the genus helix, respectively helix aspersa (n=24) and helix vermiculata (n=4) were analysed. they were taken from snail farming and stores. the snails were from sardinia, other regions of italy, and from abroad. all the samples were examined as pool looking for these microbiological target: salmonella spp., listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157, clostridium perfringens, norovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav). in the same pools, the concentration of ...201427800346
non-toxic perfringolysin o and α-toxin derivatives as potential vaccine candidates against bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis.bovine necrohaemorrhagic enteritis is a fatal clostridium perfringens type a-induced disease that is characterised by sudden death. recently the involvement of perfringolysin o and α-toxin in the development of necrohaemorrhagic lesions in the gut of calves was suggested, and thus derivatives of these toxins are potentially suitable as vaccine antigens. in the current study, the perfringolysin o derivative pfo(l491d), alone or in combination with α-toxin derivative gst-cpa247-370, was evaluated ...201627810219
dissemination of clostridium difficile in food and the environment: significant sources of c. difficile community-acquired infection?clostridium difficile is a significant pathogen with over 300 000 cases reported in north america annually. previously, it was thought that c. difficile was primarily a clinically associated infection. however, through the use of whole genome sequencing it has been revealed that the majority of cases are community acquired. the source of community-acquired c. difficile infections (cdi) is open to debate with foodborne being one route considered. clostridium difficile fits the criteria of a foodb ...201727813268
plasma membrane origin of the steroidogenic pool of cholesterol used in hormone-induced acute steroid formation in leydig cells.hormone-sensitive acute steroid biosynthesis requires trafficking of cholesterol from intracellular sources to the inner mitochondrial membrane. the precise location of the intracellular cholesterol and its transport mechanism are uncertain. perfringolysin o, produced by clostridium perfringens, binds cholesterol. its fourth domain (d4) retains cholesterol-binding properties but not cytotoxicity. we transfected steroidogenic ma-10 cells of mouse leydig cell tumors with the mcherry-d4 plasmid. ta ...201627815506
receptor-binding and uptake of binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins.binary actin-adp-ribosylating toxins (e.g., clostridium botulinum c2 toxin or clostridium perfringens iota toxin ) consist of two separate proteins: an adp-ribosyltransferase, which modifies actin thereby inhibiting actin polymerization, and a binding component that forms heptamers after proteolytic activation. while c2 toxin interacts with carbohydrate structures on host cells, the group of iota-like toxins binds to lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (lsr). here, we review lsr and discus ...201627817176
role of rnase y in clostridium perfringens mrna decay and processing.rnase y is a major endoribonuclease that plays a crucial role in mrna degradation and processing. we study the role of rnase y in the gram-positive anaerobic pathogen clostridium perfringens, which until now has not been well understood. our study implies an important role for rnase y-mediated rna degradation and processing in virulence gene expression and the physiological development of the organism. we began by constructing an rnase y conditional knockdown strain in order to observe the impor ...201727821608
genomic diversity of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from food and human sources.clostridium perfringens is a serious pathogen which causes enteric diseases in domestic animals and food poisoning in humans. spores can survive cooking processes and play an important role in the possible onset of disease. in this study, rapd-pcr and rep-pcr were used to examine the genetic diversity of 49 isolates of c. perfringens type a from three different sources. the results of rapd-pcr revealed the most genetic diversity among poultry isolates, while human isolates showed the least genet ...201627822244
fecal microbiota in pouchitis and ulcerative colitis.to investigate the changes in microbiota in feces of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) and pouchitis using genomic technology.201627833384
isolation and molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens from healthy merino lambs in patagonia region, argentina.the presence and molecular characterization of clostridium perfringens in healthy merino lambs over a six-month period was investigated in this study. overall, a high prevalence of c. perfringens was detected, even in day-old lambs. even though the majority of the isolates were characterized as being of type a, types c and d were also isolated. furthermore, a high genetic diversity was observed by pfge among the type a isolates.201727847333
targeting and alteration of tight junctions by bacteria and their virulence factors such as clostridium perfringens enterotoxin.the integrity of tight junctions, which regulate paracellular permeability, is challenged by many bacterial pathogens. this is caused by inflammatory responses triggered by pathogens and direct interaction of bacteria or their toxins with host epithelial cells. in some cases, tight junction proteins represent receptors for cell surface proteins or toxins of the pathogen, such as clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe). cpe causes diarrhea and cramps-the symptoms of a common foodborne illness, ...201727864644
spatial and temporal microbial pollution patterns in a tropical estuary during high and low river flow conditions.spatial and temporal patterns of coastal microbial pollution are not well documented. our study examined these patterns through measurements of fecal indicator bacteria (fib), nutrients, and physiochemical parameters in hilo bay, hawai'i, during high and low river flow. >40% of samples tested positive for the human-associated bacteroides marker, with highest percentages near rivers. other fib were also higher near rivers, but only clostridium perfringens concentrations were related to discharge. ...201727866724
clostridium perfringens sialidases: potential contributors to intestinal pathogenesis and therapeutic targets.clostridium perfringens is a major cause of histotoxic and intestinal infections of humans and other animals. this gram-positive anaerobic bacterium can produce up to three sialidases named nanh, nani, and nanj. the role of sialidases in histotoxic infections, such as gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), remains equivocal. however, recent in vitro studies suggest that nani may contribute to intestinal virulence by upregulating production of some toxins associated with intestinal infection, in ...201627869757
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